In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was "trampling American's rights." According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which "SaveTheArctic.org" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically—activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas—revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo.

Why did Shell file lawsuits?

to seek injunctions from possible protests

Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what?

"trampling American's rights."

Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what?

video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix

What banners appeared on the winners' podium at the August 2013 ceremony?

"SaveTheArctic.org"

At the 2013 ceremony, activitsts controlled their appearance with what?

the use of four radio car antennas

When did Shell ask google to ban video footage of the Greenpeace protests?

I'm not sure.

What is the Greenpeace logo?

I'm not sure.

Who filed the lawsuits against Shell?

I'm not sure.

Who did SaveTheArctic partner with for the Belgian Grand Prix?

I'm not sure.

How were the winners' podiums controlled?

I'm not sure.


Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.

Which specific mammal is the largest today?

blue whale

Which mammal is the smallest?

bumblebee bat

Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?

elephants

About how small is the average bumble bee bat?

30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)

What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?

I'm not sure.

How small is the average fetus?

I'm not sure.

What are some fetuses adapted for?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for a large elephant?

I'm not sure.

What does a placenta help bumblebee bats do?

I'm not sure.


The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.

Who coined the name "mammal" from the scientific name Mammalia?

Carl Linnaeus

What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?

nurse their young with milk

How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?

How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?

153 families

What term  did IUCN coin in 1758?

I'm not sure.

In 1758 how many mammal species were known?

I'm not sure.

What was completed by Carl Linnaeus in 2006?

I'm not sure.

How was the IUCN Red List grouped?

I'm not sure.

How many accepted species are there according to Carl Linnaeus?

I'm not sure.


Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.

How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?

five species

Which group consist of the most mammals?

Rodentia

Which group do humans belong too?

Primates

Which group do cats and dogs belong too?

Carnivora

What do all modern monotremes give birth to?

I'm not sure.

What group do the six species of monotremes belong to?

I'm not sure.

Which monotreme consists of the most mammals?

I'm not sure.

What is the monotreme that is second after Rodentia?

I'm not sure.

What are some examples of monotremes that are part of the group Rodentia?

I'm not sure.


The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?

Carboniferous period

When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?

66 million years ago

Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?

sphenacodont pelycosaurs

When did sphenacodont pelycosaurs become extinct?

I'm not sure.

What were the modern mammalian orders ancestors called?

I'm not sure.

At the end of the synapsid period what non-mammal was produced?

I'm not sure.

The Sphenacodontia arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of what era?

I'm not sure.

At the end of the Carboniferous period what did the Neogene diverge from that led to today's reptiles and birds?

I'm not sure.


In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.

Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?

Timothy Rowe

By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?

Triassic

Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?

therian mammals

How did Timothy Rowe define Mammalia in the mid 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What are two examples of the most recent ancestor of the Jurassic period?

I'm not sure.

In what period did mammals live?

I'm not sure.

For how long have Juassic fossils been referred to the Mammalia?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing Triassic fossils are shown to consist of according to a 19th century paper?

I'm not sure.


If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.

Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?

monotremes

Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?

Amphilestes and Amphitherium

How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?

167 million years

About what year do synapsid date back to?

225 Ma

What is the earliest Ambondro that satisfies Kemp's definitions?

I'm not sure.

What is Tikitherium more closely related to more than therian mammals?

I'm not sure.

What time period are fossils of the ambondro dated to in the Middle Jurassic?

I'm not sure.

About what year are ambondro dated to?

I'm not sure.

What can the appearance of genera be broadly given?

I'm not sure.


George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.

Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?

George Gaylord Simpson

Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?

Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?

cladistics

What did Simpson lay out that was universally taught until 1945?

I'm not sure.

What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?

I'm not sure.

What happened since the classification by the AMNH?

I'm not sure.

What taxonomy took over AMNH's debated systematization?

I'm not sure.

Up until what century were cladistics universally taught?

I'm not sure.


In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.

In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?

Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell

Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist?

American Museum of Natural History

From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?

Simpson

Who did Simpson inherit the project from?

I'm not sure.

What happened to molecular genetic data in 1997?

I'm not sure.

What was the book written by Simpson?

I'm not sure.

What information about mammals does Simpson's book cover?

I'm not sure.

What did Simpson help construct with Bell?

I'm not sure.


Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.

Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?

DNA analysis

During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?

Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria

Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?

Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria

What have studies based on Boreoeutheria suggested?

I'm not sure.

What have findings based on common ancestors in the Cretaceous been validated by?

I'm not sure.

What are three major groups of Laurasiatheria?

I'm not sure.

Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?

I'm not sure.

What two major common ancestors does Alantogenata contain?

I'm not sure.


The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.

From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?

Carboniferous

From which group did amniotes descendents of?

reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods

Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?

the synapsids

Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?

turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds

What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?

single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull

From what period did the first insects come from?

