Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that decompress to an exact digital duplicate of the original audio stream, unlike playback from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3. Compression ratios are around 50–60% of original size, which is similar to those for generic lossless data compression. Lossless compression is unable to attain high compression ratios due to the complexity of waveforms and the rapid changes in sound forms. Codecs like FLAC, Shorten and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal. Many of these algorithms use convolution with the filter [-1 1] to slightly whiten or flatten the spectrum, thereby allowing traditional lossless compression to work more efficiently. The process is reversed upon decompression.

What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses?

Lossless audio compression

What are around 50-60% of the original size?

Compression ratios

What compression cannot attain high compression ratios?

Lossless

What does a representation of algorithms that decompresses?

I'm not sure.

What are around 50-60% of the spectrum?

I'm not sure.

What compression cannot attain high work efficiently?

I'm not sure.

What are three Codecs that use linear prediction to estimate the decompression?

I'm not sure.

What size is similar to those for generic high compression?

I'm not sure.


Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the internet, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression (data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, rather than 50 percent to 60 percent), by discarding less-critical data.

What compression is used in a lot of applications?

Lossy

What is used in most video DVDs?

digitally compressed audio streams

What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless?

Lossy

What compression is used in a lot of discarding?

I'm not sure.

What compression usually achieves far greater streams than lossless?

I'm not sure.

What are used in most video DVDs and original streams?

I'm not sure.

What gets between 5 percent and 50 percent compression?

I'm not sure.

How are higher percentages of cable radio attained with Lossy?

I'm not sure.


To determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to convert time domain sampled waveforms into a transform domain. Once transformed, typically into the frequency domain, component frequencies can be allocated bits according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking—the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency—and, in some cases, temporal masking—where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.

What may be used to weight the importance of components?

Equal-loudness contours

What are often called psychoacoustic models?

Models of the human ear-brain

What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?

temporal masking

What may be used to weight the importance of cosine?

I'm not sure.

What are often called psychoacoustic masking?

I'm not sure.

What is the process when a signal is masked by another signal separated by contours?

I'm not sure.

What is the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by threshold?

I'm not sure.

What is a transform that a compression frequency might use?

I'm not sure.


Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders. These coders use a model of the sound's generator (such as the human vocal tract with LPC) to whiten the audio signal (i.e., flatten its spectrum) before quantization. LPC may be thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique: reconstruction of an audio signal using a linear predictor shapes the coder's quantization noise into the spectrum of the target signal, partially masking it.

What is the coding called that is used with speech?

linear predictive coding

What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique?

linear predictive coding

What uses a model of the sound's generator?

source-based coders

What is thought of as a basic signal coding technique?

I'm not sure.

What uses a model of the sound's quantization?

I'm not sure.

What may be thought of as a basic perceptual spectrum?

I'm not sure.

What does reconstruction of an audio signal shape the coder's compressor noise into?

I'm not sure.

What may be thought of as a generator coding technique?

I'm not sure.


Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode. (Often codecs create segments called a "frame" to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.) The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is a two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality.

What results from methods used to encode and decode data?

Latency

What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?

codecs

What creates segments called a "frame"?

codecs

What results from methods used to encode and decode delays?

I'm not sure.

What analyzes a statement of data to boost data segments?

I'm not sure.

What creates conversation called a "frame"?

I'm not sure.

What may seriously degrade the perceived segment of data?

I'm not sure.

What has the purpose of creating discrete data segments for telephones?

I'm not sure.


In contrast to the speed of compression, which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm, here latency refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed. In the minimum case, latency is zero samples (e.g., if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal). Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies, hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony. In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms (46 ms for two-way communication)).

What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed?

latency

What has zero samples in a minimum case?

latency

What often has low latencies?

LPC

What refers to the number of samples that must be analyzed before a coding is processed?

I'm not sure.

What has zero samples in a minimum audio?

I'm not sure.

What  requires large number of speech coding to be analyzed?

I'm not sure.

What is the latency for algorithms such as LPC on the order of?

I'm not sure.

What reduces the number of bits used to quantize a block of audio?

I'm not sure.


If the data to be compressed is analog (such as a voltage that varies with time), quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers (normally integers). This is referred to as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. If the integers generated by quantization are 8 bits each, then the entire range of the analog signal is divided into 256 intervals and all the signal values within an interval are quantized to the same number. If 16-bit integers are generated, then the range of the analog signal is divided into 65,536 intervals.

What varies with time?

voltage

What has to be compressed in order to perform properly?

data

What does "A/D" stand for?

analog-to-digital

What has to be compressed in order to perform signal values?

I'm not sure.

How many intervals is the range of the conversion divided into if 16-bit integers are generated?

I'm not sure.

How many intervals is the range of the conversion divided into if 8-bit integers are generated?

I'm not sure.

What are all signal values within an analog quantized to?

I'm not sure.

What is a voltage that is divided with time classified as?

I'm not sure.


A literature compendium for a large variety of audio coding systems was published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), February 1988. While there were some papers from before that time, this collection documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual (i.e. masking) techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding. Several of these papers remarked on the difficulty of obtaining good, clean digital audio for research purposes. Most, if not all, of the authors in the JSAC edition were also active in the MPEG-1 Audio committee.

What was published in the IEEE Journal in 1988?

literature compendium

What did the literature compendium document?

finished, working audio coders

Where were most of the authors in the JSAC edition?

MPEG-1 Audio committee

What was published in the MPEG-1 in 1988?

I'm not sure.

What did the digital audio document?

I'm not sure.

Where were most of the papers in the JSAC edition?

I'm not sure.

What did the collection of coding document?

I'm not sure.

What did these coders remark on?

I'm not sure.


The world's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967, he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed IBM PC computer, and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom. Twenty years later, almost all the radio stations in the world were using similar technology manufactured by a number of companies.

Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system?

Oscar Bonello

Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires?

Oscar Bonello

What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom?

broadcast automation system

Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation band?

I'm not sure.

Who was an broadcast professor at the University of Buenos Aires?

I'm not sure.

What was launched in 1987 under the name Bonello?

I'm not sure.

On what computer did Bonello develop a practical commercial on?

I'm not sure.

When was the principle of compression first published?

I'm not sure.


The majority of video compression algorithms use lossy compression. Uncompressed video requires a very high data rate. Although lossless video compression codecs perform at a compression factor of 5-12, a typical MPEG-4 lossy compression video has a compression factor between 20 and 200. As in all lossy compression, there is a trade-off between video quality, cost of processing the compression and decompression, and system requirements. Highly compressed video may present visible or distracting artifacts.

What all mostly use lossy compression?

video compression algorithms

What requires a high data rate?

Uncompressed video

What may present visible or distracting artifacts?

Highly compressed video

What may present visible or distracting MPEG-4?

I'm not sure.

What requires a very high quality?

I'm not sure.

What is there a tradeoff between in artifacts?

I'm not sure.

What has a data rate between 20 and 200?

I'm not sure.

What has a data rate between 5 and 12?

I'm not sure.


