Clement Attlee's proved one of the most radical British governments of the 20th century, enacting Keynesian economic policies, presiding over a policy of nationalising major industries and utilities including the Bank of England, coal mining, the steel industry, electricity, gas, and inland transport (including railways, road haulage and canals). It developed and implemented the "cradle to grave" welfare state conceived by the economist William Beveridge. To this day, the party considers the 1948 creation of Britain's publicly funded National Health Service (NHS) under health minister Aneurin Bevan its proudest achievement. Attlee's government also began the process of dismantling the British Empire when it granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1947, followed by Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) the following year. At a secret meeting in January 1947, Attlee and six cabinet ministers, including Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, decided to proceed with the development of Britain's nuclear weapons programme, in opposition to the pacifist and anti-nuclear stances of a large element inside the Labour Party.

Whose government was the least radical of the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

Who privatized major industries?

I'm not sure.

When was the British NHS destroyed?

I'm not sure.

Under what health minister was the NHS dismantled?

I'm not sure.

When did the British take control of Indian and Pakistan?

I'm not sure.


Labour went on to win the 1950 general election, but with a much reduced majority of five seats. Soon afterwards, defence became a divisive issue within the party, especially defence spending (which reached a peak of 14% of GDP in 1951 during the Korean War), straining public finances and forcing savings elsewhere. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hugh Gaitskell, introduced charges for NHS dentures and spectacles, causing Bevan, along with Harold Wilson (then President of the Board of Trade), to resign over the dilution of the principle of free treatment on which the NHS had been established.

In what year did Labour lose the general election?

I'm not sure.

What was a uniting issue in the party?

I'm not sure.

When did defense spending reach its lowest point in Britain?

I'm not sure.

Who made dentures and spectacles free of charge?

I'm not sure.

What was not a principle the NHS was based on?

I'm not sure.


Wilson's government was responsible for a number of sweeping social and educational reforms under the leadership of Home Secretary Roy Jenkins such as the abolishment of the death penalty in 1964, the legalisation of abortion and homosexuality (initially only for men aged 21 or over, and only in England and Wales) in 1967 and the abolition of theatre censorship in 1968. Comprehensive education was expanded and the Open University created. However Wilson's government had inherited a large trade deficit that led to a currency crisis and ultimately a doomed attempt to stave off devaluation of the pound. Labour went on to lose the 1970 general election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath.

When was abortion criminalized in Britain?

I'm not sure.

When was the death penalty introduced in Britain?

I'm not sure.

What was abolished in 1970?

I'm not sure.

What stopped a currency crisis?

I'm not sure.

What year did Labour win a general election?

I'm not sure.


After losing the 1970 general election, Labour returned to opposition, but retained Harold Wilson as Leader. Heath's government soon ran into trouble over Northern Ireland and a dispute with miners in 1973 which led to the "three-day week". The 1970s proved a difficult time to be in government for both the Conservatives and Labour due to the 1973 oil crisis which caused high inflation and a global recession. The Labour Party was returned to power again under Wilson a few weeks after the February 1974 general election, forming a minority government with the support of the Ulster Unionists. The Conservatives were unable to form a government alone as they had fewer seats despite receiving more votes numerically. It was the first general election since 1924 in which both main parties had received less than 40% of the popular vote and the first of six successive general elections in which Labour failed to reach 40% of the popular vote. In a bid to gain a majority, a second election was soon called for October 1974 in which Labour, still with Harold Wilson as leader, won a majority of three, gaining just 18 seats taking its total to 319.

What did Labour do after winning the 1970 general election?

I'm not sure.

Who won the 1970 general election?

I'm not sure.

What was an easy era to be in government?

I'm not sure.

What group of people supported the Conservatives?

I'm not sure.

Why were the Conservatives able to form a government alone?

I'm not sure.


Fear of advances by the nationalist parties, particularly in Scotland, led to the suppression of a report from Scottish Office economist Gavin McCrone that suggested that an independent Scotland would be 'chronically in surplus'. By 1977 by-election losses and defections to the breakaway Scottish Labour Party left Callaghan heading a minority government, forced to trade with smaller parties in order to govern. An arrangement negotiated in 1977 with Liberal leader David Steel, known as the Lib-Lab Pact, ended after one year. Deals were then forged with various small parties including the Scottish National Party and the Welsh nationalist Plaid Cymru, prolonging the life of the government.

What led to the promotion of a report from the Scottish Office?

I'm not sure.

What left Callaghan leading a majority government?

I'm not sure.

Why did Callaghan trade with the larger parties?

I'm not sure.

What arrangement lasted longer than one year?

I'm not sure.

What shortened the life of the government?

I'm not sure.


Harriet Harman became the Leader of the Opposition and acting Leader of the Labour Party following the resignation of Gordon Brown on 11 May 2010, pending a leadership election subsequently won by Ed Miliband. Miliband emphasised "responsible capitalism" and greater state intervention to change the balance of the UK economy away from financial services. Tackling vested interests and opening up closed circles in British society were also themes he returned to a number of times. Miliband also argued for greater regulation on banks and the energy companies.

