Eritrea has achieved significant improvements in health care and is one of the few countries to be on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in health, in particular child health. Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008, maternal and child mortality rates have dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure has been expanded. Due to Eritrea's relative isolation, information and resources are extremely limited and according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) found in 2008 average life expectancy to be slightly less than 63 years. Immunisation and child nutrition has been tackled by working closely with schools in a multi-sectoral approach; the number of children vaccinated against measles almost doubled in seven years, from 40.7% to 78.5% and the underweight prevalence among children decreased by 12% in 1995–2002 (severe underweight prevalence by 28%). The National Malaria Protection Unit of the Ministry of Health has registered tremendous improvements in reducing malarial mortality by as much as 85% and the number of cases by 92% between 1998 and 2006. The Eritrean government has banned female genital mutilation (FGM), saying the practice was painful and put women at risk of life-threatening health problems.

Which part of Eritrea's health care goals have they been most successful in?

child health

What was the Eritrean life expectancy at birth in 1960?

What was the Eritrean life expectancy st birth in 2008?

Which practice was banned by the Eritrean government with claimes it is painful and has life-threatening health problems for women?

female genital mutilation

How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006?

In what year was female genital mutilation banned in Eretria?

I'm not sure.

How many kids had been vaccinated against measles in 2008?

I'm not sure.

What was the life expectancy in 2006 in Eretria?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Millenium Development Goal targets put in place?

I'm not sure.

When was the World Health Organisation established?

I'm not sure.


Additionally, owing to its colonial history, cuisine in Eritrea features more Italian influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking, including more pasta and greater use of curry powders and cumin.The Italian Eritrean cuisine started to be practiced during the colonial times of the Kingdom of Italy, when a large number of Italians moved to Eritrea. They brought the use of "pasta" to Italian Eritrea, and it is one of the main food eaten in present-day Asmara. An Italian Eritrean cuisine emerged, and dishes common dishes are 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere', which means "Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere" (spice), but there are many more like "lasagna" and "cotoletta alla milanese" (milano cutlet). Alongside sowa, people in Eritrea also tend to drink coffee. Mies is another popular local alcoholic beverage, made out of honey.

Where does the Italian influences on Eritrean cuisine come from?

its colonial history

What food item did Italians bring to Eritrea during colonial times?

pasta

What is Eritrea's popular alcoholic beverage Mies made out of?

honey

How does 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere' translate in English?

"Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere" (spice)

What is the main food, influenced by Italy, eaten in Eritrea's capital today?

pasta

What is one of the main foods eaten in Ethiopia?

I'm not sure.

What is a common dish in Ethiopia?

I'm not sure.

What do people tend to drink in Ethiopia?

I'm not sure.

What is a popular alcoholic drink in Ethiopia?

I'm not sure.

What was Ethiopia's cuisine influenced by?

I'm not sure.


The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country's location on the Red Sea coast. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. Coffee (Ge'ez ቡን būn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, there are traditions that are upheld. The coffee is served in three rounds: the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first, the second round is called kalaay meaning second, and the third round is called bereka meaning "to be blessed". If coffee is politely declined, then most likely tea ("shai" ሻሂ shahee) will instead be served.

What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?

Red Sea coast

What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?

the coffee ceremony

How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?

three

What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?

most likely tea

What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?

awel

What is the first round of coffee called in Italian?

I'm not sure.

What is the second round of coffee called in Italian?

I'm not sure.

What is the third round of coffee called in Italian?

I'm not sure.

What is someone served if they don't drink coffee or tea?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the least drank beverages in Eretria?

I'm not sure.


Eritrea (/ˌɛrᵻˈtreɪ.ə/ or /ˌɛrᵻˈtriːə/;, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in East Africa. With its capital at Asmara, it is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its name Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890.

What country borders Eritrea in the west?

Sudan

What country borders Eritrea in the south?

Ethiopia

What country borders Eritrea in the southeast?

Djibouti

What extensive coastline makes up a portion of Eritrea's East border?

Red Sea

What is the total area of the nation of Eritrea?

117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)

What is the total area of Ethiopia?

I'm not sure.

What is the total area of Djibouti?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of one of the Hanish Islands?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Eritrea founded?

I'm not sure.

What is the total area of the Red Sea?

I'm not sure.