Some video compression schemes typically operate on square-shaped groups of neighboring pixels, often called macroblocks. These pixel groups or blocks of pixels are compared from one frame to the next, and the video compression codec sends only the differences within those blocks. In areas of video with more motion, the compression must encode more data to keep up with the larger number of pixels that are changing. Commonly during explosions, flames, flocks of animals, and in some panning shots, the high-frequency detail leads to quality decreases or to increases in the variable bitrate.

What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of pixels?

video

What only sends the differences within those pixels and blocks?

macroblocks

What does high-frequency detail lead to?

variable bitrate

What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of flames?

I'm not sure.

What only sends the differences within those bitrates?

I'm not sure.

What do high-frequency explosions lead to?

I'm not sure.

What sends only the difference within animals?

I'm not sure.

When does high-frequency detail lead to blocks of pixels?

I'm not sure.


Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames. The sequence of frames contains spatial and temporal redundancy that video compression algorithms attempt to eliminate or code in a smaller size. Similarities can be encoded by only storing differences between frames, or by using perceptual features of human vision. For example, small differences in color are more difficult to perceive than are changes in brightness. Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space, in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression. Some of these methods are inherently lossy while others may preserve all relevant information from the original, uncompressed video.

What may be represented as a series of still image frames?

Video data

What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?

Compression algorithms

What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?

color

What may be represented as a series of algorithms?

I'm not sure.

What can average a color across similar areas to reduce changes?

I'm not sure.

What is hard to tell with smaller redundancy involved?

I'm not sure.

What is the method in which videos can average a color similar to?

I'm not sure.

What is easier to perceive than changes in frames?

I'm not sure.


The most powerful used method works by comparing each frame in the video with the previous one. If the frame contains areas where nothing has moved, the system simply issues a short command that copies that part of the previous frame, bit-for-bit, into the next one. If sections of the frame move in a simple manner, the compressor emits a (slightly longer) command that tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, lighten, or darken the copy. This longer command still remains much shorter than intraframe compression. Interframe compression works well for programs that will simply be played back by the viewer, but can cause problems if the video sequence needs to be edited.

What still remains much shorter than intraframe compression?

longer command

What happens when a frame contains areas where nothing has moved?

the system simply issues a short command

What is a sequence that can be edited?

video

What still remains much shorter than video?

I'm not sure.

What happens when a frame contains areas that can be compared?

I'm not sure.

What is a sequence that can cause rotate?

I'm not sure.

What tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, or copy?

I'm not sure.

What happens if sections of the frame move in a powerful method?

I'm not sure.


Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if the original frame is simply cut out (or lost in transmission), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly. Some video formats, such as DV, compress each frame independently using intraframe compression. Making 'cuts' in intraframe-compressed video is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video: one finds the beginning and ending of each frame, and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep, and discards the frames one doesn't want. Another difference between intraframe and interframe compression is that, with intraframe systems, each frame uses a similar amount of data. In most interframe systems, certain frames (such as "I frames" in MPEG-2) aren't allowed to copy data from other frames, so they require much more data than other frames nearby.

What copies data from one frame to another?

interframe compression

What is a type of video format?

DV

What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video?

Making 'cuts'

What copies data from a frame to a video?

I'm not sure.

What is a type of intraframe?

I'm not sure.

What is almost as easy as editing frames?

I'm not sure.

What compress each DV independently?

I'm not sure.

What are certain compressions not allowed to do in most interframe systems?

I'm not sure.


Today, nearly all commonly used video compression methods (e.g., those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO) apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT) for spatial redundancy reduction. The DCT that is widely used in this regard was introduced by N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974. Other methods, such as fractal compression, matching pursuit and the use of a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been the subject of some research, but are typically not used in practical products (except for the use of wavelet coding as still-image coders without motion compensation). Interest in fractal compression seems to be waning, due to recent theoretical analysis showing a comparative lack of effectiveness of such methods.

What do all commonly used video compression methods use?

discrete cosine transform

What does a DCT do?

spatial redundancy reduction

What is not used in practical products?

fractal compression

What do all commonly used fractals use?

I'm not sure.

What is not used in DWT?

I'm not sure.

What does a wavelet do?

I'm not sure.

Who approves still-image coders?

I'm not sure.

Who introduced redundancy reduction in 1974?

I'm not sure.


Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and in much faster time than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset. Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold—allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes).

What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms?

Genetics

What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?

MAFE

What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?

DNAZip and GenomeZip

What are the latest generation of DNAZip and GEnomeZip?

I'm not sure.

What encoding reduces the heterogenelty of a dataset by sorting megabytes?

I'm not sure.

What two algorithms have allele frequency of up to 1200-fold?

I'm not sure.

What provides 2- to 4- fold better heterogenelty than the leading gemeral-purpose compression utilities?

I'm not sure.

Who published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use diploids?

I'm not sure.


The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.

Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?

Daily Mail

What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?

2.2 million copies

What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?

C2DE demographic

What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?

Approximately 41%

What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?

1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster


On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.

Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?

News of the World

In what year was The Sun's look changed?

What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?

When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?

May 2015

When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?

during 2016


Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.

Who ordered research on the Herald?

Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University

What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?

demographic changes

What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?

'social radicals'

What was the advertising budget of the new paper?

What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?

3.5 million


Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."

What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?

fewer redundancies

How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?

a "straightforward, honest newspaper"

Which party would the newspaper endorse?

Labour

What was the price paid for the newspaper?

Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?

Maxwell's offer


Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.

What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?

editor

What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?

scathing

What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?

its sales

What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?

senior sub-editor

How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?

about 125


Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.

What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?

Sex

When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?

17 November 1970

Who was the first Page 3 topless model?

Stephanie Rahn

Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?

A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire

When was the library ban reversed?


Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."

What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?

nominally Labour

Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?

Harold Wilson

Who did the Sun support in 1974?

Edward Heath

Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?

James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins

What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?

any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat


The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–75) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s – the so-called "Spanish practices" of the print unions – The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.

Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?

Bernard Shrimsley

What was Shrimsley's political background?

middle-class uncommitted Conservative.

Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?

Christopher Timothy

Where did Murdoch begin expanding?

United States

When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?


The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".

What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?

The Daily Star

By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?

What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?

Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price

Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?

Kelvin MacKenzie

What impact was Mackenzie said to have?

changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did"


On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline "Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri’s gauchos", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side with the caption "Here It Comes, Senors..." underneath. The paper explained that it was 'sponsoring' the missile by contributing to the eventual victory party on HMS Invincible when the war ended. In copy written by Wendy Henry, the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces. Despite this, it was not well received by the troops and copies of The Sun were soon burnt. Tony Snow, The Sun journalist on HMS Invincible who had 'signed' the missile, reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target.

What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?

a British missile

What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?

"Here It Comes, Senors..."

Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?

Argentinian forces

How did troops react to the missile?

it was not well received

What was the name of The Sun journalist who reported on the missile?

Tony Snow


One of the paper's best known front pages, published on 4 May 1982, commemorated the torpedoing of the Argentine ship the General Belgrano by running the story under the headline "GOTCHA". At MacKenzie's insistence, and against the wishes of Murdoch (the mogul was present because almost all the journalists were on strike), the headline was changed for later editions after the extent of Argentinian casualties became known. John Shirley, a reporter for The Sunday Times, witnessed copies of this edition of The Sun being thrown overboard by sailors and marines on HMS Fearless.

