The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. The book does not contain a single instance of "Near East." Instead, the entire region is considered "the Middle East." The formerly Near Eastern sections of his trip are now "Turkish" and not Ottoman.

When did the term "Near and Middle East" hold stage?

a few years before World War I

What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?

The term "Near and Middle East,"

When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?

Who were the 40th Pathans?

(troops of British India

In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered?

"the Middle East.


Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition.

What prevailed with the disgrace of "Near East"?

"Middle East"

What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?

Near East

What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?

Near East


Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is but little basis except for history and convention to lump together peoples of multiple, often unrelated languages, governments, loyalties and customs.

What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?

sentiment of unity

What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?

racial and colonial definitions

What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered?

no longer considered ideologically sound


In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although very much of intellectual interest to the major universities, fell into the shadow of international relations. Their domain became the Ancient Near East, which could no longer be relied upon to be the Near East. The Ottoman Empire was gone, along with all the other empires of the 19th century, replaced with independent republics. Someone had to reconcile the present with the past. This duty was inherited by various specialized agencies that were formed to handle specific aspects of international relations, now so complex as to be beyond the scope and abilities of a diplomatic corps in the former sense. The ancient Near East is frozen in time. The living Near East is primarily what the agencies say it is. In most cases this single term is inadequate to describe the geographical range of their operations. The result is multiple definitions.

When were terms such as "Near East", "Far East", and "Middle East" relegated to the experts?

the 20th century

Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?

the new field of political science

Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into?

the shadow of international relations

What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century?

independent republics


The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East, North Africa and various forms of Asia. In many cases, such as France, no distinct regional substructures have been employed. Each country has its own French diplomatic apparatus, although regional terms, including Proche-Orient and Moyen-Orient, may be used in a descriptive sense. The most influential agencies in the United States still using Near East as a working concept are as follows.

What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East?

The United States

What has the state department been most influential in promulgating?

the Near Eastern regional system

Who has abandoned the term Near East?

The countries of the former empires of the 19th century


The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau.

The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?

the United States Department of State

What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?

The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs

Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?

statecraft


Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and military officers who will work or are working within its region. As the name indicates, that region is a combination of State Department regions; however, NESA is careful to identify the State Department region. As its Near East is not different from the State Department's it does not appear in the table. Its name, however, is not entirely accurate. For example, its region includes Mauritania, a member of the State Department's Africa (Sub-Sahara).

Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?

the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)

What is NESA?

an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense

What does NESA Teach?

It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops


The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are independent. The WINEP bundles the countries of Northwest Africa together under "North Africa." Details can be found in Policy Focus #65.

What is WINEP?

The Washington Institute for Near East Policy

What is WINEPS target countries as?

the Middle East

How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa?

under "North Africa."


The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separate topic and subdivision of the African and Middle Eastern division. The Middle East contains a Hebraic section consisting of only Israel for a country, but including eleven modern and ancient languages relating to Judaism, such as Yiddish, a European pidgin language. The Near East is otherwise nearly identical to the Middle East, except that it extends partly into Central Asia and the Caucasus, regions that the State Department considers to be in Asia.

What does LoC stand for?

The Library of Congress

What is the Library of Congress?

an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government

The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?

the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library


The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNESCO recognizes neither a Near East nor a Middle East, dividing the countries instead among three regions: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Its division "does not forcibly reflect geography" but "refers to the execution of regional activities." The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) describes its entire theatre of operations as the Near East, but then assigns many of its members to other regions as well; for example, Cyprus, Malta and Turkey are in both the European and the Near Eastern regions. Its total area extends further into Central Asia than that of most agencies.

Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?

The United Nations

Who recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region?

UNICEF

The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?

the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East

The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?

the Near East


The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its operations through a committee. The CIA was first formed under the National Security Act of 1947 from the army's Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which furnished both military intelligence and clandestine military operations to the army during the crisis of World War II. Many revisions and redefinitions have taken place since then. Although the name of the CIA reflects the original advised intent of Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, the government's needs for strategic services have frustrated that intent from the beginning. The press received by the agency in countless articles, novels and other media have tended to create various popular myths; for example, that this agency replaced any intelligence effort other than that of the OSS, or that it contains the central intelligence capability of the United States. Strategic services are officially provided by some 17 agencies called the Intelligence Community. Army intelligence did not come to an end; in fact, all the branches of the Armed Forces retained their intelligence services. This community is currently under the leadership (in addition to all its other leadership) of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government?

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

The CIA appears to have what?

multiple leadership

Who appoints the director of the CIA?

the president

Who oversees the operations of the CIA?

Congress


Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan." The total range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, The World Factbook. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.

The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?

The World Factbook

What does NESA stand for?

Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis

Whose duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?"

(NESA)


The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, which officially prefers the term Near East.

What does USAID stand for?

U.S. Agency for International Development

What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?

USAID

What term does USAID not use?

the term Near East


The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?

a Middle East and North Africa region

What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?

Near East

What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?

Their original Middle East


The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.

What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?

"bilateral relationships"

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?

Near East

The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?

Republic of Turkey


The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent, a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia.

What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?

The Ancient Near East

The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?

the Ancient Near East

What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?

Fertile Crescent


Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans, was The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.

James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?

Texts relating to the Old Testament

When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?

Who was a British archaeologist?