I'm not sure.

What already inhabited the synapsids?

I'm not sure.

When did amphibious tetrapods become prominent?

I'm not sure.

What do amniotes have on each side of the skull?

I'm not sure.

What animals were later included in the carboniferous group?

I'm not sure.


Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:

From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?

pelycosaurs

Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?

265 million years ago

At which group did Therapsids end with?

probainognathian cynodonts

When did basal eupelycosaurs descend from pelycosaurs?

I'm not sure.

What did the therapsid lineage do in the Middle Permian, 265 million years ago?

I'm not sure.

How do Probainognathian cynodonts differ from the therapsid lineage?

I'm not sure.

What are some characteristics that show how mammals differ from pelycosaurs?

I'm not sure.

What animal was at the end stage of the Middle Permian?

I'm not sure.


The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.

What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?

Permian–Triassic

During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?

Triassic

Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?

crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs

During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?

dinosaurs

Why was the Jurassic a prolonged event?

I'm not sure.

What did the Jurassic period end?

I'm not sure.

What was taken over by carnivores in the Permian-Triassic?

I'm not sure.

What types of animals were included in the Permian-Triassic over 35 million years?

I'm not sure.

What had archosaurs come to dominate by the Jurassic?

I'm not sure.


The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:

What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group?

shrewlike Juramaia sinensis

How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?

160 million years ago

In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?

125 million years ago

Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?

placental

What is the oldest known feature among the marsupials?

I'm not sure.

What time period is a marsupial dated to in the Early Cretaceous?

I'm not sure.

What do Juramaia have in common with placentals?

I'm not sure.

What lineage shows some early eutherian features were lost?

I'm not sure.

When was the marsupial mother from the Cretaceous dated to?

I'm not sure.


Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.

How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?

100 to 85 million years ago

Which two major time periods did placentals appear?

Eocene through the Miocene

Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?

Paleocene

When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?

55 million years ago

How much did the first primate weigh?

20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce)

Where do the earliest fossils of the Miocene come from?

I'm not sure.

What have scientists identified Eocene as?

I'm not sure.

What is the earliest ancestor of humans from about 55 million years ago?

I'm not sure.

How much did the Protungulatum donnae weigh?

I'm not sure.

What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene?

I'm not sure.


The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.

When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?

164 million years ago

When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?

Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?

Jurassic

What type of fossils showed the earliest evidence of cynodonts?

I'm not sure.

What was suggested about the Tupinambis in the Thrinaxodon in the 1950's?

I'm not sure.

What do popular sources attribute foramina to?

I'm not sure.

At what time is it believed the earliest known foramina existed?

I'm not sure.

What does the modern lizard Castorocauda have?

I'm not sure.


When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.

Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?

monotremes

Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?

Triassic

Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?

maintenance of a high and stable body temperature

What does evidence found suggest about monotremes?

I'm not sure.

What do therians need to maintain a stable body temperature?

I'm not sure.

What do small animals have compared to therians?

I'm not sure.

What suggests that monotremes have high metabolic rates?

I'm not sure.

What do placentals use their fur covering for?

I'm not sure.


Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.

When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?

larynx, trachea and bronchi

Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?

exercise

A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?

bellows lung

Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?

blacksmith's bellows

When mammals take oxygen into their relaxed diaphragm, what happens to the abdominal wall?

I'm not sure.

What is alveoli inspired by?

I'm not sure.

What is the ribcage able to passively recoil?

I'm not sure.

What does contraction of the thorax do while increasing the volume of the lung cavity?

I'm not sure.

When air enters the nasal cavity, what does the rib cage expand?

I'm not sure.


The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.

What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?

10 to 30 cells thick

What is the main function of the epidermis?

to provide a waterproof layer

How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?

15 to 40 times thicker

What is the dermis mainly consist of?

bony structures and blood vessels

What does the Hyperdermis consist of?

adipose tissue

When the hypodermis is 10 to 30 cells thick, what is its main function?

I'm not sure.

What happens to the outermost cells of the hypodermis?

I'm not sure.

How do the bottommost cells of the hypodermis act?

I'm not sure.

How much thicker is the hypodermis from the dermis?

I'm not sure.

What are two components that make up the epidermis?

I'm not sure.


Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.

What is another name used for mammalian hair?

pelage

Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?

Light-dark color

Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered?

sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes

What is another name for camouflage?

I'm not sure.

How does intraspecies communication vary?

I'm not sure.

What is distribution of loci common in?

I'm not sure.

Why do selective pressures favor arctic environments?

I'm not sure.

What three examples show how hormone levels are important in the mate selection process?

I'm not sure.


Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.

What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?

viviparous

How many species of mammals lay eggs?

five species

Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?

platypus

The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?

chicken

What makes most monotreme viviparous?