When did Ed Miliband resign?

I'm not sure.

Who won power after Ed Miliband?

I'm not sure.

What did Harriet Harman emphasize?

I'm not sure.

What did Miliband want to change the balance of the UK economy towards?

I'm not sure.

What did Miliband want to regulate less?

I'm not sure.


The party's performance held up in local elections in 2012 with Labour consolidating its position in the North and Midlands, while also regaining some ground in Southern England. In Wales the party enjoyed good successes, regaining control of most Welsh Councils lost in 2008, including the capital city, Cardiff. In Scotland, Labour's held overall control of Glasgow City Council despite some predictions to the contrary, and also enjoyed a +3.26 swing across Scotland. In London, results were mixed for the party; Ken Livingstone lost the election for Mayor of London, but the party gained its highest ever representation in the Greater London Authority in the concurrent assembly election.

When did the party's performance tank in local elections?

I'm not sure.

Where did Labour fail to gain ground?

I'm not sure.

What did the Conservative party gain in Wales?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Conservatives enjoy a +3.26 swing?

I'm not sure.

Who won the London mayor election?

I'm not sure.


On 1 March 2014, at a special conference the party reformed internal Labour election procedures, including replacing the electoral college system for selecting new leaders with a "one member, one vote" system following the recommendation of a review by former general-secretary Ray Collins. Mass membership would be encouraged by allowing "registered supporters" to join at a low cost, as well as full membership. Members from the trade unions would also have to explicitly "opt in" rather than "opt out" of paying a political levy to Labour.

Where did the party reform Conservative election procedures?

I'm not sure.

When were Conservative election procedures reformed?

I'm not sure.

What replaced the "one member, one vote" system?

I'm not sure.

Who was allowed to join at a high cost?

I'm not sure.

Who had to opt in to paying a political levy to the Conservatives?

I'm not sure.


The 2015 General Election resulted in a net loss of seats throughout Great Britain, with Labour representation falling to 232 seats in the House of Commons. The Party lost 40 of its 41 seats in Scotland in the face of record breaking swings to the Scottish National Party. The scale of the decline in Labour's support was much greater than what had occurred at the 2011 elections for the Scottish parliament. Though Labour gained more than 20 seats in England and Wales, mostly from the Liberal Democrats but also from the Conservative Party, it lost more seats to Conservative challengers, including that of Ed Balls, for net losses overall.

What resulted in a net gain of seats?

I'm not sure.

How many seats did the Conservatives have in the House of Commons in 2015?

I'm not sure.

How many seats did the Scottish National Party lose?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Liberal Democrats gain seats?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the Liberal Democrat challengers?

I'm not sure.


The Labour Party is considered to be left of centre. It was initially formed as a means for the trade union movement to establish political representation for itself at Westminster. It only gained a 'socialist' commitment with the original party constitution of 1918. That 'socialist' element, the original Clause IV, was seen by its strongest advocates as a straightforward commitment to the "common ownership", or nationalisation, of the "means of production, distribution and exchange". Although about a third of British industry was taken into public ownership after the Second World War, and remained so until the 1980s, the right of the party were questioning the validity of expanding on this objective by the late 1950s. Influenced by Anthony Crosland's book, The Future of Socialism (1956), the circle around party leader Hugh Gaitskell felt that the commitment was no longer necessary. While an attempt to remove Clause IV from the party constitution in 1959 failed, Tony Blair, and the 'modernisers' saw the issue as putting off potential voters, and were successful thirty-five years later, with only limited opposition from senior figures in the party.

What party is considered right of centre?

I'm not sure.

Why was the Conservative Party formed?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Conservative Party gain a socialist commitment?

I'm not sure.

How much of British industry was taken into private ownership?

I'm not sure.

When did the attempt to remove clause IV succeed?

I'm not sure.


From the late-1980s onwards, the party adopted free market policies, leading many observers to describe the Labour Party as social democratic or the Third Way, rather than democratic socialist. Other commentators go further and argue that traditional social democratic parties across Europe, including the British Labour Party, have been so deeply transformed in recent years that it is no longer possible to describe them ideologically as 'social democratic', and claim that this ideological shift has put new strains on the party's traditional relationship with the trade unions.

What did the party adopt before the 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What party was described as democratic socialist?

I'm not sure.

When have social democratic parties in America been transformed?

I'm not sure.

What has strengthened the party's relationship with trade unions?

I'm not sure.

What did the Conservative party do from the 1980s onward?

I'm not sure.


Historically within the party, differentiation was made between the "soft left" and the "hard left", with the former embracing more moderately social democratic views while the hard left subscribed to a strongly socialist, even Marxist, ideology. Members on the hard left were often disparaged as the "loony left," particularly in the popular media. The term "hard left" was sometimes used in the 1980s to describe Trotskyist groups such as the Militant tendency, Socialist Organiser and Socialist Action. In more recent times, Members of Parliament in the Socialist Campaign Group and the Labour Representation Committee are seen as constituting a hard left in contrast to a soft left represented by organisations such as Compass and the magazine Tribune.