Leonard Woolley

Who excavated ancient Ur?

Leonard Woolley


Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.

What do most universities teaching liberal arts have?

library and museum collections

What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?

the collection of resources

What are these resources collected for?

for scholarship and research


One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers "a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions." These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region).

What does CSAD stand for?

Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents

Who founded the CSAD?

Oxford University

Where is Oxford University?

Great Britain


A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.

Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?

university departments named for the Near East

What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?

Middle East

What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?

Expertise on the modern Middle East

What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?

Near Eastern Languages


 Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.

What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?

Chekiang

Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?

Anhui

Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?

Jiangxi

Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?

Fujian

Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?

East China Sea

What was Zhejiang never romanized as?

I'm not sure.

Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the southwest?

I'm not sure.

Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the southeast?

I'm not sure.

Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northeast?

I'm not sure.

Which body of water is to the west of Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.


The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

What is the former name of the Qiantang River?

Zhe River

What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?

Hangzhou Bay

What does Zhe mean in Chinese?

Crooked

Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?

Zhe River

What does the Qiantang River flow past?

Hangzhou

What is the current name of the Qiantang River?

I'm not sure.

What is the former name of the Zhe River?

I'm not sure.

What does Zhe mean in Japanese?

I'm not sure.

Which lake does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?

I'm not sure.

What does the Qiantang Ocean flow past?

I'm not sure.


Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples.

What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?

Neolithic

Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?

Zhejiang

What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?

Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?

Liangzhu

What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?

What kind of culture are the Hemudu and Liangzhu?

I'm not sure.

Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures relocated to?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 2006?

I'm not sure.

Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples not linked to in the DNA analysis?

I'm not sure.

What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture not reveal?

I'm not sure.


The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue, including the Dongyue and the Ouyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great. Evidence suggests that Baiyue and the kingdom of Yue possessed their own culture and history that are different from those kingdoms in north and central China, whose cultures and histories were carefully recorded in chronicles and histories during the Spring and Autumn Period and into the Qin dynasty. The Song of the Yue Boatman (Chinese: 越人歌, p Yuèrén Gē, lit. "Song of the man of Yue") was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Yue peoples seem to have had their own written script. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü (Chinese: 越女; pinyin: Yuènǚ; Wade–Giles: Yüeh-nü; literally: "the Lady of Yue") was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. In order to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.

Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?

Hundred Yue

When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?

Spring and Autumn Period

Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?

northern Zhejiang

Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?

Yu the Great

What does the Sword of Goujian bear?

bird-worm seal script

Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 1st millennium BC?

I'm not sure.

When did the kingdom of Yue end?

I'm not sure.

Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to new chronicles?

I'm not sure.

Who does Shiji reject that its leaders were descended from?

I'm not sure.

What does the Sword of Goujian not have on it?

I'm not sure.


Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures.

What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?

Kuaiji Commandery

Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?

the Han

In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?

Kuaiji

Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?

Xiang Yu

Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?

the Qin Empire

What wasn't the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?

I'm not sure.

Who did the kingdom of Chu never fall to?

I'm not sure.

In early Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?

I'm not sure.

Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang with the Qin Empire?

I'm not sure.

Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu team up with?

I'm not sure.


At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).

When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?

220–280 CE

What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?

Zhejiang

What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?

the Kingdom of Wu

Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?

Jianye

Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?

Funan

When was the end of the Three Kingdoms era?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't home to the warlord Yan Baihu?

I'm not sure.

What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan never establish?

I'm not sure.

Where was their court in Kuaiji demolished?

I'm not sure.

Along with Manchuria, where did trade never go to?

I'm not sure.


Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (魏) and Shu (蜀), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows.

When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?

during the Three Kingdoms

What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?

Sun Wu

What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?

Wu

Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?

Shu

When was Zhejiang part of the Lu?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for Western Wu?

I'm not sure.

What was the least developed state among the Three Kingdoms?

I'm not sure.

Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the worst-equipped, weak navy force?

I'm not sure.

Along with Wei, which state did not avoid direct conflict with Wu?

I'm not sure.


Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.

What was Nanjing formerly known as?

Jiankang

What was the former name of Hangzhou?

Qiantang

Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?

Chengdu

What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?

How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?

three

What is Nanjing currently known as?

I'm not sure.

What is Jiankang formerly known as?

I'm not sure.

What is the current name of Hangzhou?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 578?

I'm not sure.


Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (265–420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from north China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181–234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name "Zhuge". The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day, and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refugee in south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly north Jiangsu, west Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui,and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and north China. Some refugees from the north China might have found residence in south China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern Dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River.

When was the Jin Dynasty?

Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?

Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)

When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?

this day

What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?

mountainous

When did Zhuge Liang live from?

What dynasty ended in 265?

I'm not sure.

What dynasty started in 420?

I'm not sure.

What kind of geography is not in Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.

When did Zhuge Village expose itself until?

I'm not sure.

Who died in 181?

I'm not sure.


Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.

When did the Six Dynasties end?

What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?

Zhejiang

Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?

the Sui dynasty

What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?

the Zhe River

When did the Five Dynasties end?

I'm not sure.

What ended in 220?

I'm not sure.

What started in 579?

I'm not sure.

What ocean was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?

I'm not sure.


The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it may have been the largest city in the world at the time. From then on, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world".

When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?

When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?

What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?

