Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?

Norfolk Island

What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?

The Norfolk Island Act 1979

What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?

the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015

Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?

Gary Hardgrave

During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?

three years

What is one of only two non-mainland Australian territories that is governed by itself?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the Act that will govern Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2016?

I'm not sure.

Who is the future administrator of Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.


The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted first past the post system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.

The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?

nine

What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?

a "weighted first past the post system"

Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?

Executive

Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?

Lisle Snell

What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?

Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development

How many seats does the Assembly of Norfolk Island eliminate?

I'm not sure.

What method of voting does Norfolk Island forbid for it's Assembly?

I'm not sure.

What Council do three members of the Assembly consist of that are responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

Who was the only Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What is the official name for the King in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.


Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the "significant disruption" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.

How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?

two

What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?

a local council

When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?

December 2006

The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?

significant disruption

How many models did Australia end as part of Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?

I'm not sure.

What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to promote Norfolk Island's assembly to?

I'm not sure.

When did the European government end their review on Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What did the Australian government say that changes to Norfolk Island's government would not cause?

I'm not sure.


It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.

When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?

19 March 2015

What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?

a local council

From what state did the proposed council come from?

New South Wales

What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?

they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare

What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?

Australian income tax

When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would always be governed by itself?

I'm not sure.

What did the Commonwealth want to combine the Norfolk Island government with?

I'm not sure.

What state did the proposed council dismiss?

I'm not sure.

What benefits would Norfolk Island residents lose as a result of the new council?

I'm not sure.

What would Norfolk Island residents have to stop paying as a result of the new council?

I'm not sure.


The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to "be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament". 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that "the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island".

When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?

8 May 2015

How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?

What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?

Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?

Lisle Snell

According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?

overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island

When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Chinese reforms?

I'm not sure.

How many Norfolk Island residents lost their vote on May 8, 2015?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of worse-governance?

I'm not sure.

Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Wizard?

I'm not sure.


Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.

Norfolk Island was originally a what?

colony acquired by settlement

Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?

Australia

Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?

the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)

Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?

High Court of Australia

What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?

Australian citizenship

What was Norfolk Island against being?

I'm not sure.

What country did Norfolk Island became a city of?

I'm not sure.

What Act was Norfolk Island rejected as a territory of Australia?

I'm not sure.

Who decided in 1974 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?

I'm not sure.

What was an unnecessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.


The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.

What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?

immigration

When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?

What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?

an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens

What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island?

pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme

When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?

1 July 2016

What has been heavily encouraged in Norfolk Island, until recently?

I'm not sure.

When were the immigration protocols made more strict in Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What damaged the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What must Australian and New Zealand citizens avoid in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

When will the Russian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?

I'm not sure.


Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.

What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?

automatic right of residence

What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?

either a passport or a Document of Identity

What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?

a passport

When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?

Australian Migration Zone

What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone?

the visa will have ceased

What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents lose on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?

I'm not sure.

What do Australian citizens need in order to talk about Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What do citizens from other nations need in order to talk about Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

When someone has an American visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?

I'm not sure.

What will happen to travelers with an American visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone?

I'm not sure.


Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are "outside of Australia" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.

What Act declares Non-Australian residents "outside of Australia" while they are on Norfolk Island?

the Migration Act

What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?

a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa

As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?

Australia

According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?

count as time spent in Australia

What Act declares Non-Australian residents "inside of Australia" while they are on Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What does a Non-American citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?

I'm not sure.

What is Norfolk Island considered separate from as far as Australian nationality law goes?

I'm not sure.

What island is no longer considered part of Australia?

I'm not sure.


Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.

What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?

Norfolk Island Hospital

What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?

travel insurance

Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?

mainland Australia

Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?

the Royal Australian Air Force

Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?

St John Ambulance Australia volunteers

What is one of many medical centers on Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to sell?

I'm not sure.

Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment imprisoned?

I'm not sure.

Who handles non-serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

Who broke the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.


The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island (roughly 428,000km2) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources. The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) to fish "recreationally" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as "the Box". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven. There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency.

What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?

health and infrastructure

What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?

fish

What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?

the Box

What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?

oil and gas deposits

What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?

What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made unavailable from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?

I'm not sure.

What is Norfolk Island's only resource?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish illegally?

I'm not sure.

What is speculated to be forbidden in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Norfolk Island is no longer a permanent pasture?

I'm not sure.


Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike. Because there is no income tax, the island's legislative assembly raises money through an import duty, fuel levy, medicare levy, GST of 12% and local/international phone calls. In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1, 2016, with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health, education, medicare, and infrastructure. Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services. It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals.

Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?

Australian federal taxes

Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?

David Buffett

What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?

for a financial bailout from the federal government

When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?

July 1, 2016

What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?

social

What do Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors always pay?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Chief Master of Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island keeping its' tax-free status?

I'm not sure.

When will income tax be removed by Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive after this announcement?

I'm not sure.


As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC, SBS, Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.

How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?

How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?

How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have?

one

What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?

Norfolk TV

What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?

.nf

How many main telephone lines were being stolen on Norfolk Island as of 2004?

I'm not sure.

How many analog telephone lines were being removed on Norfolk Island as of 2004?

I'm not sure.

How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island ban?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of Norfolk Island's only phone?

I'm not sure.

What is no longer Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?

I'm not sure.


There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island. Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day. The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.

Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?

Kingston and Cascade

How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island?

by whaleboats towed by launches

What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?

the prevailing weather on the day

Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?

on the leeward side of the island

Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?

Visitors

Where are loading jetties crashed on Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

How is a supply ship flying when it reaches Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

What has no influence on the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

Where can you find the rarely-used jetty on Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.

