Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.

Who is famous for natural beauty?

Himachal Pradesh

What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?

What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?

snow

What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?

In the lap of Himalayas

Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?

Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma

What was Pradesh declared in 1950?

I'm not sure.

What is  one thing Britain is famous for?

I'm not sure.

What came into power after the war between Himachal and Sanskrit?

I'm not sure.

When did the Himalayas become part of the Punjab Province of British India?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for naming the Punjab Province of British India?

I'm not sure.


Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?

Himachal Pradesh

What are the newspapers famous for?

published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states

What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?

All major English daily newspapers

What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?

Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal

What has grown significantly?

Radio and TV

What has an active community that reads the Ujala daily newspaper?

I'm not sure.

What are Divya's accomplishments?

I'm not sure.

What is available in Faisla and Aapka?

I'm not sure.

What has grown in a remote part of the country?

I'm not sure.

What are the names of newspapers read widely in English?

I'm not sure.


Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?

Virbhadra Singh

How many seats did the BJP win?

41 of the 68 seats

Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?

Prem Kumar Dhumal

When was he sworn in?

30 December 2007

When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?

December 2007

In 2003, what did the Bharatiya Party win?

I'm not sure.

What was Prem Kumar Dhumal elected as in 2003?

I'm not sure.

When were the Indian National Congress elections held?

I'm not sure.

When did the Indian National Congress win by a landslide?

I'm not sure.

When was Virbhadra Singh sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh?

I'm not sure.


Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.

What type of agriculture is in the state?

seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig

Where is seed potato mostly grown?

Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas

Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?

Solan

What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?

growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state

What is the state deficient in?

food grains

What is Shimla deficient in?

I'm not sure.

In what areas is ginger mostly grown?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest fig producing district in the state?

I'm not sure.

What is the Kullu district also famous for producing?

I'm not sure.

What is Solan making a special effort to produce?

I'm not sure.


Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional ´Pahari' lifestyle.

Who was largely untouched by external customs?

Himachal

What has made the state change very rapidly?

technological advancements

Himachal is?

multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states

What are the common languages spoken?

Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri

Who makes up the tribal populations?

Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis

Why was Dogri untouched by external customs?

I'm not sure.

What has caused rapid changes in Gojri?

I'm not sure.

What aspects does Mandeali have like other Indian states?

I'm not sure.

What are some languages spoken in Gaddis?

I'm not sure.

What groups comprise the tribal populations in Dogri?

I'm not sure.


The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.

When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?

2006 at Sundernagar

What are a few pioneer universities in the state?

The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)

What is the most renowned argricultural institues?

CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur

What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?

unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines

What is the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi known for in the world?

I'm not sure.

What recognition has IEC University earned?

I'm not sure.

Why has IEC University earned distinction?

I'm not sure.

When did IEC University start in Sundernagar?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the most renowned IT institutes?

I'm not sure.


Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

What is Doordarshan?

state-owned television broadcaster

What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?

Dial-up access

What is available in few cities?

Private FM stations

Who are the cellular phone operators available?

BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel

What is All India Radio?

public radio station

What is the name of the state-owned radio station?

I'm not sure.

What language does BSNL provide programs in?

I'm not sure.

What are some of the available dial-up providers?

I'm not sure.

What is available in a few cities like Nepal?

I'm not sure.

What do Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom provide only to certain cities and towns?

I'm not sure.


Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]

Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?

villages and towns

No single house is without?

a toilet

What are the villages well connected to?

roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband

What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?

second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala

What are the most visited places in the country?

The hill stations

How is Lokmitra kendra ranked after the government regarding corruption?

I'm not sure.

What are the most visited places in Shimla?

I'm not sure.

What has the government done to meet maximum urban population standards?

I'm not sure.

What products does Shimla forbid the use of?

I'm not sure.

What is no health center without in Himachal Pradesh?

I'm not sure.


Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

What is nonverbal communication?

conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages

What is one example of nonverbal communication?

body language

What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?

shaking a hand

What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?

sweating

What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?

What is an example of paralanguage?

I'm not sure.

Dopamine levels can show what type of communication?

I'm not sure.

Improper communication establishes what?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of human communication occurs through foot tapping?

I'm not sure.

What is verbal communication?

I'm not sure.


Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

Why do fungi communicate?

to coordinate and organize their growth and development

How do fungi communicate with insects?

through biochemicals of biotic origin

How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?

five

What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?

interpretation processes

What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?

similar molecules without biotic content

There are four primary signalling molecules that are known to organize what?

I'm not sure.

What can't differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages or irrelevant messages?

I'm not sure.

How many secondary signalling molecules are known to coordinate?

I'm not sure.

What substance always triggers the fungal organism to react the same way every time?

I'm not sure.

What 'noise' can't be filtered out?

I'm not sure.


Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?

channel (through which medium)

Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?