Lin'an

When was the Yuan dynasty established?

Lin'an

What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?

Kinsay

What happened in 950?

I'm not sure.

Who dissolved in 960?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1126?

I'm not sure.

When was the south lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?

I'm not sure.


Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted. Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner, greener glaze on increasingly large vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares. These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and (during the Ming) Europe. By the Ming, however, production was notably deficient in quality. It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined, to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi.

What were greenware ceramics made from?

celadon

What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?

bluish-green

What period did Longquan ceramics decline?

the Ming

What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?

Jingdezhen in Jiangxi

What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?

Middle Eastern

What were blueware ceramics made from?

I'm not sure.

What were redware ceramics made from?

I'm not sure.

What period did Longquan ceramics rise?

I'm not sure.

What kilns were Longquan kilns not replaced by in popularity and production?

I'm not sure.

What decorations are Yuan Longquan non-celadons derived from?

I'm not sure.


"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men." "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

What do 'to-min' mean?

idle people

What does 'yoh-hu' mean?

music people

What does 'si-min' mean?

small people

What does Tanka mean?

egg-people

What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?

Zhejiang

What do 'mo-min' mean?

I'm not sure.

What does 'yoh-hue' mean?

I'm not sure.

What does 'se-min' mean?

I'm not sure.

What does Tonka mean?

I'm not sure.

What is 'Keh Chyng' a romanization for?

I'm not sure.


During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.

During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?

the First Opium War

When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?

What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?

Ningbo

What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?

the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?

During which war did the British navy get beaten by Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?

I'm not sure.

When was the Treaty of Nanking rejected?

I'm not sure.

What did not become one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?

I'm not sure.

What did much of Zhejiang reject of during the Taiping Rebellion?

I'm not sure.

When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's third treaty port?

I'm not sure.


During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle’s men.

What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?

World War II

Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?

Japan

How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?

What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?

The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?

the Reorganized National Government of China

What war did the Third Sino-Japanese War lead into?

I'm not sure.

What led into World War I?

I'm not sure.

Who occupied none of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?

I'm not sure.

How many estimated civilians were rescued by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?

I'm not sure.


After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there, creating a situation similar to Fujian province today. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity, and its economy was stagnant, especially during the high tide (1966–69) of the revolution. The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province. Mao’s self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou. While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China, no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang, where transportation remained poor.

When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?

When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?

When was the Cultural Revolution?

When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?

What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?

grain

What happened in 1944?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1956?

I'm not sure.

What happened from 1955-1977?

I'm not sure.

When was the low tide of the cultural revolution?

I'm not sure.


Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea, and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China, and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises. Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed, and industrial.

What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?

natural

What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?

flooding

What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of?

capitalist

Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta?

Northeast Zhejiang

What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang?

flat

What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lot of?

I'm not sure.

What is Zhejiang's location not vulnerable to from the sea?

I'm not sure.

What type of development has Zhejiang never been an epicenter of?

I'm not sure.

Which part of Zhejiang is not part of the Yangtze Delta?

I'm not sure.

What type of geography is Southeast Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.


Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area. Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai, and Mogan, which reach altitudes of 700 to 1,500 meters (2,300 to 4,900 ft).

What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?

hills

What percent of Zhejiang is hills?

What is the highest peak of the province?

Huangmaojian Peak

How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?

How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?

What does Zhejiang not consist mostly of?

I'm not sure.

What percent of Zhejiang is flat?

I'm not sure.

What is the lowest peak of the province?

I'm not sure.

How low is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?

I'm not sure.

How low is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?

I'm not sure.


Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

What does the north of the province lie just south of?

the Yangtze Delta

Where does the Grand Canal of China end?

Hangzhou

What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?

Ou Rivers

What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?

West Lake

What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?

South Lake

What does the north of the province lie just north of?

I'm not sure.

Where does the Grand Canal of Japan end?

I'm not sure.

What is a minor river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?

I'm not sure.

What is not a well-known lake of Hangzhou?

I'm not sure.

What is not a well-known lake of Jiaxing?

I'm not sure.


There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is Mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest.  Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather. Summer, from June to September is long, hot, rainy, and humid. Fall is generally dry, warm and sunny. Winters are short but cold except in the far south. Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 °C (59 to 66 °F), average January temperature is around 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Annual precipitation is about 1,000 to 1,900 mm (39 to 75 in). There is plenty of rainfall in early summer, and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific.

How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?

over three thousand

What is the largest island near Zhejiang?

Zhoushan Island

What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?

Hangzhou Bay

How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have?

four

When does Spring start in Zhejiang?

March

How many islands are not along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest bay of Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.

How many seasons does Zhejiang never have?

I'm not sure.


The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions (761 towns, 505 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 290 subdistricts). Hengdian belongs to Jinhua, which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China. Hengdian is called "China's Hollywood".

How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

eleven

How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China?

Jinhua

What is called 'China's Hollywood'?

Hengdian

How many unprefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

I'm not sure.

How many non-county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

I'm not sure.

How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

I'm not sure.

What is called 'China's New York'?

I'm not sure.


The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief".

How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?

a dual party-government system

Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?

The Governor of Zhejiang

Who is the Governor subordinate to?

the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary

What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?

Zhejiang CPC Party Chief

What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?

dual

How are the politics of Zhejiang not structured?