Who can never be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?

I'm not sure.


Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother Mary née Nagle (c. 1702 – 1770) was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family (and a cousin of Nano Nagle), whereas his father, a successful solicitor, Richard (died 1761), was a member of the Church of Ireland; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. The Burke dynasty descends from an Anglo-Norman knight surnamed de Burgh (latinised as de Burgo) who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following Henry II of England's 1171 invasion of Ireland.

Where was Burke born?

Dublin, Ireland

What was Burke's mother's maiden name?

Nagle

When did Burke's mother die?

When did Burke's father die?

When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?

What city was Mary nee Nagle born in?

I'm not sure.

When was Richard Burke born?

I'm not sure.

What is the latinised form of the last name Burke?

I'm not sure.

When did Henry II invade England?

I'm not sure.

Who converted into Catholicism?

I'm not sure.


In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, "Edmund Burke's Club", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.

When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?

What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?

Catholics

When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?

What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?

TCD's Historical Club

When did Edmund Burke graduate?

When was Trinity College Dublin established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Trinity College ban Catholics?

I'm not sure.

Who did Edmund Burke's Club split from?

I'm not sure.

What group of people did Middle Temple refuse to grant degrees to?

I'm not sure.

What year did Burke abandon law?

I'm not sure.


Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.

Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?

Bishop Warburton

Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?

Lord Chesterfield

When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?

Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?

in the preface to the second edition

What did Bolingbroke argue for?

I'm not sure.

What did Lord Chesterfield believe Bolingbroke's arguments could also apply to?

I'm not sure.

What did critics particularly protest of Burke's work?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke note in the preface of the first edition of the book?

I'm not sure.

Which bishop wrote the preface for Burke's book?

I'm not sure.


Richard Hurd believed that Burke's imitation was near-perfect and that this defeated his purpose: an ironist "should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation. Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforc'd, not only in the language, and on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather so real an earnestness, that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other". A minority of scholars have taken the position that, in fact, Burke did write the Vindication in earnest, later disowning it only for political reasons.

Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?

Richard Hurd

Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?

political reasons

Whose principles did Burke imitate?

L. Bol.

What did Richard Hurd claim made Burke's satire perfect?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of one of the scholars who believe Burke wrote the Vindication in earnest?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the book Richard Hurd wrote?

I'm not sure.

Why did Hurd believe Burke's imitation was near perfect?

I'm not sure.

Whose principles did L. Bol imitate?

I'm not sure.


On 25 February 1757, Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a "history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne", its length being eighty quarto sheets (640 pages), nearly 400,000 words. It was to be submitted for publication by Christmas 1758. Burke completed the work to the year 1216 and stopped; it was not published until after Burke's death, being included in an 1812 collection of his works, entitled An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History. G. M. Young did not value Burke's history and claimed that it was "demonstrably a translation from the French". Lord Acton, on commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his, said "it is ever to be regretted that the reverse did not occur".

When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?

25 February 1757

How many words long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?

nearly 400,000

How many pages long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?

640 pages

When was Burke's history of England published?

Which author's history of England being published before Burke's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his?

David Hume

What is the name of David Hume's history?

I'm not sure.

What critic praised the Frenchness of Burke's text?

I'm not sure.

When was Hume's history of England published?

I'm not sure.

How long was the book Robert Dodsley wrote?

I'm not sure.

How many words was Lord Acton's commentary?

I'm not sure.


During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.

What publication did Burke found?

Annual Register

The Annual Register covered international events of what type?

political

Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?

Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?

Who wrote a biography of Burke?

Philip Magnus

What was founded the year before the contract?

I'm not sure.

Whose biography did Burke write?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke become the chief editor?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote Dodsley's biography?

I'm not sure.

Dodsley was the only writer for the register until what year?

I'm not sure.


At about this same time, Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton (known as "Single-speech Hamilton"). When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a position he held for three years. In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman, Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782. Rockingham also introduced Burke as a Freemason.

What was William Gerard Hamilton's nickname?

Single-speech Hamilton

Who was William Gerard Hamilton's private secretary?

Burke

When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?

Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?

Charles, Marquess of Rockingham

What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?

Whig

What was Burke's nickname?

I'm not sure.

Who was Burke's secretary?

I'm not sure.

What country was Burke the Chief Secretary for?

I'm not sure.

What year did Burke go with Hamilton to Dublin?

I'm not sure.

When did Hamilton die?

I'm not sure.


Burke took a leading role in the debate regarding the constitutional limits to the executive authority of the king. He argued strongly against unrestrained royal power and for the role of political parties in maintaining a principled opposition capable of preventing abuses, either by the monarch, or by specific factions within the government. His most important publication in this regard was his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770. Burke identified the "discontents" as stemming from the "secret influence" of a neo-Tory group he labelled as, the "king's friends", whose system "comprehending the exterior and interior administrations, is commonly called, in the technical language of the Court, Double Cabinet". Britain needed a party with "an unshaken adherence to principle, and attachment to connexion, against every allurement of interest". Party divisions "whether operating for good or evil, are things inseparable from free government".

Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?

the king

What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?

political parties

What type of group were the "king's friends"?

neo-Tory

What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?

Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770

Who wanted to limit the powers of the political parties?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the paper the neo-Tories published?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke take the leading role in the debate?

I'm not sure.

What party did Burke believe would have strong principles?

I'm not sure.

What were Burke and his friends nicknamed?

I'm not sure.