I'm not sure.

What do marsupials have that is different from most mammals?

I'm not sure.

How many species of mammals give birth to live young?

I'm not sure.

What are some characteristics of young chickens?

I'm not sure.

What do marsupials have that make them less like a therian?

I'm not sure.


Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.

Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?

Theria

Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?

marsupial and placental

What is present in all non-placental mammals?

epipubic bones

What sub class are most placental eutherians in?

I'm not sure.

What class are placental eutherians in today?

I'm not sure.

Where on the mother are the epipubic bones located?

I'm not sure.

What prevents a short gestation period in full pregnancy?

I'm not sure.

In marsupials what is a plesyomorphic condition shorter than?

I'm not sure.


In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.

Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?

cerebrum

Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?

Rats

Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?

prey

What part of the brain is larger in rats compared to the rest of the brain?

I'm not sure.

With primates, what is related to intelligence?

I'm not sure.

What are two indications of a larger cerebrum?

I'm not sure.

What are cats able to do when they find a new home?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing that shows a cat has a large cerebrum?

I'm not sure.


To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).

To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?

nutritious and plentiful diet

What does a omnivore imply?

eats both prey and plants

What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?

insects

What determines a mammals diet type?

The size

What do herbivores use to maintain a high level of bacteria for digestion?

I'm not sure.

What do herbivores have because they don't need specialized digestion?

I'm not sure.

What is a factor that determines body temperature?

I'm not sure.

What lives in an omnivores digestive tract?

I'm not sure.

Where are bacteria for digestion housed in an omnivore?

I'm not sure.


The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.

What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?

clines

What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?

liger

What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?

Beefalo

What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?

hybrid

What is a zone of resilience referred to as?

I'm not sure.

What does it mean when closely related species exhibit greater strength and resilience than their parents?

I'm not sure.

What are some examples that show how strength and resilience is maintained in related species?

I'm not sure.

Why are ligers more fertile than donkeys?

I'm not sure.

Where is an American bison sometimes used to entertain people?

I'm not sure.


Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. The permission was granted, and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula and subsequently returned to England in 1594.

The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?

Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?

Queen Elizabeth I

What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?

how many ships sailed Torbay?

three

who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?

Edward Bonventure

in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?

how many ships sailed  from Torbay?

three

How many ships levitated over Torbay?

I'm not sure.

Who did the French merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?

I'm not sure.

What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Arctic Ocean?

I'm not sure.

Who returned to Mexico after sailing around Cape Comorin?

I'm not sure.

The Rebel Armada suffered a defeat in what year?

I'm not sure.


This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.

What did the Queen give them for suceeding?

a Royal Charter

What was the name of the Royal Charter?

Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies

What did this charter give them?

a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan

Who led the third voyage?

General William Keeling

Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?

Sir James Lancaster

Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?

Sir Henry Middleton

What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?

General

what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?

Merchants of London

how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?

fifteen

What did the Queen steal from them for succeeding?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the Novice Charter?

I'm not sure.

What did this charter take away from them?

I'm not sure.

Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1609?

I'm not sure.

Who commanded the eighth voyage in 1604?

I'm not sure.


In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?

indefinite

what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?

charter would cease to be in force

why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?

high profits

Where was the first factory in south India?

Machilipatnam

What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?

high profits

While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable

the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?

three consecutive years

Where was the worst factory in south India?

I'm not sure.

What period of time was the charter banned for in 1609?

I'm not sure.

What would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least eight consecutive years?

I'm not sure.

Why did King James IX licence other trading companies from England?

I'm not sure.


The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

when was the bombay trading post established?

who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?

factor or master merchant and governor

how many employees were in the factories in India?

what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?

major factories

who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?

Dutch

by 1647 how many factories did the company have?

the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?

commercial trading operations

when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?

Portuguese Estado da Índia

The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?

walled forts

When was the Bombay trading post destroyed?

I'm not sure.

How many factories did the company lose by 1647?

I'm not sure.

Who commanded the factories owned by the North India company?

I'm not sure.

How many fish were in the factories in India?

I'm not sure.

Who helped join the North India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and German ships?

I'm not sure.


In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?

The company's mainstay business

Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company

Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries

what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?

ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41

what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?

who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?

English traders

what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?

Bengal

in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?

waived customs duties

why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?

indigo dye

Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?

The Dutch

what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Anglo-Dutch Wars

What caused the Greeks to expand their spice trade in the Malaccan straits?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Mughal emperor strictly require customs duties?

I'm not sure.

What region was made available to black market traders by the Mughal emperor?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Mughal emperor forbid hospitality to?

I'm not sure.

What type of dye was one of the North India company's main products?

I'm not sure.


In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.

How much treasure was taken by pirates?

£50,000 to £60,000

waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?