Who was referred to as the loony right?

I'm not sure.

What was never used to refer to Trotskyist groups?

I'm not sure.

What magazine is part of the hard left?

I'm not sure.

Who was never described as the loony left?

I'm not sure.


Labour has long been identified with red, a political colour traditionally affiliated with socialism and the labour movement. The party conference in 1931 passed a motion "That this conference adopts Party Colours, which should be uniform throughout the country, colours to be red and gold". Since the party's inception, the red flag has been Labour's official symbol; the flag has been associated with socialism and revolution ever since the 1789 French Revolution and the revolutions of 1848. The red rose, a symbol of social democracy, was adopted as the party symbol in 1986 as part of a rebranding exercise and is now incorporated into the party logo.

What party is associated with blue?

I'm not sure.

What color is associated with the Conservative party?

I'm not sure.

What is the official conservative symbol?

I'm not sure.

When did the red flag stop being associated with socialism?

I'm not sure.

When was the blue rose adopted as a symbol?

I'm not sure.


The party's decision-making bodies on a national level formally include the National Executive Committee (NEC), Labour Party Conference and National Policy Forum (NPF)—although in practice the Parliamentary leadership has the final say on policy. The 2008 Labour Party Conference was the first at which affiliated trade unions and Constituency Labour Parties did not have the right to submit motions on contemporary issues that would previously have been debated. Labour Party conferences now include more "keynote" addresses, guest speakers and question-and-answer sessions, while specific discussion of policy now takes place in the National Policy Forum.

What are the party's decision making bodies on a local level?

I'm not sure.

What has the first say on policy?

I'm not sure.

When was the first time trade unions had the right to submit motions?

I'm not sure.

What includes less keynote addresses now?

I'm not sure.

Where does discussion of policy never take place?

I'm not sure.


For many years Labour held to a policy of not allowing residents of Northern Ireland to apply for membership, instead supporting the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) which informally takes the Labour whip in the House of Commons. The 2003 Labour Party Conference accepted legal advice that the party could not continue to prohibit residents of the province joining, and whilst the National Executive has established a regional constituency party it has not yet agreed to contest elections there. In December 2015 a meeting of the members of the Labour Party in Northern Ireland decided unanimously to contest the elections for the Northern Ireland Assembly held in May 2016.

What party held a policy of always allowing people from Northern Ireland to apply for membership?

I'm not sure.

What party did Labour refuse to support?

I'm not sure.

What party formally takes the Labour whip in the House of Commons?

I'm not sure.

When did the Labour Party Conference refuse legal advice?

I'm not sure.

When did the Labour Party in Northern Ireland stop contesting elections?

I'm not sure.


As it was founded by the unions to represent the interests of working-class people, Labour's link with the unions has always been a defining characteristic of the party. In recent years this link has come under increasing strain, with the RMT being expelled from the party in 2004 for allowing its branches in Scotland to affiliate to the left-wing Scottish Socialist Party. Other unions have also faced calls from members to reduce financial support for the Party and seek more effective political representation for their views on privatisation, public spending cuts and the anti-trade union laws. Unison and GMB have both threatened to withdraw funding from constituency MPs and Dave Prentis of UNISON has warned that the union will write "no more blank cheques" and is dissatisfied with "feeding the hand that bites us". Union funding was redesigned in 2013 after the Falkirk candidate-selection controversy.

What was founded to oppose the interests of working-class people?

I'm not sure.

What is a defining characteristic of the Conservatives?

I'm not sure.

When was the RMT allowed into the party?

I'm not sure.

Who has Unison not threatened to withdraw funding from?

I'm not sure.

What spokesman said the union is happy with Labour?

I'm not sure.


The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940. Since 1951 the party has been a member of the Socialist International, which was founded thanks to the efforts of the Clement Attlee leadership. However, in February 2013, the Labour Party NEC decided to downgrade participation to observer membership status, "in view of ethical concerns, and to develop international co-operation through new networks". Labour was a founding member of the Progressive Alliance international founded in co-operation with the Social Democratic Party of Germany and other social-democratic parties on 22 May 2013.

What was the party a member of before 1923?

I'm not sure.

What was a member of the Socialist International before 1951?

I'm not sure.

When did the Conservative Party downgrade its participation to observer member status?

I'm not sure.

What were the Conservatives a founding member of?

I'm not sure.

When was the Progressive Alliance international disbanded?

I'm not sure.


Estonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate.

What is the official name for Estonia?

the Republic of Estonia

Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?

the Baltic region

What borders the north of Estonia?

the Gulf of Finland

What body of water borders Estonia on the west?

the Baltic Sea

What country borders south Estonia?