In May 1778, Burke supported a parliamentary motion revising restrictions on Irish trade. His constituents, citizens of the great trading city of Bristol, however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland. Burke resisted their protestations and said: "If, from this conduct, I shall forfeit their suffrages at an ensuing election, it will stand on record an example to future representatives of the Commons of England, that one man at least had dared to resist the desires of his constituents when his judgment assured him they were wrong".

What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?

Ireland

What city did Burke represent in parliament?

Bristol

When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?

May 1778

What was Bristol's most important industry?

trading

What country did Burke wish to decrease trade with?

I'm not sure.

What city supported Burke's decisions?

I'm not sure.

When was trade with Ireland originally restricted?

I'm not sure.

Why did Burke say he acquiesced to his constituents?

I'm not sure.


Burke was not merely presenting a peace agreement to Parliament; rather, he stepped forward with four reasons against using force, carefully reasoned. He laid out his objections in an orderly manner, focusing on one before moving to the next. His first concern was that the use of force would have to be temporary, and that the uprisings and objections to British governance in America would not be. Second, Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America. "An armament", Burke said, "is not a victory". Third, Burke brought up the issue of impairment; it would do the British Government no good to engage in a scorched earth war and have the object they desired (America) become damaged or even useless. The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains, but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable, whether by accident or design. The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience; the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force, and they did not know if it could be done, let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home. Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic – the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak, and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil.

Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?

America

How many reasons against violence did Burke present?

four

How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?

thousands of miles

What area could the American colonists retreat to?

the mountains

Who did Burke think Britain could beat at war?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke say was a victory?

I'm not sure.

How many reasons in favor of the use of force did Burke present?

I'm not sure.

What type of war did Burke endorse for the government?

I'm not sure.

What geographical feature would prevent the Americans from retreating?

I'm not sure.


Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America – which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world". Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised, that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time, Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America!

When did Lord Bathurst die?

When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?

What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?

Whiggism

When was Lord Bathurst born?

In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?

the devil

What did Bathurst prophesy?

I'm not sure.

When did Samuel Johnson die?

I'm not sure.

What mythical creature prophesied to Burke?

I'm not sure.

Who was impressed by Bathurst's prophesy?

I'm not sure.

What political party did Johnson claim the angel represented?

I'm not sure.


The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly".

When did Lord North take office?

When did Lord North leave office?

Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?

New York and Pennsylvania

How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?

appalled

When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?

When was Lord North born?

I'm not sure.

How did Lord North feel about the British celebrations?

I'm not sure.

What states were the Americans victorious over Britain in?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke claim authoritarianism was being changed by?

I'm not sure.

What was published in 1775?

I'm not sure.


The Paymaster General Act 1782 ended the post as a lucrative sinecure. Previously, Paymasters had been able to draw on money from HM Treasury at their discretion. Now they were required to put the money they had requested to withdraw from the Treasury into the Bank of England, from where it was to be withdrawn for specific purposes. The Treasury would receive monthly statements of the Paymaster's balance at the Bank. This act was repealed by Shelburne's administration, but the act that replaced it repeated verbatim almost the whole text of the Burke Act.

Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?

HM Treasury

After 1782, where would money from Paymasters' withdrawal requests go?

the Bank of England

Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act?

Shelburne

When was the Paymaster General Act passed?

When did Paymasters begin to get money directly from the HM treasury?

I'm not sure.

Who could no longer make withdrawal requests to the Bank of England after 1782?

I'm not sure.

How often could paymasters make withdrawals?

I'm not sure.

Which administration proposed the Paymaster act?

I'm not sure.

The Paymaster Act allowed Paymasters to withdraw funds from what source at their own discretion?

I'm not sure.


Burke was a leading sceptic with respect to democracy. While admitting that theoretically, in some cases it might be desirable, he insisted a democratic government in Britain in his day would not only be inept, but also oppressive. He opposed democracy for three basic reasons. First, government required a degree of intelligence and breadth of knowledge of the sort that occurred rarely among the common people. Second, he thought that if they had the vote, common people had dangerous and angry passions that could be aroused easily by demagogues; he feared that the authoritarian impulses that could be empowered by these passions would undermine cherished traditions and established religion, leading to violence and confiscation of property. Third, Burke warned that democracy would create a tyranny over unpopular minorities, who needed the protection of the upper classes.

What type of government did Burke think would be inept?

democratic

For how many reasons did Burke oppose democracy?

three

What did Burke think could arouse common people's dangerous passions?

demagogues

What type of impulses did Burke think could gain power through commoners' passions?

authoritarian

Who did Burke think protected unpopular minorities?

the upper classes

What type of government system did Burke favor?

I'm not sure.

How many reasons did Burke present for the intelligence of the common people?

I'm not sure.

What group did Burke believe would instigate passions of demagogues?

I'm not sure.

Who did Burke say unpopular minorities protected?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke say established religion undermined?

I'm not sure.


For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings, formerly Governor-General of Bengal, that resulted in the trial during 1786. His interaction with the British dominion of India began well before Hastings' impeachment trial. For two decades prior to the impeachment, Parliament had dealt with the Indian issue. This trial was the pinnacle of years of unrest and deliberation. In 1781 Burke was first able to delve into the issues surrounding the East India Company when he was appointed Chairman of the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs—from that point until the end of the trial; India was Burke's primary concern. This committee was charged "to investigate alleged injustices in Bengal, the war with Hyder Ali, and other Indian difficulties". While Burke and the committee focused their attention on these matters, a second 'secret' committee was formed to assess the same issues. Both committee reports were written by Burke. Among other purposes, the reports conveyed to the Indian princes that Britain would not wage war on them, along with demanding that the HEIC recall Hastings. This was Burke's first call for substantive change regarding imperial practices. When addressing the whole House of Commons regarding the committee report, Burke described the Indian issue as one that "began 'in commerce' but 'ended in empire.'"