Ganj-i-Sawai,

how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?

annual

What type of Captain was Henry Every?

English pirate

What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?

Captain Henry Every

When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet

Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every

Mocha

What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?

Ganj-i-Sawai

How much treasure was given away by pirates?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the only ship operating in the Indian Ocean?

I'm not sure.

How often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mars?

I'm not sure.

What type of Prince was Henry Every?

I'm not sure.

When did Captain Henry Every attack the Russian Fleet?

I'm not sure.


Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.

What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai?

£325,000 and £600,000

who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?

a relative of the Grand Mughal

what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?

richest ship ever taken by pirates

What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had?

as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates?

Ganj-i-Sawai

how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?

500,000 gold and silver pieces

How many extraterrestrial pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?

I'm not sure.

What was the total value of cargo not taken from the Ganj-i-Sawai?

I'm not sure.

Who avoided the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?

I'm not sure.

What is the Ganj-i-Sawai unknown for?

I'm not sure.


When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of £1,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.

Who caused the first worldwide manhunt?

Every

What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was  taken

Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide.... what in history?

manhunt

What was the name of the  council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every

Privy Council

Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai

Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb

Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what  Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered?

Acts of Grace

Who caused the first worldwide witch-hunt?

I'm not sure.

What was the total bounty offered for Captain Every after Germany heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was taken?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the council that offered all of the bounty for Captain Every?

I'm not sure.

Who took 12 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai?

I'm not sure.


This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.

enlish firms were allow to trade with  India unless?

prohibited by act of parliament

what was the name of the  second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?

English Company Trading to the East Indies

The two parallel East India company  had a power stuggle in both  England and?

India

In what  year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?

The stock holder of the Original East India  company rasied how much money  to  try and deal with the parallel East India Company?

What caused English firms to be forbidden to trade with India unless?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Act passed the made a parallel North Indiana company?

I'm not sure.

What place aside from England did East India have no support from?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the second South Indie company that ended up running parallel to the first?

I'm not sure.


In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.

in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India?

Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company

Parliament

Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company

company lobby

What percentage of import goods were abandoned in India in 1720?

I'm not sure.

Who passed the acts that effected the profits of West India company?

I'm not sure.

Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involved the East Indian Company?

I'm not sure.

Who never had any disagreements?

I'm not sure.

What imports were forbidden in India in 1720?

I'm not sure.


At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.

The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money

£1 million

What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?

monetary consequences of a war

What was the name of the  war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?

Seven Years' War

The seven years' war  changed the British state focus from trade to protecting  europe and defending  which colonies?

colonies in North America

in what year did the Seven years' war

What was the name of the war that lasted from 1656 to 1763?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Seven Years' War prevented?

I'm not sure.

What was irrelevant that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?

I'm not sure.

Which colonies were abandoned when the British state focus went from trade to protecting Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who worked together the most leading up to the Seven Years' War?

I'm not sure.


With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?

Industrial Revolution

What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?

The Microcosm of London

What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?

The company

What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?

Britain

The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?

raw

What was the type of Revolution that allowed Britain to move ahead of its Asian rivals?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1908?

I'm not sure.

What became the only player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?

I'm not sure.

What country was devastated by the Industrial Revolution?

I'm not sure.

What type of material became unavailable as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

I'm not sure.


Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £37,000 between the king and the company. So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom, America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.

Due to agreed debt what 250 tons  product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?

saltpetre

in what year did Banks  negotiate between the king and the East india company for 700 tons of saltpetre?

Saltpetre was used for what people, specifically the need for this product had people overlooking untaxed sales?

armed forces

One of the governor of the company said that he would rather have saltpetre then____ in its raw form?

salt

how much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1673

What year did Banks negotiate between the princess and the North India company for 600 tons of salt?

I'm not sure.

What 800 tons product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?

I'm not sure.

What people were forbidden from using saltpetre?

I'm not sure.

How much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1573?

I'm not sure.


By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?

The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?

five

The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?

Bengal

in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?

French Revolutionary Wars

What year was the Treaty of Paris disagreed on?

I'm not sure.

How many establishments captured by the British were destroyed after the treaty of Paris?

I'm not sure.

What location was France allowed to send troops due to the Treaty of Paris?

I'm not sure.

What war was the French involved in with a big military presence in 1793?

I'm not sure.


In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely Indian troops, and trained them along European lines. The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.

what is the acronym for the East india company?

EIC

In 1750 how many regular troops did the  EIC  have?

in 1778 most of the troops that the EIC had were from where?

Indian

what year did the EIC have 26,000 troops in their employ

What is no longer the acronym for the East India company?

I'm not sure.

How many special troops did the EIC exile in 1750?

I'm not sure.

Who were most of the troops that the EIC hid in 1778?

I'm not sure.