I'm not sure.

Who is the lowest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Governor not subordinate to?

I'm not sure.

What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary not provincially known as?

I'm not sure.

What type of party-government system are never governing institutions in Mainland China?

I'm not sure.


Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967. Jiang Hua (term 1956-1968), was the "chief justice" on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980. Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level. They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping (term 2002-2007), National People's Congress Chairman and former Vice-Premier Zhang Dejiang (term 1998-2002), and Zhao Hongzhu (term 2007-2012), the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, China's top anti-corruption body. Of Zhejiang's fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949, none were native to the province.

When was Tan Zhenlin's term as Zhenjiang's Communist Party Secretary?

Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang?

Tan Zhenlin

When was the so-called February Countercurrent?

When was Jiang Hua's term?

When was the case against the Gang of Four?

What happened in 1948?

I'm not sure.

What was the March Countercurrent 1967?

I'm not sure.

When was the October Countercurrent?

I'm not sure.

When was the case against the Gang of Five?

I'm not sure.


The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

What is the province traditionally known as?

Land of Fish and Rice

What is the main crop of the province?

rice

What is the second main crop of the province?

wheat

What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?

north Zhejiang

What is the largest fishery in the country?

Zhoushan fishery

What is the province never known as?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the main crop of the province?

I'm not sure.

What is the least main crop of the province?

I'm not sure.

What part of Zhejiang is not a center of aquaculture in China?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest fishery in the country?

I'm not sure.


Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.

What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?

Zhoushan

What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?

The Hangzhou Bay Bridge

What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?

The Hangzhou Bay Bridge

What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?

commercial

The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?

Cixi

What is not an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?

I'm not sure.

What bridge does not go to Haiyan County?

I'm not sure.

What bridge does not go to Cixi?

I'm not sure.

What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo not considered?

I'm not sure.


Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the "Zhejiang model", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the "Zhejiang spirit" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively.

What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed?

Zhejiang model

What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging?

entrepreneurship

What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving toward?

southeast

What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009?

What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011?

3.20 trillion

What is Zhejiang's own development model not considered?

I'm not sure.

What is the Zhejiang model based discouraging?

I'm not sure.

What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving away from?

I'm not sure.

What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2008?

I'm not sure.

What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2001?

I'm not sure.


On Thursday, September 15, 2011, more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river. Angry protesters stormed the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company factory compound, overturned eight company vehicles, and destroyed the offices before police came to disperse the crowd. Protests continued on the two following nights with reports of scuffles, officials said. Chen Hongming, a deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau, said the factory's waste disposal had failed pollution tests since April. The environmental watchdog had warned the factory, but it had not effectively controlled the pollution, Chen added.

What day of the week was September 15, 2011?

Thursday

What village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river on September 15, 2011?

Hongxiao

How many company vehicles did angry protesters overturn at the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company?

eight

How many more nights after the first day did protests last?

two

Who was the deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau at the time?

Chen Hongming

What day of the week was September 14, 2011?

I'm not sure.

What happened in September 15 2001?

I'm not sure.

When did people agree with the large-scale death of fish?

I'm not sure.

What did 50 people protest against?

I'm not sure.


Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population, and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese. There are also 400,000 members of ethnic minorities, including approximately 200,000 She people and approximately 20,000 Hui Chinese[citation needed]. Jingning She Autonomous County in Lishui is the only She autonomous county in China.

What kind of Chinese make up the vast majority of the population?

Han

What varieties of Chinese do the largest Han subgroup speak?

Wu

How many members of ethnic minorities are there?

How many She people are there?

Where is the only She autonomous county in China?

Lishui

What kind of Japanese make up the vast majority of the population?

I'm not sure.

What varieties of Chinese do the smallest Han subgroup speak?

I'm not sure.

How many members of ethnic majorities are there?

I'm not sure.

How many non-She people are there?

I'm not sure.

Where is the only She autonomous county in Japan?

I'm not sure.


The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 23.02% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.62% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 3.92% in 2004. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 74.36% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?

Chinese Buddhism

According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors?

According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population identifies as Christian?

What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2004?

What percent of the population may be irreligious?

What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Japanese folk religions and Taoist traditions?

I'm not sure.

According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population does not believe in cults of ancestors?

I'm not sure.

What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What percent of the population is not irreligious?

I'm not sure.


In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as "civil religion" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago.

What year did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?

When did Buddhism arrive in Zhejiang?

1,800 years ago

What has an important presence in Zhejiang since its arrival 1,800 years ago?

Buddhism

What part of 2015 did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?

mid

More than how many thousand folk religious organisations were registered in Zhejiang in 2015?

twenty

What year did the government of Zhejiang reject folk religion as 'civil religion'?

I'm not sure.

When did Buddhism leave Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.

What has an important presence in Zhejiang since its departure 1,800 years ago?

I'm not sure.

What part of 2013 did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?

I'm not sure.

More than how many hundred folk religious organisations were registered in Zhejiang in 2015?

I'm not sure.


Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago. Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants, especially notable in the city of Wenzhou. In 1999 Zhejiang's Protestant population comprised 2.8% of the provincial population, a small percentage but higher than the national average.

How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province?

How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province?

Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang?

Wenzhou

What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1999?

Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago?