When was Warren Hastings impeached?

Where was Hastings formerly the governor?

Bengal

How long before Hastings's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest?

two decades

What was Burke made chairman of in 1781?

the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs

When Burke said the Indian problems 'began in commerce', where did he say the problems ended in?

empire

Who attempted to impeach Burke?

I'm not sure.

When was Burke taken to trial?

I'm not sure.

What was Hastings the governor of during his impeachment?

I'm not sure.

When did the war with Hyder Ali begin?

I'm not sure.

Who did Burke want Hastings to recall?

I'm not sure.


On 4 April 1786, Burke presented the Commons with the Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors against Hastings. The impeachment in Westminster Hall, which did not begin until 14 February 1788, would be the "first major public discursive event of its kind in England", bringing the morality and duty of imperialism to the forefront of public perception. Burke already was known for his eloquent rhetorical skills and his involvement in the trial only enhanced its popularity and significance. Burke's indictment, fuelled by emotional indignation, branded Hastings a 'captain-general of iniquity'; who never dined without 'creating a famine'; whose heart was 'gangrened to the core', and who resembled both a 'spider of Hell' and a 'ravenous vulture devouring the carcasses of the dead'. The House of Commons eventually impeached Hastings, but subsequently, the House of Lords acquitted him of all charges.

When did Burke charge Hastings for impeachment?

4 April 1786

What was the impeachment formally called?

Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors

Which house acquitted Hastings?

House of Lords

Which house impeached Hastings?

House of Commons

Like what creature did Burke say Hastings was 'devouring the dead'?

ravenous vulture

When did Hastings present his article against Burke?

I'm not sure.

What nickname was Burke given for his emotional indignation?

I'm not sure.

What did the House of Commons compare Hastings to?

I'm not sure.

When did the House of Lords impeach Hastings?

I'm not sure.

Which house acquitted Burke?

I'm not sure.


Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: "England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still something in it paradoxical and Mysterious. The spirit it is impossible not to admire; but the old Parisian ferocity has broken out in a shocking manner". The events of 5–6 October 1789, when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris, turned Burke against it. In a letter to his son, Richard Burke, dated 10 October he said: "This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France—where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it—where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable". On 4 November Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken "as no more than the expression of doubt" but he added: "You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom". In the same month he described France as "a country undone". Burke's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790, provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox:

Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?

King Louis XVI

What was Burke's son's name?

Richard Burke

Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?

Charles-Jean-François Depont

When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?

9 February 1790

What did Burke condemn in August 1789?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke march in Versailles?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke write to Laurence?

I'm not sure.

Who did Burke want to support the revolution?

I'm not sure.

When did Pitt and Fox officially denounce the revolution?

I'm not sure.


In January 1790, Burke read Dr. Richard Price's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled, A Discourse on the Love of our Country, to the Revolution Society. That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In this sermon Price espoused the philosophy of universal "Rights of Men". Price argued that love of our country "does not imply any conviction of the superior value of it to other countries, or any particular preference of its laws and constitution of government". Instead, Price asserted that Englishmen should see themselves "more as citizens of the world than as members of any particular community".

When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society?

4 November 1789

What was the Revolution Society commemorating?

the Glorious Revolution of 1688

Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world?

Englishmen

What philosophy did Price support?

universal "Rights of Men"

What was the name of Burke's sermon?

I'm not sure.

When was the Revolution Society founded?

I'm not sure.

How did Burke say Englishmen should see themselves?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke propose the idea of universal rights for men?

I'm not sure.

When did Price read Burke's sermon?

I'm not sure.


Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Gaëton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791.

Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?

Reflections on the Revolution in France

When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?

How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?

Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?

Pierre-Gaëton Dupont

When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?

June 1791

What did Price draft after his initial sermon?

I'm not sure.

How much did most pamphlets cost at the time?

I'm not sure.

How many copies had sold by June 1791?

I'm not sure.

Who translated Burke's work from French?

I'm not sure.

What pamphlet was published on 13 February 1790?

I'm not sure.


Burke put forward that "We fear God, we look up with awe to kings; with affection to parliaments; with duty to magistrates; with reverence to priests; and with respect to nobility. Why? Because when such ideas are brought before our minds, it is natural to be so affected". Burke defended this prejudice on the grounds that it is "the general bank and capital of nations, and of ages" and superior to individual reason, which is small in comparison. "Prejudice", Burke claimed, "is of ready application in the emergency; it previously engages the mind in a steady course of wisdom and virtue, and does not leave the man hesitating in the moment of decision, skeptical, puzzled, and unresolved. Prejudice renders a man's virtue his habit". Burke criticised social contract theory by claiming that society is indeed, a contract, but "a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born".

Who did Burke say we look up to with awe?

kings

Who did Burke say we look to with affection?

parliaments

Who did Burke say we look to with reverence?

priests

How did Burke say we look towards nobility?

with respect

How did Burke say we look towards magistrates?

duty

What theory did Burke praise?

I'm not sure.

Burke claimed that the contract did not affect what groups of people?

I'm not sure.

Who did Burke say looks to us with reverence?

I'm not sure.

Who did Burke say owes us duty?

I'm not sure.

Who did Burke say gives us respect?

I'm not sure.