Eritrea's ethnic groups each have their own styles of music and accompanying dances. Amongst the Tigrinya, the best known traditional musical genre is the guaila. Traditional instruments of Eritrean folk music include the stringed krar, kebero, begena, masenqo and the wata (a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin). The most popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles, who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range. Other prominent local musicians include the Kunama singer Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Baria, and the late Abraham Afewerki.

What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya?

guaila

What is the Eritrean traditional instrument, the wata?

a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin

Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist?

Helen Meles

What is Helen Meles noted for?

her powerful voice and wide singing range

Who, in Eritrea, have their own styles of music and  accompanying dance?

ethnic groups

What is the stringed krar a distant cousin of?

I'm not sure.

Who is the most popular Italian artist in Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

What instrument did Abraham Afewerki play?

I'm not sure.

What instrument does Yemane Baria play?

I'm not sure.

What musical instrument does Ruth Abraha play?

I'm not sure.


During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri ("sea-land"). The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective ἐρυθρός erythros "red"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea). The territory became the Eritrea Governorate within Italian East Africa in 1936. Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 (nominally within a federation until 1962) and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960. Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum, and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution.[citation needed]

What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?

Medri Bahri

When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?

When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?

When did Eritrea gain independence?

following the 1993 referendum

What was the Roman name for the Red Sea?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Eritrean Liberation Front cease operations?

I'm not sure.

When was Ethiopia founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Italian Eritrea founded?

I'm not sure.

What was Ethiopia known as during the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.


In 2010, a genetic study was conducted on the mummified remains of baboons that were brought back as gifts from Punt by the ancient Egyptians. Led by a research team from the Egyptian Museum and the University of California, the scientists used oxygen isotope analysis to examine hairs from two baboon mummies that had been preserved in the British Museum. One of the baboons had distorted isotopic data, so the other's oxygen isotope values were compared to those of present-day baboon specimens from regions of interest. The researchers found that the mummies most closely matched modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia, which they suggested implied that Punt was likely a narrow region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea.

In 2010, what was conducted on mummified remains of baboons?

genetic

What type of analysis did the scientists use to examine hairs from the 2 baboon mummies formerly preserved in the British Museum?

oxygen isotope analysis

Who was determined to be the closest match for the baboon mummies?

modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia

Where did the 2 baboons' mummified remains originate?

Punt

Where did researchers suggest that Punt was located?

region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea

How many mummified baboons did Punt gift to the ancient Egyptians?

I'm not sure.

In what year were the mummified baboons transferred from Egypt to the British Museum?

I'm not sure.

How many mummified baboons does the Egyptian Museum now have on display?

I'm not sure.

Scientists compared the DNA of the baboon with distorted isotopic data to what?

I'm not sure.

How many hairs on each baboon mummy did scientists study?

I'm not sure.


After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri ("Sea land" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai.

What  domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum?

Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus

What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?

Medri Bahri

What was the capitol of Medri Bahri?

Debarwa

What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri?

Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai

What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?

Sea land

Who ruled Aksum during its decline?

I'm not sure.

What was the area known as by the Aksum?

I'm not sure.

In what province was the capital Debarwa located?

I'm not sure.

What was the capital of the Aksum?

I'm not sure.

Who was the ruler of Ethiopia at this time?

I'm not sure.


In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a "new Roman Empire". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa.

Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea?

Benito Mussolini's

When was Italian Eritrea significantly enlarged?

After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire

When was the birth of the Italian Empire declared?

May 1936

What was Eritrea chosen to be by the Italian government during the Italian Empire?

industrial center of Italian East Africa

What does Africa Orientale Italiana mean?

Italian East Africa

In what year was Italian Somaliland established?

I'm not sure.

What was chosen to be the governmental center of Italian East Africa?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Benito Mussolini nicknamed il Duce?

I'm not sure.

Who was Ethiopia's ruler before it was conquered?

I'm not sure.


When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) waged an armed struggle for independence. The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a successor of the ELF, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa.

Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962?

Emperor Haile Selassie

What does the acroynm ELF stand for?

Eritrean Liberation Front

Who waged an armed struggle for independence in 1962 after Eritrea was annexed?

ELF

How long did the Eritrean War for Independence last?

30 years

What is the acronym for Eritrean People's Liberation Front?

EPLF

In what year did Haile Selassie step down as Emperor?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the ELF collapse?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of one of the Ethiopian rebel forces?

I'm not sure.

What was the capital of Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

In what city was ELF headquartered?

I'm not sure.


Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims.

What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?

stalemate

What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?

take action on Ethiopia

Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?