Wilbur Schram

What acts are included in communication between parties?

confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions

The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?

abilities of the group communicating

What is one target of communication?

another person or being

What is described as having many major dimensions?

I'm not sure.

The destination or target is thought to be the medium of what?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't think a message would have any impact on the receiver?

I'm not sure.

Together, communication content, intent and form make messages that are sent where?

I'm not sure.

Transferring knowledge and experiences are the only types of what?

I'm not sure.


Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.

What is human communication defined as?

a system of symbols

When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?

during human childhood

How many human languages are there?

thousands

What do human languages use to communicate with others?

patterns of sound or gesture for symbols

What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?

programming languages

When does language learning not occur most intensively?

I'm not sure.

The combination and patterns of letters and gestures are the basis for thousands of what?

I'm not sure.

An example of a language that is restricted to properties of human language is what?

I'm not sure.

Listening skills are not a factor of important interpersonal skills in what type of communication?

I'm not sure.

Grammars are not used in manipulating the symbols of what?

I'm not sure.


Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.

What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?

family rules, family roles or family dialectics

What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?

marriage, parenthood or divorce

What does trusted communication in a family lead to?

a well constructed family

Family roles were found to have no affect on communication between whom?

I'm not sure.

The death of a family member was looked at in what?

I'm not sure.

Family members developed theories to understand what?

I'm not sure.

It is important for researchers to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a what?

I'm not sure.

Family rules was not a topic that was covered in what?

I'm not sure.


The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.

How is animal communication defined?

any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal

What is the study of animal communication called?

zoo semiotics

What is the study of human communication called?

anthroposemiotics

What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?

animal emotions, animal culture and learning

What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?

vibrational communication

Anthroposemiotics is the study of animal what?

I'm not sure.

Zoo semiotics is the study of human what?

I'm not sure.

A special field of animal communication that has not been investigated is what?

I'm not sure.

What is defined as any one behavior of all animals that affects the current or future behavior of another animal?

I'm not sure.

Human and animal communication is a rapidly growing field of study in what century.

I'm not sure.


The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

What did the first model for communication consist of?

sender, channel, and receiver

What was the sender in the initial model?

the part of a telephone a person spoke into

What was the channel in the initial model?

the telephone itself

What was the receiver in the initial model?

the part of the phone where one could hear the other person

In 1945 the first communication model was introduced for what company?

I'm not sure.

What had two primary parts of a sender and a receiver?

I'm not sure.

The channel was where one could hear what?

I'm not sure.

Shannon and Bell recognized that what interfered with listening to a telephone conversation?

I'm not sure.

Warren Shannon and Claude Weaver worked for whom?

I'm not sure.


In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:

A simple model is also referred to as what?

transmission model

What kind of message is sent in a simple model?

a message in natural language

In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?

spoken language

How is information sent through a simple model?

from an emisor/ sender/ encoder

What are the strengths of the simple model?

simplicity, generality, and quantifiability

What are the weaknesses of this model?

I'm not sure.

Claude Weaver did what based on those elements?

I'm not sure.

A complex model is a message sent from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a what?

I'm not sure.

What type of message is sent in a complex model?

I'm not sure.

Who invented this model?

I'm not sure.


In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.

How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?

reciprocally

What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?

constitutive model or constructionist view

What is communication viewed as?

a conduit

What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?

different regional traditions

What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?

communication noise

Code books are represented in what?

I'm not sure.

The first attitude of communication is referred to as what?

I'm not sure.

Occasionally instances of communication are called what?

I'm not sure.

A sender or receiver's what never varies regardless of culture or gender?

I'm not sure.

A person's age may change a sender or receiver's what?

I'm not sure.


Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]

What is a form of communication observed within plants?

between plant cells

What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?

roots

How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?

the decentralized "nervous system" of plants

What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?

vegetable fiber

How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?

via volatiles

The plants leaves communicates with what in the soil?

I'm not sure.

This centralized system makes plant interactions possible?

I'm not sure.

The Hebrew word for 'neuron' is what?

I'm not sure.

During herbivory attack behavior what doesn't allow plants to communicate?

I'm not sure.

What can't plants overwrite when they are stressed?

I'm not sure.


Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?

Theories of coregulation

Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?

Harold Innis

What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?

Egypt

What did Harold Innis call papyrus?

Space Binding

What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?

transmission of written orders across space, empires

Wark and McKenzie had a theory that people use different types of what to communicate?

I'm not sure.

Ancient Rome was the famous example of the theory of whom?

I'm not sure.

Using the media to water, people can change and shape communication where?

I'm not sure.

Describing communication as a creative but not a dynamic continuous process is the definition of what?

I'm not sure.

Using the same media for communication will offer possibilities for what?

I'm not sure.


Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at least a working knowledge of most of them. By far, the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability, good 'people' skills, and the capacity to think critically and strategically.

Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?

it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills

What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?

excellent writing ability

What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?

Companies with limited resources

Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?

communications

It is not necessary to have critical and strategical thinking abilities to do what job?

I'm not sure.

All companies or organizations employ a full spectrum of what?

I'm not sure.

One of the least important qualifications to be a communications professional is what?

I'm not sure.

Who is always able to master a broad range of skills?

I'm not sure.

Besides excellent writing abilities and good 'people' skills, all company employees should  have what other skill?

I'm not sure.


Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.

What color are white grapes?

green

What gene makes grapes purple?

anthocyanins

What shape do grapes usually resemble?

prolate spheroid

What type of food are grapes?

fruit

How many grapes are generally in a cluster?

15 to 300


The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[citation needed] By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes,[citation needed] and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production[citation needed]. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.

How long ago were grapes first cultivated?

6,000–8,000 years ago

What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?

Yeast

Where is the oldest know winery located?

Armenia

What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?

Shiraz

How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?

hieroglyphics


Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:

What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?

animal fat

What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?

red wine

What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?

the French paradox

What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?

vasodilation


Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.

What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?

Grape juice

What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?

fermented

What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?

Concord grapes

What are Sultana grapes known as in California?

Thompson Seedless

What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?

Niagara grapes


Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.

What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?

red wine

What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?

white wine

What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?

resveratrol

What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?

Red wine


Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.

What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as?

table grapes

What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?

wine grapes

What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?

Vitis vinifera

What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?

Table grape

What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?

approximately 24%


In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20–25. Deuteronomy 18:3–5,14:22–27,16:13–15 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their god of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio’s John the Baptist.

When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?

Genesis 9:20–21

Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?

Dionysus

Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?

Christ

Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?

Deuteronomy

Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?

Noah


There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.

How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators?

three

How many varieties of seedless grapes are there?

more than a dozen

What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless?

Vitis vinifera

What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for?

cold

What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?

Vitis vinifera


Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?

Anthocyanins

What is the main phenolic in white grapes?

What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as?

Total phenolic content

What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices?

Phenolic content

Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?

anthocyanins


The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.

What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?

The Catholic Church

When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration?

the Last Supper

Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?

Canon 924

What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?

grape juice

What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?

transubstantiation


Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.

What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?

secure procedures

What is computer security also known as?

cybersecurity or IT security

What is the protection of information systems?

Computer security

What are the ways an operator can malpractice?

intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked

What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?

Computer security

What is the necessity of having an IT?

I'm not sure.

What can be caused by neglecting a computer security system?

I'm not sure.

What does the IT security protect?

I'm not sure.

How can a computer be attacked?

I'm not sure.

How does IT security work?

I'm not sure.

What is the theft or damage to hardware or software?

I'm not sure.

Protecting a device from harm requires deviating from what procedures?

I'm not sure.

What does computer security misdirect?

I'm not sure.

What types of harm can come through network access?

I'm not sure.

Why would IT security partake in malpractice?

I'm not sure.


Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet, but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim.

What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?

Denial of service attacks

What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?

the victim account to be locked

What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?

reflection and amplification attacks

What does DDoS stand for?

Distributed denial of service

How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?

by adding a new firewall rule

What happens if an attacker enters the wrong password into an account enough times?

I'm not sure.

What is the point of making network resources unavailable to users?

I'm not sure.

Why is it difficult to defend against DDos?

I'm not sure.

Other than being locked out what other methods are used in DDos?

I'm not sure.

What causes multiple attacks?

I'm not sure.

What allows a machine to be accessed by its user?

I'm not sure.

What is done to a password to lock out all users at once?

I'm not sure.

How is a DDoS from multiple locations defended?

I'm not sure.

What is an IP address?

I'm not sure.

What are zombie computers on a botnet?

I'm not sure.


If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel. Computerized engine timing, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver assistance systems make these disruptions possible, and self-driving cars go even further. Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices, and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker. Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system as a successful attack vector, and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping.

What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?

a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system

In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?

eavesdropping

Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?

a potential entry point for malware or an attacker

Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?

disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel

What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?

the cell phone network

What makes cars a risk for computerized attacks?

I'm not sure.

How were researchers able to eavesdrop in a car?

I'm not sure.

Why are cars with more technology at a higher risk for attack?

I'm not sure.

What increases the likelihood of a car being attacked?

I'm not sure.

What entry points are viable for malware and attackers?

I'm not sure.

What does an external controller area network control?

I'm not sure.

When were self-driving cars built?

I'm not sure.

What networks prevent malware in connected cars?

I'm not sure.

What did researchers use to prevent attacks in 2011?

I'm not sure.

What can voice recognition not be used for?

I'm not sure.


However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: "Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated "detection" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars.

How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?

relatively few

What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?

packet capture appliances

The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?

firewalls and other automated "detection" systems

What is the source of the quote?