The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5–6 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was "pure foppery". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: "I adore his chivalry". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been "led in triumph" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror—that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette—was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman.

Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke's Reflections?

Marie-Antoinette

Who said Burke wrote 'pure foppery' about Marie-Antoinette?

Philip Francis

Who adored Burke's chivalry?

Edward Gibbon

How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke's writing about her?

she burst into tears

What did Philip Francis call Marie-Antoinette?

I'm not sure.

When did Marie-Antoinette read Burke's writings?

I'm not sure.

How did Marie-Antoinette react to Edward Gibbon's praise?

I'm not sure.

Who admired Francis's chivalry?

I'm not sure.

Who thought the October Days were a cowardly attack on the Jacobins?

I'm not sure.


Louis XVI translated the Reflections "from end to end" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be "in very bad taste" and "favouring Tory principles". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues. Burke wrote on 29 November 1790: "I have received from the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montagu (Frederick Montagu MP), and a long et cetera of the old Stamina of the Whiggs a most full approbation of the principles of that work and a kind indulgence to the execution". The Duke of Portland said in 1791 that when anyone criticised the Reflections to him, he informed them that he had recommended the book to his sons as containing the true Whig creed.

Who re-translated the Reflections into French?

Louis XVI

Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?

Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox

What political party was Charles James Fox?

Whig

What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?

Whigs

What political party was Richard Sheridan?

Whig

What did Charles James Fox translate?

I'm not sure.

Which Whigs publicly endorsed Burke?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Duke of Portland?

I'm not sure.

When did John Cavendish write to Burke?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Duke of Devonshire recommend Reflections to?

I'm not sure.


Burke's Reflections sparked a pamphlet war. Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae. Mackintosh was the first to see the Reflections as "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution". Mackintosh later agreed with Burke's views, remarking in December 1796 after meeting him, that Burke was "minutely and accurately informed, to a wonderful exactness, with respect to every fact relating to the French Revolution". Mackintosh later said: "Burke was one of the first thinkers as well as one of the greatest orators of his time. He is without parallel in any age, excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever".

Who wrote 'The Rights of Man'?

Thomas Paine

Who wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men'?

Mary Wollstonecraft

Who said the Reflections were "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution"?

James Mackintosh

Who did Mackintosh compare Burke to?

Lord Bacon and Cicero

What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had?

political and moral

When did Mary Wollstonecraft publish her response?

I'm not sure.

When did Mary meet Burke?

I'm not sure.

What did Mackintosh claim he had more of than any other writer?

I'm not sure.

Who did Thomas Paine compare Burke to?

I'm not sure.

What did Paine call Reflections?

I'm not sure.


In November 1790, François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville, a member of the National Assembly of France, wrote to Burke, praising Reflections and requesting more "very refreshing mental food" that he could publish. This Burke did in April 1791 when he published A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly. Burke called for external forces to reverse the revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France. Although Burke conceded that Rousseau sometimes showed "a considerable insight into human nature" he mostly was critical. Although he did not meet Rousseau on his visit to Britain in 1766–7 Burke was a friend of David Hume, with whom Rousseau had stayed. Burke said Rousseau "entertained no principle either to influence of his heart, or to guide his understanding—but vanity"—which he "was possessed to a degree little short of madness". He also cited Rousseau's Confessions as evidence that Rousseau had a life of "obscure and vulgar vices" that was not "chequered, or spotted here and there, with virtues, or even distinguished by a single good action". Burke contrasted Rousseau's theory of universal benevolence and his having sent his children to a foundling hospital: "a lover of his kind, but a hater of his kindred".

Who asked Burke for more "very refreshing mental food"?

François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville

When did Burke release 'A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly'?

April 1791

Which French philosopher did Burke attack?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

When did Rousseau visit Britain?

Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain?

David Hume

What was Burke a member of?

I'm not sure.

What did François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville publish in April 1791?

I'm not sure.

When did Jean-Jacques Rousseau die?

I'm not sure.

What did Rousseau say Burke had in regards to understanding human nature?

I'm not sure.

What vice-filled book did Hume publish?

I'm not sure.


These events and the disagreements that arose from them within the Whig Party, led to its break-up and to the rupture of Burke's friendship with Fox. In debate in Parliament on Britain's relations with Russia, Fox praised the principles of the revolution, although Burke was not able to reply at this time as he was "overpowered by continued cries of question from his own side of the House". When Parliament was debating the Quebec Bill for a constitution for Canada, Fox praised the revolution and criticised some of Burke's arguments, such as hereditary power. On 6 May 1791, during another debate in Parliament on the Quebec Bill, Burke used the opportunity to answer Fox, and to condemn the new French Constitution and "the horrible consequences flowing from the French idea of the Rights of Man". Burke asserted that those ideas were the antithesis of both the British and the American constitutions. Burke was interrupted, and Fox intervened, saying that Burke should be allowed to carry on with his speech. A vote of censure was moved against Burke, however, for noticing the affairs of France, which was moved by Lord Sheffield and seconded by Fox. Pitt made a speech praising Burke, and Fox made a speech—both rebuking and complimenting Burke. He questioned the sincerity of Burke, who seemed to have forgotten the lessons he had learned from him, quoting from Burke's own speeches of fourteen and fifteen years before.

Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country?

Russia

What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?

hereditary

Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6, 1791?

French

Fox quoted Burke's speeches from how long ago?

fourteen and fifteen years

When did Parliament debate the Quebec bill?

I'm not sure.

Who interrupted Burke?

I'm not sure.