Ethiopia

What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?

a UN report

What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?

denied the claims

In what year did the war technically end?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Eleven Letters sent to United Nations Security Council?

I'm not sure.

What is the capital of Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

In what city is the UN based?

I'm not sure.

Where was the African Union summit held in 2010?

I'm not sure.


However, Eritrea still faces many challenges. Despite number of physicians increasing from only 0.2 in 1993 to 0.5 in 2004 per 1000 population, this is still very low. Malaria and tuberculosis are common in Eritrea. HIV prevalence among the 15–49 group exceeds 2%. The fertility rate is at about 5 births per woman. Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002, although the figure is still high. Similarly, between 1995 and 2002, the number of births attended by skilled health personnel has doubled but still is only 28.3%. A major cause of death in neonates is by severe infection. Per capita expenditure on health is low in Eritrea.

In 2004, how many physicians did Eritrea have per 1000 people?

How prevalent is HIV among the 15-49 age group in Eritrea?

exceeds 2%

What is the fertility rate in Eriterea?

5 births per woman

As of 2002, how many births were attended by skilled health personnel in Eriterea?

What is a major cause of death in neonates in Eriterea?

severe infection

What percentage of people in Eritrea get malaria each year?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people with severe infections die in Eretria?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people over age 49 have HIV?

I'm not sure.

How many physicians are there per 1000 people as of 2016?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of births are attended by health professionals as of 2016?

I'm not sure.


Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns called zurias for the women, and long white shirts accompanied by white pants for the men. In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowland, the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes. Only Rashaida women maintain a tradition of covering half of their faces, though they do not cover their hair.

How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?

Western casual

How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea?

suits

What are zurias, the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea?

bright white gowns

How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress?

in brightly colored clothes

Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?

Rashaida women

What do Muslims in the highlands wear?

I'm not sure.

What do Christians in the Eritrean lowland wear?

I'm not sure.

What women in Eritrea cover their hair?

I'm not sure.

What men in Eritrea cover their hair?

I'm not sure.

What do Rashaida women generally wear?

I'm not sure.


Football and cycling are the most popular sports in Eritrea. In recent years, Eritrean athletes have also seen increasing success in the international arena. Zersenay Tadese, an Eritrean athlete, currently holds the world record in half marathon distance running. The Tour of Eritrea, a multi-stage international cycling event, is held annually throughout the country. The Eritrea national cycling team has experienced a lot of success, winning the continental cycling championship several years in a row. Six Eritrean riders have been signed to international cycling teams, including Natnael Berhane and Daniel Teklehaimanot. Berhane was named African Sportsman of the Year in 2013, ahead of footballers Yaya Touré and Didier Drogba, while Teklehaimanot became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a España in 2012. In 2015 Teklehaimanot won the King of the Mountains classification in the Critérium du Dauphine. Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France when they were selected by the MTN–Qhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race, where, on 9 July, Teklehaimanot became the first African rider to wear the polkadot jersey.

What are the most popular sports in Eritrea?

Football and cycling

What world record is held by Eritrean athlete Zersenay Tadese?

half marathon distance running

What is the name of the multi-stage international cycling event held throughout Eritrea?

Tour of Eritrea

Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France?

Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus

Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012?

Daniel Teklehaimanot

Who won the last Tour of Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

Who is one of the members of the Eritrea national cycling team?

I'm not sure.

What football team does Didier Drogba play for?

I'm not sure.

What was Merhawi Kudus wearing at the end of the 2015 Tour de France?

I'm not sure.

Who won the 2012 Vuelta a Espana?

I'm not sure.


During the last interglacial period, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the area was on the route out of Africa that some scholars suggest was used by early humans to colonize the rest of the Old World. In 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa, along the Red Sea littoral. The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters.

Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?

early anatomically modern humans

How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?

over 125,000 years old

Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?

near the Bay of Zula

What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?

to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters

What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?

Eritrean Research Project Team

How long ago was the last interglacial period?

I'm not sure.

How long ago is it believed that early humans left Africa?

I'm not sure.

What land resources are the early humans thought to have eaten?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Eritrean Research Project Team formed?

I'm not sure.

What did the research team find in Massawa?

I'm not sure.


At the end of the 16th century, the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea. The polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. In 1734, the Afar leader Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period.

When was the Aussa Sultanate established?

end of the 16th century

Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?

Denkel lowlands of Eritrea

Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?

Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan

What did Kedafu establish in 1734?

Mudaito Dynasty

What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?