What was the Sun's headline on 4 May 1982?

"GOTCHA"

Which Argentine ship was torpedoed?

the General Belgrano

Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline?

the extent of Argentinian casualties became known

Which reporter saw copies of The Sun being thrown into the ocean?

John Shirley

What ship were copies of The Sun thrown from?

HMS Fearless


After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response. "There are traitors in our midst", wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May, accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian, plus the BBC's defence correspondent Peter Snow, of "treason" for aspects of their coverage.

Which ship was the target of Argentinian aggression?

HMS Sheffield

Which newspapers were highly critical of The Sun's war reporting?

The Daily Mirror and The Guardian

Who was lead writer of The Sun?

Ronald Spark

Who was the BBC's defense correspondent?

Peter Snow

What was the accusation leveled by Ronald Spark against The Daily Mirror, The Guardian, and BBC?

treason


These years included what was called "spectacularly malicious coverage" of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers. During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot, then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age, appearance and policies, alongside the headline "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?" A year later, in 1984, The Sun made clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election of Ronald Reagan as president in the USA. Reagan was two weeks off his 74th birthday when he started his second term, in January 1985.

Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?

Michael Foot

Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?

Labour Party

Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?

Ronald Reagan

How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?

What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?

"Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?"


The Sun, during the Miners' strike of 1984–85, supported the police and the Thatcher government against the striking NUM miners, and in particular the union's president, Arthur Scargill. On 23 May 1984, The Sun prepared a front page with the headline "Mine Führer" and a photograph of Scargill with his arm in the air, a pose which made him look as though he was giving a Nazi salute. The print workers at The Sun refused to print it. The Sun strongly supported the April 1986 bombing of Libya by the US, which was launched from British bases. Several civilians were killed during the bombing. Their leader was "Right Ron, Right Maggie". That year, Labour MP Clare Short attempted in vain to persuade Parliament to outlaw the pictures on Page Three and gained opprobrium from the newspaper for her stand.

Who did The Sun support in the 1984-85 Miners' strike?

the police and the Thatcher government

Who was president of the Miners' union?

Arthur Scargill

What did a picture of Scargill have him appear to be doing?

giving a Nazi salute

How did The Sun feel about the American bombing of Libya in 1986?

strongly supported the April 1986 bombing

Who was Labour M.P. in 1986?

Clare Short


Murdoch has responded to some of the arguments against the newspaper by saying that critics are "snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else", while MacKenzie claims the same critics are people who, if they ever had a "popular idea", would have to "go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour". Both have pointed to the huge commercial success of the Sun in this period and its establishment as Britain's top-selling newspaper, claiming that they are "giving the public what they want". This conclusion is disputed by critics. John Pilger has said that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror, which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia, not only outsold The Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country, something never achieved by The Sun.

How did Murdoch describe critics of his newspaper?

"snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else"

What did Murdoch and Mackenzie say in defense of The Sun?

they are "giving the public what they want"

Who is one critic of The Sun?

John Pilger

What was the focus of Pilger's reporting in one issue of The Daily Mirror?

the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia

What distinction does one single edition of The Daily Mirror hold?

the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country


According to Max Clifford: Read All About It, written by Clifford and Angela Levin, La Salle invented the story out of frustration with Starr who had been working on a book with McCaffrey. She contacted an acquaintance who worked for The Sun in Manchester. The story reportedly delighted MacKenzie, who was keen to run it, and Max Clifford, who had been Starr's public relations agent. Starr had to be persuaded that the apparent revelation would not damage him; the attention helped to revive his career. In his 2001 autobiography Unwrapped, Starr wrote that the incident was a complete fabrication: "I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, mouse, shrew, vole or any other small mammal."

Who wrote Max Clifford: Read All About It?

Clifford and Angela Levin

Who was writing a book with McCaffrey?

Starr

Who was previously Starr's public relations agent?

Max Clifford

How did attention from the story impact Starr's career?

the attention helped to revive his career

What was the name of Starr's autobiography?

Unwrapped


Eventually resulting in 17 libel writs in total, The Sun ran a series of false stories about the pop musician Elton John from 25 February 1987. They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships with rent boys. The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story, as former Sun journalist John Blake, recently poached by the Daily Mirror, soon discovered. After further stories, in September 1987, The Sun accused John of having his Rottweiler guard dogs voice boxes surgically removed. In November, the Daily Mirror found their rival's only source for the rent boy story and he admitted it was a totally fictitious concoction created for money. The inaccurate story about his dogs, actually Alsatians, put pressure on The Sun, and John received £1 million in an out of court settlement, then the largest damages payment in British history. The Sun ran a front-page apology on 12 December 1988, under the banner headline "SORRY, ELTON". In May 1987 gay men were offered free one-way airline tickets to Norway to leave Britain for good: "Fly Away Gays - And We Will Pay" was the paper's headline. Gay Church of England clergymen were described in one headline in November 1987 as "Pulpit poofs".

How many libel writs did The Sun get for their coverage of Elton John?

Who did The Sun allege that Elton John had sex with?

rent boys

What journalist did The Daily Mirror wrest from The Sun?

John Blake

What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned?

Rottweiler

Where did The Sun offer to fly gay men in 1987?

Norway


Television personality Piers Morgan, a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun's Bizarre pop column, has said that during the late 1980s, at Kelvin MacKenzie's behest, he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined "The Poofs of Pop". He also recalls MacKenzie headlining a January 1989 story about the first same-sex kiss on the BBC television soap opera EastEnders "EastBenders", describing the kiss between Colin Russell and Guido Smith as "a homosexual love scene between yuppie poofs ... when millions of children were watching".

What did Piers Morgan offer opinions about in a late 1980s column?

the sexuality of male pop stars

Which papers did Morgan serve as editor of?

Daily Mirror and of The Sun

Which BBC show's homosexual kiss did The Sun report on?

EastEnders

Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders?

Colin Russell and Guido Smith

Which column did Piers Morgan edit at The Sun?

Bizarre pop column


On 17 November 1989, The Sun headlined a page 2 news story titled "STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS – OFFICIAL." The Sun favourably cited the opinions of Lord Kilbracken, a member of the All Parliamentary Group on AIDS. Lord Kilbracken said that only one person out of the 2,372 individuals with HIV/AIDS mentioned in a specific Department of Health report was not a member of a "high risk group", such as homosexuals and recreational drug users. The Sun also ran an editorial further arguing that "At last the truth can be told... the risk of catching AIDS if you are heterosexual is "statistically invisible". In other words, impossible. So now we know – everything else is homosexual propaganda." Although many other British press services covered Lord Kilbracken's public comments, none of them made the argument that the Sun did in its editorial and none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism.

What was the headline for a page 2 Sun story on 17 November 1989?

"STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS – OFFICIAL."

Whose opinion did The Sun trust in their AIDS reporting?