What year did the EIC lose 26,000 troops in one day?

I'm not sure.


With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.

how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?

three

What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?

Maratha empire

With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a  firm hold on what country?

India

Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?

gradual

what country  took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?

British

How many Anglo Maratha parties were there?

I'm not sure.

What empire ended after the seven Anglo-Maratha wars?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take for Maratha empire to dominate the world?

I'm not sure.

What museum took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?

I'm not sure.

What country had a weak hold by the EIC after the formal end of the Maratha empire?

I'm not sure.


Within the Army, British officers who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, always outranked Indians, no matter how long their service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior subaltern equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers.

What was the name of EIC military company?

Addiscombe Military Seminary

what was the  highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army

Subadar-Major

While in EIC army  the British officer outrank the indian officer they  both promoted based on?

seniority

What was the name of the EIC wizardry company?

I'm not sure.

What was the highest rank a robot could be in the EIC army?

I'm not sure.

Which officers could never outrank Indians?

I'm not sure.

Who received no training for the military?

I'm not sure.


In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share. A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.

in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?

death penalty

in 1838 about how many tone of  Opium was smuggled in to China per year?

1,400 tons

what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were  caught smuggling Opium in to China?

Special Imperial Commissioner

when did the first Opium war start?

Britian faught side by side with what country  in the second Opium war?

France

What was the sentence for smuggling opium into Egypt in 1838?

I'm not sure.

How many tons of opium were stolen from China per year in 1838?

I'm not sure.

What was the title of the person people were sent to if they were caught smuggling Opium into space?

I'm not sure.

What country stood paralyzed next to Britain in the second opium war?

I'm not sure.

When did the only Opium war end?

I'm not sure.


Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the Company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the Company at £40,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by Warren Hastings, the incumbent Governor, who became the first Governor-General of Bengal, with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. His nomination, made by the Court of Directors, would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown. Initially, the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering, The Honourable Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, and Sir Philip Francis.

EIC was leased back the land they held in British India by what part of the British goverment?

Parliament

How much did the parliament lease British india for to EIC (the lease was for two years)?

The British Government  created a how many man council in Calcutta?

five

How many council member weres allow to be from the EIC?

two

By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members?

outvote

How much did the parliament lease Australia for to EIC (the lease was for two years)?

I'm not sure.

How many were on the council in Calcutta created by the German Government?

I'm not sure.

How many council members were killed on the EIC?

I'm not sure.

What incumbent Governor was dismissed from the Council?

I'm not sure.


Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.

The highest ranking persons title in British india is?

The Governor General

in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the  legal system?

British

The highest ranking person's title in British india is?

Governor General

Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india

trade

Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India

export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain

Who is the lowest ranking person in British India?

I'm not sure.

Who couldn't be trusted with the power of peace and war?

I'm not sure.

Who were removed from India to administer the legal system?

I'm not sure.

Who had only limited legislative powers?

I'm not sure.

Who was eventually bankrupt due to their virtual monopoly?

I'm not sure.


Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.

The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?

Pitt's Act

after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?

humanitarian

what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?

Edmund Burke

Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?

defeated

What is the name of the Act that was a success in creating boundaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?

I'm not sure.

Was the new Regulating Bill of 1791 passed or defeated?

I'm not sure.

Who was the only East India Company shareholder?

I'm not sure.

What kind of calls did the government ignore?

I'm not sure.


This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the Company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, Penang, one of the states in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the Company's Indian territories.

by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade?

fifth

To EIC in Malaya what state  was the forth most improtant settlement?

Penang

during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC. the EIC became more of a what to the crown??

regularised subsidiary

when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary  did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown

greater accountability

How much of the moon's population was effected by EIC and it trade by the middle of the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What state in Malaya had no important settlements?

I'm not sure.

What did the EIC become less of to the crown?

I'm not sure.

When EIC became more like a regularised subsidiary did they have greater or less accountability to Japan?

I'm not sure.


The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?

Lord Wellesley

While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?

Sindh

in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances

the expense of wars

what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?

Sugauli Treaty

EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?

Charter Act of 1813

What Lord helped the EIC through his politics take control over all of America?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Charter Act rejected?

I'm not sure.

Who had very relaxed policies?

I'm not sure.

Who lost all control over India?

I'm not sure.

What events had the least amount of expenses?

I'm not sure.


The Company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was East India House in Leadenhall Street. After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621; in Crosby House, Bishopsgate, from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the Company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726–9; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796–1800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861–62. The site is now occupied by the Lloyd's building.

Where were the EIC  headquarters located?

London

What was the name of EIC headquartes?

East India House

between 1638 and 1648 what street was EIC headquarters on?

Leadenhall Street

Where was the EIC headquarters moved to after  1648?