Mudaito Dynasty

In what year was Muhammed Jasa born?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Afar leader Kedafu born?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Imam Umar Din bin Adam ascend to the throne?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Aussa collapse?

I'm not sure.

What area was the Mudaito Dynasty based in?

I'm not sure.


In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.

When did Emperor Yohannes II die?

What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?

the new colony of Italian Eritrea

What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?

the Kingdom of Italy

When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?

What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?

In what year was Emperor Yohannes II born?

I'm not sure.

In what year did King Menelik of Shewa first gain access to European arms and ammunition?

I'm not sure.

In what modern-day country is Wuchale?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of King Menelik of Shewa's rival kings?

I'm not sure.

Who signed the Treaty of Wuchale for Italy?

I'm not sure.


In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II. The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty.

What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?

Eritrea and Italian Somaliland

Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?

Emperor Haile Selassie

Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?

as a reward for their support during World War II

Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?

The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties

Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?

The British and Americans

In what decade did Haile Selassie become emperor of Ethiopia?

I'm not sure.

What nation was part of the Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties?

I'm not sure.

Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt the leader of?

I'm not sure.

In what city was the First Session of the United Nations held?

I'm not sure.

Who was leading Italian Somaliland during this time after World War II?

I'm not sure.


The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea.

How is the Eritrean highway system named?

according to the road classification

What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?

primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)

What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?

improved earth roads which are occasionally paved

What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?

single-layered asphalt road

What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?

fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)


According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship.

What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?

What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?

What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?

a registration process

What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?

personal information

When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?

May 2002

How many people followed animism according to the Pew Research Center?

I'm not sure.

According to recent estimates, how many people follow just animism in Eretria?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people are in the Eritrean Catholic Church according to recent estimates?

I'm not sure.

As of May 2002 what percentage of Eritrean people were in the Evangelical Lutheran church?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people attend the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church in recent years?

I'm not sure.


Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school. Student-teacher ratios are high: 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level. There are an average 63 students per classroom at the elementary level and 97 per classroom at the secondary level. Learning hours at school are often less than six hours per day. Skill shortages are present at all levels of the education system, and funding for and access to education vary significantly by gender and location. Illiteracy estimates for Eritrea range from around 40% to as high as 70%.

What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea?

between seven and 13 years of age

What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school?

What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?

What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools?

45 to 1

What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools?

54 to 1

What percentage of children between seven and 13 can read and write?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of primary schools are open less than six hours per day?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of elementary schools are open less than six hours per day?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of elementary schools are open more than six hours per day?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of primary schools are open more than six hours per day?

I'm not sure.


A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, kid, lamb or fish. Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia, Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location. Eritrean dishes are also frequently "lighter" in texture than Ethiopian meals. They likewise tend to employ less seasoned butter and spices and more tomatoes, as in the tsebhi dorho delicacy.

What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of?

beef, kid, lamb or fish

Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble?

Ethiopia

Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?

their coastal location

How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals?

lighter

What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians?

seasoned butter and spices

What kind of food is injera?

I'm not sure.

What protein is most popular in Ethiopia?

I'm not sure.

What protein is in tsebhi dorho in Eretria?

I'm not sure.

What do most Ethiopians put in their spicy stew?

I'm not sure.

What do most Ethiopians put in their tsebhi dorho?

I'm not sure.


Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium. Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses. Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).

What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?

Depleted

What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?

radium

How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?

ballast

What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?

high density

What type of alpha emitter is uranium?

weak

What kind of uranium is always used to shield radioactive materials in containers?

I'm not sure.

What is a weak source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?

I'm not sure.

How is depleted uranium not used in missile re-entry vehicles?

I'm not sure.

What trait causes depleted uranium not to be used in gyroscopic compasses?

I'm not sure.

What type of beta emitter is uranium?

I'm not sure.


The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.

What is another term for uranium ore?

pitchblende

Who isolated radium in uranium ore?

Marie Curie

In what types of paints was radium first used?

glow-in-the-dark

What devices were painted with radium paint?

clock and aircraft dials

Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?

mauve

What isn't another term for uranium ore?

I'm not sure.

Who isolated radium in uranium core?

I'm not sure.

In what types of paints was radium last used?

I'm not sure.

What devices weren't painted with radium paint?

I'm not sure.

Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what wasn't a notable color of uranium tile glaze?

I'm not sure.


The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.

What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?

Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile

In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?

Tennessee

Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?

the Clinton Pile

In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?