Lord Kilbracken

Which groups were classified as being at a high risk for AIDS?

homosexuals and recreational drug users

With which group was Lord Kilbracken associated?

All Parliamentary Group on AIDS

How did other news outlets report on Lord Kilbracken's words?

none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism


Critics stated that both The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection, which the critics viewed as unethical politicisation of a medical issue. Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story; he stated that while he thought that gay people were more at risk of developing AIDS it was still wrong to imply that no one else could catch the disease. The Press Council condemned The Sun for committing what it called a "gross distortion". The Sun later ran an apology, which they ran on Page 28. Journalist David Randall argued in the textbook The Universal Journalist that The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history, putting its own readers in harm's way.

What did critics believe about The Sun and Lord Kilbracken's ideas on AIDS?

The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection

What did Lord Kilbracken think of The Sun's editorial?

Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story

Who criticized The Sun for its reporting on AIDS and HIV?

The Press Council

What did David Randall say about the Sun's AIDS story?

The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history

In what textbook did David Randall write his opinion?

The Universal Journalist


Under a front page headline "The Truth", the paper printed allegations provided to them that some fans picked the pockets of crushed victims, that others urinated on members of the emergency services as they tried to help and that some even assaulted a police constable "whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient." Despite the headline, written by Kelvin MacKenzie, the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said – a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold, the reporter who wrote the story.

What did the paper report that some fans did?

picked the pockets of crushed victims

Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient?

a police constable

Who wrote the headline "The Truth"?

Kelvin MacKenzie

Who wrote the actual story?

Harry Arnold

What was the story based on?

allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said


The front page caused outrage in Liverpool, where the paper lost more than three-quarters of its estimated 55,000 daily sales and still sells poorly in the city more than 25 years later (around 12,000). It is unavailable in many parts of the city, as many newsagents refuse to stock it. It was revealed in a documentary called Alexei Sayle's Liverpool, aired in September 2008, that many Liverpudlians will not even take the newspaper for free, and those who do may simply burn or tear it up. Liverpudlians refer to the paper as 'The Scum' with campaigners believing it handicapped their fight for justice.

Where did The sun lose a large portion of its daily sales as a result of the front page?

Liverpool

What were the estimated daily sales in Liverpool 25 years later?

around 12,000

What documentary aired in 2008?

Alexei Sayle's Liverpool

What do many Liverpool residents do with the paper even if given to them free?

simply burn or tear it up

What name have Liverpool residents given to The Sun?

The Scum'


On 7 July 2004, in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool on Wayne Rooney, just before his transfer from Everton to Manchester United, who had sold his life story to The Sun, the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the "awful error" of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney (who was still only three years old at the time of Hillsborough) should not be punished for its "past sins". In January 2005, The Sun's managing editor Graham Dudman admitting the Hillsborough coverage was "the worst mistake in our history", added: "What we did was a terrible mistake. It was a terrible, insensitive, horrible article, with a dreadful headline; but what we'd also say is: we have apologised for it, and the entire senior team here now is completely different from the team that put the paper out in 1989."

Which footballer was verbally attacked in Liverpool?

Wayne Rooney

What team did Rooney transfer to?

Manchester United

What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster?

three years old

Who was managing editor of The Sun in 2005?

Graham Dudman

How did Dudman describe The Sun's Hillsborough coverage?

"the worst mistake in our history"


The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990, despite the party's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax (officially known as the Community Charge). This change to the way local government is funded was vociferously supported by the newspaper, despite widespread opposition, (some from Conservative MPs), which is seen as having contributed to Thatcher's own downfall. The tax was quickly repealed by her successor John Major, whom The Sun initially supported enthusiastically, believing he was a radical Thatcherite – despite the economy having entered recession at this time.

When did Margaret Thatcher leave office?

November 1990

What is another name for the Community Charge?

Poll tax

Who took over for Thatcher?

John Major

Who opposed the poll tax?

Conservative MPs

How did The Sun feel about the Poll tax?

was vociferously supported by the newspaper


Despite its initial opposition to the closures, until 1997, the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies, such as Royal Mail privatisation,[verification needed] and social security cutbacks, with leaders such as "Peter Lilley is right, we can't carry on like this",[verification needed] The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts, tax cuts, and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet, with leaders such as "More of the Redwood, not Deadwood".

What types of policies did The Sun support?

Thatcherite policies

What is an example of a Thatcherite policy?

Royal Mail privatisation

What was The Sun's stance toward the EU?

The paper showed hostility

What's another thing the paper showed hostility to?

promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet

What was The Sun's initial stance toward the closures?

opposition


The Sun switched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997, six weeks before the General Election victory which saw the New Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority, despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier. Its front page headline read THE SUN BACKS BLAIR and its front page editorial made clear that while it still opposed some New Labour policies, such as the Minimum Wage and Devolution, it believed Blair to be "the breath of fresh air this great country needs". John Major's Conservatives, it said, were "tired, divided and rudderless". Blair, who had radically altered his party's image and policies, noting the influence the paper could have over its readers' political thinking, had courted it (and Murdoch) for some time by granting exclusive interviews and writing columns.

Who did The Sun declare political endorsement of in 1997?

Labour party

Who became Prime Minister in 1997?

Tony Blair

Which New Labour policies did The Sun oppose?

Minimum Wage and Devolution

How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives?

"tired, divided and rudderless"

Who greatly changed the image of the Labour party?

Blair


In exchange for Rupert Murdoch's support, Blair agreed not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism – which John Major had withdrawn the country from in September 1992 after barely two years. Cabinet Minister Peter Mandelson was "outed" by Matthew Parris (a former Sun columnist) on BBC TV's Newsnight in November 1998. Misjudging public response, The Sun's editor David Yelland demanded to know in a front page editorial whether Britain was governed by a "gay mafia" of a "closed world of men with a mutual self-interest". Three days later the paper apologised in another editorial which said The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of "overwhelming public interest".

What did Blair agree to in order to get the support of Rupert Murdoch?

not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism

Who was Cabinet Minister in 1998?

Peter Mandelson

What happened on BBC's Newsnight in 1998?

Peter Mandelson was "outed" by Matthew Parris

Who was editor of The Sun in 1998?

David Yelland

What did The Sun say its policy about revealing an individual's sexuality would be moving forward?

The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of "overwhelming public interest"


In 2003 the paper was accused of racism by the Government over its criticisms of what it perceived as the "open door" policy on immigration. The attacks came from the Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett (later a Sun columnist). The paper rebutted the claim, believing that it was not racist to suggest that a "tide" of unchecked illegal immigrants was increasing the risk of terrorist attacks and infectious diseases. It did not help its argument by publishing a front page story on 4 July 2003, under the headline "Swan Bake", which claimed that asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans. It later proved to have no basis in fact. Subsequently The Sun published a follow-up headlined "Now they're after our fish!". Following a Press Complaints Commission adjudication a "clarification" was eventually printed, on page 41. In 2005 The Sun published photographs of Prince Harry sporting a Nazi costume to a fancy dress party. The photographs caused outrage across the world and Clarence House was forced to issue a statement in response apologising for any offence or embarrassment caused.