Catholicism

How many years ago did Catholicism leave the province?

I'm not sure.

How many years ago did Protestantism leave in the province?

I'm not sure.

Where are Protestants not notable in Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.

What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1998?

I'm not sure.

Which religion came to Zhejiang 500 years ago?

I'm not sure.


The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014, variously named "Three Rectifications and One Demolition" operations or "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities" according to the locality. These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples, or the removal of crosses from churches' roofs and spires. An exemplary case was that of the Sanjiang Church.

When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?

According to the locality, in addition to "Three Rectifications and One Demolition", what was another name for these measures?

Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities

These regulations have led to the demolition of churches and what else?

folk religion temples

What have these regulations led to the removal of from churches?

crosses

What was an exemplary case of all this?

Sanjiang Church

When did the slow development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?

I'm not sure.

According to the locality, in addition to "Five Rectifications and Two Demolition", what was another name for these measures?

I'm not sure.

These regulations have not led to the demolition of churches and what else?

I'm not sure.

What have these regulations led to the addition to in churches?

I'm not sure.

What was not an exemplary case of all this?

I'm not sure.


Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority).

How long ago did Islam arrive in Zhejiang?

1,400 years

What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice?

Islam

How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam?

virtually all

What is practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang?

She shamanism

What religion came to Zhejiang 1,400 years ago?

Islam

How long ago did Islam leave Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.

What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang not practice?

I'm not sure.

How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang do not practice Islam?

I'm not sure.

What is not practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang?

I'm not sure.

What religion left Zhejiang 1,400 years ago?

I'm not sure.


Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures. Linguistically speaking, Zhejiang is extremely diverse. Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak Wu, but the Wu dialects are very diverse, especially in the south, where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible to the next valley a few kilometers away. Other varieties of Chinese are spoken as well, mostly along the borders; Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border with Anhui, while Min dialects are spoken on the border with Fujian. (See Hangzhou dialect, Shaoxing dialect, Ningbo dialect, Wenzhou dialect, Taizhou dialect, Jinhua dialect, and Quzhou dialect for more information).

How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking?

extremely

What do most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak?

Wu

Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border where?

with Anhui

Min dialects are spoken on the border where?

with Fujian

What type of geography is Zhejiang?

mountainous

How similar is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking?

I'm not sure.

What do no inhabitants of Zhejiang speak?

I'm not sure.

Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken inside of what?

I'm not sure.

Min dialects are not spoken on the border where?

I'm not sure.

What type of geography is Zhejiang never considered?

I'm not sure.


Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication. The dialects spoken in Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo have taken on this role historically. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mandarin, which is not mutually intelligible with any of the local dialects, has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China. As a result, most of the population now can, to some degree, speak and comprehend Mandarin and can code-switch when necessary. A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak Mandarin. Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people. Nevertheless, a Zhejiang accent is detectable in almost everyone from the area communicating in Mandarin, and the home dialect remains an important part of the everyday lives and cultural identities of most Zhejiang residents.

When was the People's Republic of China founded?

What has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?

Mandarin

A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?

What type of residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?

Urban

Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for better communication?

lingua francas

When was the People's Republic of China defunct?

I'm not sure.

What has been not promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?

I'm not sure.

A minority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?

I'm not sure.

What type of residents tend to be less fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?

I'm not sure.

Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for worse communication?

I'm not sure.


Zhejiang is the home of Yueju (越劇), one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera. Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only, in both male and female roles. Other important opera traditions include Yongju (of Ningbo), Shaoju (of Shaoxing), Ouju (of Wenzhou), Wuju (of Jinhua), Taizhou Luantan (of Taizhou) and Zhuji Luantan (of Zhuji).

What is one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera?

Yueju

Where did Yueju originate?

Shengzhou

Who is Yueju traditionally performed by?

actresses only

Who plays male roles in Yueju?

actresses

Who plays female roles in Yueju?

actresses

What is one of the least prominent forms of Chinese opera?

I'm not sure.

Where did Yueju end?

I'm not sure.

Who is Yueju never performed by?

I'm not sure.

Who doesn't play male roles in Yueju?

I'm not sure.

Who doesn't play female roles in Yueju?

I'm not sure.


Longjing tea (also called dragon well tea), originating in Hangzhou, is one of the most prestigious, if not the most prestigious Chinese tea. Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans. Zhejiang cuisine (itself subdivided into many traditions, including Hangzhou cuisine) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine.

What is Longjing tea also called?

dragon well tea

Where does Longjing tea originate from?

Hangzhou

What type of umbrellas is Hangzhou known for?

silk

What type of fans is Hangzhou known for?

hand

Zhejiang cuisine is one of how many great traditions of Chinese cuisine?

eight

What is Shortjing tea also called?

I'm not sure.

Where is Longjing tea banned from?

I'm not sure.

What type of clothes is Hangzhou known for?

I'm not sure.

What type of shoes is Hangzhou known for?

I'm not sure.

Zhejiang cuisine is one of how many great traditions of Japenese cuisine?

I'm not sure.


Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: "Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou" (上有天堂，下有苏杭), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities.

What neighbours north Zhejiang to the south?

Jiangsu

What neighbours south Jiangsu to the north?

Zhejiang

North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else?

prosperity

Inserting north Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what?

dreaminess

The fame of where led to a popular saying?