What type of speech did Lord Sheffield give in regards to Burke?

I'm not sure.

Fox quoted his own speeches from how long ago?

I'm not sure.

Who condemned the Canadian constitution?

I'm not sure.


At this point, Fox whispered that there was "no loss of friendship". "I regret to say there is", Burke replied, "I have indeed made a great sacrifice; I have done my duty though I have lost my friend. There is something in the detested French constitution that envenoms every thing it touches". This provoked a reply from Fox, yet he was unable to give his speech for some time since he was overcome with tears and emotion, he appealed to Burke to remember their inalienable friendship, but also repeated his criticisms of Burke and uttered "unusually bitter sarcasms". This only aggravated the rupture between the two men. Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam, declining money from him.

When did Burke leave the Whig party?

5 June 1791

Who did Burke turn down money from?

Fitzwilliam

What did Burke say 'envenoms everything it touches'?

French constitution

Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends?

Fox

Who thought that Fox and Burke's friendship was lost?

Burke

Who declined taking money from Burke?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke leave the party?

I'm not sure.

Who kept their friend at the cost of their duty?

I'm not sure.

What did Fox say about the French constitution?

I'm not sure.

Who overcame his emotions in order to finish his speech?

I'm not sure.


Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution. Burke wrote that he wanted to represent the whole Whig party "as tolerating, and by a toleration, countenancing those proceedings" so that he could "stimulate them to a public declaration of what every one of their acquaintance privately knows to be...their sentiments". Therefore, on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them, as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party.

What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn?

the French Revolution

What did Burke publish on Aug 3, 1791?

Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles?

the Whig party

Burke attacked Whigs who supported what?

the French Revolution

What did the Whig party want Burke to condemn?

I'm not sure.

What pamphlet did Fox publish in 3 August 1791?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke write that he wanted to represent the whole party?

I'm not sure.

What party did the French Revolution condemn?

I'm not sure.

Burke believe most party member agreed with which opponent?

I'm not sure.


Although Whig grandees such as Portland and Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke's Appeal, they wished he had used more moderate language. Fitzwilliam saw the Appeal as containing "the doctrines I have sworn by, long and long since". Francis Basset, a backbench Whig MP, wrote to Burke: "...though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments, I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution". Burke sent a copy of the Appeal to the king and the king requested a friend to communicate to Burke that he had read it "with great Satisfaction". Burke wrote of its reception: "Not one word from one of our party. They are secretly galled. They agree with me to a title; but they dare not speak out for fear of hurting Fox. ... They leave me to myself; they see that I can do myself justice". Charles Burney viewed it as "a most admirable book—the best & most useful on political subjects that I have ever seen" but believed the differences in the Whig Party between Burke and Fox should not be aired publicly.

Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone?

Portland and Fitzwilliam

Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'?

Francis Basset

What was Francis Basset's political party?

Whig

How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt?

galled

Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public?

Charles Burney

Who did Burke want to use more moderate language?

I'm not sure.

What type of Whig was Fitzwilliam?

I'm not sure.

Who claimed to be similar to Mr. Fox?

I'm not sure.

Who did Basset send a copy of his letter to?

I'm not sure.

Who wanted the argument to go public?

I'm not sure.


Burke supported the war against revolutionary France, seeing Britain as fighting on the side of the royalists and émigres in a civil war, rather than fighting against the whole nation of France. Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vendée, describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham, as "the sole affair I have much heart in". Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there, as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris. Dundas did not follow Burke's advice, however.

Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793?

William Windham

Which faction's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support?

royalist

Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee?

Henry Dundas

Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on?

Paris

What did Burke support Britain fighting against?

revolutionary France

Who wrote to Burke on Nov 4, 1793?

I'm not sure.

What faction was Burke opposed to in La Vendée?

I'm not sure.

When did Henry Dundas write to Burke?

I'm not sure.

Whose advice did Dundas heed?

I'm not sure.

Burke considered supporting the war against the revolution as being against which nation?

I'm not sure.


Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough, a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France (S.A.R. le comte d'Artois), dated 23 October, requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government. Burke was forced to reply on 6 November: "I am not in His Majesty's Service; or at all consulted in his Affairs". Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France, begun in October, where he said: "I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France, one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners. La Vendée is a proof of this".

When did Prince Charles write to Burke?

23 October

How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth?

twenty

What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists?

La Vendée

What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of?

France

In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee?

Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

Who thought Burke was not taking the uprising seriously?

I'm not sure.

How many foreigners did Burke say twenty Frenchman were worth?

I'm not sure.

What region did Prince Charles use to back up his points?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke enter His Majesty's Service?

I'm not sure.

Who told Burke Frenchman were worth more than foreigners?

I'm not sure.


On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard. A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others and which, in fact, appear to have been non-existent (though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation). King George III, whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield, but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions, so the only award he would accept was a pension of £2,500. Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale, to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord (1796): "It cannot at this time be too often repeated; line upon line; precept upon precept; until it comes into the currency of a proverb, To innovate is not to reform". He argued that he was rewarded on merit, but the Duke of Bedford received his rewards from inheritance alone, his ancestor being the original pensioner: "Mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign; his from Henry the Eighth". Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented, and included a description of the British constitution:

When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?

20 June 1794

When did Burke's son die?

August 1794

What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?

Beaconsfield

How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?

Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?

Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale

When did Burke submit a vote of thanks?

I'm not sure.

Who did Burke thank in June 1794?

I'm not sure.

When did Richard resign?

I'm not sure.

What pension did the Duke of Bedford receive?