Latvia


After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991.

Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?

Danish, Swedish and German rule

When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?

the period of national awakening

Who was in control during the national awakening?

the Russian Empire

What year was the Republic of Estonia established?

What war ended as Estonia was born?

World War I


A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe.

What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?

high-income economy and high living standards

What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?

the Human Development Index

What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?

Estonia

What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?

What financial institution is associated with Estonia?

the Nordic Investment Bank


In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other highest administrative official elder directed the defense of the local area. By the thirteenth century Estonia consisted of the following provinces: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Läänemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Järvamaa and Virumaa.

When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?

first centuries AD

What subdivision was associated with the province?

kihelkond

What subdivision was associated with the land?

maakond

What type of structure did most provinces have?

fortress

Who commanded the defense of an area?

The king or other highest administrative official elder


The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as Víkingr frá Esthland (Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century.

Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?

The Oeselians

Where is Saaremaa located?

the Baltic Sea

Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?

Ptolemy's Geography III

Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships?

Henry of Latvia


Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerce in the 13th century and the rise of Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar and Stockholm. The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the piratica and the liburna. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A piratica could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead and a rectangular sail. Viking-age treasures from Estonia mostly contain silver coins and bars. Saaremaa has the richest finds of Viking treasures after Gotland in Sweden. This strongly suggests that Estonia was an important transit country during the Viking era.

What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?

Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?

the Swedish town of Sigtuna

What important figure was killed in the raid?

Swedish archbishop Johannes

What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?

the piratica and the liburna

What type of ship was the liburna?

merchant ship


The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as "Taara, help!"/"Thor, help!" (Taara a(v)ita in Estonian) or "Taara keeper"/"Thor keeper" (Taara pidaja) Taara is associated with the Scandinavian god Thor. The story of Tharapita's or Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor disaster estimated to have happened in 660 ± 85 BC that formed Kaali crater in Saaremaa.

What god did the Oeselians worship?

Tharapita

Who described Tharapita?

Henry of Latvia

Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?

on a forested mountain in Virumaa

What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?

Thor

What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?

meteor disaster


The capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital "Tallinn", which according to legend derives from Taani linna (meaning Danish town or castle). Reval was granted Lübeck city rights (1248) and joined the Hanseatic League. Even today, Danish influence can be seen in heraldic symbols. The Danish cross is on the city of Tallinn's coat of arms, and Estonia's coat of arms displays three lions similar to those found on the Danish coat of arms.

What was the capital of Danish Estonia?

Reval

What event preceded the founding of the capital?

the invasion of 1219

What structure was built at Toompea Hill?

the fortress of Castrum Danorum

What year was Reval granted with Lübeck city rights?


On St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade, and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion. After initial success the revolt was ended by the invasion of the Teutonic Order. In 1346 the Duchy of Estonia was sold for 19,000 Köln marks to the Teutonic Order by the King of Denmark. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the State of the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.

What is the date of St. George's Night?

23 April 1343

When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?

St. George's Night

What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove?

the non-indigenous Christian religion

What event ended the uprising?

the invasion of the Teutonic Order.

What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark?

1 November 1346


From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.

When was Terra Mariana established?

2 February 1207

Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?

Livonian Brothers of the Sword

What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?

What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?

Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?

German rule


After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–82). The wars had reduced the Estonian population from about 250–300,000 people before the Livonian War to 120–140,000 in the 1620s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia also attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, both of which were unsuccessful .

When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?

What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?

the Battle of Grunwald

Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?

the Livonian Order

What is date of the Battle of Swienta?

1 September 1435

When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?

4 December 1435


The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin, previously used. During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control. In the 1560s two voivodeships of present-day southern Estonia, Dorpat Voivodeship (Tartu region) and Parnawa Voivodeship (Pärnu region), became the autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under joint control of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. In 1629, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia. This division persisted until the early twentieth century.

When did the The Reformation in Europe start?

Who led the The Reformation in Europe?

Martin Luther

What was the year of Martin Luther's death?

What parts of society did the Reformation change?

Language, education, religion and politics

What was the previous language of the church?

Latin


As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.

What form of servitude was eliminated?

serfdom

When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?

19th century

The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era?

the Age of Awakening

Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening?

Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.


On 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane "Kaleva" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki. On 16 June, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. The Red Army exited from their military bases in Estonia on 17 June. The following day, some 90,000 additional troops entered the country. In the face of overwhelming Soviet force, the Estonian government capitulated on 17 June 1940 to avoid bloodshed.

What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans?

Paris

When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia?

14 June

What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets?

Kaleva

Where was the destination of Kaleva?

Helsinki


Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia "People's Self-Defence" units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. There were two dead Estonian servicemen, Aleksei Männikus and Johannes Mandre, and several wounded on the Estonian side and about ten killed and more wounded on the Soviet side.

Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?

the Estonian government

Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?

the Red Army

What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?

the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion

When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets?