Craven House

What building now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat?

the Lloyd's building

Where were the EIC headquarters hidden?

I'm not sure.

What was the former name of EIC headquarters?

I'm not sure.

What street was EIC headquarters on when it was vacated between 1628 and 1643?

I'm not sure.

Where was the EIC headquarters abandoned after 1648?

I'm not sure.

What hospital now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat?

I'm not sure.


In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.

in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC?

promoted by the East India Company

the 1803 act created what dock program?

East India Dock Company

The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?

aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India

What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?

Brunswick Dock

in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with?

West India Dock Company

What act of parliament was opposed by EIC in 1803?

I'm not sure.

What dock company was destroyed by the 1803 Act?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1903 act?

I'm not sure.

What company did the East India Dock Company split off from in 1838?

I'm not sure.

Which dock company was never taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909?

I'm not sure.


From the period of 1600, the canton consisted of a St George's Cross representing the Kingdom of England. With the Acts of Union 1707, the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag—consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew's cross—representing the Kingdom of Great Britain. After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom, the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

in the period of  1600 what Canton cross repesented England

St George's Cross

after the act of  1707  what was the second  cross added to the Canton for great britian

St Andrew's cross

IN what year did the canton become a flag with crosses on it and not just a cross?

in wat year did  ireland join with great britian offically?

What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britian created when they came together?

United Kingdom

What Canton cross represented Egypt in the period of 1600?

I'm not sure.

What was the second cross removed from the Canton after the Acts of Union 1707?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Canton become a flag with stars on it and not just a stripe?

I'm not sure.

What year did Ireland join with Japan officially?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britain sabotaged when they came together?

I'm not sure.


"Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert." The shield had as a crest: "A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT" (Latin: God Indicates). The supporters were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Hurts).

What does DEUS INDICAT mean?

God Indicates

what type of flowers did Gules use?

roses

after the DEUS INDICAT what type of sea animals were pictured?

sea lions

in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated?

three

What animal was listed as part of the four fleur-de-lis in the above quote

leopard

What does DEUS INDICAT no longer mean in Latin?

I'm not sure.

What type of flowers did Gules avoid?

I'm not sure.

What type of land animals were pictured on the shield crest under the DEUS INDICAT?

I'm not sure.

What does DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET mean in Russian?

I'm not sure.


The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: "Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or." The crest was: "A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper." The supporters were: "Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules." The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ (Latin: By right of the King and the Senate of England).

The EIC Arms feature what king of the jungle animal on it?

lion

in the arms of EIC what was the lion holding in his forepaws

crown

how many lions were on the EIC arms

Two

what year did the EIC arms include both france and england?

What jungle animal is in danger on the EIC Arms?

I'm not sure.

What does the lion have on its head in the arms of EIC?

I'm not sure.

How many dolphins were on the EIC arms?

I'm not sure.

What year did the EIC arms include both Norway and Denmark?

I'm not sure.

What arms were granted in 1798?

I'm not sure.


During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.

During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels

Napoleonic Wars

Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?

should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy

With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?

cannon

The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?

six

What celebration did the EIC get a letter of marque for its vessels?

I'm not sure.

Why did the EIC not want the letters of marque?

I'm not sure.

What weapon did they have for protection that was a part of their body?

I'm not sure.

How many guns were taken from the Earl of Mornington?

I'm not sure.

What was not allowed to sail under a letter of marque?

I'm not sure.


At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, under Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, and Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and Ocean, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena.

What was the most notable naval victory EIC  had?

Battle of Pulo Aura

what general played the biggest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?

General Goddard

Where were the 7 Dutch Easteast indiamen capture?

off St Helena

In 1797 how did the  Woodford  get to safety without firing one bullet?

bluffing

in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?

Captain Charles Lennox

What was the only naval defeat EIC had?

I'm not sure.

What policeman played the largest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?

I'm not sure.

Where were the 6 Dutch East Indiamen captured?

I'm not sure.

How did the Indiamen get to safety by firing just one bullet in 1797?

I'm not sure.


Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834; and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.

Where are the records of the EIC housed today?

British Library in London

Where are the British government's records houseed today?

The National Archives at Kew

Are you able to search most of the records online today?

The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues

Where were the records of the EIC lost in a fire?

I'm not sure.

Where are the British government's records destroyed today?

I'm not sure.

Which government no longer keeps records?

I'm not sure.

What records are expensive to access online?

I'm not sure.

What company lost all records between 1600–1834?

I'm not sure.


Hokkien /hɒˈkiɛn/ (traditional Chinese: 福建話; simplified Chinese: 福建话; pinyin: Fújiànhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-kiàn oē) or Quanzhang (Quanzhou–Zhangzhou / Chinchew–Changchew; BP: Zuánziū–Ziāngziū) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese. Hokkien originated from a dialect in southern Fujian. It is closely related to the Teochew, though mutual comprehension is difficult, and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese. Besides Hokkien, there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province, most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien.