What allegation did the government level against The Sun in 2003?

racism

Who specifically leveled the allegations against The Sun?

Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett

What did a 4 July 2003 front page story claim?

asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans

From which issue did claims that The Sun was racist stem?

immigration

Who did The Sun print pictures of in a Nazi outfit in 2005?

Prince Harry


Despite being a persistent critic of some of the government's policies, the paper supported Labour in both subsequent elections the party won. For the 2005 general election, The Sun backed Blair and Labour for a third consecutive election win and vowed to give him "one last chance" to fulfil his promises, despite berating him for several weaknesses including a failure to control immigration. However, it did speak of its hope that the Conservatives (led by Michael Howard) would one day be fit for a return to government. This election (Blair had declared it would be his last as prime minister) resulted in Labour's third successive win but with a much reduced majority.

Who did The Sun endorse in the 2005 general election?

Blair and Labour

What is one of the weaknesses The Sun thought Blair possessed?

failure to control immigration

Who was leading the Conservatives at this time?

Michael Howard

What did Blair state about the 2005 election?

it would be his last as prime minister

What was the result of the 2005 election?

Labour's third successive win


On 22 September 2003 the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health, as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxer Frank Bruno, who had been admitted to hospital, when the headline "Bonkers Bruno Locked Up" appeared on the front page of early editions. The adverse reaction, once the paper had hit the streets on the evening of 21 September, led to the headline being changed for the paper's second edition to the more sympathetic "Sad Bruno In Mental Home".

What was the subject of the front page on 22 September 2003?

mental health

Who was featured in the article on mental health?

Frank Bruno

What was the original headline on 22 September 2003?

Bonkers Bruno Locked Up

What was the headline changed to after public backlash?

Sad Bruno In Mental Home

What had happened to Frank Bruno to spur the publishing of a story about him?

had been admitted to hospital


The Sun has been openly antagonistic towards other European nations, particularly the French and Germans. During the 1980s and 1990s, the nationalities were routinely described in copy and headlines as "frogs", "krauts" or "hun". As the paper is opposed to the EU it has referred to foreign leaders who it deemed hostile to the UK in unflattering terms. Former President Jacques Chirac of France, for instance, was branded "le Worm". An unflattering picture of German chancellor Angela Merkel, taken from the rear, bore the headline "I'm Big in the Bumdestag" (17 April 2006).

Which two nations has The Sun been very antagonistic towards?

French and Germans

What names were used by The Sun to characterize the French and Germans?

"frogs", "krauts" or "hun"

What is the paper's stance on the EU?

opposed

How was French president Jacques Chirac described by The Sun?

le Worm

Which German chancellor was criticized by The Sun?

Angela Merkel


On 7 January 2009, The Sun ran an exclusive front page story claiming that participants in a discussion on Ummah.com, a British Muslim internet forum, had made a "hate hit list" of British Jews to be targeted by extremists over the Gaza War. It was claimed that "Those listed [on the forum] should treat it very seriously. Expect a hate campaign and intimidation by 20 or 30 thugs." The UK magazine Private Eye claimed that Glen Jenvey, a man quoted by The Sun as a terrorism expert, who had been posting to the forum under the pseudonym "Abuislam", was the only forum member promoting a hate campaign while other members promoted peaceful advocacy, such as writing 'polite letters'. The story has since been removed from The Sun's website following complaints to the UK's Press Complaints Commission.

What type of forum was the subject of a January 2009 front page story in The Sun?

a British Muslim internet forum

Who was said to be targeted in The Sun's front page story?

a "hate hit list" of British Jews

What magazine refuted the claims made by The Sun in its article about the forum?

Private Eye

According to Private Eye who was the only forum member expressing wishes for a hate campaign?

Glen Jenvey

Complaints to which body led to The Sun removing the story from its website?

UK's Press Complaints Commission


On 9 December 2010, The Sun published a front-page story claiming that terrorist group Al-Qaeda had threatened a terrorist attack on Granada Television in Manchester to disrupt the episode of the soap opera Coronation Street to be transmitted live that evening. The paper cited unnamed sources, claiming "cops are throwing a ring of steel around tonight's live episode of Coronation Street over fears it has been targeted by Al-Qaeda." Later that morning, however, Greater Manchester Police categorically denied having "been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation." The Sun published a small correction on 28 December, admitting "that while cast and crew were subject to full body searches, there was no specific threat from Al-Qaeda as we reported." The apology had been negotiated by the Press Complaints Commission. For the day following the 2011 Norway attacks The Sun produced an early edition blaming the massacre on al-Qaeda. Later the perpetrator was revealed to be Anders Behring Breivik, a Norwegian nationalist.

What was the claimed target of a terrorist attack according to a late 2010 Sun front page story?

Granada Television in Manchester

What was the television program that would have been affected by the attack?

Coronation Street

What did the Manchester police say about these claimed attacks?

categorically denied having "been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation."

Who negotiated an apology from The Sun for its misreporting of this story?

the Press Complaints Commission

Who was responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks?

Anders Behring Breivik,


In January 2008 the Wapping presses printed The Sun for the last time and London printing was transferred to Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, where News International had built what is claimed to be the largest printing centre in Europe with 12 presses. The site also produces The Times and Sunday Times, Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph, Wall Street Journal Europe (also now a Murdoch newspaper), London's Evening Standard and local papers. Northern printing had earlier been switched to a new plant at Knowsley on Merseyside and the Scottish Sun to another new plant at Motherwell near Glasgow. The three print centres represent a £600 million investment by NI and allowed all the titles to be produced with every page in full colour from 2008. The Waltham Cross plant is capable of producing one million copies an hour of a 120-page tabloid newspaper.

When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time?

January 2008

Where was London printing of The Sun moved to?

Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire

How many presses were there at the new printing facility?

Where had northern printing been moved to?

Knowsley on Merseyside

How much had been invested in the new printing locations?

£600 million


Politically, the paper's stance was less clear under Prime Minister Gordon Brown who succeeded Blair in June 2007. Its editorials were critical of many of Brown's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leader David Cameron. Rupert Murdoch, head of The Sun's parent company News Corporation, speaking at a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, said that he acts as a "traditional proprietor". This means he exercises editorial control on major issues such as which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe.

Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister?

Gordon Brown

Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?

David Cameron

What is the name of the company that operates The Sun?

News Corporation

What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007?

media ownership and the news

On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control?

which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe


During the campaign for the United Kingdom general election, 2010, The Independent ran ads declaring that "Rupert Murdoch won't decide this election – you will." In response James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade "appeared unannounced and uninvited on the editorial floor" of the Independent, and had an energetic conversation with its editor Simon Kelner. Several days later the Independent reported The Sun's failure to report its own YouGov poll result which said that "if people thought Mr Clegg's party had a significant chance of winning the election" the Liberal Democrats would win 49% of the vote, and with it a landslide majority.

Who showed up on the editorial floor of the Independent?

James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade

Who was the editor of the Independent?

Simon Kelner

What did The Sun neglect to report concerning the upcoming election?

its own YouGov poll result

Who did the Independent state wouldn't decide the election?