21 June


On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month. Additionally those who had failed to do their "political duty" of voting Estonia into the USSR, specifically those who had failed to have their passports stamped for voting, were condemned to death by Soviet tribunals. The repressions followed with the mass deportations carried out by the Soviets in Estonia on 14 June 1941. Many of the country's political and intellectual leaders were killed or deported to remote areas of the USSR by the Soviet authorities in 1940–1941. Repressive actions were also taken against thousands of ordinary people.

What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?

6 August 1940

Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?

the Soviet Union

The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document?

the Estonian constitution

What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets?

elections


After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took Narva on 17 August and the Estonian capital Tallinn on 28 August. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German troops disarmed all the partisan groups.

What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?

22 June 1941

When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?

7 July

What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?

the Pärnu River

When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River?

12 July

When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?

22 June 1941

When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia?

7 July

Who helped the Germans take over Estonia?

the Estonian Forest Brothers


Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. The Germans and their collaborators also carried out The Holocaust in Estonia in which they established a network of concentration camps and murdered thousands of Estonian Jews and Estonian Gypsies, other Estonians, non-Estonian Jews, and Soviet prisoners of war.

What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?

liberators

Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?

the USSR

What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?

the country's independence

What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?

Estonia's resources


Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence.

Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?

the Finnish Army

Who was the Finnish Army allied with?

the Nazis

Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?

Estonian volunteers in Finland

What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?


In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries, often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut. On 12 January 1949, the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree "on the expulsion and deportation" from Baltic states of "all kulaks and their families, the families of bandits and nationalists", and others.

How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?

tens of thousands

Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?

Finland or Sweden

What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded?

the SS Walnut

What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians?

12 January 1949


Half the deported perished, and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s (years after Stalin's death).[citation needed] The activities of Soviet forces in 1940–41 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against Soviet authorities in Estonia by the Forest Brothers, who consisted mostly of Estonian veterans of the German and Finnish armies and some civilians. This conflict continued into the early 1950s. Material damage caused by the world war and the following Soviet era significantly slowed Estonia's economic growth, resulting in a wide wealth gap in comparison with neighbouring Finland and Sweden.

What percentage of Estonians died after deporation?

Half the deported perished

When were the deported Estonians allowed to return?

the early 1960s

What event led to the return of Estonians back home?

Stalin's death

Who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviets?

the Forest Brothers


Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas, were closed to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared "border zones". People not actually residing there were restricted from travelling to them without a permit. A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski, which was entirely closed to all public access. The city had a support base for the Soviet Baltic Fleet's submarines and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training centre complete with a full-scale model of a nuclear submarine with working nuclear reactors. The Paldiski reactors building passed into Estonian control in 1994 after the last Russian troops left the country. Immigration was another effect of Soviet occupation. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to assist industrialisation and militarisation, contributing an increase of about half a million people within 45 years.

What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?

Militarization

What sea islands were declared border zones?

Saaremaa and Hiiumaa

What document did people need to travel to the border zones?

permit

What was established in the city of Paldiski?

A notable closed military installation


The U.S., UK, France, Italy and the majority of other Western countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR, and never recognised Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union. Estonia's return to independence became possible as the Soviet Union faced internal regime challenges, loosening its hold on the outer empire. As the 1980s progressed, a movement for Estonian autonomy started. In the initial period of 1987–1989, this was partially for more economic independence, but as the Soviet Union weakened and it became increasingly obvious that nothing short of full independence would do, Estonia began a course towards self-determination.

What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?

the annexation of Estonia

What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?

diplomatic relations

What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize?

the Estonian SSR

What decade started the push for Estonian independence?


In 1989, during the "Singing Revolution", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994.

What year did the Singing Revolution occur?

What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?

independence

How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries?

more than two million people

What was the name of the human chain?

the Baltic Way


Estonia's land border with Latvia runs 267 kilometers; the Russian border runs 290 kilometers. From 1920 to 1945, Estonia's border with Russia, set by the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty, extended beyond the Narva River in the northeast and beyond the town of Pechory (Petseri) in the southeast. This territory, amounting to some 2,300 square kilometres (888 sq mi), was incorporated into Russia by Stalin at the end of World War II. For this reason the borders between Estonia and Russia are still not defined.

What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa?

267 kilometers

What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia?

290 kilometers

What document established the border between Russia and Estonia?

the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty


Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres (1,043 ft). There is 3,794 kilometres (2,357 mi) of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 2,355 (including those in lakes). Two of them are large enough to constitute separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. A small, recent cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia.

What body of water borders Estonia?

the Baltic Sea

What is the average elevation of Estonia?

50 metres (164 ft)

What is Estonia's highest mountain point?

the Suur Munamägi

How tall is the the Suur Munamägi?

318 metres (1,043 ft)


Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) inland in July, the warmest month, and from −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) on the Baltic islands to −7.6 °C (18.3 °F) inland in February, the coldest month. The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). The average precipitation in 1961–1990 ranged from 535 to 727 mm (21.1 to 28.6 in) per year.