Where is Hokkien spoken?

Southeast Asia

Where did Hokkien originate?

southern Fujian

What language is Hokkien closely related to?

Teochew

What language is Hokkien distantly related to?

Hainanese

Min and Hakka dialects are found where?

Fujian province

What language is only spoken in Southeast Asia and Taiwan?

I'm not sure.

What language developed in southern Fuji?

I'm not sure.

What language is Hokkien unrelatated to?

I'm not sure.

What language is Hainanese closely related to?

I'm not sure.

What type of dialects are found in Fuji

I'm not sure.

Where did Hainese originate?

I'm not sure.

What dialect is Min closely related to?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Fujian dialect spoken?

I'm not sure.

What happens if you speak Hokkien and its close relative Hakka?

I'm not sure.

What language is Min Nan distantly related to?

I'm not sure.


The term Hokkien (福建; hɔk˥˥kɪɛn˨˩) is itself a term not used in Chinese to refer to the dialect, as it simply means Fujian province. In Chinese linguistics, these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The variety is also known by other terms such as the more general Min Nan (traditional Chinese: 閩南語, 閩南話; simplified Chinese: 闽南语, 闽南话; pinyin: Mǐnnányǔ, Mǐnnánhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm-gí,Bân-lâm-oē) or Southern Min, and Fulaohua (traditional Chinese: 福佬話; simplified Chinese: 福佬话; pinyin: Fúlǎohuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-ló-oē). The term Hokkien (Chinese: 福建話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hok-kiàn oē;Tâi-lô:Hok-kiàn-uē), on the other hand, is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects.

What does Hokkien mean?

Fujian province

What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?

Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan

In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?

Hokkien

Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?

Hokkien

What term does not mean Fujian province?

I'm not sure.

What classification system does the term Hokkien come from?

I'm not sure.

What term comes from the first two syllables of the two main Hokkien regions?

I'm not sure.

What term is used in central assia to fefer to Min-nan dialects?

I'm not sure.

What does the term Quanzhang mean in Chinese?

I'm not sure.

What dialect does Zhangzhou refer to?

I'm not sure.

Where is the term Fulaohua primarily used?

I'm not sure.

In urban centers, what term is used to refer to Min-nan dialects?

I'm not sure.

Where are Min Nan and Southern Min located?

I'm not sure.


There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed]

Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?

Han Chinese emigrants

What is the current name for Myanmar?

Burma

What is the former name for Indonesia?

Dutch East Indies

What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?

What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?

Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē

What is the former name of the Dutch East Indies?

I'm not sure.

What is the current name of Burma?

I'm not sure.

What is the local name for Lan-nang in the Philippines?

I'm not sure.

Who form the largest group of non Chinese in Malaysia?

I'm not sure.

What does Lan-nang mean in Singapore?

I'm not sure.

Who forms the largest group of Lan-nang in Singapore?

I'm not sure.

Where were many Dutch East Indies emigrants originally from?

I'm not sure.

How many Chinese in Singapore speak Lan-nang?

I'm not sure.

What dialects are highly similar to Hoko and Lan-nang?

I'm not sure.

What group brought the Amoy language to Burma, Malaysia and Singapore?

I'm not sure.


During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China. Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects. However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia. The Jìn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the old Chinese — spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century — into Fujian. This then gradually evolved into the Quanzhou dialect.

The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?

China

Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?

the Central Plain of China

What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?

the Disaster of Yongjia

What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?

old Chinese

What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?

north to the south

What was the name of the period of costant warfare across Asia?

I'm not sure.

What disiaster caused a massive migration out of the Fujiian region?

I'm not sure.

What languagewas spoken in the central plain of China after the 3rd century?

I'm not sure.

Who entered Fujiian mostly during the Three Kings period?

I'm not sure.

What court fled from the south to the north during the three Kings period?

I'm not sure.

What happened during the Fujian period in China?

I'm not sure.

What happened when the Jin court began to enter the Fujian region?

I'm not sure.

After the disaster of Quangzhou, what group migrated from the north?

I'm not sure.

What happened after the Three Kingdoms fled from north to south?

I'm not sure.

Where were Yongjia dialects brought by the Han Chinese, spoken?

I'm not sure.


In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (陳政), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (陳元光), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao (王潮) and Wang Shenzhi (王審知), led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion. They brought the Middle Chinese phonology commonly spoken in Northern China into Zhangzhou. These two waves of migrations from the north generally brought the language of northern Middle Chinese into the Fujian region. This then gradually evolved into the Zhangzhou dialect.

Who was the ruler of China in 677?

