Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?

Representatives

What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?

destabilize the country

What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?

solidarity

What did the forum question about US interference?

diplomats and NGOs

What was the forum suspicious of?

plots against Bolivia and other countries


Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

How is Y-DNA passed along?

patrilineal line

Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?

mtDNA

What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?

chance mutation

What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?

average continent-of-ancestry


Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%).

Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?

Amerindians

What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?

Asian population

When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?

Middle Paleolithic

When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?

What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?

mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome


Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

What did human settlement of the New World occur in?

stages

How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?

15,000 to 20,000-year

What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?

isolated since the initial colonization of the region

What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?

Alaskan

What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?

later migrant populations


A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?

How old was the young boy's remains?

What culture was the boy from?

Mal'ta-Buret'

What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?

western Eurasians

What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?

14 to 38 percent


A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?

route through Beringia

What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?

similarities in ages and geographical distributions

What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?

the mtDNA phylogeny

When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?

Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?

an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America


Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.

What spectrum of light is red within?

visible light

Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?

violet

On the spectrum of light, where is red found?

620–740 nanometres

What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?

orange

Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?

subtractive primary colors

What is the color opposite orange and next to violet on the spectrum of visible light?

I'm not sure.

What has a predominant light wavelength of 640-720 nanometres?

I'm not sure.

What does RBG stand for?

I'm not sure.


In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

From where does the color red in blood come from?

hemoglobin

What does hemoglobin contain?

iron

What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?

iron oxide

Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?

Rayleigh scattering

What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?

anthocyanins

Where does hemoglobin come from?

I'm not sure.

What is the Grand Canyon considered a form of?

I'm not sure.

What effect is responsible for the red color of Mars?

I'm not sure.

What are the pigments in the red sky called?

I'm not sure.

What percent of the population has red lips?

I'm not sure.


A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?

Neolithic Period

What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?

the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees

From where did Romans acquire Kermes?

Spain

What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?

Neolithic cave-burial

What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?

8th century BC

How was Kermes made in the 8th century BC?

I'm not sure.

The insects only live on what tree in the Mediterranean?

I'm not sure.

Where have jars of Kermes been found in Adoutse caves?

I'm not sure.

Who imported Kermes oak trees from the Romans?

I'm not sure.

What was mentioed in the 8th century?

I'm not sure.


Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus." Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye. This was also the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."

In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?

the Book of Exodus

What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?

colored twice with coccus

In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?

Kokkos

What does Kokkos mean in english?

a tiny grain

In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?

4th century

Who did Moses instruct to bring him cloth?

I'm not sure.

What color cloth did Moses have the Israelites bring him?

I'm not sure.

What does tinctum bis coccumque translate to?

I'm not sure.

What Greek word does Kokkos derive from?

I'm not sure.


But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.

When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?

4000 BC

What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?

Red ochre

What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?

the rubia

What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?

ivory painter's palette

What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?

alizarin

What did a prayer to God say in regard to the color red?

I'm not sure.

Who began manufacturing pigments in about 400 BC?

I'm not sure.

What color was widely used for wall paintings by ivory painters?

I'm not sure.

Who used the white alizarin to make crimson pigment?

I'm not sure.


In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars. The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.

Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?

Tyrian purple

At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?

holidays

What is a flammeum?

a red shawl

What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?

Red

After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?

triumph

What was the color of the emperor in Ancient Tryian?

I'm not sure.

What are the red stripes on togas called?

I'm not sure.

What were the red tunics worn by Roman soldiers called?

I'm not sure.

Where were the gold letters SQRP found?

I'm not sure.


The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.

What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?

vermilion

From where did vermilion originate?

the mineral cinnabar

Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?

mercury

What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?

Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain

Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?

prisoners

What color were Roman villas painted?

I'm not sure.

What was the pigment called that was used for the painting of Roman villas?

I'm not sure.

What is Mercury a common ore of?

I'm not sure.