Idaho

On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?

20 December 1951

What was the world's last artificial nuclear reactor?

I'm not sure.

In what state is the X-01 Graphite Reactor located?

I'm not sure.

Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor never known as?

I'm not sure.

In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor II located?

I'm not sure.

On what date did Breeder Reactor II first make electricity?

I'm not sure.


Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.

Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?

Where is uranium naturally formed?

in supernovae

Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?

thorium

In what state is the Earth's outer core?

liquid

Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's atmosphere?

I'm not sure.

Where is uranium unnaturally formed?

I'm not sure.

Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary cooling source driving plate tectonics?

I'm not sure.

In what state is the Earth's inner core?

I'm not sure.

In what state is the Earth's middle core?

I'm not sure.


Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).

What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?

How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?

two

When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?

an explosion

What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?

neutron poison

What does a neutron poison absorb?

free neutrons

What isotope of uranium was the last to be found fissile?

I'm not sure.

How many nuclei does uranium-245 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?

I'm not sure.

When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-245 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?

I'm not sure.

What is used to speed a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?

I'm not sure.

What does a neutron poison give off?

I'm not sure.


In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.

What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?

carbonate

The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?

carbonate

What is BSAR-1 a strain of?

Sphingomonas sp.

What type of complexes does uranium(V) form in nature?

I'm not sure.

What type of complexes does uranium(VI) not form in nature?

I'm not sure.

The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it easy to precipitate uranium as phosphate?

I'm not sure.

What is BSAR-2 a strain of?

I'm not sure.

What is BSAR-1 not a strain of?

I'm not sure.


It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006.

How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?

How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?

What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?

In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?

US$200 million

How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?

$774 million

How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in billions of tonnes?

I'm not sure.

How many billions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?

I'm not sure.

What was the price of uranium per kilo as of May 2003?

I'm not sure.

In 2015, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?

I'm not sure.

How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2016?

I'm not sure.


A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power.

When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?

Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?

Enrico Fermi

What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?

hesperium

What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?

Dean of the Faculty of Rome

Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?

Lise Meitner

When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in gamma ray emission?

I'm not sure.

Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created gamma ray emissions?

I'm not sure.

What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 194?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?

I'm not sure.

Who was the uncle of Otto Robert Frisch?

I'm not sure.


The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.

In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?

carbonate containing solution

What notable carbonates are often water soluble?

uranium

What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?

anionic complexes

In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VII)?

I'm not sure.

In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)?

I'm not sure.

What notable carbonates are unoften water soluble?

I'm not sure.

What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal dioxides and three or more carbonates?

I'm not sure.

What does a uranium(VII) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?

I'm not sure.


Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium).

Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?

molybdenum

Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?

antimony

What is the most prevalent uranium ore?

uraninite

What mineral sometimes contains uranium?

lignite

What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?

phosphate

Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium?

I'm not sure.

Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium less plentiful than?

I'm not sure.

What is the least prevalent uranium ore?

I'm not sure.

What mineral always contains uranium?

I'm not sure.

What types of rocks never contain uranium?

I'm not sure.


Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally.

What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?

What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?

What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?

When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?

What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?

What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium?

I'm not sure.

What is the unnatural abundance of uranium-235?

I'm not sure.

What isotope of uranium is formed when 239U experiences spontaneous fission?

I'm not sure.

When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-247?

I'm not sure.

What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double alpha decay?

I'm not sure.


An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?

4.6 billion

The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?

carbonate

What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?

HiCap

Where were ORNL's results verified?

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

When was HiCap announced?

About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be absent in the sea?

I'm not sure.

The presence of what substance in fresh water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?

I'm not sure.

What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on liquid molecules?

I'm not sure.

Where were ORNL's results unverified?

I'm not sure.

When wasn't HiCap announced?

I'm not sure.


Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.

What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?

What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?

What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?

Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?

What is 238U?

Depleted uranium

What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature?

I'm not sure.

What can't be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?

I'm not sure.

What uranium isotope is produced into thorium?

I'm not sure.

Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a low fission cross-section for slow neutrons?

I'm not sure.

What is 239U?

I'm not sure.


A person can be exposed to uranium (or its radioactive daughters, such as radon) by inhaling dust in air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. The amount of uranium in air is usually very small; however, people who work in factories that process phosphate fertilizers, live near government facilities that made or tested nuclear weapons, live or work near a modern battlefield where depleted uranium weapons have been used, or live or work near a coal-fired power plant, facilities that mine or process uranium ore, or enrich uranium for reactor fuel, may have increased exposure to uranium. Houses or structures that are over uranium deposits (either natural or man-made slag deposits) may have an increased incidence of exposure to radon gas. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3. At levels of 10 mg/m3, uranium is immediately dangerous to life and health.