Rupert Murdoch

What year was the United Kingdom general election?


On election day (6 May 2010), The Sun urged its readers to vote for David Cameron's "modern and positive" Conservatives in order to save Britain from "disaster" which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected. The election ended in the first hung parliament after an election for 36 years, with the Tories gaining the most seats and votes but being 20 seats short of an overall majority. They finally came to power on 11 May when Gordon Brown stepped down as prime minister, paving the way for David Cameron to become prime minister by forming a coalition with the Liberal Democrats.

Who did The Sun advocate for the 2010 election?

David Cameron

What did The Sun fear would result from election of the Labour Party?

disaster

What was the outcome of the general election?

hung parliament

Which party came to power after the election?

Tories

Who did David Cameron align with in order to become Prime Minister?

Liberal Democrats


On 28 January 2012, police arrested four current and former staff members of The Sun, as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information; a police officer was also arrested in the probe. The Sun staffers arrested were crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman, who since became a columnist and media writer. All five arrested were held on suspicion of corruption. Police also searched the offices of News International, the publishers of The Sun, as part of a continuing investigation into the News of the World scandal.

Why were former Sun staff members put in police custody in early 2012?

as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information

What was the charge against those arrested?

suspicion of corruption

What greater scandal was this investigation a part of?

the News of the World scandal

Which Sun staffers were arrested?

crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman

What role had Graham Dudman taken after serving as The Sun managing editor?

columnist and media writer


The main party leaders, David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband, were all depicted holding a copy of the special issue in publicity material. Miliband's decision to pose with a copy of The Sun received a strong response. Organisations representing the relatives of Hillsborough victims described Miliband's action as an "absolute disgrace" and he faced criticism too from Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson. A statement was issued on 13 June explaining that Miliband "was promoting England's bid to win the World Cup", although "he understands the anger that is felt towards the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended."

Who were the main leaders of the ruling party?

David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband

Who criticized Milliband for posing with a copy of The Sun showing the Hillsborough disaster?

Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson

How did Milliband explain posing with this newspaper?

promoting England's bid to win the World Cup

Who was the Labour Mayour of Liverpool?

Joe Anderson

What emotion did many people feel over The Sun's coverage of Hillsborough?

anger


On 2 June 2013, The Sun on Sunday ran a front page story on singer-songwriter Tulisa Contostavlos. The front page read: "Tulisa's cocaine deal shame"; this story was written by The Sun On Sunday's undercover reporter Mahzer Mahmood, who had previously worked for the News of the World. It was claimed that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a £800 deal. The subterfuge involved conning the singer into believing that she was being considered for a role in an £8 million Bollywood film.

Who was the subject of an early June 2013 front page story?

Tulisa Contostavlos

Who wrote the story on Tulisa Contostavlos?

Mahzer Mahmood

What was the main allegation in The Sun's story on Contostavlos?

that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a £800 deal

What did The Sun reporters make Contostavlos believe?

that she was being considered for a role in an £8 million Bollywood film

What was the title of the front page story on Contostavlos?

Tulisa's cocaine deal shame


At her subsequent trial, the case against Tulisa collapsed at Southwark Crown Court in July 2014, with the judge commenting that there were "strong grounds" to believe that Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa. Tulisa was cleared of supplying Class A drugs. After these events, The Sun released a statement saying that the newspaper "takes the Judge's remarks very seriously. Mahmood has been suspended pending an immediate internal investigation."

How did the case against Tulisa fare?

collapsed

What did the judge in the case state?

Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa

What type of drugs was Tulisa accused of supplying?

Class A drugs

What action did The Sun take against Mahmood?

suspended

When was the case against Tulisa tried?

July 2014


In October 2014, the trial of six senior staff and journalists at The Sun newspaper began. All six were charged with conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office. They included The Sun's head of news Chris Pharo, who faced six charges, while ex-managing editor Graham Dudman and ex-Sun deputy news editor Ben O'Driscoll were accused of four charges each. Thames Valley district reporter Jamie Pyatt and picture editor John Edwards were charged with three counts each, while ex-reporter John Troup was accused of two counts. The trial related to illegal payments allegedly made to public officials, with prosecutors saying the men conspired to pay officials from 2002–11, including police, prison officers and soldiers. They were accused of buying confidential information about the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates. They all denied the charges. On 16 January 2015, Troup and Edwards were cleared by the jury of all charges against them. The jury also partially cleared O'Driscoll and Dudman but continued deliberating over other counts faced by them, as well as the charges against Pharo and Pyatt. On 21 January 2015, the jury told the court that it was unable to reach unanimous verdicts on any of the outstanding charges and was told by the judge, Richard Marks, that he would accept majority verdicts. Shortly afterwards, one of the jurors sent a note to the judge and was discharged. The judge told the remaining 11 jurors that their colleague had been "feeling unwell and feeling under a great deal of pressure and stress from the situation you are in", and that under the circumstances he was prepared to accept majority verdicts of "11 to zero or 10 to 1". On 22 January 2015, the jury was discharged after failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) announced that it would seek a retrial.

What were Sun staff accused of in a 2014 trial?

conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office

What was at issue in the 2014 trial?

illegal payments allegedly made to public officials

Who were The Sun staffers accused of buying information about?

the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates

Who was the judge in this particular case?

Richard Marks

What was the outcome of the jury's deliberation in the trial?

failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges


On 6 February 2015, it was announced that Judge Richard Marks is to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial. Two days earlier, Marks had emailed counsel for the defendants telling them: "It has been decided (not by me but by my elders and betters) that I am not going to be doing the retrial". Reporting the decision in UK newspaper The Guardian, Lisa O’Carroll wrote: "Wide is the only judge so far to have presided in a case which has seen a conviction of a journalist in relation to allegations of unlawful payments to public officials for stories. The journalist, who cannot be named for legal reasons, is appealing the verdict". Defence counsel for the four journalists threatened to take the decision to judicial review, with the barrister representing Pharo, Nigel Rumfitt QC, saying: "The way this has come about gives rise to the impression that something has been going on behind the scenes which should not have been going on behind the scenes and which should have been dealt with transparently". He added that the defendants were "extremely concerned" and "entitled" to know why Marks was being replaced by Wide.

Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015?

Charles Wide

In which newspaper did Lisa O'Carroll report the choice of judge?

The Guardian

Who was Pharo's lawyer in the case?

Nigel Rumfitt QC

What did Rumfit state that the defendants should have been informed about?

why Marks was being replaced by Wide

What did the lawyers for the defendants threaten to do?

take the decision to judicial review


On 22 May 2015, Sun reporter Anthony France was found guilty of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office between 2008 and 2011. France’s trial followed the London Metropolitan Police's Operation Elveden, an ongoing investigation into alleged payments to police and officials in exchange for information. He had paid a total of more than £22,000 to PC Timothy Edwards, an anti-terrorism police officer based at Heathrow Airport. The police officer had already pleaded guilty to misconduct in a public office and given a two-year gaol sentence in 2014, but the jury in France’s trial was not informed of this. Following the passing of the guilty verdict, the officer leading Operation Elveden, Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs said France and Edwards had been in a "long-term, corrupt relationship".