What city is southwest of Almaden?

I'm not sure.


Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

Which European emperor painted their palace red?

Emperor Charlemagne

In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?

When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?

12th century

Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?

Abbe Suger

Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?

Virgin Mary

Who wore red shoes as a symbol of authority?

I'm not sure.

What began in 1259?

I'm not sure.

What did Suger Abbe rebuild?

I'm not sure.

What did Suger Abbe add to the Saint Denis Basilica?

I'm not sure.


Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.

What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?

wealth

On what occasion would townspeople wear red?

holidays

What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?

rubia tinctorum

Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?

during washing

What was carmine made from?

the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects

What trees are found only in the Mediterranean?

I'm not sure.

Where in Europe are kermes only found?

I'm not sure.

What brick color is produced by kermes?

I'm not sure.

What causes kermes dye to fade easily?

I'm not sure.


Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.

How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?

five

What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?

fire

At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?

all court ceremonies

In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?

Red

Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?

metal, wood, water

What is the color of Chinese philosophy?

I'm not sure.

What five elements is the world made of according to the Ming dynasty?

I'm not sure.

What color was associated with water?

I'm not sure.


Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."

During what years did the Song dynasty occur?

Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?

three

What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?

green

What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?

eighth and ninth

What dynasty took place from 909-1276?

I'm not sure.

What did the Song dynasty say about an official who had talent?

I'm not sure.

What officials of the top three ranks wore bright red?

I'm not sure.

What officials of the fourth and fifth rank wore purple?

I'm not sure.


Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.

Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?

nobles

who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?

Cao Xueqin

During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?

Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?

Qing Dynasty

In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?

temples and imperial residences

What did Xueqin Cao write?

I'm not sure.

When was Xueqin Cao alive?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Ming ruler conquer?

I'm not sure.

What was Xueqin Cao's book about?

I'm not sure.


There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.

What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?

Rubia

Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?

the wealthy

The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?

Polish Cochineal

What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?

Kermes vermilio

The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?

Margodes polonicus

What was the Venice plant used to make?

I'm not sure.

How was the finest red of Kermes vermilio made?

I'm not sure.

What city was rubia used to make dyes for the wealthy?

I'm not sure.

What insect was found in Persia?

I'm not sure.


But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.

In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?

Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?

Hernán Cortés

During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?

How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?

several times a year

In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?

What Aztec conquistador conquered the Spanish Empire?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1519?

I'm not sure.

Who conquered the Spanish Empire in 1519-1521?

I'm not sure.

Who sent the first shipment to Spain in 1532?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1532?

I'm not sure.


The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.

What was kermes lake made from?

kermes insects

What was madder lake made from?

rubia tinctorum plant

What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?

carmine

During what century did carmine start to see use?

What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?

change color

What was used by all painters?

I'm not sure.

Who were the great painters of the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

What 16th century painters used carmine?

I'm not sure.

What did J.W.M Turner use?

I'm not sure.


During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis, the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.

During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?

French Revolution

What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?

red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap

Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?

celebrate

During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?

1792 and 1793

Who was Saint Denis?

Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris

What became a symbol of liberty during the Phrygian Revolution?

I'm not sure.

What did red become a symbol of during the Phrygian Revolution?

I'm not sure.

Who used red as a symbol of liberty and personal freedom during the Phrygian Revolution?

I'm not sure.

When did the Terror Reign take place?

I'm not sure.

What colors did France go back to during the Reign of Terror?

I'm not sure.


As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used madder as the colorant, but the process was longer and more complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to carmine, perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th century America, it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt.

What was Turkey red called in France?

rouge d'Adrinople

In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?

the 1740s

What did turkey red get its color from?

madder

What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?

carmine

In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?

What was red known as in Turkey?

I'm not sure.

What popular color was imported from France in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What began in 1740?

I'm not sure.

What was cotton widely used for in 19th century Europe?

I'm not sure.


The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?

Who painted the Night Cafe?

Vincent van Gogh

In what year was The Night Cafe painted?

What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?

Theo

What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?

red and green reinforced each other

What century saw red to only imitate nature?

I'm not sure.

Who did Theo write to in 1888?

I'm not sure.

What did Theo write to Van Gogh about human passions in 1888?

I'm not sure.

Who painted the Cafe Night?

I'm not sure.


Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."

During which century did Matisse work?

Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?

strengthened

What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?

blue

What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?

red

What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?

the central element

Who was the first to make color the central element of the painting?

I'm not sure.

What theory did Matisse say his choice of colors was based on?

I'm not sure.

Who was the first 20th century artist to use color for feelings?

I'm not sure.


Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.

In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?

To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?

Harvard University

What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?

Naphtol and Lithol

In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?

What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?

ruined and had to be taken down

What year were synthetic pigments first used?

I'm not sure.

Who first used synthetic pigments in 1962?

I'm not sure.

What university did Rothko attend?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1997?

I'm not sure.


Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.

What was red ochre composed of?

minerals

How were pigments like red lake created?

mixing organic dyes

What was red lake composed of?

insects or plants, with white chalk or alum

What was the source of color in Red lac?

the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects

The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?

Red lac

What color lake pigments were made from minerals?

I'm not sure.

What was made from red gum?

I'm not sure.

What continent is Laccifer lacca found on?

I'm not sure.

What country was carmine found?

I'm not sure.


In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.

Which colors are part of the RGB model?

red, green and blue

What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?

white

The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?

additive primary colors

Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?

the Renaissance

What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?

red and blue

What RBG stand for?

I'm not sure.

What colors are in the RBG model?

I'm not sure.

What color did Cennini Cennino make?

I'm not sure.

When did Cennini Cennino make violet?

I'm not sure.


So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades. The sRGB number of pure red, for example, is 255, 00, 00, which means the red component is at its maximum intensity, and there is no green or blue. The sRGB number for crimson is 220, 20, 60, which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker, there is some green, which leans it toward orange; and there is a larger amount of blue,which makes it slightly blue-violet.

Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?

zero to 255,

What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?

What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB?

255, 00, 00

Crimson is identified by what sRGB number?

220, 20, 60

What is an sRBG?

I'm not sure.

What is measure on a scale from 0 to 525?

I'm not sure.

What are there 16,777,126 of?

I'm not sure.

What color has an sRGB number of 250, 05, 00?

I'm not sure.

What color has an sRBG number of 220, 20, 60?

I'm not sure.


As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.

What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?

Rayleigh

What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?

scatter more strongly

What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?

removed almost completely

In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?

longer

Why does white sunlight travel through the atmosphere?

I'm not sure.

How do colors with longer wavelengths scatter?

I'm not sure.

What colors have a longer wavelength than orange and red?

I'm not sure.

What colors have shorter wavelengths than blue and green?

I'm not sure.


Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography.

When was the first ruby laser invented?

In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?

What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?

Red helium–neon

What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?

a 660 nm laser

What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?

671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers

What was invented in 1906?

I'm not sure.

What was invented in 1926?

I'm not sure.

What uses a 606 nm laser diode technology?

I'm not sure.

What have been introduced with a 617 nm diode-pumped solid state?

I'm not sure.

What does DSPS stand for?

I'm not sure.


During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.

At which period of the year are phosphates high?

the summer growing season

What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?

phosphate

Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?

the stem of the plant

What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?

anthocyanin pigments

What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?

greater the production of anthocyanins

What does chlorophyll have a vital role in breaking down?

I'm not sure.

What moves from the leaf into the stem during the summer?

I'm not sure.

What does the chloropyll breakdown process lead to?

I'm not sure.

What leads to the production of anthocyanin chlorophyll pigments?

I'm not sure.


Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair).

What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?

pheomelanin

There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?

the lips

Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?

eumelanin

In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?

What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?

fiery

How does copper hair vary?

I'm not sure.

Copper color is characterized by what?

I'm not sure.

What was hede redd the original term for?

I'm not sure.

What has been in use since 1015?

I'm not sure.


Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test).

In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?

the face

Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?

increased performance

In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?

tae kwon do

What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?

decreases performance

The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?

testosterone

What are blue shapes most likely to win?

I'm not sure.

What does exposure to red increase performance in?

I'm not sure.

What has wearing blue been linked with?

I'm not sure.

What can blue affect the perception of by others?

I'm not sure.


Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia.

What trait do people most commonly link red with?

courage

Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?

to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs

What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?

a red cross on a white field

What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?

St. George's Cross

Who was Saint George believed to be?

a Roman soldier

Why is the color red worn in the Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

What was the banner of the Catholic soldiers in the First Crusade?

I'm not sure.

What is the Catholic cross of the First Crusade called?

I'm not sure.

Who was Saint George according to Catholic tradition?

I'm not sure.

What cross became the Roman flag in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.


Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday.

When was Saint Valentine martyred?

296 AD

Who was Saint Valentine?

a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest

In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?

In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?

Islamic

Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?

Saudi Arabia

Who was martyred in about 269 AD?

I'm not sure.

Where was Saint Valentine's Day condemned in 2002?

I'm not sure.

What type of holiday does China consider Saint Valentine's Day to be?

I'm not sure.

When did Japan begin to celebrate Saint Valentine's Day?

I'm not sure.


Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.

What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?

Scarlet

What good traits is the color red associated with in China?

good fortune and prosperity

In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?

Who was Saint Nicholas?

the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra

In what nation is Myra?

Turkey

What color to brides wear in Christian countries?

I'm not sure.

Who was the 4th century Santa Claus in Turkey?

I'm not sure.

What color gowns are worn on red carpets?

I'm not sure.

What do all Doctors of Philosophy wear?

I'm not sure.


Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game.

What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?

defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it

What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?

they would show no mercy to their enemy

Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?

the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896

Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?

if there is danger to the drivers

What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?

a red penalty card

What did the Highway Act of 1869 abolish?

I'm not sure.

What does a red flag signify in football?

I'm not sure.

What did motor cars have to follow in the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.


Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.

In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?

Vienna

In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?

At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?

Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968

Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?

danger and warning

At what time is red at its brightest?

daytime

What took place in 1986?

I'm not sure.

What was standardized as the international color at the Vienna Road Signs Convention?

I'm not sure.

What color next to red is the brightest in the daytime?

I'm not sure.

What is orange considered during twilight?

I'm not sure.


Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.

In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?

to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person

What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?

People wearing red seem to be closer

Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?

to be visible from a distance in a crowd

Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?

easily found

What older period was red used in fashion?

I'm not sure.

What color causes people to be seen as further away even though distance is the same?

I'm not sure.

What color is used in modern fashion so the person can be easily found?

I'm not sure.

What prominent people do not wear red because they can be easily found in a crowd?

I'm not sure.


"So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: "And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus.

How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?

seven heads

The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?

ten

What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have?

golden

What was on the forehead of the woman on the scarlet horned beast?

a name

Outside of the blood of the saints, on what did the woman on the scarlet horned beast become drunken?

the blood of the martyrs of Jesus

What had seven horns?

I'm not sure.

What had ten heads?

I'm not sure.

Where was "Mother the Great, Babylon of Harlots" written on the woman?

I'm not sure.


In China, red (simplified Chinese: 红; traditional Chinese: 紅; pinyin: hóng) is the symbol of fire and the south (both south in general and Southern China specifically). It carries a largely positive connotation, being associated with courage, loyalty, honor, success, fortune, fertility, happiness, passion, and summer. In Chinese cultural traditions, red is associated with weddings (where brides traditionally wear red dresses) and red paper is frequently used to wrap gifts of money or other objects. Special red packets (simplified Chinese: 红包; traditional Chinese: 紅包; pinyin: hóng bāo in Mandarin or lai see in Cantonese) are specifically used during Chinese New Year celebrations for giving monetary gifts. On the more negative side, obituaries are traditionally written in red ink, and to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of one's life, or that they have died. Red is also associated with either the feminine or the masculine (yin and yang respectively), depending on the source. The Little Red Book, a collection of quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC), was published in 1966 and widely distributed thereafter.