What is OSHA?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?

0.25 mg/m3

What does REL stand for?

recommended exposure limit

What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?

0.2 mg/m3

At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?

10 mg/m3

What is OHSA?

I'm not sure.

What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 9-hour workday?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't REL stand for?

I'm not sure.

What is the NIOSH plutonium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?

I'm not sure.

At what level of exposure doesn't uranium become imminently dangerous to health?

I'm not sure.


The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U
3O
8) and UO
2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO
2 will gradually convert to U
3O
8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.

Along with UO2, what is the commonest form of uranium oxide?

triuranium octoxide

What is the stablest uranium compound?

Triuranium octoxide

In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?

Uranium dioxide

Along with UO2, what is the least commonest form of uranium oxide?

I'm not sure.

What is the least stable uranium compound?

I'm not sure.

In what form is uranium least often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?

I'm not sure.


The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes. Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912. Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry. In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines.

What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?

79 CE

What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide?

yellow

In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?

Italy

In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered?

What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to?

the University of Oxford

What was the latest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?

I'm not sure.

What color of ceramic glaze was subtracted from uranium oxide?

I'm not sure.

In what county was glass with uranium dioxide content found?

I'm not sure.

In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass undiscovered?

I'm not sure.

What institution did T.T. Gunther belong to?

I'm not sure.


On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 400 short tons (360 metric tons) of graphite, 58 short tons (53 metric tons) of uranium oxide, and six short tons (5.5 metric tons) of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process.

What was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?

Chicago Pile-1

On what date was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?

2 December 1942

What project was Fermi working for?

Manhattan

On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-1 created?

University of Chicago

How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-1?

What was the last self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?

I'm not sure.

On what date was the last self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?

I'm not sure.

What project wasn't Fermi working for?

I'm not sure.

On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-11 created?

I'm not sure.

How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-21?

I'm not sure.


Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety. See Nuclear proliferation.

Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium glass?

orange-red

Who discovered uranium in pitchblende?

Martin Heinrich Klaproth

Who was responsible for first isolating uranium?

Eugène-Melchior Péligot

Who discovered that uranium was radioactive?

Henri Becquerel

What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called?

Little Boy

Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium plastic?

I'm not sure.

Who never discovered uranium in pitchblende?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for last isolating uranium?

I'm not sure.

Who discovered that uranium wasn't radioactive?

I'm not sure.

What was the last nuclear weapon used in a war called?

I'm not sure.


In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). Isotope separation concentrates (enriches) the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'.

What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?

What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?

What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?

critical mass

What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?

Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?

pressurised heavy water

What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-335?

I'm not sure.

What is the most prevalent unnatural isotope of uranium?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for the amount of uranium-335 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of unnatural uranium is isotope 238?

I'm not sure.

Along with gas heated reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?

I'm not sure.


The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum. At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil (see Gulf War Syndrome).

What is uranium used for most often in the military?

high-density penetrators

What percentage of high-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?

Along with titanium, what element often makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?

molybdenum

Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UK used depleted uranium munitions?

Persian Gulf

What illness is possibly tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?

Gulf War Syndrome

What is uranium used for least often in the military?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of low-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?

I'm not sure.

Along with titanium, what element rarely makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?

I'm not sure.

Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UN used depleted uranium munitions?

I'm not sure.

What illness is definitely tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?

I'm not sure.


The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide. Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium). He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus, (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.

Who discovered uranium?

Martin Heinrich Klaproth

In what city was uranium discovered?

Berlin

In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?

What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?

sodium diuranate

Who discovered the planet Uranus?

William Herschel

Who discovered plutonium?

I'm not sure.

n what city wasn't uranium discovered?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't the discovery of uranium occur?

I'm not sure.

What did Klaproth definitely create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?

I'm not sure.

Who never discovered the planet Uranus?

I'm not sure.


Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining). Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average. Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.

What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?

0.01 to 0.25%

Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to mine uranium?

borehole

In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found?

Canada

In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?

Saskatchewan

What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?

What percentage range of uranium dioxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?

I'm not sure.

Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to expel uranium?

I'm not sure.

In what country are high-grade uranium ores not found?

I'm not sure.