Reuters

Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what?

physical stealing of assets

What do companies rely on too much in order to keep their information safe?

I'm not sure.

What do even fewer companies have set in place for their defense?

I'm not sure.

What do companies have to worry about least?

I'm not sure.

What is needed to catch these data stealing criminals?

I'm not sure.

What is a common form of theft in companies?

I'm not sure.

Most organizations have what kind of detection system?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the company that has lost more through electronic theft?

I'm not sure.

What do most companies no longer rely on?

I'm not sure.

Physical stealing of assets is a bigger problem than what?

I'm not sure.

What do criminals use to avoid being captured?

I'm not sure.


One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the "Orange Book" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, "Common Criteria" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 ("Semiformally Verified Design and Tested") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.

Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?

computer security

What does EAL stand for?

Evaluation Assurance Levels

What is the standard of EAL4?

Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed

What is the standard for EAL6?

Semiformally Verified Design and Tested

What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?

Which system is used by the Airbus A380 and military jets?

I'm not sure.

How common are the formal verification for the highest levels?

I'm not sure.

In the 1980s the Department of Defense used which standards?

I'm not sure.

What does Common Criteria refer to?

I'm not sure.

Which level do many common operating systems meet?

I'm not sure.

When was the Common Criteria defined?

I'm not sure.

Who created the Common Criteria?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of a system that meets the EAL4 standard?

I'm not sure.

What makes it difficult for systems to use the EAL4 standard?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a system that uses the Orange Book Standards?

I'm not sure.


China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security and information technology strategy, planning and major macroeconomic policy are being researched. The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities.

When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?

February 27, 2014

What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?

enhanced national security capabilities.

What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??

China

Why was China's network security team established?

I'm not sure.

What long term developments do they hope to achieve?

I'm not sure.

Why is network security under study?

I'm not sure.

Who is the leadership team?

I'm not sure.

Who is promoting the leadership team and its developments?

I'm not sure.

Who is researching microeconomic policy?

I'm not sure.

Which fields unrelated to network security does China's leadership team research?

I'm not sure.

Who is tasked with the short term development of network security?

I'm not sure.

When were China's enhanced national security capabilities established?

I'm not sure.


Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation, typically between hosts on a network. For instance, programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight have been used by the FBI and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact to the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware; TEMPEST is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks.

What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?

Eavesdropping

Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?

hosts on a network

Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?

the FBI and NSA

Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?

TEMPEST

What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?

a closed system

How can closed systems be eavesdropped upon?

I'm not sure.

Who is guilty of eavesdropping on private conversations?

I'm not sure.

Who does the FBI and NSA use Carnivore and Naruslnight to eavesdrop on?

I'm not sure.

Who uses the programs Carnivore and Naruslnsight?

I'm not sure.

What is eavesdropping?

I'm not sure.

What programs do ISPs use to eavesdrop on the FBI?

I'm not sure.

What is a conversation between hosts on a network called?

I'm not sure.

What is special about hosts on a network?

I'm not sure.

What transmissions does NarusInsight listen to?

I'm not sure.

What program does the FBI use to eavesdrop on closed systems?

I'm not sure.


Desktop computers and laptops are commonly infected with malware either to gather passwords or financial account information, or to construct a botnet to attack another target. Smart phones, tablet computers, smart watches, and other mobile devices such as Quantified Self devices like activity trackers have also become targets and many of these have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. Wifi, Bluetooth, and cell phone network on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.

What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?

malware

Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?

malware

Activity trackers are an example of what?

Quantified Self devices

What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?

attack vectors

What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?

sensors

What do malware programs intend to collect from laptops and computers?

I'm not sure.

What is the secondary interest of an attacker using malware?

I'm not sure.

Why do gadgets that have GPS or collect data about your habits put you at risk for an attack?

I'm not sure.

What could be collected from your devices by an attacker?

I'm not sure.

What are cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses and accelerometers considered?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the malware that affects activity trackers?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for malware?

I'm not sure.

How are Quantified Self Devices breached?

I'm not sure.

What sensitive information do wifi networks carry?

I'm not sure.

What type of information is rarely collected from a laptop?

I'm not sure.


Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]

What does ACL stand for?

access control lists

ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?

enforcing privilege separation

A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?

the confused deputy problem

The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?

capabilities

What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?

take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws

What has using ACLs to confine programs proven?

I'm not sure.

How can a computer with ACL be tricked?

I'm not sure.

Which two models in computer systems enforce privilege separation?

I'm not sure.

Can an ACLs limit access to one person?

I'm not sure.

What is the total number of security models in a computer system?

I'm not sure.

When is an ACL most secure?

I'm not sure.

What prevents ACLs from giving access to only one person?

I'm not sure.

What do ACLs promise?

I'm not sure.