I'm not sure.

Who wanted to make Richard Burke an Earl?

I'm not sure.


Burke's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace (October 1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government. Burke regarded this as appeasement, injurious to national dignity and honour. In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: "Individuality is left out of their scheme of government. The State is all in all. Everything is referred to the production of force; afterwards, everything is trusted to the use of it. It is military in its principle, in its maxims, in its spirit, and in all its movements. The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects—dominion over minds by proselytism, over bodies by arms".

What was Burke's final publication?

Letters on a Regicide Peace

When was Burke's final publication?

October 1796

What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government?

Individuality

What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals?

dominion and conquest

What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement?

negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government

What was Pitt's last publication?

I'm not sure.

Who did Burke say had too much individuality?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke say was problematic in his First letter?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke believe would be good for the national dignity?

I'm not sure.


This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: "It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France".

What did Burke think the war with France was against?

an "armed doctrine"

Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?

France

What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?

universal

Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?

the revolutionaries governing her

What type of doctrine did Burke propose?

I'm not sure.

What country did Burke want partitioned?

I'm not sure.

What kind of empire did Burke think Europe would become?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke say France was trying to extend?

I'm not sure.


In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded "some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:

Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?

Pitt

Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?

Samuel Whitbread

Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?

Arthur Young

Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?

Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?

When did Pitt write to Burke?

I'm not sure.

What bill did Fox introduce?

I'm not sure.

What was the subject of the letter Arthur Young did not complete?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the letters Young published?

I'm not sure.

When did Fox die?

I'm not sure.


Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: "I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: "Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government".

Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?

Protestant

What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?

Indianism

Which continent did Jacobinism affect?

Europe

When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?

March 1796

What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?

Jacobinism

What did Burke think was overrated?

I'm not sure.

Who practiced Protestant ascendency?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke initially call Indianism?

I'm not sure.

When did Burke decide Indianism was not as great of an issue?

I'm not sure.

Burke never changed his mind on which ideology, which he called "the greatest evil"?

I'm not sure.


Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural—part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, "If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial."

What did Burke think was crucial for human life?

property

What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?

property

Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?

all subjects

Who wrote that Burke "appealed to property owners"?

Christopher Hitchens

What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?

the ancestral and the immemorial

Who was influenced by modern conservatism?

I'm not sure.

What did Christopher Hitchens believe was essential to human life?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke believe kept the classes in check?

I'm not sure.

What did Hitchens appeal to?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke believe was against the natural order of events?

I'm not sure.


In the nineteenth century Burke was praised by both liberals and conservatives. Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke "was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments. William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had, when he had separated from Fox, and an observer said Windham spoke "like the ghost of Burke" when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801. William Hazlitt, a political opponent of Burke, regarded him as amongst his three favourite writers (the others being Junius and Rousseau), and made it "a test of the sense and candour of any one belonging to the opposite party, whether he allowed Burke to be a great man". William Wordsworth was originally a supporter of the French Revolution and attacked Burke in 'A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff' (1793), but by the early nineteenth century he had changed his mind and came to admire Burke. In his Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland Wordsworth called Burke "the most sagacious Politician of his age" whose predictions "time has verified". He later revised his poem The Prelude to include praise of Burke ("Genius of Burke! forgive the pen seduced/By specious wonders") and portrayed him as an old oak. Samuel Taylor Coleridge came to have a similar conversion: he had criticised Burke in The Watchman, but in his Friend (1809–10) Coleridge defended Burke from charges of inconsistency. Later, in his Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge hails Burke as a prophet and praises Burke for referring "habitually to principles. He was a scientific statesman; and therefore a seer". Henry Brougham wrote of Burke: "... all his predictions, save one momentary expression, had been more than fulfilled: anarchy and bloodshed had borne sway in France; conquest and convulsion had desolated Europe...the providence of mortals is not often able to penetrate so far as this into futurity". George Canning believed that Burke's Reflections "has been justified by the course of subsequent events; and almost every prophecy has been strictly fulfilled". In 1823 Canning wrote that he took Burke's "last works and words [as] the manual of my politics". The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli "was deeply penetrated with the spirit and sentiment of Burke's later writings".

Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?

Philip Francis

What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of?

passion

Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?

William Windham

When did Windham speak against peace with France?

When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke?

When did both liberals and conservatives condemn Burke?

I'm not sure.

When did Fox make a speech against peace with France?

I'm not sure.

Besides Burke, who were Windham's favourite writers?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke criticise Francis for having too much of in his writing?

I'm not sure.

When did Benjamin Disraeli say he was deeply affected by Burke?

I'm not sure.


The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke "a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America" and in his diary recorded: "Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: "I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved "a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.

What political party was Gladstone in?

Liberal

What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?

Ireland and America

What was Cobden an activist against?

Corn Law

Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?

Milton

Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?

Francis Hirst

What law was William Ewart Gladstone against?

I'm not sure.

Which pamphlet did Lord Acton praise?

I'm not sure.

Who did Macaulay say was the best man since Burke?

I'm not sure.

How many books did Lord Acton publish on Burke?

I'm not sure.

What architect admired Burke?

I'm not sure.


The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?

Piers Brendon

What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?

a plan of freedom

What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?

opium trade

What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?

opium trade

What historian laid the foundations for the morals of the British Empire?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke say the plan of freedom must be governed by?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke say had disgraced India in Britain?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke nickname his paternalistic doctrine?

I'm not sure.

What kind of doctrine did Hastings propose?

I'm not sure.


Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.

Which church did Burke most defend?