Hangzhou

What neighbours north Zhejiang to the east?

I'm not sure.

What neighbours south Jiangsu to the west?

I'm not sure.

South Zhejiang and North Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else?

I'm not sure.

Inserting south Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what?

I'm not sure.

What said "Below there is heaven"

I'm not sure.


The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government, and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.

Which government's Ministry of Defence is mentioned here?

British

What does MoD stand for?

Ministry of Defence

Who sets the defence policy in Great Britain?

Her Majesty's Government

For which part of the government is the MoD the headquarters?

British Armed Forces

What is another name for Her Majesty's Government?

I'm not sure.

What is the headquarters of Her Majesty's Government?

I'm not sure.

Who implements the location of Her Majesty's Government?

I'm not sure.

Where is the headquarters of Her Majesty's Government?

I'm not sure.

What does the British Armed Forces implement?

I'm not sure.


The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the MoD does not foresee any short-term conventional military threat; rather, it has identified weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states as the overriding threats to Britain's interests. The MoD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement.

What does the MoD wish to strengthen?

international peace and stability

The UK consists of what two areas?

Great Britain and Northern Ireland

What does the MoD defend?

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

What are the threats that the MoD has identified?

weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states

What does the MoD manage?

day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement

What is strengthened  in the Soviet Union after the Cold War?

I'm not sure.

What does Northern Ireland see as far as short term threats?

I'm not sure.

What has Northern Ireland found are threats to international peace and stability?

I'm not sure.

What needs to be managed daily by Northern Ireland?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing that the Soviet Union wants to defend?

I'm not sure.


During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during World War I, concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three Services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom—the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George's coalition government in 1921; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-Service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence. Lord Chatfield held the post until the fall of Neville Chamberlain's government in 1940; his success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments and his limited political influence.

What three services make up the armed forces of the UK?

the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force

What did David Lloyd George's coalition government reject in 1921?

The formation of a united ministry of defence

When was the Chiefs of Staff Committee formed?

Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence?

Stanley Baldwin

What post did Lord Chatfield hold until 1940?

Minister for Coordination of Defence

When was the creation of a Royal Navy rejected by David Lloyd George's coalition government?

I'm not sure.

Why was the a group of British civil servantsformed in 1923?

I'm not sure.

What was created by Neville Chamberlain in the 1920"s?

I'm not sure.

When was the Royal Air Force disbanded?

I'm not sure.

What three services were limited by political influence in 1923?

I'm not sure.


Winston Churchill, on forming his government in 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee's government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946. The new ministry was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed a seat in the Cabinet. The three existing service Ministers—the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air—remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet.

Who created the office of Minister of Defence?

Winston Churchill

When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced?

When did Winstron Churchill form his government?

The new ministry, according to the Act of 1946, was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed what?

a seat in the Cabinet

Who stopped attending Cabinet with the passage of the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946?

the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air

Who created the Chiefs of Staff Committee?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Secretary of State for War?

I'm not sure.

How long did someone hold the position of Secretary of State for War?

I'm not sure.

When was the Secretary of State Act introduced?

I'm not sure.

What did Winston Churchill possess while Minister of Defence?

I'm not sure.


From 1946 to 1964 five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence. These departments merged in 1964; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971.

During what years did the five Departments of State do the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?

1946 to 1964

What were the five Departments of State that did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?

the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence

When did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into the Ministry of Defence?

All former Departments of State (except the Ministry of Aviation Supply) merged in what year?

What work was done by the War Office in 1971?

I'm not sure.

What five defence functions merged together in 1971?

I'm not sure.

What did the Ministry of Aviation Supply do from 1946 to 1964?

I'm not sure.

What did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into in 1964?

I'm not sure.

What happened to the War Office in 1971?

I'm not sure.


The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by a number of civilian, scientific and professional military advisors. The Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence (generally known as the Permanent Secretary) is the senior civil servant at the MoD. His or her role is to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government.

Who is supported by civilian, scientific, and professional military advisors?

The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff

What is the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence generally known as?

Permanent Secretary

Where does the Permanent Secretary serve as the senior civil servant?

MoD

What is the role of the Permanent Secretary?

to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government

Who supports the Permanent Secretary?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the Minister of the Defense?

I'm not sure.

What is the role of the Chief of Defence?

I'm not sure.

Where does the Minister of Defence serve as the senior civil servant?

I'm not sure.

What does the Chief of Defense do?

I'm not sure.


The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.

What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?

General Sir Nicholas Houghton

Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?

Chief of the Defence Staff

The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?

HM Armed Forces

Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?

the Commander

Who is the current Commander of Joint Forces Command?

I'm not sure.

What is the title of the head of the HM Armed Forces?

I'm not sure.

The heads of what three services support the Commander of Joint Forces Command?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the person who used to be the Commander of Joint Forces Command?

I'm not sure.

Who is the professional head of the British Defense Staff?

I'm not sure.


There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations). The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service.

How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there?

three

What are the three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff?

Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations)

Who represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff?

The Surgeon General

Who leads the Defence Medical Services?

The Surgeon General

How many Defence Medical Services are there?

I'm not sure.

What three groups are part of the Defence Medical Services?

I'm not sure.

Who is in charge of the Deputy Chief of the Defense Staff?