Which cardinal direction is signified by red in China?

south

What season is red identified with in China?

summer

Red paper is used to wrap gifts of money during what special celebration in China?

Chinese New Year

Who wrote the Little Red Book?

Chairman Mao Tse-Tung

In what year was the Little Red Book published?

What does red signify in southern cultural traditions?

I'm not sure.

What is hong bao the Cantonese word for?

I'm not sure.

What is lai see the Mandarin word for?

I'm not sure.

What does PCR stand for?

I'm not sure.

Who does the Red Little Book quote?

I'm not sure.


In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white. In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death. Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa, the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent.

What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?

Ndembu warriors

What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?

life and health

What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red?

white

What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa?

green and white

What warriors in Africa rub themselves with red paint during celebrations?

I'm not sure.

How is red seen in Africa?

I'm not sure.

What color did the Red Cross change to in Central Africa?

I'm not sure.

What color are sick people painted with in Africa?

I'm not sure.


Major League Baseball is especially well known for red teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869. The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves, but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism, the modern Cincinnati team was known as the "Redlegs" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the "Reds" again. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are also known for their color red, as are the St. Louis Cardinals, Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Philadelphia Phillies.

When did the Cincinnati Red Stockings come to be?

What team did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become?

the Atlanta Braves

What political movment was red identified with in the 1950s?

communism

What name did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become known as for a time in the 1950s?

Redlegs

Where did the Cincinnati Red Stockings move after leaving Cincinnati?

Boston

What is the oldest professional baseball team dating back to 1896?

I'm not sure.

What dates back to 1896?

I'm not sure.

Where did the 1896 Cincinnati Red Stockings relocate to?

I'm not sure.

What year was red associated with communism?

I'm not sure.

What color are the Anaheim Angels known for?

I'm not sure.


In association football, teams such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan (nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atlético Madrid, and Flamengo. A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.

What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?

red

What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?

i rossoneri

What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card?

a serious infraction

What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card?

the player is immediately disqualified from further play

How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?

his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration

What association football teams wear all red jerseys?

I'm not sure.

What other sports teams wear all red jerseys?

I'm not sure.

What color card is given for an infraction?

I'm not sure.


Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white, and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white. The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain, the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country. Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.

In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?

Christ's blood

What cross is on the British flag?

the cross of Saint George

As it relates to England, who is Saint George?

patron saint of England

Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?

the United States Marine Corps

In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?

bad water conditions

What is the most common color used on national flags?

I'm not sure.

What colors do all former British colonies use on their flags?

I'm not sure.

What color do all of the former colonies of Spain have on their flag?

I'm not sure.

What color is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Corps Marines?

I'm not sure.

What colors are on the Spanish Navy flag?

I'm not sure.


Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks, Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons (see Coat of arms of Poland and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag, which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.

When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?

the late nineteenth century

In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?

What is in the middle of the Georgian flag?

one big red cross

How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag?

four

What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally?

the colors of the Russian flag

What colors were adopted by the Pan solidarity movement?

I'm not sure.

When did the Pan solidarity movement take place?

I'm not sure.

Why do Georgia and Poland use red on their flags?

I'm not sure.

What color flag did the Czech Republic adopt in 2004?

I'm not sure.


Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.

During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?

1870 to 1918

What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?

German nationalism

In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?

Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?

attract attention

Whose design was the Nazi flag?

Hitler's personal design

What were the colors of the German Empire from 1818 to 1970?

I'm not sure.