Who is not responsible for the flaws in an ACL system?

I'm not sure.


In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using trojan horses, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user.

In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?

How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?

Using trojan horses

How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?

by posing as a trusted Rome center user

What is the Rome Laboratory?

the US Air Force's main command and research facility

Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

What did the hackers obtain?

I'm not sure.

Why were the hackers untraceable?

I'm not sure.

Posing as a trusted Rome Center user what did hackers use?

I'm not sure.

Intrusion hackers were thought to be who?

I'm not sure.

How were hackers able to go undetected?

I'm not sure.

Who were the crackers identified as?

I'm not sure.

When was the Rome Laboratory created?

I'm not sure.

What were the intruders unable to access?

I'm not sure.

What did the 1994 breach of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center also give the crackers access to?

I'm not sure.

What type of intrusion did the crackers use to gain access to Rome Laboratory?

I'm not sure.


In July of 2015, a hacker group known as "The Impact Team" successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. With this initial data release, the group stated “Avid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails. The other websites may stay online.”  When Avid Life Media, the parent company that created the Ashley Madison website, did not take the site offline, The Impact Group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned, but the website remained functional.

When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison?

July of 2015

What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?

Avid Life Media

When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?

After the second data dump

What was in the first data dump?

emails from the company's CEO

What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?

Established Men

Why was the website to be removed?

I'm not sure.

How did the site remain functional after the data breach?

I'm not sure.

What was the response from people using the service?

I'm not sure.

Was the Goal of the Impact Team carried out?

I'm not sure.

Were other sites compromised in addition to Ashley Madison?

I'm not sure.

Who was the CEO of Ashley Madison?

I'm not sure.

When was Ashley Madison taken down?

I'm not sure.

When was Established Man taken offline?

I'm not sure.

How large was the data dump of the CEO's emails?

I'm not sure.

Why was the customer data dumped first?

I'm not sure.


The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?

a crucial need for regulation

Where was the RSA Security Conference held?

San Francisco

Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?

executives from the private sector

Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?

R. Clarke

What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?

cyberspace

What is the polemical problem presented?

I'm not sure.

What is considered vital of the internet?

I'm not sure.

Who currently runs cyberspace?

I'm not sure.

Is the cyberspace industry under attack or threatened by regulation?

I'm not sure.

Who believes they are better at improving cyberspace?

I'm not sure.

What do most people agree on in regards to internet security?

I'm not sure.

Why did R. Clarke want to avoid government intervention?

I'm not sure.

Where is government intervention most common?

I'm not sure.

Why is threatening an industry unhelpful according to Clarke?

I'm not sure.

Where is Clarke from?

I'm not sure.


On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada’s "cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadians as they connect to each other and to the world." Three main pillars define the strategy: securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government, and helping Canadians to be secure online. The strategy involves multiple departments and agencies across the Government of Canada. The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities, and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident. The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy.

When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?

October 3, 2010

What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?

The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?

The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada

Canadian cyberspace was boosted by who?

I'm not sure.

Multiple departments were involved in what?

I'm not sure.

What type of plan is provided?

I'm not sure.

Why was a cyber security plan unveiled in October of 2010?

I'm not sure.

Who is the security measure meant to help the most?

I'm not sure.

When was Public Safety Canada founded?

I'm not sure.

How many departments does the new strategy involve?

I'm not sure.

Who created the Action Plan?

I'm not sure.

What was the predecessor to Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?

I'm not sure.

When was the Speech from the Throne?

I'm not sure.


Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies.

What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?

The Internet

What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?

the Stuxnet worm

When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?

What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?

the Department of Homeland Security

How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?

via removable media

What division was part of the Department of Homeland Security?

I'm not sure.

Can computers not attached to the internet be attack by a virus?

I'm not sure.

What industrial equipment effected after receiving malicious commands?

I'm not sure.

What type of damage was dealt to the industrial equipment?

I'm not sure.

What controls the functions of our utilities such as telecommunications, power grid, nuclear power plants, etc?

I'm not sure.

What controls computer functions?

I'm not sure.

Who created the Stuxnet worm?

I'm not sure.

When was the Stuxnet worm created?

I'm not sure.

What was infected in the 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?

I'm not sure.

How many people were on the Computer Emergency Readiness Team?

I'm not sure.


Today, computer security comprises mainly "preventive" measures, like firewalls or an exit procedure. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the Internet, and can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the network stack (or, in the case of most UNIX-based operating systems such as Linux, built into the operating system kernel) to provide real time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called physical firewall which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet.

Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?

"preventive" measures

What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?

A firewall

What does a physical firewall consist of?

a separate machine filtering network traffic

What type of machines normall have a firewall?

permanently connected to the Internet

What compromises mainly preventative measures?

computer security

Computer security is mostly comprised of what?

I'm not sure.