What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside?

northern part

What is the similar trait of Estonia's four seasons?

near-equal length

What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?

16.3 °C (61.3 °F)

What is the warmest month in Estonia?

July


A maakond (county) is the biggest administrative subdivision. The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is led by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Several changes were made to the borders of counties after Estonia became independent, most notably the formation of Valga County (from parts of Võru, Tartu and Viljandi counties) and Petseri County (area acquired from Russia with the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty).

What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?

A maakond

What is the county government in Estonia called?

Maavalitsus

A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?

county governor

Who represents the national government on a local level?

Maavanem


Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation is similar to other countries in Northern Europe. The former Prime Minister of Estonia, Andrus Ansip, is also Europe's longest-serving Prime Minister (from 2005 until 2014). The current Estonian Prime Minister is Taavi Rõivas, who is the former Minister of Social Affairs and the head of the Estonian Reform Party.

Who is the leader of Estonia's government?

the Prime Minister of Estonia

What political structure aids the Prime Minister?

a multi-party system

The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent?

Northern Europe

Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister?

Andrus Ansip


The Parliament of Estonia (Estonian: Riigikogu) or the legislative branch is elected by people for a four-year term by proportional representation. The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document. The Estonian parliament has 101 members and influences the governing of the state primarily by determining the income and the expenses of the state (establishing taxes and adopting the budget). At the same time the parliament has the right to present statements, declarations and appeals to the people of Estonia, ratify and denounce international treaties with other states and international organisations and decide on the Government loans.

What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term?

The Parliament of Estonia

What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system?

How many representatives are in the Estonian parliament?

101 members

What can the Estonian parliament do in regards to treaties?

ratify and denounce international treaties


The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic. In addition to that, the Riigikogu appoints, on the proposal of the President of Estonia, the Chairman of the National Court, the chairman of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Legal Chancellor and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. A member of the Riigikogu has the right to demand explanations from the Government of the Republic and its members. This enables the members of the parliament to observe the activities of the executive power and the above-mentioned high officials of the state.

Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?

The Riigikogu

Who does the government have to explain their actions to?

the Riigikogu

What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence?

activities of the executive power


The Government of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of twelve ministers, including the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also has the right to appoint other ministers and assign them a subject to deal with. These are ministers without portfolio — they don't have a ministry to control.

Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia?

the Prime Minister of Estonia

Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President?

parliament

How many ministers serve in the government?

twelve

Who has the ability to assign other ministers?

The Prime Minister


The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power.

What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?

three

What is another name for the governing body of ministers?

the cabinet

What strategy does the cabinet execute?

domestic and foreign policy

What major responsibility does the cabinet hold?

everything occurring within the authority of executive power


Estonia has pursued the development of the e-state and e-government. Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia. The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections, in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet. Voters have a chance to invalidate their electronic vote in traditional elections, if they wish to. In 2009 in its eighth Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Estonia sixth out of 175 countries. In the first ever State of World Liberty Index report, Estonia was ranked first out of 159 countries.

What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?

Internet voting

What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?

What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections?

In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?


According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: Põhiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws.

What document declares supreme power for the people?

the Constitution of Estonia

Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?

the Supreme Court or Riigikohus

How many judges are on Estonia's supreme court?

nineteen

How many years does the Chief justice serve?

nine


Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). As an OSCE participating State, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto Protocol.

What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?

22 September 1921

What date did Estonia join the United Nations?

17 September 1991

What date did Estonia join NATO?

29 March 2004

What date did Estonia join the European Union?

1 May 2004


Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners. The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the protest triggered by the controversial relocation of the Bronze Soldier World War II memorial in Tallinn.

What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?

close co-operation

What were the most important foreign policy priorities?

accession into NATO and the European Union

What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?

deterioration in relations with Russia


Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues. Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989. Annual summits take place, and in addition meetings are organised on all possible levels: speakers, presidiums, commissions, and individual members. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Tallinn with a subsidiary in Tartu and information points in Narva, Valga and Pärnu. Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus and mobility programmes for business and industry and for public administration.

Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?

Latvia and Lithuania

What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?

The Baltic Council

What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?

Nordic-Baltic Eight

What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?


An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs. In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".

What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?

closer ties with the Nordic countries

When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?

December 1999

Who expressed a speech called "Estonia as a Nordic Country"?

Toomas Hendrik Ilves

What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?


In 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in joining the Nordic Council. Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade, today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours: three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, its flat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the Nordic countries and their Nordic model, and indeed from many other European countries.

When did Estonia join the European Union's Nordic Battle Group?

What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining?

the Nordic Council

What percentage of Estonia's foreign trade was held by Russia in 1992?

What percentage of Estonia exports are sent to Nordic countries?


The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsevägi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi (Army), Merevägi (Navy), Õhuvägi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Policy aim is to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters, airspace and its constitutional order. Current strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, develop the armed forces for interoperability with other NATO and EU member forces, and participation in NATO missions.