What flag were the colors black, red, and white associated with in 1920?

I'm not sure.

Who explained the colors in Kampf Mein?

I'm not sure.

What workers was the social program of the Germans aimed at?

I'm not sure.


The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille. A law adopted by the new government on October 20, 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791, the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd, killed up to fifty people. The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries. In the words of his famous hymn, the Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle wrote: "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny!" (Contre nous de la tyrannie, l'entendard sanglant est leve). Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary.

After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?

Bastille

On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?

October 20, 1789

On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars?

July 17, 1791

Who wrote the words "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny?"

Rouget de Lisle

In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades?

What appeared after the Bastille Revolution?

I'm not sure.

What did an October 20, 1879 law state?

I'm not sure.

What happened during a 1971 demonstration?

I'm not sure.

What did Lisle de Rouget write?

I'm not sure.

What began in 1709?

I'm not sure.


Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe.

When was the Communist Manifesto first created?

February 1848

Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?

Karl Marx

The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch?

Louis Philippe

When did the 19th century workers of Paris construct barricades and hoist red flags to protest their new government?

June 1848

Who was tasked with stopping the late 19th century worker uprisings in France?

the French Army

What did Karl Marx publish in 1884?

I'm not sure.

Who published the Communist Manifesto in 1884?

I'm not sure.

What did Paris workers do in June 1488?

I'm not sure.


In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.

Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?

the French Army

After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?

the Paris Commune

For how long did the Paris Commune exist?

two months

Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?

Vladimir Lenin

In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?

Who did the French Army defeat in 1870?

I'm not sure.

What war did the French Army defeat the Germans in?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1912?

I'm not sure.


In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and "blue states", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of "red states" versus "blue states".

In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?

vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections

In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what?

blue states

How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?

In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed?

In 2000, what did commentators refer to as blue states?

I'm not sure.

What lasted 93 days in 2000?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 2000 causing a 93 day ordeal?

I'm not sure.


The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became "The East Is Red", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun". During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.

In what year was the Community Party of China created?

The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?

Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power?

Mao Zedong

In terms of the Communist Party of China, what is "The East is Red?"

the Party anthem

How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have?

eighty million members

What was founded in 1902?

I'm not sure.

What flag was adopted by China in 1920?

I'm not sure.

Who took power of China in 1994?

I'm not sure.

What did the party anthem become under Zedong Mao?

I'm not sure.

What has eighty members?

I'm not sure.


After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower.

What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?

the Communist Party

In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?

red

What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?

the national flower

In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?

Which group gained power in China in 1949?

the Communist Party of China

Who took power in China in 1994?

I'm not sure.

What flag symbolizing China was displayed in 1949?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1950?

I'm not sure.

What country decided to keep their old flag in 1960?

I'm not sure.


Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

What 2 continents meet at Egypt?

Africa and southwest corner of Asia

What land bridge between Asian and Africa?

Sinai Peninsula

How larger is Egypt?

1,010,408 square kilometres

What Sea borders Egypt to the east?

Red Sea

What country borders Egypt to the south?

Sudan


Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.

How far back does Egypt's history date back?

tenth millennium BC

Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?

earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government

What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?

Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European

What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?

Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx

In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?

seventh century


With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

How many inhabitants does Egypt have?

over 90 million

What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?

third-most populous in Africa

Majority of Egypt people live near what river?

Nile River

What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?

Sahara desert


Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.

What leader stepped down in 2011?

President Hosni Mubarak

What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?

Muslim Brotherhood

What economic sectors does Egypt have?

tourism, agriculture, industry and services

What influence does Egypt have?

cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world


Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru, related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".

What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?

Miṣr

What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?

מִצְרַיִם

What is the oldest term for Egypt?

Akkadian

What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?

"border" or "frontier".


By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?

Nile Valley

What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?

Badarian culture

When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?

3200 BC

How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?

more than two thousand years


The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?