I'm not sure.

Who is the leader of the Deputy CDS?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Deputy CDS that the Surgeon General represents?

I'm not sure.


Additionally, there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff, including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel).

One of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff is for Reserves and what?

Cadets

The Personnel Chief is also known as what?

the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom

There is a Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the what?

Sovereign

Who are two of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff?

Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom

What is the Assistant Chief of the Defense Staff  for Reserves and Cadets also known as?

I'm not sure.

What two groups is the Defense Services Secretary responsible for?

I'm not sure.

In what household is the Assistant Chief of the Defense Staff for Reserves and Cadets?

I'm not sure.

How many Defence Services Secretaries are there?

I'm not sure.

What assistant in the royal household is also responsible for Reserves and Cadets?

I'm not sure.


The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces:

In what year was there a Strategic Defence Review?

What paper was published in 2003?

Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper

Which part of the Britsh government were the two publications listed concerning?

British Armed Forces

In what year was the British Armed Forces created?

I'm not sure.

What did the British Armed Forces write in 1998?

I'm not sure.

What was written by the British Armed Forces in 2003?

I'm not sure.

What was outlined by the British Armed Forces in the two publications?

I'm not sure.

What was the topic of the paper written by the British Armed Forces in 2003?

I'm not sure.


The MoD has since been regarded as a leader in elaborating the post-Cold War organising concept of "defence diplomacy". As a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron signed a 50-year treaty with French President Nicolas Sarkozy that would have the two countries co-operate intensively in military matters. The UK is establishing air and naval bases in the Persian Gulf, located in the UAE and Bahrain. A presence in Oman is also being considered.

In what concept is the MoD considered a leader?

defence diplomacy

Who was the PM of Britain in 2010?

David Cameron

Who was the president of France in 2010?

Nicolas Sarkozy

In which two countries is the UK installing military bases?

UAE and Bahrain

In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base?

Oman

What is France establishing in the Persian Gulf?

I'm not sure.

Where is France thinking about also putting air and naval bases?

I'm not sure.

What concept is France considered a leader in?

I'm not sure.

What did Oman sign with France?

I'm not sure.

What would the treaty allow Oman and France to do?

I'm not sure.


The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included £178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities. The review set a defence policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces:

How much was the investment in new equipment and capabilities worth?

£178 billion

In which year was a £178 billion investment made?

How many primary missions were included in the 2015 Review?

four

What is the name of the yearly statement released by the MoD?

The Strategic Defence and Security Review

How much did the Strategic Defence and Security Review cost to produce?

I'm not sure.

How much did the government invest in four primary missions?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the defence policy of the Armed Forces in 2015?

I'm not sure.

When did the Armed Forces take part in four primary missions?

I'm not sure.

What did the Armed Forces set for the Strategic Defense and Security Review?

I'm not sure.


Following the end of the Cold War, the threat of direct conventional military confrontation with other states has been replaced by terrorism. Sir Richard Dannatt predicted British forces to be involved in combating "predatory non-state actors" for the foreseeable future, in what he called an "era of persistent conflict". He told the Chatham House think tank that the fight against al-Qaeda and other militant Islamist groups was "probably the fight of our generation".

What was the new threat that arose after the end of the Cold War?

terrorism

What was fighting during the Cold War considered by Dannatt?

I'm not sure.

What was the Cold War era also called?

I'm not sure.

What has the threat of terrorism been replaced by?

I'm not sure.

What does Chatham House predict al-Qaeda will fight in the future?

I'm not sure.

Who was involved with terrorism in the Cold War?

I'm not sure.


Dannatt criticised a remnant "Cold War mentality", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the "land environment"—at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?

Cold War mentality

How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the "land environment"?

Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?

Afghanistan and Iraq

Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?

2003 and 2018

What percentage of Iraq's budget was invested to help fight a direct threat in 2003?

I'm not sure.

What two countries were also involved in the Cold War?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when Iraq was criticized for their military budget to stop a threat?

I'm not sure.

What time period was Britain involved in the Cold War?

I'm not sure.

What was 10% of Iraq's military budget to be invested in?

I'm not sure.


The Defence Committee—Third Report "Defence Equipment 2009" cites an article from the Financial Times website stating that the Chief of Defence Materiel, General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue, had instructed staff within Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) through an internal memorandum to reprioritize the approvals process to focus on supporting current operations over the next three years; deterrence related programmes; those that reflect defence obligations both contractual or international; and those where production contracts are already signed. The report also cites concerns over potential cuts in the defence science and technology research budget; implications of inappropriate estimation of Defence Inflation within budgetary processes; underfunding in the Equipment Programme; and a general concern over striking the appropriate balance over a short-term focus (Current Operations) and long-term consequences of failure to invest in the delivery of future UK defence capabilities on future combatants and campaigns. The then Secretary of State for Defence, Bob Ainsworth MP, reinforced this reprioritisation of focus on current operations and had not ruled out "major shifts" in defence spending. In the same article the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, Royal Navy, acknowledged that there was not enough money within the defence budget and it is preparing itself for tough decisions and the potential for cutbacks. According to figures published by the London Evening Standard the defence budget for 2009 is "more than 10% overspent" (figures cannot be verified) and the paper states that this had caused Gordon Brown to say that the defence spending must be cut. The MoD has been investing in IT to cut costs and improve services for its personnel.