Anglican

What did Burke think was the foundation of society?

religion

What religion was Burke's mother?

Catholic

What religion was Burke's father?

Protestant

Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?

political arrangements

What did Burke believe was the foundation of religion?

I'm not sure.

Which of Burke's parents was an athiest?

I'm not sure.

Which of Burke's parents was a deist?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke believe made political arrangements difficult?

I'm not sure.

Burke failed to show concern for what sect of Christianity?

I'm not sure.


The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: Sāmoa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.

What was Samoa's old name?

Western Samoa

How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?

eleven

How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?

four

What's the name of Samoa's capital?

Apia

About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?

3,500 years

What was Lapita formerly known as?

I'm not sure.

What is the capital of Lapita?

I'm not sure.

When did the Tuto people discover Malo and settle there?

I'm not sure.

What are two things the Tuto developed when they settled at Malo?

I'm not sure.

How many little islands surround Malo?

I'm not sure.


The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?

In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?

anthropology

One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?

Austronesian

What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?

1,500 BCE

What scientific disciplines are being used to study where the Austronesian people came from?

I'm not sure.

During what period did the Austronesians migrate from Southeast Asia and Melanesia?

I'm not sure.

Why are Austronesian origins now being reassessed?

I'm not sure.

From what period is new evidence being used to reassess Austronesian origins?

I'm not sure.

Whos origins are being studied in research about Melanesia?

I'm not sure.


Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery." However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."

Who was the first missionary in Samoa?

John Williams

What English organization did John Williams belong to?

London Missionary Society

What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?

headhunting

What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans "gentle people"?

Robert Louis Stevenson

In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?

What work did Barbara A. West do in the late 1830's?

I'm not sure.

What group was Barbara A. West a member of?

I'm not sure.

What ritual did Robert Lewis Stevenson say that the Samoans engaged in?

I'm not sure.

What year did John Williams die?

I'm not sure.

What work was written by John Williams about the people of Samoa?

I'm not sure.


Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.

What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?

Britain

For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?

eight

How many contenders were vying for power in the war?

three

When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?

March 1889

What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?

A massive storm

What interests were Samoans trying to protect?

I'm not sure.

For how many years did the civil war in Britain last?

I'm not sure.

What happened to cause the British civil war to come to an end?

I'm not sure.

How many Samoan parties were involved in the war?

I'm not sure.

On what date did the Samoans stand and fight for their own interests?

I'm not sure.


From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.

What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?

New Zealand

During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?

What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?

the Department of External Affairs

What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?

Department of Island Territories

About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?

one fifth

For how long did the UN control Samoa?

I'm not sure.

How much of the New Zeland population died from the flu from 1918-1919?

I'm not sure.

What organization was responsible for governing New Zeland from 1919-1962?

I'm not sure.

What was the new name of the Department of External Affairs in 1918?

I'm not sure.

How was New Zeland classified when under the League of Nations and the UN?

I'm not sure.


However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule. By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant. Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.

What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?

What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?

Olaf Frederick Nelson

What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?

non-violent philosophy

What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?

High Chief

On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?

28 December 1929

What events did New Zeland hold Samoa responsible for?

I'm not sure.

What was lead by Olaf Frederick Nelson on December 28, 1929?

I'm not sure.

Where did Olaf Fredrick Nelson organize and lead the demonstration?

I'm not sure.

What did High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi resent?

I'm not sure.

What was the philosophy of most New Zelanders?

I'm not sure.


The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming "Peace, Samoa". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons. That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch.

What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?

Lewis machine gun

Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?

killed

What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?

"Peace, Samoa"

Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?

Ten

What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?

Black Saturday

What kind of weapon was used against the New Zeland police?

I'm not sure.

How many New Zeland police were killed during the demonstration?

I'm not sure.

What do New Zelanders call the day of the Mau demonstration?

I'm not sure.

How many women were injured in the demonstration?

I'm not sure.

What were the New Zeland police screaming to the crowd?

I'm not sure.


After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.

What act gave Samoa independence?

New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961

What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?

1 January 1962

What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?

Trusteeship Agreement

Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?

first

On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?

1 June

When was New Zealand granted independence?

I'm not sure.

What other day does New Zealand celebrate its independence day each year?

I'm not sure.

What act gave New Zealand its independence in 1961?

I'm not sure.

What did the Commonwealth of Nations sign with New Zealand?

I'm not sure.

When did New Zealand join the Commonwealth of Nations?

I'm not sure.


Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu’u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.

What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?

Prime Minister

What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?

life

What year did the first of the two heads of state die?

Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?

Malietoa Tanumafili II

Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?

constitutional monarchy

When did Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II die?

I'm not sure.

When Mulinu'u II died in 1963 who was left as sole head of state?

I'm not sure.

Before it was a de facto parlimentary republic, what type of government did Tamasese have?

I'm not sure.

For how long of a term was Malietoa Tanumafili II elected in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What happened when Malietoa Tanumafili II ran again in 2012?

I'm not sure.


The unicameral legislature (the Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls. Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women. The prime minister, chosen by a majority in the Fono, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 cabinet positions are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the Fono.

What do Samoans call their legislative body?

the Fono

How many Fono members are there?

How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?

Forty-seven

What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?

What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?

prime minister

In what year was the Fono created?

I'm not sure.

What number of non-Samoans are in the country?

I'm not sure.

How many cabinet positions are appointed by women?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing women don't have when they are members of the Fono?

I'm not sure.

In what year were women allowed to stand for election to the Samoan seats?

I'm not sure.