150 years

In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?

Hyksos

What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?

Avaris

What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?

Semitic Hyksos


The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

What year were the New Kingdom in control?

1550–1070 BC

What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?

Eighteenth Dynasty

Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?

Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II

Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?

Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians


In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.

Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?

Achaemenid Persians

What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?

Psamtik III

From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?

Susa in Persia

What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?

525 BC to 402 BC,


The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?

Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia

What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?

Alexandria

What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?

Pharaohs

What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?

Egyptian


The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.

Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?

Cleopatra VII

Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?

Octavian

How did Mark Anthony's love die?

suicide

What culture annexed Egypt?

Rome


The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?

Byzantines

What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?

Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?

ten years

What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?

Sunni Islam


Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.

Who modernized Egyptian army?

Muhammad Ali Pasha

In what 2 ways was Army improved?

strengthening it with numbers and in skill

Why did military use barracks?

to avoid distraction of their growth

What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?

nationalism and pride


The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?

French

In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?

To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?

British Government

Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?

Ismail


The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

When was new constitution drafted?

What system of government was constitution based on?

parliamentary system

Who was elected in 1924?

Saad Zaghlul

Who succeeded King Farouk?

his son Fuad

How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?


In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?

What was the sovereign union with Syria known?

United Arab Republic

How long did the union with Syria last?


In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".

Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?

Soviet Union i

Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?

Mohamed Fawzi

How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?

three successive steps

On what day did Nasser state "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?"

23 May


At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?

less than half a million

How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s

four million

How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s

17 million

What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?

Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists

What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?

went from sluggish to the verge of collapse


In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel.

When did Nasser die?

Who succeeded Nasser?

Anwar Sadat

Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?

United States,

What was the October War?

surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier

What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai?

peace with Israel


In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

What was encouraged through Infitah?

foreign investment

What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?

reduced taxes and import tariffs

What occured in 1977?

Egyptian Bread Riots.

What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?

elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs


During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations.[citation needed] As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.

What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?

National Democratic Party,

What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?

1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law

When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt?

late 1990s


Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a "pharaonic" political system, and democracy as a "long-term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".

What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?

parties from using religion as a basis for political activity

What was the long term goal for Egypt?

democracy

What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?

power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring

What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?

Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party


On 18 January 2014, the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of registered voters participating although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure. On 26 March 2014 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, who at this time was in control of the country, resigned from the military, announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The poll, held between 26 and 28 May 2014, resulted in a landslide victory for el-Sisi. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. The Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups boycotted the vote. Even though the military-backed authorities extended voting to a third day, the 46% turnout was lower than the 52% turnout in the 2012 election.

When was interim government instituted?

18 January 2014

What was the support by voters for referendum?

Who was elected President in 2014?

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

What group boycotted the elections?

Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups


Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades. Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.

When does most of Egypts rain fall?

winter months

Where does snow fall in Egypt?

Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities

When was the last snow fall in Cairo?

13 December 2013,

What is the sunniest county in the world?

Egypt


The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.

How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?

How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?

How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?

How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?

How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?


The House of Representatives, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved. The next parliamentary election will be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014. Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president Adly Mansour pushed the date. The Egyptian presidential election, 2014, took place on 26–28 May 2014. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.91% compared to 757,511 (3.09%) for Hamdeen Sabahi.

What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?

legislation

What tems do House of Representatives serve?

five-year terms

What percent of votes did el-Sisi get?

Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi?

Hamdeen Sabahi


In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.

Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks?

Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials

What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s?

Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

What sector of economy was plagued by terrorism attacks?

tourism


On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next 8 years. Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography".

When was new constitution institutionalised?

18 January 2014

How long are presidential terms?

four-year term

How many terms may a president serve?

2 terms

Who may impeach the president?

parliament

what may not be basis for political party?

religion, race, gender or geography


The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government. According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.

Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?

fifth worst

What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?

What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82% of Egyptian responders?

adultery