How are firewalls implemented?

I'm not sure.

Which system has a built in firewall?

I'm not sure.

What is another form of having a firewall connected?

I'm not sure.

Which part of a Linux computer is the firewall built into?

I'm not sure.

What types of measures do computer security firms rarely use today?

I'm not sure.

What type of machine rarely uses firewalls?

I'm not sure.

What is an exit procedure?

I'm not sure.

How are exit procedures implemented?

I'm not sure.

What type of OS does not use the operating system kernel?

I'm not sure.


Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. "Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal."

What has caused serious financial damage?

security breaches

Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?

the organizations involved

What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?

$13 billion

Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?

Several computer security consulting firms

What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?

basically anecdotal

What was the loss estimated for covert attacks in 2003?

I'm not sure.

What forms of attack were responsible for the loss?

I'm not sure.

What information is used to estimate the cost of the incident?

I'm not sure.

How wide-scale were the losses?

I'm not sure.

Why is difficult to estimate loss in this situation?

I'm not sure.

How much did firms save in 2003 from preventing attacks?

I'm not sure.

When was the standard model for estimating the cost of a breach established?

I'm not sure.

What data is not made public when an organization is breached?

I'm not sure.

What was the minimum estimate of losses due to security breaches in the US in 2003?

I'm not sure.

Why are loss estimates rarely challenged?

I'm not sure.


While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below.

Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?

during the manufacturing process

What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?

hardware-based or assisted computer security

What can hardware be a source of?

insecurity

What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?

physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)

What step can increase computer security?

I'm not sure.

What is used in physical access of a computer?

I'm not sure.

What causes hardware to be insecure?

I'm not sure.

How can a cell phone increase computer security?

I'm not sure.

What physical device is used as a passkey for your computer?

I'm not sure.

When are microchip vulnerabilities removed?

I'm not sure.

Dongles less secure because of what?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of software-only computer security?

I'm not sure.

What is required to compromise a software-only computer?

I'm not sure.

What type of vulnerability is hardware-based computer security impervious to?

I'm not sure.


Public Safety Canada’s Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre (CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada’s critical infrastructure and cyber systems. The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada’s critical infrastructure sectors. The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website. The CCIRC also operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. Canada's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger, integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection, and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure.

What does CCIRC stand for?

Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre

Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?

CCIRC

Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?

on the Public Safety Canada website

What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?

Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

What sort of responses are CCIRC responsible for?

I'm not sure.

What would CCIRC do in an event of a breach?

I'm not sure.

What does the CCIRC operate?

I'm not sure.

CCIRC is part of what that is much larger?

I'm not sure.

Online tools are meant for what by CCIRC?

I'm not sure.

What organization is attacking Canada's infrastructure?

I'm not sure.

Who runs Public Safety Canada?

I'm not sure.

What document contradicts the Cyber Security Strategy?

I'm not sure.

Who controls Canada's infrastructure?

I'm not sure.

What do individuals use to create a cyber incident?

I'm not sure.


This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, "Connectedness begets vulnerability."

Who said "Connectedness begets vulnerability?"

Jay Cross

What organization does Jay Cross belong to?

the Internet Time Group

What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?

increasing efficiency

What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?

exposes new vulnerabilities

What has led to cyberwarfare?

I'm not sure.

What is cyberterrorism?

I'm not sure.

In what way does "connectedness begets vulnerability?"

I'm not sure.

What types of test will be run?

I'm not sure.

Will cyberterrorism evolve with new technology?

I'm not sure.

Who coined the word "cyberwarfare"?

I'm not sure.

What computer program controls critical infrastructure?

I'm not sure.

Which infrastructures are the least vulnerable to attack?

I'm not sure.

What is cyberterrorism?

I'm not sure.

Who disagreed with the saying "Connectedness begets vulnerability"?

I'm not sure.


On September 27, 2010, Public Safety Canada partnered with STOP.THINK.CONNECT, a coalition of non-profit, private sector, and government organizations dedicated to informing the general public on how to protect themselves online. On February 4, 2014, the Government of Canada launched the Cyber Security Cooperation Program. The program is a $1.5 million five-year initiative aimed at improving Canada’s cyber systems through grants and contributions to projects in support of this objective. Public Safety Canada aims to begin an evaluation of Canada's Cyber Security Strategy in early 2015. Public Safety Canada administers and routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens, and carries out Cyber Security Awareness Month during October.

When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think. Connect?

September 27, 2010

When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada?

February 4, 2014

Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens?

Public Safety Canada

What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month?

October

How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?

$1.5 million

STOP.THINK.CONNECT is what kind of organization?

I'm not sure.

What type of grants were given out by the Canadian Government?

I'm not sure.

What does the Cyber Security Cooperation monitor?

I'm not sure.

Why is there a cyber security month?

I'm not sure.