Who was found guilty in 2015?

Anthony France

Which Sun reporter was found guilty in 2015?

Anthony France

Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?

London Metropolitan Police

How much did Anthony France pay to a police officer?

more than £22,000

Who was the policeman leading Operation Elveden?

Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs

How did Briggs characterize the relationship between France and Edwards?

"long-term, corrupt relationship"


The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time. As a result of the change in the CPS’ policy, charges against several journalists who had made payments to other types of public officials – including civil servants, health workers and prison staff - had been dropped. In July 2015, Private Eye magazine reported that at a costs hearing at the Old Bailey The Sun's parent company had refused to pay for the prosecution costs relating to France’s trial, leading the presiding judge to express his "considerable disappointment" at this state of affairs. Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France’s illegal actions had been part of a "clearly recognised procedure at The Sun", adding that, "There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant". The Private Eye report noted that despite this The Sun's parent organisation was "considering disciplinary actions" against France whilst at the same time it was also preparing to bring a case to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal against the London Metropolitan Police Service for its actions relating to him and two other journalists.

Who was the first journalist convicted as a result of Operation Elveden since it had been revised?

France

What was the change made to Operation Elveden by the Crown Prosecution Service?

prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time

Which judge commented on France's unlawful activities?

Timothy Pontius

Who else did Judge Pontius believe should be blamed for France's actions?

News International

Who was News International considering bringing a case against?

the London Metropolitan Police Service


In August 2013, The Irish Sun ended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3. The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion. After substantial coverage in the media about an alleged change in editorial policy, Page 3 returned to its usual format on 22 January 2015. A few hours before the issue was published, the Head of PR at the newspaper said the reputed end of Page 3 had been "speculation" only.

What did The Irish Sun stop doing in 2013?

featuring topless models on Page 3

What was stated to be the last edition of the regular Sun to publish topless models?

the edition of 16 January

Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013?

The Times

What happened on 22 January 2015?

Page 3 returned to its usual format

What did The Sun's Head of PR say about the reported editorial change at The Sun?

the reputed end of Page 3 had been "speculation" only


On 17 April 2015, The Sun's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus". Her remarks were condemned by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. In a statement released on 24 April 2015, High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins' used "language very similar to that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide", and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide.

Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?

Katie Hopkins

What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?

"cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus"

Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?

the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights

Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?

Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein

What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?

that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide


Hopkins' column also drew criticism on Twitter, including from Russell Brand, to whom Hopkins responded by accusing Brand's "champagne socialist humanity" of neglecting taxpayers. Simon Usborne, writing in The Independent, compared her use of the word "cockroach" to previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators. He suspected that if any other contributor had written the piece it would not have been published and questioned her continued employment by the newspaper. Zoe Williams commented in The Guardian: "It is no joke when people start talking like this. We are not 'giving her what she wants' when we make manifest our disgust. It is not a free speech issue. I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her".

On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins' remarks?

Russell Brand

Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins?

Simon Usborne

With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins' comments?

previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators

Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins?

Zoe Williams

What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins?

I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her


On 9 March 2016, The Sun's front page proclaimed that Queen Elizabeth II was backing "Brexit", a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union. It claimed that in 2011 at Windsor Castle, while having lunch with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, the monarch criticised the union. Clegg denied that the Queen made such a statement, and a Buckingham Palace spokesperson confirmed that a complaint had been made to the Independent Press Standards Organisation over a breach of guidelines relating to accuracy.

What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union?

Brexit

Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union?

Queen Elizabeth II

Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union?

Windsor Castle

Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union?

Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg

With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II?

Independent Press Standards Organisation


Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.

What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product?

pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes

What is the purpose of a pesticide?

Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest

What are pesticides most commonly used for?

The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products

What can pesticides protect plants from?

protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects

What item commonly used in hospitals, schools and offices is a pesticide?

sanitizer

What are examples of the way a plant protects itself against pests?

I'm not sure.

How are plants that protect themselves from pests classified?

I'm not sure.

What are three things that crop pests eat?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing that some fungi are also used in?

I'm not sure.

How are weeds also used when harvested commercially?

I'm not sure.


In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.

What are three pests pesticides target?

plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks

Are pesticides chemical or biological agents?

a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent

What are possible cons of pesticides?

potential toxicity to humans and other species

What are pesticides meant to prevent?

destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors

How many microbes exist that are dangerous to humans?

I'm not sure.

What do nematodes do when they infect a host?

I'm not sure.

What is the danger of people eating some mollusks?

I'm not sure.

How many types of poisonous mollusks are there in the wild?

I'm not sure.

What does being immunized against a virus help prevent?

I'm not sure.


Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals", have been developing quickly. These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.:15

What is one way to group pesticides?

chemical structure

Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides.

herbicides, insecticides, fungicides

What are the two types of biopesticides?

microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides

Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development?

Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals

What are some examples of hybrid plants that have been developed?

I'm not sure.

What type of pesticides can't be used on organic food?

I'm not sure.

What is the one type of pesticide that can be used on organic food?

I'm not sure.

What is another word used for organic chemical structure?

I'm not sure.

How have insecticides been developing recently?

I'm not sure.


Many pesticides can be grouped into chemical families. Prominent insecticide families include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates. Organochlorine hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT) could be separated into dichlorodiphenylethanes, cyclodiene compounds, and other related compounds. They operate by disrupting the sodium/potassium balance of the nerve fiber, forcing the nerve to transmit continuously. Their toxicities vary greatly, but they have been phased out because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate.:239–240 Organophosphate and carbamates largely replaced organochlorines. Both operate through inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, allowing acetylcholine to transfer nerve impulses indefinitely and causing a variety of symptoms such as weakness or paralysis. Organophosphates are quite toxic to vertebrates, and have in some cases been replaced by less toxic carbamates.:136–137 Thiocarbamate and dithiocarbamates are subclasses of carbamates. Prominent families of herbicides include phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D), triazines (e.g., atrazine), ureas (e.g., diuron), and Chloroacetanilides (e.g., alachlor). Phenoxy compounds tend to selectively kill broad-leaf weeds rather than grasses. The phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, and grow cells without normal cell division, crushing the plant's nutrient transport system.:300 Triazines interfere with photosynthesis.:335 Many commonly used pesticides are not included in these families, including glyphosate.

Organochlorine hydrocarbons effect what balance of the nerve fiber?

sodium/potassium

Why was the use of organochlorine hydrocarbons ended?

because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate

What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds?

Phenoxy compounds

What essential plan funtion is interrupted by triazines?

photosynthesis

Organophospates and carbamates cause which symptoms?

weakness or paralysis

What did glyphosate take the place of?

I'm not sure.

What do glyphosate and triazine do when they are both used?

I'm not sure.

What are the symptoms if you are exposed to both glyphosate and triazine?

I'm not sure.

What does glyphosate tend to selectively kill besides grasses?

I'm not sure.

What does glyphosate do to a plant when it causes cell growth without cell division?

I'm not sure.


Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward. Increased efficiency may be a result. Systemic insecticides, which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers[citation needed], may kill bees and other needed pollinators[citation needed].

What is one way you could group pesticides?

application method

What is the main way that peticides perform their function?

by poisoning pests

In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?

movement is usually upward

Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?

pollen and nectar in the flowers

What traits are used to classify types of flower nectar?

I'm not sure.

How does nectar move up through a plant?

I'm not sure.

Why does a plant move nectar through the xylem?

I'm not sure.

How do some flowers protect themselves from harm?

I'm not sure.

What does a plant use to attract pollinators?

I'm not sure.


Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Canada.

Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases?

West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria

What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes?

Herbicides

Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US?

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada?

Pest Management Regulatory Agency

What activities do mosquitoes make it hard to take part in when they swarm?

I'm not sure.

What can mosquitoes do to water quality?

I'm not sure.

What diseases in the environment are monitored by the EPA?

I'm not sure.

In what areas do fleas like to live?

I'm not sure.

What pest is attracted by moldy food or diseased produce left outside?

I'm not sure.


DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochlorine that has been used to fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy statements by the World Health Organization have given stronger support to this approach. However, DDT and other organochlorine pesticides have been banned in most countries worldwide because of their persistence in the environment and human toxicity. DDT use is not always effective, as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955, and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT.

What kind of pesticide is DDT?

an organochlorine

Why have DDTs been banned in some areas?

persistence in the environment and human toxicity

Is DDT 100% guaranteed to work?

DDT use is not always effective

How may species have been found to be resistant to DDT?

nineteen

When were 19 new species of mosquito discovered in Africa?

I'm not sure.

How long has DDT been banned worldwide?

I'm not sure.

How supportive is Africa about DDT being banned?

I'm not sure.

In what year was DDT first invented?

I'm not sure.

When were mosquitoes first discovered to carry Malaria?

I'm not sure.


In 2006 and 2007, the world used approximately 2.4 megatonnes (5.3×109 lb) of pesticides, with herbicides constituting the biggest part of the world pesticide use at 40%, followed by insecticides (17%) and fungicides (10%). In 2006 and 2007 the U.S. used approximately 0.5 megatonnes (1.1×109 lb) of pesticides, accounting for 22% of the world total, including 857 million pounds (389 kt) of conventional pesticides, which are used in the agricultural sector (80% of conventional pesticide use) as well as the industrial, commercial, governmental and home & garden sectors.Pesticides are also found in majority of U.S. households with 78 million out of the 105.5 million households indicating that they use some form of pesticide. As of 2007, there were more than 1,055 active ingredients registered as pesticides, which yield over 20,000 pesticide products that are marketed in the United States.

On estimate how many megatonnes of pesticides were used between 2006 and 2007?

approximately 2.4

What amount of conventional pesticide use does the agricultural sector account for?

Pesticides contain at least how many ingredients?

more than 1,055

How maney pesticides are offered for sale in the US?

over 20,000

How many pesticide products are sold worldwide?

I'm not sure.

How many active ingredients were in herbicides used in agriculture in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of pesticides in the US are sold at home and garden centers?

I'm not sure.

How many pounds of pesticide are used by the US government?

I'm not sure.

How much of conventional pesticide use is by the US government?

I'm not sure.


Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds. In general, farmers benefit from having an increase in crop yield and from being able to grow a variety of crops throughout the year. Consumers of agricultural products also benefit from being able to afford the vast quantities of produce available year-round. The general public also benefits from the use of pesticides for the control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses, such as malaria. The use of pesticides creates a large job market within the agrichemical sector.

What do monetary savings in crops from the use of pesticide amount to?

$40 billion

What amount is spent annualoy on pesticides?

$10 billion

How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops?

vast quantities of produce available year-round

In which area do pesticides creat jobs?

agrichemical sector

How is the health of the general publis affected by pesticides?

control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses

How much profit is generated by the agrichemical sector in the US each year?

I'm not sure.

How much money is spent each year to fight malaria?

I'm not sure.

In what ways do farmers benefit from the $10 billion spent on preventing malaria each year?

I'm not sure.

Farmers make $10 billion per year growing what type of produce?

I'm not sure.

What is the job market like if you want to be a farmer?

I'm not sure.


Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer. A 2007 systematic review found that "most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased. There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations.  Limited evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, fetal death,

Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?

cause acute and delayed health effects

What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?

cancer

What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?

organophosphate insecticide exposures

What system is mostly affected by non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

I'm not sure.

What two things can happen if you are pregnant and being treated for cancer?

I'm not sure.

What problems do hormones produced by cancer cells cause?

I'm not sure.

When was Non-Hodgkin lymphoma first diagnosed in a patient?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing that can be caused by the use of cosmetics?

I'm not sure.


The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die. Owing to inadequate regulation and safety precautions, 99% of pesticide related deaths occur in developing countries that account for only 25% of pesticide usage. According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly. There are several careers aside from agriculture that may also put individuals at risk of health effects from pesticide exposure including pet groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators.

How many workers in agriculture die a year from severly poisining pesticides in developing countries?

What careers put people in danger of being exposed to pesticide poisining?

groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators

In developing countries, how many workers are exposed to mild pesticide poisining?

as 25 million

Why are 99% of pesticide related deaths in underdeveloped countries?

inadequate regulation

How many workers are there who are pet groomers, groudskeepers and fumigators world wide?

I'm not sure.

How many people call a fumigator each year due to pests?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of pet groomers always follow safety precautions when using clippers?

I'm not sure.

What three careers are most commonly held in the developing world?

I'm not sure.

What is one reason that pet groomers can perform their job without injury?

I'm not sure.


Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.

What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?

Over 98%

What is affected when pesticides don't reach their target?

non-target species, air, water and soil

What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas?

Pesticide drift

Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution?

water pollution

What is the effect of pesticide drift?

potentially contaminating

What are contaminated bugs living in water one of the causes of?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of species are able to live in polluted water?

I'm not sure.

What do animals digging in the soil for food contribute to?

I'm not sure.

What concerns are raised when thinking about animals digging in the soil for food?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people want to eat organic food?

I'm not sure.


Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats and are not excreted, organisms tend to retain them almost indefinitely. Biological magnification is the process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides) are more concentrated at each level of the food chain. Among marine animals, pesticide concentrations are higher in carnivorous fishes, and even more so in the fish-eating birds and mammals at the top of the ecological pyramid. Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops. Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at relatively high temperature can be carried considerable distances (thousands of kilometers) by the wind to an area of lower temperature, where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow.

Why are hydrocarbon pesticides not excreted?

dissolve in fats

How are levels of pesticides higher going up the food chain?

Biological magnification

The movement of pesticides from wawrme to cooler climates is called what?

Global distillation

How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles?

the wind

How long does an animal store fat when it has a healthy diet?

I'm not sure.

What regions have larger concentrations of marine animals?

I'm not sure.

What group is able to store fat more quickly?

I'm not sure.

In what area do fish-eating birds usually live?

I'm not sure.

How far do fish-eating birds need to fly for a meal?

I'm not sure.