Who was the Chief of Defence Materiel in 2009?

General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue

Which department is overseen by the Chief of Defence Materiel?

Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S)

Which programme was mentioned as being underfunded?

Equipment Programme

Who was the Secretary of State for Defence in 2009?

Bob Ainsworth MP

Which publication said the 2009 defence budget was more than 10% overbudget?

London Evening Standard

Who is the head of the London Evening Standard?

I'm not sure.

What did the MoD mention about the defence science and technology budget?

I'm not sure.

What has the Equipment Programme done with its budget in 2009 according to an internal memo?

I'm not sure.

What has the Equipment Programme been investing in to cut costs and improve personnel services?

I'm not sure.

What did former Secretary of State for Defence Mark Stanhope not rule out for spending on personnel?

I'm not sure.


The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at "about £20 billion". The MoD also has "rights of access" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this is about 1.8% of the UK land mass. The total annual cost to support the defence estate is "in excess of £3.3 billion".

How much land is owned by the MoD?

227,300 hectares

How much is the land owned by the MoD worth?

£20 billion

The MoD owns or has rights of access to what percentage of the UK's total land?

How much is the annual cost to support the defence estate?

in excess of £3.3 billion

Who is one of the largest landowners in the UK?

The Ministry of Defence

Who is one of the UK's largest owners of debt?

I'm not sure.

How much debt does the Ministry of Defence own?

I'm not sure.

What is the annual cost to support rights of access for UK citizens?

I'm not sure.

How much of the population of the UK has rights of access?

I'm not sure.

What is the total cost of supporting UK citizens rights to own land?

I'm not sure.


The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.

What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?

What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?

storage & supply depots

What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?

Who manages the defence estate?

Defence Infrastructure Organisation

Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?

What organization do airfields manage?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of storage and supply depots are part of airfields as the largest percentage?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of airfields are managed by training areas and ranges?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of barracks & camps are managed by airfields?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of research and development is managed by airfields?

I'm not sure.


The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building. This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental statues, Earth and Water, by Charles Wheeler. Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument, sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the Fleet Air Arm and RAF (to its east, facing the riverside). A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a PFI contract by Skanska in 2004.

In what city are the headquarters of the MoD?

Whitehall

Who designed the headquarters of the MoD?

Vincent Harris

Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters?

Charles Wheeler

What is the headquarters of the MoD called?

Main Building

Who made the Gurkha Monument?

Philip Jackson

What did Vincent Harris originally build in 2004?

I'm not sure.

When was the Gurkha Monument refurbished?

I'm not sure.

What group refurbished the Gurkha Monument in 2004?

I'm not sure.

When was Horse Guards Avenue unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II?

I'm not sure.

What did Vincent Harris create near the northern entrance of the MoD Headquarters?

I'm not sure.


Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.

Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?

Henry VIII

Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?

the basement of Main Building

When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?

What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?

brick

When was the cellar relocated?

Where is Cardinal Wolsey buried?

I'm not sure.

When was Henry VIII's reign?

I'm not sure.

Who did Cardinal Wolsey build the wine cellar for?

I'm not sure.

When was the Palace of Whitehall relocated?

I'm not sure.

What was the Palace of Whitehall built with in 1949?

I'm not sure.


The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley, head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.

Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?

Gordon Foxley

What position was held by Foxley?

head of defence procurement

What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?

1981 to 1984

How much money was Foxley accused of taking?

at least £3.5m

What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?

influence the allocation of contracts

What were overseas arms contractors convicted of?

I'm not sure.

How much was stolen by overseas arms contractors?

I'm not sure.

What did police want to influence?

I'm not sure.

When were police found to be making bribes?

I'm not sure.

What ministry was influencing how police investigated fraud?

I'm not sure.


A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.

What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?

the Guardian

What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?

secret germ warfare tests

What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?

children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps

When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?

between 1940 and 1979

When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?

between 1961 and 1968

What was released by Porton Down in 2002?

I'm not sure.

What did Porton Down do between 1940 and 1979?

I'm not sure.

What was the purpose of Porton Down releasing germs on the public unknowingly?

I'm not sure.

What does Torquay say about the secret germ warfare tests?

I'm not sure.

What is the Guardian asking for regarding the secret tests?

I'm not sure.


The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.

How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?

When were the helicopters ordered?

Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?

National Audit Office

In what year were the helicopters brought into service?

What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?

In 1995 what did the National Audit Office order?

I'm not sure.

When were the helicopters with safety faults ordered by the Audit Office?

I'm not sure.

Since what year have the helicopters with safety faults been stored?

I'm not sure.

How much did the helicopters with safety faults cost when ordered in 2010?

I'm not sure.

When were the helicopters flown with safety faults in Afghanistan put in service?

I'm not sure.


In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.

Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?

Boeing

When was the Boeing contract signed?

April 2008

Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?

QinetiQ

How much was the Boeing contract worth?

What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?

more advanced equipment

What did Chinook sign in April 2008?

I'm not sure.

What will Boeing downgrade?

I'm not sure.

What will Boeing remove from the Chinooks?

I'm not sure.

When was a contract signed for more advanced equipment?

I'm not sure.

What was Chinook looking for when signing the contract?

I'm not sure.