Emperor Gaozong

Who led the military expedition in Fujian?

Chen Zheng

What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?

Chen Yuanguang

Who was the ruler of China in 885?

Emperor Xizong of Tang

What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?

two waves of migrations from the north

What country did Chen Yuanguang rule in 677?

I'm not sure.

What did Chen Yuanguang and his son lead a military exedition for?

I'm not sure.

When did Wang Chao and his son lead an expedition to pacify the Huanf Chao rebellion?

I'm not sure.

Who was Wang Chao's son?

I'm not sure.

What dialect did the migrations from the south help to develop?

I'm not sure.

Who led waves of migrations during the reign of Emperor Gaozong?

I'm not sure.

What did Wang Chao bring during the 7th century into Zhangzhou?

I'm not sure.

What did Wang Shenzhi do in China in 677?

I'm not sure.

What is Wang Chao's sons name?

I'm not sure.

Who was the ruler of Xizong in 677?

I'm not sure.


Xiamen dialect, sometimes known as Amoy, is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong'an and Xiang'an, both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area. This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China. Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities. It is at this time when a need for a common language arose. The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou varieties are similar in many ways (as can be seen from the common place of Henan Luoyang where they originated), but due to differences in accents, communication can be a problem. Quanzhou businessmen considered their speech to be the prestige accent and considered Zhangzhou's to be a village dialect. Over the centuries, dialect leveling occurred and the two speeches mixed to produce the Amoy dialect.

What is another name for Xiamen dialect?

Amoy

What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?

Xiamen dialect

During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?

late Ming dynasty

What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?

Xiamen

Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?

in search of job opportunities

During what dynasty did the Xiemen dialect disapear?

I'm not sure.

What is the main dialect spoken in Xiang'an and the surrouncing areas of Tong'an and Xiamen?

I'm not sure.

What area now includes Tong'an and Xiang'an?

I'm not sure.

When was Quanzhou taking over Xiamen's position as the main port of trade?

I'm not sure.

Who was traveling south in search of jobs?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the Tong'an dialect?

I'm not sure.

What dialect developed in the Quanzhou dynasty?

I'm not sure.

What did Henan Luoyang  consider the better accent to be?

I'm not sure.

What happened over time to produce the Henan dialect?

I'm not sure.

Why did Zhangzhou peasants travel southwards?

I'm not sure.


Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.

What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?

Hokkien

How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?

similar

What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?

many pronunciations

Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?

phoneme inventories

What do Mandarin and Cantonese have more of than Hokkien?

I'm not sure.

What other vowels are similar to Cantonese vowels?

I'm not sure.

What do Hokkien varieties nolonger have that are still found in other Chinese varieties?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the least diverse phoneme among Chinese varieties?

I'm not sure.

What does Cantonese have more of among Chinese varieties?

I'm not sure.

In Hokkien how do the type of diverse phoneme compare to Standard Mandarin?

I'm not sure.

What does Mandarin have that isn't found in other Chinese varieties?

I'm not sure.

What has the retention of Cantonese become now in Mandarin?

I'm not sure.

What do Chinese varieties have more of than Standard Mandarin?

I'm not sure.


In general, Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones. According to the traditional Chinese system, however, there are 7 to 9 "tones",[citation needed] more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic "entering tones" (see the discussion on Chinese tone). Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words.

How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?

5 to 7

What is another name for phonemic tones?

tone classes

What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?

minor

What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?

Amoy or Quanzhou

What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?

the area of Taiwan

What dialects has less than 5 phonemic tones?

I'm not sure.

How many tones are there in modern Chimese?

I'm not sure.

What system has major variations from Quanznou tone system?

I'm not sure.

When is the extra tone 8 used?

I'm not sure.

What tone is not extensive?

I'm not sure.

How many phonemic tones do sandhi dialects have?

I'm not sure.

What two tone systems have an additional phonemic tone?

I'm not sure.

Name the foreign loan words that have 5 to 7 phonemic tones?

I'm not sure.

What do Hokkien tones follow depending on where you are in Taiwan?

I'm not sure.

When do dialects use entering tones according to traditional reckoning?

I'm not sure.


The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The grammar is generally the same. Additionally, extensive contact with the Japanese language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien. On the other hand, the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent, from English and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese.

The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects?

Quanzhou and Zhangzhou

Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?

Taiwanese

What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on?

Quanzhou

What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on?

Zhangzhou speech

In Singapore, the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where?

Malay

What is the Malay dialect a hybrid of?

I'm not sure.

What are the differences between Taiwanese and Chinese dialects?

I'm not sure.

What area is Teochew spoken, that also has loanwords from Malay?

I'm not sure.

Contact with China has lead to loanwords in what dialect?

I'm not sure.

What is Hokkien in northern Taiwan based on?

I'm not sure.