What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military?

the Estonian Defence Forces

What is the name of Estonia's Army?

Maavägi

What is the name of Estonia's Navy?

Merevägi

What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?

Õhuvägi


Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries.

Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies?

Latvia and Lithuania

What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries?

the Baltic Defence College

Where is the Baltic Defence College located?

Tartu

When were the Baltic states asked to join NORDEFCO?

January 2011


The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia (CERT), founded in 2006. The organisation operates on security issues in local networks.

Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?

The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces

What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?

What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?

massive cyberattacks

When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?


As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been described as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania and Latvia. Beginning 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state.

What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?

the World Bank

What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?

What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?

Slovak Republic and Lithuania

Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?


Estonia produces about 75% of its consumed electricity. In 2011 about 85% of it was generated with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Renewable wind energy was about 6% of total consumption in 2009. Estonia imports petroleum products from western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and new oil tanker off-loading capabilities.[citation needed] The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East.[citation needed]

How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?

What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?

about 85%

What alternative energy sources account for 9% of energy production?

wood, peat, and biomass

What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009?


Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion. In 2010, the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports. In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared to the year before. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since.

When did the global economic recession start?

What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?

global economic recession

Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government?

Riigikogu

What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports?


Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1–2.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.

What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?

the gateway between East and West

What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?

Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?

Milton Friedman

What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?

a uniform rate of 26%


In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010.

What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?

What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?

What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999?

the 1998 Russian financial crisis

When did Estonia unite with the WTO?

November 1999


Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production. In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources.[citation needed] The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wind is nearly 60 MW while at the same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects are currently being developed and more than 2800 MW worth of projects are being proposed in the Lake Peipus area and the coastal areas of Hiiumaa.

What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?

energy

What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?

renewable energy sources

What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?

wind power

What is total amount of energy production from wind power?

nearly 60 MW


Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the 1990s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe. Proximity to the Scandinavian markets, its location between the East and West, competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages in the beginning of the 2000s (decade). As the largest city, Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre and the Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently with the OMX system. The current government has pursued tight fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt.

In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?

Eastern

Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?

Scandinavian markets

What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers?

highly skilled

What is the largest city in Estonia?

Tallinn


In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually.

When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?

What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?

export-generating industries

How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually?

200 million kilowatt hours

How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually?

1.562 billion kilowatt hours


Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros) from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever. Majority of the European Union financial aid will be invested into to the following fields: energy economies, entrepreneurship, administrative capability, education, information society, environment protection, regional and local development, research and development activities, healthcare and welfare, transportation and labour market.

How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?

53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)

What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?

What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?


Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.

What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?

Between 1945 and 1989

What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?

mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?

Joseph Stalin

What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?


At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation of Estonians to the USSR. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.

How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?

a national catastrophe

What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?

Russian military bases

What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?


Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.

What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?

Thirteen

How many counties are in Estonia?

Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?

Hiiumaa

What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?

What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?


The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).

What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?

In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?

The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law

How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?

more than 3,000 people

What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?

Germans and Jewish minorities


The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called "extremely credible" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity – more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. When comparing the result with a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward the future is much more positive.

What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory"?

The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report

What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?

What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?

more than half


Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion. According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious. The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that only 16% of Estonians profess a belief in a god, the lowest belief of all countries studied (EU study). According to the Lutheran World Federation, the historic Lutheran denomination remains a large presence with 180,000 registered members.

What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?

Estonia's constitution

Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?

separation of church and state

What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?

belief and religion

What percentage of Estonians claim no religion?


Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 members. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Refer to the Table below. The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia.

What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?

Russian minority

Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?

the Russian Orthodox Church

What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?

Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia


Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.

What language does Estonian share similar words with?

Germanic

What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?

nearly one third

What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?

High German

What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?

about 15 percent


Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities. The largest public universities are the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; the largest private university is Estonian Business School.

What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?

bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies

What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?

basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry

What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?

autonomy

What is the largest private university in Estonia?

Estonian Business School


The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.

What is the main science institution in Estonia?

The Estonian Academy of Sciences

What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?

the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics

What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?

the late 1950s

What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?

Tartu and Tallinn


Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).

What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?

liberty and liberalism

What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?

limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption

What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?

free education

What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?

closeness to nature


The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.

What institute provides education in art, design, and media?

The Estonian Academy of Arts

What institute promotes awareness of native culture?

Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu

What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?

native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design

How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?


The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals (Laulupidu) started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869. Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In 2004, about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) have hosted the event every five years in July. The last festival took place in July 2014. In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the last of them in 2011, and the next is scheduled for 2017.

What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?

Laulupidu

What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?

How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?

about 100,000 people

Where does Laulupidu usually take place?

the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds

When does Laulupidu occur?

every five years in July


Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.

What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?

Who performed the song "Everybody"?