In what state of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?

I'm not sure.

What is the average percentage of uranium dioxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?

I'm not sure.


Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.

What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War II called?

Little Boy

What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War?

Fat Man

On what date was Little Boy detonated?

6 August 1945

What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in tonnes?

Over what city was Little Boy detonated?

Hiroshima

What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War I called?

I'm not sure.

What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb destroyed in the Second World War?

I'm not sure.

On what date wasn't Little Boy detonated?

I'm not sure.

What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in pounds?

I'm not sure.

Over what city wasn't Little Boy detonated?

I'm not sure.


In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.

As of 2005, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?

Canada

What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina?

What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2005?

Uzbekistan

How many tonnes of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?

How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005?

seventeen

As of 2015, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of world uranium oxide production isn't produced by Argentina?

I'm not sure.

What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2015?

I'm not sure.

How many pounds of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?

I'm not sure.

How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2015?

I'm not sure.


During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box.

Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War?

United States

How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?

What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005?

US $550 million

What is another term for uranium that is enriched?

weapons grade

Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005?

Who was the Soviet Union's ally in the Cold War?

I'm not sure.

How many nuclear warheads can be made with 450 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?

I'm not sure.

What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1995 and 2005?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for uranium that is not enriched?

I'm not sure.

Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2003?

I'm not sure.


Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.

What is the color of U4+?

green

What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?

uranium(VI)

Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?

uranyl carbonate

What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?

uranyl acetate

What is the color of U4-?

I'm not sure.

What state isn't represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?

I'm not sure.

Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound isn't formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?

I'm not sure.

What uncommon complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?

I'm not sure.


Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.

What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?

Citrobacter

What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?

Trapelia involuta

What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?

glycerol phosphate

What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?

Geobacter

What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?

Glomus intraradices

What macroorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?

I'm not sure.

What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 400 times higher than the amount in the environment?

I'm not sure.

What is taken from Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?

I'm not sure.

What protobacterium never bioremediates ground water uranium?

I'm not sure.

What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to decrease?

I'm not sure.


Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.

At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?

482 to 572

What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?

hydrogen

Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created?

250 °C

Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?

nitride

How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?

Two

At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit won't uranium metal form uranium hydride?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?

I'm not sure.

Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride destroyed?

I'm not sure.

Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often destroyed with uranium hydride?

I'm not sure.

How many crystal modifications of plutonium hydride are extant?

I'm not sure.


Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U
3O
8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC
2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
3). Both UC and UC
2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U
2C
3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC
2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN
2), and diuranium trinitride (U
2N
3).

Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?

diuranium tricarbide

Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?

1800 °C

Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a unnotable carbide of uranium?

I'm not sure.

Below what temperature is U2C3 unstable?

I'm not sure.


To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001.

Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched?

3% and 5%

What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted?

In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?

What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?

How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?

Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched?

I'm not sure.

What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to decrease?

I'm not sure.

What was the price of a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?

I'm not sure.

How much did a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?

I'm not sure.


Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature.

Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?

kidney

What is the main form of 238U decay?

alpha radiation

What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?

hexavalent

At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?

room

Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably unaffected by exposure to uranium?

I'm not sure.

What is the main form of 239U decay?

I'm not sure.

What type of uranium compounds are uranium dioxide and uranyl nitrate?

I'm not sure.

At what temperature will grains of plutonium metal spontaneously ignite in air?

I'm not sure.


The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion.

What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?

gas centrifuge

What compound is UF6?

uranium hexafluoride

What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project?

gaseous diffusion

In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane?

uranium hexafluoride

How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?

heavier

What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process?

I'm not sure.

What compound is UF5?

I'm not sure.

What enrichment process wasn't used by the Manhattan Project?

I'm not sure.

In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a gold-zinc membrane?

I'm not sure.

How does the height of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?

I'm not sure.


Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.

What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?

U

What is the atomic number of uranium?

What color is uranium?

silvery-white

Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?

actinide

How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?

What isn't uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the atomic number of uranium?

I'm not sure.

What shape is uranium?

I'm not sure.

Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium not a part?

I'm not sure.

How many valence electrons aren't contained in an atom of uranium?

I'm not sure.


Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.

What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?

noble gases

Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?

Hydrochloric

What coats uranium metal in air?

uranium oxide

What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?

uranium dioxide

What reacts with finely divided uranium?

cold water

What non-metal elements does uranium notably react to?

I'm not sure.

Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve in uranium?

I'm not sure.

What coats uranium metal in liquid?