How are people protected online?

I'm not sure.

When was STOP.THINK.CONNECT created?

I'm not sure.

How expensive is the GetCyberSafe portal?

I'm not sure.

When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program shut down?

I'm not sure.

When was the GetCyberSafe portal created?

I'm not sure.

When is the international Cyber Security Awareness month?

I'm not sure.


An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly download data from it. They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers, or covert listening devices. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be able to be by passed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media. Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks.

Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?

compromise security

Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?

standard security measures

Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?

attacks

An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?

directly download data from it

What increases the safety of a computer?

I'm not sure.

What can cause standard security measures to become obsolete?

I'm not sure.

What is the number one cause of data theft?

I'm not sure.

What can an attacker install to your computer in order to collect personal data?

I'm not sure.

What can infect other computers from your own?

I'm not sure.

What can an authorized user with access to a computer do?

I'm not sure.

How are computers made secure?

I'm not sure.

What does CD-ROM stand for?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of a program designed to attack a computer?

I'm not sure.

How does a user bypass a compromised security?

I'm not sure.


Clickjacking, also known as "UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack", is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a button or link on another webpage while the user intended to click on the top level page. This is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers. The attacker is basically "hijacking" the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page, most likely owned by someone else. A similar technique can be used to hijack keystrokes. Carefully drafting a combination of stylesheets, iframes, buttons and text boxes, a user can be led into believing that they are typing the password or other information on some authentic webpage while it is being channeled into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker.

UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?

Clickjacking

What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?

Clickjacking

Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed?

some other irrelevant page

Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed?

into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker

How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking?

using multiple transparent or opaque layers

What is intended to be hijacked through a page overlay?

I'm not sure.

What else can be hijacked through UI redress?

I'm not sure.

What part of a webpage is meant to collect keystrokes?

I'm not sure.

Why can the user not see the other page used by the attacker?

I'm not sure.

Where is are the passwords and information stored by the attacker?

I'm not sure.

What is avoiding a UI redress attack called?

I'm not sure.

How are clicks routed back to the top level page?

I'm not sure.

How is an legitimate webpage created?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for hijacking keystrokes?

I'm not sure.

Where is a user redirected to after putting in their password?

I'm not sure.


In 1988, only 60,000 computers were connected to the Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On November 2, 1988, many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers – the first internet "computer worm". The software was traced back to 23-year-old Cornell University graduate student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. who said 'he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet'.

How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988?

When was the first computer worm released?

November 2, 1988

Who was the first computer worm traced back to?

Robert Tappan Morris, Jr.

What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers?

computer worm

Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm?

he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet

What types of computers were connected to the internet in 1988?

I'm not sure.

On Nov 2, 1988 what caused many computers to slow down?

I'm not sure.

When was the first computer worm?

I'm not sure.

Who created the first computer worm?

I'm not sure.

How old was the Cornell University Grad Student who created the worm?

I'm not sure.

How many computers began to slow down on Nov. 2, 1988?

I'm not sure.

Who tracked down the first computer worm?

I'm not sure.

When was the computer worm caught?

I'm not sure.

Where was the computer worm created?

I'm not sure.

Which internet connected computers slowed down?

I'm not sure.


In 2013 and 2014, a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as "Rescator" broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then Home Depot computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using self checkout machines are believed to have played a large role. "The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting," says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee – meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing.

Who are Rescator?

a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring

What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?

40 million credit cards

How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?

between 53 and 56 million

What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?

self checkout machines

Who is Jim Walter?

director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee

What was done when credit cards were stolen?

I'm not sure.

What was the main breach?

I'm not sure.

Who could have easily stopped the hacking?

I'm not sure.

Unsophisticated malware was used on what?

I'm not sure.

Why was the malware uninteresting?

I'm not sure.

Who was the leader of Rescator?

I'm not sure.

What was stolen from McAfee?

I'm not sure.

When was the investigation concluded?

I'm not sure.

Why weren't the companies warned about the threat?

I'm not sure.

When was Rescator formed?

I'm not sure.


Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative: On June 16, 2011, the German Minister for Home Affairs, officially opened the new German NCAZ (National Center for Cyber Defense) Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn. The NCAZ closely cooperates with BSI (Federal Office for Information Security) Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BKA (Federal Police Organisation) Bundeskriminalamt (Deutschland), BND (Federal Intelligence Service) Bundesnachrichtendienst, MAD (Military Intelligence Service) Amt für den Militärischen Abschirmdienst and other national organisations in Germany taking care of national security aspects. According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.

What does NCAZ stand for?

Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum

What does NCAZ take care of?

national security aspects

When was NCAZ opened?

June 16, 2011

Whan was NCAZ founded?

February 23, 2011

What is the purpose of NCAZ?

to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure

Why does Berlin start a National Cyber Defense Initiative?

I'm not sure.

Why does NCAZ work closely with BSI?

I'm not sure.

Who takes care of national security?

I'm not sure.

What incidents are it to prevent?

I'm not sure.

What was the Stuxnet incident?

I'm not sure.

Where is the German Minister for Home Affairs located?

I'm not sure.

When did the incident in Stuxnet happen?

I'm not sure.

Where is the BSI located?

I'm not sure.

Who opened the BDN?

I'm not sure.

What is the primary task of the Minister for Home Affairs?

I'm not sure.


Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim. These texts were subsequently developed and applied by later authorities, known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism (אורתודוקסיה מודרנית) and Ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism (יהדות חרדית), but complete within is a wide range of philosophies. Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century, for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism.

What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?

Orthodox

What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?

Torah

what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?

Talmudic

What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?

Haredi Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?

pre-modern Judaism

What is Orthodox Christianity a religion that subscribes to?

I'm not sure.

What does Orthodox Christianity adhere to?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Bible legislated by?

I'm not sure.

Where will you not find Modern Judaism?

I'm not sure.

What is a religion with a single philosophy?

I'm not sure.


According to the New Jersey Press Association, several media entities refrain from using the term "ultra-Orthodox", including the Religion Newswriters Association; JTA, the global Jewish news service; and the Star-Ledger, New Jersey’s largest daily newspaper. The Star-Ledger was the first mainstream newspaper to drop the term. Several local Jewish papers, including New York's Jewish Week and Philadelphia's Jewish Exponent have also dropped use of the term. According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer, spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of Jewish Week, this leaves "Orthodox" as "an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs."

What is the global Jewish news service known as?

JTA

What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?

the Star-Ledger

What term do media entities refrain from using?

"ultra-Orthodox

Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?

Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer

Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?

Cliffside Park

What did the New England press association claim?

I'm not sure.

How large is the global Jewish news service?

I'm not sure.

The Religion Newswriters Association was the first news source to drop what name?

I'm not sure.

What is a New York paper still using the term ultra-orthodox?

I'm not sure.

Who was the executive editor of the Star-Ledger?

I'm not sure.


Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".

What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies?

Modern Orthodoxy

What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?

halakha

Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?

People of Israel

What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?

Divine work

What is modern cutlture in conflict with?

Torah

What comprises a fairly narrow spectrum of movements?

I'm not sure.

What are distinct and non-related in Modern Orthodoxy?

I'm not sure.

What does Classical Orthodoxy hold to be true?

I'm not sure.

What can Orthodox Judaism be harmed by it's interaction with?

I'm not sure.

Who do Modern Orthodoxy assign a non-central role to?

I'm not sure.


Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called "tzitzit". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them.

How do orthodox women dress mosly?

covered

what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?

hair

What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?

kipa

What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?

tzitzit

What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?

Haredi

What do Orthodox Jews keep in common with the society's they live in?

I'm not sure.

Who tend to wear clothing that exposes a lot of skin?

I'm not sure.

What do most Jewish women refuse to wear to cover their head?

I'm not sure.

What do Orthodox men refuse to wear on their heads?

I'm not sure.

What do Orthodox men avoid wearing when they are indoors?

I'm not sure.


Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them, the Oral Law. Although Orthodox Jews believe that many elements of current religious law were decreed or added as "fences" around the law by the rabbis, all Orthodox Jews believe that there is an underlying core of Sinaitic law and that this core of the religious laws Orthodox Jews know today is thus directly derived from Sinai and directly reflects the Divine will. As such, Orthodox Jews believe that one must be extremely careful in interpreting Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions; in this sense, "creativity" and development in Jewish law is limited.

What is the written law of the Torah known as?

Pentateuch

Who dictated the oral law to Moses?

God

What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?

Oral Law

What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?

Sinaitic law

What is the origin of Jewish Law?

Divine

Which single part of the Law do Orthodox Jews hold to be dictated by God?

I'm not sure.

What parts of the oral law are different than the original dictation?

I'm not sure.

What was not given a clear explanations on how to apply it?

I'm not sure.

Who added fences to historical law that are not a part of modern day?

I'm not sure.

What is considered divine and in no need of interpretation?

I'm not sure.


In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet "Ele Divrei HaBerit". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, "Der Treue Zions Waechter", was launched with the Hebrew supplement "Shomer Zion HaNe'eman" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:

Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?

Berlin

what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?

Jacob Ettlinger

What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?

Shlomei Emunei Yisrael

How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?

Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?

Berlin

What did Roman Jews support?

I'm not sure.

What group supported a new temple in Hamburg?

I'm not sure.

Where did a group of orthodox Jews convene?

I'm not sure.

What was considered the first Reformed Jewish periodical?

I'm not sure.

Who fought against the strength and awareness of the Orthodox Jewry?

I'm not sure.