Tanel Padar and Dave Benton

What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?

What performer has represented Estonia two different times?

Maarja-Liis Ilus

What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?

"Rändajad" by Urban Symphony


The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.

What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?

the Northern Crusades

Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?

Germany, Sweden, and Russia

What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?

the 13th century

What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?

The Liber Census Daniae


Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.

Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?

Oskar Luts

What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?

Kevade

What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?

Truth and Justice

Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?

Anton Hansen Tammsaare


The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.

Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?

Tallinn

When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?

pre-Christian times

What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?

castles and churches


Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh – berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer.

What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?

seasons and simple peasant food

What are the most common foods in Estonia?

black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.

What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?

berries, herbs, vegetables

What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?

Hunting and fishing


Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?

Sport

What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?

What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?

the 1920 Summer Olympics

What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?

What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?

Tallinn


Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time. Tartu Ülikool/Rock, which participates in EuroChallenge, is the second strongest Estonian basketball club, previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times. Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League.

What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics

How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?

four

Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?

BC Kalev/Cramo

What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?

Tartu Ülikool/Rock

How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?

Six


Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east while Russia has a maritime border with the state to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. To the south and southwest is the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.

How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area?

Approximately half

What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census?

Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy?

fishing, natural gas, and oil

Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states?

3rd least populous

How does Alaska compare in size to other US states?

largest state in the United States by area

How many of Alaska's residents die in the Anchorage area?

I'm not sure.

What is Alaska's total population according to the 2014 Census?

I'm not sure.

Which industries are least prevalent in Alaska's economy?

I'm not sure.

Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other UN states?

I'm not sure.

How does Alaska compare in size to other UN states?

I'm not sure.


Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.

What are the contiguous states sometimes called?

"the Lower 48"

What is Alaska's capital city?

Juneau

How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?

Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?

Aleutian Islands

What are the contiguous states always called?

I'm not sure.

What aren't the contiguous states sometimes called?

I'm not sure.

What isn't Alaska's capital city?

I'm not sure.

How many miles are between Alaska and Washington DC?

I'm not sure.

Which set of islands stop before the Eastern Hemisphere?

I'm not sure.


Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. It contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska's largest city. The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area, as only three communities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system.

Which forest is the largest national forest in the US?

Tongass National Forest

Which city was Alaska's former capital?

Sitka

What is the area closest to the continental US called?

Panhandle or Inside Passage

Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?

Panhandle or Inside Passage

Which forest is the smallest national forest in the US?

I'm not sure.

Which forest is the largest national forest in the UN?

I'm not sure.

Which city was Alaska's current capital?

I'm not sure.

What is the area farthest to the continental US called?

I'm not sure.

Where did least settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?

I'm not sure.


The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.

Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?

The North Slope

What is the northernmost city in the US?

Barrow

What resource is the North Slope known for?

massive reserves of crude oil

Which area doesn't contain the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?

I'm not sure.

Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Fire Field?

I'm not sure.

What is the southernmost city in the US?

I'm not sure.

What is the northernmost city in the UN?

I'm not sure.

What resource is the South Slope known for?

I'm not sure.


With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.

How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?

nearly 34,000 miles

On which island is Mount Shishaldin located?

Unimak Island

What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?

actively undergoing continent building

What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?

most perfect volcanic cone on Earth

How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level?

10,000 feet (3,048 m)

How much tidal shoreline doesn't Alaska have in miles?

I'm not sure.

On which island isn't Mount Shishaldin located?

I'm not sure.

What do geoligists believe isn't unique about Wrangellia?

I'm not sure.

What is least impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?

I'm not sure.

How high does Mount Shishaldin rise below sea level?

I'm not sure.


According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world's largest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares).

What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the US federal government?

What types of areas are managed by the federal government as public lands?

national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges

How many acres is the Bureau of Land Management in charge of?

87 million

How much of the state is controlled by the Bureau of Land Management?

What is the world's largest wildlife refuge?

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the UN federal government?

I'm not sure.

What types of areas are managed by the local government as public lands?

I'm not sure.

How many acres is the Bureau of Asset Management in charge of?

I'm not sure.

How much of the state is uncontrolled by the Bureau of Land Management?

I'm not sure.

What is the world's smallest wildlife refuge?

I'm not sure.


Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres (41 million hectares), its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act. A portion of that acreage is occasionally ceded to organized boroughs, under the statutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs. Smaller portions are set aside for rural subdivisions and other homesteading-related opportunities. These are not very popular due to the often remote and roadless locations. The University of Alaska, as a land grant university, also owns substantial acreage which it manages independently.

How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska own?

101 million acres

How much land is the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act?

101 million acres (41 million hectares)

Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas more popular?

remote and roadless locations

How many acres of its land doesn't the state of Alaska own?

I'm not sure.

How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska rent?

I'm not sure.

How much land isn't the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act?

I'm not sure.

Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas less popular?

I'm not sure.

Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas more unpopular?

I'm not sure.