I'm not sure.

What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into before extraction?

I'm not sure.

What reacts with finely multiplied uranium?

I'm not sure.


During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.

During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?

World War II

From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?

What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?

deuterium

What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?

thermonuclear weapon

What does non-fissile mean?

unenriched

During what war was uranium-235 last used to create nuclear weapons?

I'm not sure.

From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-249 derived?

I'm not sure.

What isn't mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for a fission/fusion boat?

I'm not sure.

What does fissile mean?

I'm not sure.


Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.

What product of uranium was used as toner?

nitrate

Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?

Uranyl acetate

What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?

stage

Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?

wood

In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?

silk

What product of uranium wasn't used as toner?

I'm not sure.

Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission proton microscopy?

I'm not sure.

What light bulbs don't use lamp filaments containing uranium?

I'm not sure.

Along with leather, what industry uses no uranium in dyes and stains?

I'm not sure.

In addition to wool, what isn't uranium salt a mordant of?

I'm not sure.


In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth. This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.

Of what nationality was Perrin?

French

In what county was the Oklo mine located?

Gabon

How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine?

1.7 billion years

When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235?

Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository?

Yucca Mountain

Of what nationality wasn't Perrin?

I'm not sure.

In what country was the Oklo mine not located

I'm not sure.

How old are the ore deposits in the Oslo mine?

I'm not sure.

When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-253?

I'm not sure.

Where in the United States is there no nuclear waste repository?

I'm not sure.


Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.

How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?

How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?

Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?

phosphate fertilizers

What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?

3 parts per billion

How many times less abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?

I'm not sure.

How many pounds of uranium may be contained in the oceans?

I'm not sure.

Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so low?

I'm not sure.

What is the concentration of uranium in fresh water?

I'm not sure.

What is the concentration of plutonium in sea water?

I'm not sure.


Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and also 49% by 234U (since the latter is formed from the former) and about 2.0% of them by the 235U. When the Earth was young, probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235, but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this.

What isotope of uranium has the most stability?

About how old is the Earth?

4.468×109 years

What is the half-life of uranium-234?

2.48×105 years

What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?

one-fifth

What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?

What isotope of uranium has the least stability?

I'm not sure.

About how gold is the Earth?

I'm not sure.

What is the full-life of uranium-234?

I'm not sure.

What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-237 during the Earth's youth?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the gamma rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?

I'm not sure.


Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates. Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin.

What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?

excreted

Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?

About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?

What does uranium have an affinity for?

phosphates

Where does uranium accumulate in the body?

bone tissue

What happens to a minority of ingested uranium?

I'm not sure.

Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when digested?

I'm not sure.

About what percentage of uranium dioxide is absorbed when ingested?

I'm not sure.

What does uranium not have an affinity for?

I'm not sure.

Where doesn't uranium accumulate in the body?

I'm not sure.


Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to U
3O
8, which dates to the days of the Manhattan project when U
3O
8 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.

What contains a distribution of uranium deoxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized?

I'm not sure.

What contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in no forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized?

I'm not sure.

What will generally be less oxidized than those with short retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber?

I'm not sure.

What will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles replaced in the stack scrubber?

I'm not sure.

What will never be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber?

I'm not sure.


Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from the Commonwealth realms, in which the monarch remained head of state. These overseas nominations have been discontinued in realms that have established their own Orders—such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit—but members of the Order are still appointed in the British Overseas Territories.

How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?

nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors

What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?

Empire

What remained the head of state of the British Empire?

the monarch

Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?

established their own Orders

What countries established new orders?

Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit


Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the Order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves. However, they only used the post-nominal letters of the higher grade.

Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?

Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry

What was the emblem?

two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge

What year was it replaced?

What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?

Queen's Gallantry Medal

They continued to wear what the insignia of what?

lower grade with the oak leaves


Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan, who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005 and on successful application for dual British and Irish citizenship was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as "Sir Terry Wogan KBE".

Who are appointed to citizens of nations?

Honorary knighthoods

Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?

citizens of nations

What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?

Sir or Dame

Who are examples of Sir of Dame?

Bill Gates or Bob Geldof

What is an example of irish broadcaster?

Terry Wogan


The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod; he does not – unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

Who are the six officials of The Order?

Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher

Who serves as the Order's Prelate?

The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England

Who was The Dean of St. Paul?

ex officio the Dean of the Order

Who is not a member of the College of Arms?

The Order's King of Arms

What is the Usher of the Order?

Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod