A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.

What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?

Burgundian Ducal Court

Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?

Flanders and Brabant

Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?

What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?

What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?

Statenvertaling


In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.

What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?

Southern Netherlands

What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?

French

What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?

What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?

Language Union Treaty

The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?

American English


Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary.

What's the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian?

Limburgish

What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?

Afrikaans

Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?

Frisian

Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?

Low German

As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?

German


In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]

What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?

Dutch Low Saxon

What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?

IJssel

Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?

Dutch

Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?

Gelderland

When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?

14th to 15th century


Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).

What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?

Geert Driessen

What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?

How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?

4 percent

What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?

Limburgish

In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?


The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

What's the Dutch word for "money"?

geld

West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?

"h"

What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?

French

What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?

held

If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?

g-sound


Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words "ja" (yes) and "nee" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved.

What's the West Flemish word for "no"?

nee

How would you tell a West Flemish speaker "yes"?

ja

What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a "yes" or "no" to?

subject

Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?

easy

Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?

sound shifts


Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?

West Flemish

What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?

political boundaries

What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?

Zeeland

What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?

French Flanders

Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?

Brabantian


Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch.

What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?

West Frisian

Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?

Afrikaans

Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?

The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?

South Africa

What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?

mutually intelligible


In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.

What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?

What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?

the Netherlands

What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?

French Flanders

What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?

Dutch Language Union

How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?


Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect around the German town of Kleve (South Guelderish) both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language. In Northeastern France, the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish) of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers. The cities of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until World War I, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes.

What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?

Kleve

About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?

It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?

Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?

the Catholic Church

In what area of France is Calais located?

Northeastern France


During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.

In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?

Prussia

In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?

German or French

In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?

younger generations

Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?

Germany

What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?

Dutch


As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).

About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?

How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?

What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?

Germany

How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?

Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?

Lower Saxony


Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students.

For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?

almost 350 years

In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?

the legal profession

What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?

Erasmus Language Centre

About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?

In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?

history


Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.

Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?

What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?

local elite

What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?

destabilising the colony

Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?

power


After independence, Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by Malay. Yet the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch: words for everyday life as well as scientific and technological terms. One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words, many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. kantoor (Dutch for "office") in Indonesian is kantor, while bus ("bus") becomes bis. In addition, many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch, for example, rumah sakit (Indonesian for "hospital") is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis (literally "house of the sick"), kebun binatang ("zoo") on dierentuin (literally "animal garden"), undang-undang dasar ("constitution") from grondwet (literally "ground law"). These account for some of the differences in vocabulary between Indonesian and Malay.

What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence?

Malay

What's the Indonesian word for "office"?

kantor

What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard?

calques

What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian "rumah sakit"?

ziekenhuis

What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as "animal garden"?

kebun binatang


In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population.

About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch?

What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname?

Dutch

When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?

What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union?

What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?

Sranan Tongo


In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.

What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?

What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?

Mohawk Dutch

What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?

Pennsylvania German

Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?

Negerhollands

In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?

Guyana


European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local "African" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating "the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.

In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?

At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?

What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?

constitution

What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?

What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?

Afrikaner nationalism


Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.

Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?

Afrikaans speakers

Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?

less complex

What's the Dutch word for "bird"?

vogel

What is the Afrikaans word for "rain"?

reën

Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?

difficult


It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.

Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?

Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?

Namibia

How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?

40 percent

About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?

6.8 million

Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?

5 million


Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede ("good") is /ˈɣudə/ but the related form goed is /ɣut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [broːt] and German Brot vs Eng bread).

What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?

velar fricatives

Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?

the second consonant shift

How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?

voiceless

How would you say "good" in Dutch?

goede

What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?

German


Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /θ/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG Vösse, Ossen vs. Germ Füchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).

Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?

German

Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?

Dutch

What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?

seven

What's the German word for "seven"?

sieben

Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for "seven" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?

zeven


Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").

What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?

length

Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?

true

How would you say "sons" in Dutch?

zonen

Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?

length

What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?

mug


Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /ɑu/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /ɛi œy/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.

What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with "ij" or "ei" in them?

y

How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?

three

What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch "goud" or "zout"?

diphthong

What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?

ol + dental


This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well.

What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?

English Great Vowel Shift

In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?

The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?

women

What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is "natural"?

Stroop

Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs "should" have lowered?

English


Instead, he argues, this development has been artificially frozen in an "intermediate" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century, where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, in his opinion, the newly affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech. Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called Estuary English.

What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?

"intermediate"

What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?

educated classes

What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?

Estuary English

What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?

standardisation

What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?

lowered diphthongs


Standard Dutch uses three genders to differentiate between natural gender and three when discerning grammatical gender. But for most non-Belgian speakers, the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender (de), while the neuter (het) remains distinct as before. This gender system is similar to those of most Continental Scandinavian languages. As in English, but to a lesser degree, the inflectional grammar of the language (e.g., adjective and noun endings) has simplified over time.

How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?

three

What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?

the common gender

Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?

neuter

The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?

Continental Scandinavian languages

In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?

English


The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years: cases are now mainly used for the pronouns, such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens (whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural). Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected (except for the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects.

What's the Dutch word for "my"?

mijn

Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?

100 years

What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?

pronouns

Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?

Nouns and adjectives

In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?


More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, the man of the house), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today. In such lexicalized expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too, e.g. in het jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), where "-en" is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun. Also in this case, German retains this feature. Though the genitive is widely avoided in speech.

What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like "Der Herr des Hauses"?

genitive

How would you say "the man of the house" in Dutch?

de heer des huizes

What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?

lexicalized

Which word in the phrase "het jaar des Heren" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?

Heren


In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?" (literally "Can you your pen not find?") "Can't you find your pen?"
In the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: "Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?" ("Why can you your pen not find?") "Why can't you find your pen?""
In a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: "Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?" ("You can your pen not find?") "You can't find your pen?""
A subordinate clause does not change its word order: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?" ("Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?") "Can you not find your pen because it's too dark?""

In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?

interrogative main clause

What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?

a wh-question

What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?

declarative clause

What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?

word order

What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?"

"Can you your pen not find?"


In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals (met z'n tweetjes, "the two of us"), pronouns (onderonsje, "tête-à-tête"), verbal particles (moetje, "shotgun marriage"), and even prepositions (toetje, "dessert"). Most notable however, are the diminutive forms of adjectives and adverbs. The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun, the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen ("green") → noun: groentje ("rookie"); adverb: even ("just") → adverb: eventjes ("just a minute").

What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a "shotgun marriage"?

moetje

In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?

noun

When the diminutive ending "-tjes" is added to the adverb "even," as what part of speech does it function?

adverb

What's the Dutch word for "green"?

groen

With the diminutive ending "-tje" added to the Dutch word for "green," what does the new formation translate to in English?

rookie


Some nouns have two different diminutives, each with a different meaning: bloem (flower) → bloempje (lit. "small flower"), but bloemetje (lit. also "small flower", meaning bouquet). A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje (seahorse), while many, e.g. meisje (girl), originally a diminutive of meid (maid), have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms. A diminutive can sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs (ice, ice cream) → ijsje (ice cream treat, cone of ice cream), bier (beer) → biertje. Some diminutive forms only exist in plural, e.g. kleertjes (clothing).

Which diminutive of "bloem" means a "bouquet"?

bloemetje

What's the Dutch word for "seahorse" that has no non-diminutive form?

zeepaardje

What Dutch word did their word for "girl" come from that has a totally different meaning?

meid

What's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form?

kleertjes

Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?

a single portion


Like in English, Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns, e.g. Du me, je, Eng me, you, vs. Germ mich/mir dich/dir. There is one exception: the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural, hen is to be used for the direct object, and hun for the indirect object. This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians, and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers. Consequently, the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage, with hun being more common. The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use.

What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?

English

In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?

hen

When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?

17th century

Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?

hun

When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?

ze


Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either uses the closed form without spaces (boomhuis = tree house) or inserts a hyphen (VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD, a political party). Like German, Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds, but the longer they get, the less frequent they tend to be.

How would a Dutch speaker say "doghouse"?

hondenhok

Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?

Unlike

"Tree house," which is two words in English, would be what single word in Dutch?

boomhuis

What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length?

German

In English, what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form?

spaces


Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin, with an additional share of loanwords of 20%. The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the French period has been French and (northern) French, accounting for an estimated 6.8%, or more than a third of all loanwords. Latin, that has been spoken for centuries in the south of the Low Countries, and has since then for centuries plaid a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German, influential until the mid of the 19th century, account for 2.7%, but are mostly unrecognizable since many German loanwords have been "Dutchified", e.g. German "Fremdling" become Dutch "vreemdeling". From English, Dutch has taken over words since the middle of the 19th century, as a consequence of the gaining power of Britain and the United States. The share of English loanwords is about 1.5%, but this number is still on the increase. Conversely, Dutch contributed many loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3%.

What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary?

What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century?

French

What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from?

Latin

Together, what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German?

In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English, which language got the higher percentage of loanwords?

Dutch


Dutch is written using the Latin script. Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet, the digraph IJ. It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants, due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds in the Dutch language. An example of five consecutive doubled letters is the word voorraaddoos (food storage container). The diaeresis (Dutch: trema) is used to mark vowels that are pronounced separately when involving a pre- or suffix. Whereas a hyphen is used when this problem occurs in compound words. For example; "beïnvloed" (influenced), but zee-eend (sea duck). Generally, other diacritical marks only occur in loanwords, though the acute accent can also be used for emphasis or to differentiate between two forms. Its most common use is to differentiate between the indefinite article 'een' (a, an) and the numeral 'één' (one).

How many extra characters does Dutch have in addition to the standard alphabet?

one

What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses?

digraph

Because Dutch has many vowel sounds and compound words, what occurs frequently in Dutch spelling?

doubled letters

What is an example of a Dutch word that has double vowels or consonants five times in a row?

voorraaddoos

What's the name for the type of accent that Dutch used to mark the difference between the word for "a" or "an" and the word for "one"?

acute accent


Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as "The Queen's House". During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837.

What was Buckingham Palace orginally known as?

Buckingham House

Who was Buckingham Palace was originally built for?

Duke of Buckingham

Which king acquired the Buckingham House in 1761?

King George III

What was Buckingham House known as when Queen Charlotte resided there?

"The Queen's House"

Which two architects were commissioned to enlarge Buckingham in the 19th century?

John Nash and Edward Blore

For whom was Buckingham house originally built?

Duke of Buckingham

Who enlarged the house in the 19th century?

John Nash and Edward Blore

When did the palace become the London residence for the monarchs?

What is Buckingham Palace currently known as?

I'm not sure.

Who was Buckingham Palace originally built to oppose?

I'm not sure.

Which king acquired the Buckingham House in 1751?

I'm not sure.

What was Buckingham House known as when Queen Charlotte died there?

I'm not sure.

Which two architects were commissioned to enlarge Buckingham in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.


The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, and on selected days in winter and spring.

What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?

Belle Époque cream and gold

What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?

brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis

How many rooms does the palace have?

775 rooms

In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?

Chinese regency style

What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?

Carlton House

Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?

Sir Charles Long

Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme?

King Edward VII

Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?

Chinese regency style

Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?

Carlton House

What colors were removed in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?

I'm not sure.

What original colors from the 18th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?

I'm not sure.

How many rooms does the palace have closed off?

I'm not sure.

Which style are none of the reception rooms furnished in?

I'm not sure.

What house were many of the furniture and fittings lost from?

I'm not sure.


In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site changed hands many times; owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey.

Which river runs underneath the palace?

river Tyburn

The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times?

Edith of Wessex

Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to?

Geoffrey de Mandeville

The site was passed to monks from which abbey?

Westminster Abbey

The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?

Manor of Ebury

What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford?

Eye Cross

Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster?

Geoffrey de Mandeville

What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site?

Manor of Ebury

Which river runs above the palace?

I'm not sure.

Which queen consort in the late Saxon times once rented the site of the palace?

I'm not sure.

Who did William the Conqueror buy the site of the palace from?

I'm not sure.

Which abbey refused to have the site passed to the monks?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the village that burned at Cow Ford?

I'm not sure.


Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre (16,000 m2) mulberry garden for the production of silk. (This is at the northwest corner of today's palace.) Clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana (1649) refers to "new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. James's"; this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies.

Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century?

Sir Hugh Audley

Which village had fallen into decay?

Eye Cross

Who established a mulberry garden on the property?

James I

What product did the mulberry garden produce?

silk

Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery?

Clement Walker

What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century?

the freehold

Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?

Eye Cross

Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold?

James I

What type of garden did James I create?

mulberry

What did the mulberry garden produce?

silk.

Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 19th century?

I'm not sure.

Which village had become overpopulated?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed a mulberry garden on the property?

I'm not sure.

What product did the mulberry garden avoid?

I'm not sure.

What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.


Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blake's house and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden. He did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the document "failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London, which it needed to do for legal execution". It was this critical omission that helped the British royal family regain the freehold under King George III.

Who built the first house on the site?

Sir William Blake

Which owner developed much of the garden still seen today?

Lord Goring

What was Lord Goring's garden known as?

Goring Great Garden

Under which king did the Royal Family regain the freehold title of the property?

King George III

Which king failed to execute Goring's freehold document before fleeing to London?

King Charles I

Who owned the first house built on the site?

Sir William Blake

Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham?

Lord Goring

What was the name of Lord Goring Garden?

Goring Great Garden

Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property?

King Charles I

Who demolished the first house on the site?

I'm not sure.

Which owner developed none of the garden still seen today?

I'm not sure.

What was Lord Goring's garden mistakenly known as?

I'm not sure.

Which king executed Goring's freehold document before staying in London?

I'm not sure.

Who removed the last house built on the site?

I'm not sure.


The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings. Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's descendant, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for £21,000. Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774.

In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?

Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?

Sir Charles Sheffield

How much did George III pay for the house?

In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?

How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?

two

The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?

Duke of Buckingham and Normanby

Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?

William Winde

How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?

two

Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?

George III

How much did George III pay for Buckingham House?

What year did William Winde burn the house which forms the core of the palace?

I'm not sure.

Who sold Buckingham house in 1741?

I'm not sure.

How much did George II pay for the house?

I'm not sure.

How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House remove?

I'm not sure.

Who bought Buckingham House in 1781?

I'm not sure.


Remodelling of the structure began in 1762. After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home. While the work was in progress, in 1826, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash. Some furnishings were transferred from Carlton House, and others had been bought in France after the French Revolution. The external façade was designed keeping in mind the French neo-classical influence preferred by George IV. The cost of the renovations grew dramatically, and by 1829 the extravagance of Nash's designs resulted in his removal as architect. On the death of George IV in 1830, his younger brother King William IV hired Edward Blore to finish the work. At one stage, William considered converting the palace into the new Houses of Parliament, after the destruction of the Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834.

What did King George IV originally want the structure to be?

a small, comfortable home

King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834?

new Houses of Parliament

Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?

John Nash

In what year was Nash removed as architect?

Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?

Edward Blore

What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin?

What was George IV's original plan for the house?

a small, comfortable home

What year did the king decide to make it into a palace?

Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace?

John Nash

Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired?

Edward Blore

What did King George IV originally make the structure to be?

I'm not sure.

Which architect helped modify the palace into a house?

I'm not sure.

What year was Nash promoted as architect?

I'm not sure.

Who was fired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?

I'm not sure.

What year did remodeling of Buckingham House become banned?

I'm not sure.


Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, who was the first monarch to reside there; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion. While the state rooms were a riot of gilt and colour, the necessities of the new palace were somewhat less luxurious. For one thing, it was reported the chimneys smoked so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down, and consequently the court shivered in icy magnificence. Ventilation was so bad that the interior smelled, and when a decision was taken to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors. It was also said that staff were lax and lazy and the palace was dirty. Following the queen's marriage in 1840, her husband, Prince Albert, concerned himself with a reorganisation of the household offices and staff, and with the design faults of the palace. The problems were all rectified by the close of 1840. However, the builders were to return within the decade.

Who was the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?

Queen Victoria

Who died before the palace was completed?

William IV

Buckingham became a principle residence for the Royal Family in which year?

What was the problem with chimneys in the palace?

the chimneys smoked

At the end of which year were most of the design problems of the palace rectified under Prince Albert?

When did Buckingham officially become the principle royal residence?

Who was the first monarch to reside there?

Queen Victoria

Who died before seeing Buckingham Palace's completion?

William IV

What was the problem with the palace's chimneys?

the chimneys smoked

Who dealt with the design faults of the palace?

Prince Albert

Who was the only monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.

Who died right as the palace was completed?

I'm not sure.

What was the best thing about chimneys in the palace?

I'm not sure.

When did Buckingham officially become the only royal residence?

I'm not sure.

Who was the worst monarch to reside there?

I'm not sure.


By 1847, the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family, and consequently the new wing, designed by Edward Blore, was built by Thomas Cubitt, enclosing the central quadrangle. The large East Front, facing The Mall, is today the "public face" of Buckingham Palace, and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour. The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period, designed by Nash's student Sir James Pennethorne.

Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847?

Edward Blore

The new wing was built by whom?

Thomas Cubitt

What is the East front of the palace known as?

"public face" of Buckingham Palace

The East Front contains what famous feature?

the balcony

Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing?

Sir James Pennethorne.

Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space?

Edward Blore

Who built the new wing?

Thomas Cubitt

What is considered the public face of the palace?

The large East Front

What other wing was built during this time?

The ballroom wing

Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?

Sir James Pennethorne

Who designed the blue wing for the palace in 1837?

I'm not sure.

What is the West front of the palace described as?

I'm not sure.

Who was the teacher of Nash that destroyed the ballroom wing?

I'm not sure.

What is considered the private nose of the palace?

I'm not sure.

What other wing was removed during this time?

I'm not sure.


Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Strauss's "Alice Polka" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations.

The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?

musical entertainments

Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?

Felix Mendelssohn

Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?

Alice Polka

Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?

lavish costume balls

Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?

musical entertainments

Which composer played there on three occasions?

Felix Mendelssohn

Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?

Johann Strauss II

What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?

lavish costume balls

Which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert were never hosted by the palace?

I'm not sure.

Which composer played at Buckingham on eight occasions?

I'm not sure.

Who performed Alice Polka in opposition of Princess Alice?

I'm not sure.

What type of balls did Queen Victoria avoid?

I'm not sure.

What sort of entertainment was banned at Buckingham before Prince Albert died?

I'm not sure.


Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: "These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business." Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year.

When year did Prince Albert die?

What forced the Queen to return to London?

public opinion

What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?

the palace was seldom used, even neglected.

Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London?

Windsor Castle

When did Prince Albert die?

What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death?

left Buckingham Palace

Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham?

Osborne House

What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left?

palace was seldom used, even neglected

Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time?

Windsor Castle

When year did Prince Albert resurrect?

I'm not sure.

What forced the Queen to leave London forever?

I'm not sure.

Where were court functions held upon the Queens exile from London?

I'm not sure.

What did Queen Victoria do in response to Prince Albert's birth?

I'm not sure.


The palace measures 108 metres (354 ft) by 120 metres (390 ft), is 24 metres (79 ft) high and contains over 77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft) of floorspace. The floor area is smaller than the Royal Palace of Madrid, the Papal Palace in Rome, the Louvre in Paris, the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, or the Forbidden City. There are 775 rooms, including 19 state rooms, 52 principal bedrooms, 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices, and 78 bathrooms. The principal rooms are contained on the piano nobile behind the west-facing garden façade at the rear of the palace. The centre of this ornate suite of state rooms is the Music Room, its large bow the dominant feature of the façade. Flanking the Music Room are the Blue and the White Drawing Rooms. At the centre of the suite, serving as a corridor to link the state rooms, is the Picture Gallery, which is top-lit and 55 yards (50 m) long. The Gallery is hung with numerous works including some by Rembrandt, van Dyck, Rubens and Vermeer; other rooms leading from the Picture Gallery are the Throne Room and the Green Drawing Room. The Green Drawing Room serves as a huge anteroom to the Throne Room, and is part of the ceremonial route to the throne from the Guard Room at the top of the Grand Staircase. The Guard Room contains white marble statues of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, in Roman costume, set in a tribune lined with tapestries. These very formal rooms are used only for ceremonial and official entertaining, but are open to the public every summer.

How many principle bedrooms does the palace have?

How many bathrooms are there?

A large bow is a large feature of the facade in which stateroom?

the Music Room

How long is the Picture Gallery in yards?

55 yards

Which rooms has large white marble statues of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria?

The Guard Room

What is the floor space of the palace?

77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft)

How many staterooms does the palace have?

19 state rooms

How many bathrooms does the palace have?

78 bathrooms

How many offices does the palace have?

92 offices

How many principle bedrooms does the palace spy on?

I'm not sure.

How many bathrooms are made from gold there?

I'm not sure.

Which stateroom has a small bow as a feature of the facade?

I'm not sure.

How long is the Picture Gallery in miles?

I'm not sure.

How many offices in the palace have closed indefinitely?

I'm not sure.


Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments. Opening from the Marble Hall, these rooms are used for less formal entertaining, such as luncheon parties and private audiences. Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors, such as the 1844 Room, decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and, on the other side of the Bow Room, the 1855 Room, in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France. At the centre of this suite is the Bow Room, through which thousands of guests pass annually to the Queen's Garden Parties in the Gardens. The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing.

Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?

the semi-state apartments

Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?

1844 Room

The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?

Emperor Napoleon III of France

Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?

Bow Room

Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?

the north wing

What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?

semi-state apartments

What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?

less formal entertaining

Who is the 1844 Room named after?

Tsar Nicholas I of Russia

Who is the 1855 Room named after?

Emperor Napoleon III of France

Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?

the north wing

Which rooms are used for more formal entertaining such as luncheons or public audiences?

I'm not sure.

Which room does not allow visits by Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?

I'm not sure.

Which European chef is The 1845 Room named after?

I'm not sure.

Where are the suites located that the King and Prince Phillip use?

I'm not sure.

Who is the 1744 Room named after?

I'm not sure.


Between 1847 and 1850, when Blore was building the new east wing, the Brighton Pavilion was once again plundered of its fittings. As a result, many of the rooms in the new wing have a distinctly oriental atmosphere. The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room is made up from parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms with a large oriental chimney piece sculpted by Richard Westmacott. The Yellow Drawing Room has wallpaper supplied in 1817 for the Brighton Saloon, and a chimney piece which is a European vision of how the Chinese chimney piece may appear. It has nodding mandarins in niches and fearsome winged dragons, designed by Robert Jones.

Where did many of the fittings for the new east wing come from?

Brighton Pavilion

When was the new east wing built?

Between 1847 and 1850

What is the theme for the new east wing?

oriental

The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room has what as a main feature?

large oriental chimney piece

Who designed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?

Robert Jones

What was Blore building between 1847 and 1850?

the new east wing

Many rooms in the new east wing are in what style?

oriental

Parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms from Brighton Pavilion make up which Buckingham Room?

The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room

Where did none of the fittings for the new west wing come from?

I'm not sure.

When was the new east wing destroyed?

I'm not sure.

What theme is forbidden in the new east wing?

I'm not sure.

Who removed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?

I'm not sure.

What style are in none of the rooms in the new east wing?

I'm not sure.


At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors. This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary, who, working with the designer Sir Charles Allom, created a more "binding" Chinese theme in the late 1920s, although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873. Running the length of the piano nobile of the east wing is the great gallery, modestly known as the Principal Corridor, which runs the length of the eastern side of the quadrangle. It has mirrored doors, and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton. The Chinese Luncheon Room and Yellow Drawing Room are situated at each end of this gallery, with the Centre Room obviously placed in the centre.

Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals?

Centre Room

What is the main theme of the Centre Room?

Chinese

Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s?

Queen Mary

The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year?

The Principle Corridor features which type of doors?

mirrored doors

Which room feature the famous balcony?

Centre Room

Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room?

Sir Charles Allom

The Principle Corridor has which type of doors?

mirrored doors

What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton?

Which room has the infamous balcony forbidden by the royals?

I'm not sure.

What is the secondary theme of the Centre Room?

I'm not sure.

Which Queen ruined the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1930s?

I'm not sure.

Which room avoids the famous balcony?

I'm not sure.

Which designer did Queen Mary fire to enhance the Centre Room?

I'm not sure.


When paying a state visit to Britain, foreign heads of state are usually entertained by the Queen at Buckingham Palace. They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite, situated at the foot of the Minister's Staircase, on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing. The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors, one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane. A second corridor in the suite has Gothic influenced cross over vaulting. The Belgian Rooms themselves were decorated in their present style and named after Prince Albert's uncle Léopold I, first King of the Belgians. In 1936, the suite briefly became the private apartments of the palace when they were occupied by King Edward VIII.

Where do foreign heads of stay usually stay in Buckingham Palace?

the Belgian Suite

What floor are the Belgian Suites located?

ground floor

The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase?

the Minister's Staircase

How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites linked?

by narrow corridors

What is the style of the saucer domes in the Belgian Suite?

the style of Soane

Where do foreign heads of stay at Buckingham Palace?

the Belgian Suite

The Belgian Suite is located at the bottom of which staircase?

Minister's Staircase

On which floor is the Belgian Suite located?

the ground floor

How are the rooms in the Belgian Suite connected?

by narrow corridors

The saucer domes are in whose style?

the style of Soane

Where do foreign heads of stay usually avoid in Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.

What floor are the Belgian Suites burned?

I'm not sure.

How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites separated?

I'm not sure.

Where do foreign heads paint at Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.

Which floor is the Belgian Suite restricted?

I'm not sure.


Thus, Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy, an art gallery and a tourist attraction. Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb's famous façade, which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking "like everybody's idea of a palace", is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex. The palace also houses the offices of the Queen, Prince Philip, Duke of York, Earl and Countess of Wessex, Princess Royal, and Princess Alexandra, and is the workplace of more than 800 people.

Aside from being the home of the monarchy and a tourist attraction, what else is Buckingham Palace known for?

art gallery

Who made the palaces gilded railings and gates?

Bromsgrove Guild

Buckingham Palace is also the London Residence for which Duke?

Duke of York

Who is Buckingham palace home to?

the British monarchy

Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates?

Bromsgrove Guild

In what year were the railings and gates completed?

How many people work at Buckingham Palace?

800 people

Who stole the palaces gilded railings and gates?

I'm not sure.

How many people were fired from Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.

Who is Buckingham palace restricted from?

I'm not sure.

What year were the railings and gates stolen?

I'm not sure.

Which Duke is not allowed at Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.


The palace, like Windsor Castle, is owned by the Crown Estate. It is not the monarch's personal property, unlike Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle. Many of the contents from Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews. Unlike the palace and the castle, the purpose-built gallery is open continually and displays a changing selection of items from the collection. It occupies the site of the chapel destroyed by an air raid in World War II. The palace's state rooms have been open to the public during August and September and on selected dates throughout the year since 1993. The money raised in entry fees was originally put towards the rebuilding of Windsor Castle after the 1992 fire devastated many of its state rooms. 476,000 people visited the palace in the 2014–15 financial year.

Buckingham Palace is actually owned by whom?

Crown Estate

Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection?

Queen's Gallery

What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?

chapel

What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993?

The palace's state rooms

Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle?

Crown Estate

Where can the public view the Royal Collection?

at the Queen's Gallery

Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public?

since 1993

How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year?

476,000 people

Who has never owned Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.

Where is the public not allowed to view items from the Royal Collection?

I'm not sure.

What was located on the site that is now the King's Gallery?

I'm not sure.

What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and July and other select dates since 1991?

I'm not sure.

How many people were missing from the palace in the 2014-2015 fiscal year?

I'm not sure.


Formerly, men not wearing military uniform wore knee breeches of an 18th-century design. Women's evening dress included obligatory trains and tiaras or feathers in their hair (or both). The dress code governing formal court uniform and dress has progressively relaxed. After World War I, when Queen Mary wished to follow fashion by raising her skirts a few inches from the ground, she requested a lady-in-waiting to shorten her own skirt first to gauge the king's reaction. King George V was horrified, so the queen kept her hemline unfashionably low. Following their accession in 1936, King George VI and his consort, Queen Elizabeth, allowed the hemline of daytime skirts to rise. Today, there is no official dress code. Most men invited to Buckingham Palace in the daytime choose to wear service uniform or lounge suits; a minority wear morning coats, and in the evening, depending on the formality of the occasion, black tie or white tie.

What is the official dress code today at Buckingham Palace?

there is no official dress code

Which Queen tried and failed to raise the hemline of her dress after WWI?

Queen Mary

Which King was horrified to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?

King George V

The hemline of daytime skirts were allowed to rise after which year?

The knee breeches men formerly wore to the palace were of what era's design?

18th-century design

From what century were men's knee breeches worn at Buckingham designed in?

18th-century design

What were women obliged to wear in their hair?

tiaras or feathers

Which queen wanted to shorten her skirt's hemline?

Queen Mary

Which King was horrified to see the raised hemline on the Queen?

George V

What is the dress code today at Buckingham?

there is no official dress code

What were women required to wear in their socks?

I'm not sure.

Which Queen raised the hemline of her dress after WWI?

I'm not sure.

Which King was amused to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?

I'm not sure.

What century were men's knee breeches forbidden at Buckingham?

I'm not sure.

Which queen wanted to extend her skirt's hemline?

I'm not sure.


Court presentations of aristocratic young ladies to the monarch took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII. These young women were known as débutantes, and the occasion—termed their "coming out"—represented their first entrée into society. Débutantes wore full court dress, with three tall ostrich feathers in their hair. They entered, curtsied, and performed a choreographed backwards walk and a further curtsy, while manoeuvring a dress train of prescribed length. (The ceremony, known as an evening court, corresponded to the "court drawing rooms" of Victoria's reign.) After World War II, the ceremony was replaced by less formal afternoon receptions, usually without choreographed curtsies and court dress.

Under whose reign did court presentations of young aristocratic ladies take place?

Edward VII

What was the name for the ceremony where debutantes had their first introduction into society?

coming out

Debutantes wore the feather of which bird in their hair?

ostrich feathers

After WWII "coming out" ceremonies were replaces with what event?

less formal afternoon receptions

Under whose reign were young debutantes presented to society at Court?

Edward VII

What types of feathers did debutantes wear in their hair?

ostrich feathers

What was the occasion where debutantes were presented to society called?

"coming out"

After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with?

less formal afternoon receptions

Whose reign did not include court presentations of young aristocratic ladies?

I'm not sure.

What was the name for the sacrifice where debutantes had their last introduction into society?

I'm not sure.

What bird's feathers did debutantes wear in their shirt?

I'm not sure.

What was the occasion where debutantes were exiled from society called?

I'm not sure.

What was the coming out ceremony replaced with during WWII?

I'm not sure.


Investitures, which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword, and other awards take place in the palace's Ballroom, built in 1854. At 36.6 m (120 ft) long, 18 m (59 ft) wide and 13.5 m (44 ft) high, it is the largest room in the palace. It has replaced the throne room in importance and use. During investitures, the Queen stands on the throne dais beneath a giant, domed velvet canopy, known as a shamiana or a baldachin, that was used at the Delhi Durbar in 1911. A military band plays in the musicians' gallery as award recipients approach the Queen and receive their honours, watched by their families and friends.

Where do Investitures take place?

in the palace's Ballroom

What year was The Ballroom built?

Which room has The Ballroom replaced in terms of both use and importance?

the throne room

What does the Queen stand on during Investitures?

the throne dais

Knighthood is given by being dubbed with what object?

a sword

What is the largest room in the palace?

Ballroom

The Ballroom replaced which other room in terms of importance and use?

the throne room

Where do Investitures never take place?

I'm not sure.

What year was The Ballroom blown up?

I'm not sure.

Which room has The Ballroom never changed in terms of both use and importance?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest room in the palace?

I'm not sure.

What does the Queen sit on during Investitures?

I'm not sure.


State banquets also take place in the Ballroom; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state. On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal "white tie and decorations", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV. The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps. On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them, beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large, double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and sconces, creating a deliberate optical illusion of space and light.

Where do State Banquets take place?

the Ballroom

In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps?

November

What is used to set the dining table for formal dinners?

the Grand Service

When was the Grand Service made?

For whom was the Grand Service made?

the Prince of Wales

Where do state banquets take place?

in the Ballroom

When are state banquets held?

the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state

What is the dining table laid with for state banquets?

the Grand Service

Who was the Grand Service originally made for?

Prince of Wales

Where are State Banquets forbidden?

I'm not sure.

What month does the Queen promote the diplomatic corps?

I'm not sure.

What is used to set the dining table for casual dinners?

I'm not sure.

When was the Grand Service removed?

I'm not sure.

When are state banquets avoided?

I'm not sure.


Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews, also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the Gold State Coach, are housed. This rococo gilt coach, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760, has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani. It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV. It was last used for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions.

Where is the Gold State Coach housed?

the Royal Mews

When was the Gold State Coach first used?

The Royal Mews houses which type of animal?

horses

Who designed the Royal Mews?

Nash

Where is the Gold State Coach kept?

the Royal Mews

Who designed the Gold State Coach?

Sir William Chambers

In what year was the Gold State Coach first used?

What animals are kept in the mews?

horses

Who destroyed the Royal Mews?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Silver State Coach housed?

I'm not sure.

Who knows nothing about the Gold State Coach?

I'm not sure.

When was the Gold State Coach last used?

I'm not sure.

What animals are forbidden in the mews?

I'm not sure.


In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace. The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as "the Marlborough House Set", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace—the Ballroom, Grand Entrance, Marble Hall, Grand Staircase, vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle époque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today—once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash's original work.

In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne?

Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra's friends were know as what?

"the Marlborough House Set"

Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?

Nash's

Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?

King Edward

What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?

the Marlborough House Set

What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?

King Edward's heavy redecorations

When did King Edward VII take the throne?

What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?

Belle époque cream and gold

What year did Edward VII decline to ascend to the throne?

I'm not sure.

Which king commissioned minor redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and silver color scheme?

I'm not sure.

What were the group of people that King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra avoided called?

I'm not sure.

What supported Nash's original work in the palace?

I'm not sure.

What colors were avoided in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VI?

I'm not sure.


The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Portland stone) was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial, a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria, placed outside the main gates. George V, who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910, had a more serious personality than his father; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertaining and royal duties than on lavish parties. He arranged a series of command performances featuring jazz musicians such as the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1919) – the first jazz performance for a head of state, Sidney Bechet, and Louis Armstrong (1932), which earned the palace a nomination in 2009 for a (Kind of) Blue Plaque by the Brecon Jazz Festival as one of the venues making the greatest contribution to jazz music in the United Kingdom. George V's wife Queen Mary was a connoisseur of the arts, and took a keen interest in the Royal Collection of furniture and art, both restoring and adding to it. Queen Mary also had many new fixtures and fittings installed, such as the pair of marble Empire-style chimneypieces by Benjamin Vulliamy, dating from 1810, which the Queen had installed in the ground floor Bow Room, the huge low room at the centre of the garden façade. Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room. This room, 69 feet (21 metres) long, previously known as the South Drawing Room, has a ceiling designed specially by Nash, coffered with huge gilt console brackets.

Under whose reign did the last major building works take place?

King George V

The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?

Portland stone

Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?

George V

Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?

Queen Mary

Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?

Queen Mary

Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?

Sir Aston Webb

The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?

Portland stone

Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?

George V

What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?

Royal Collection of furniture and art

Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?

Queen Mary

Whose reign never had a major building works take place?

I'm not sure.

Which king avoided official entertaining and royal duties in favor of lavish parties?

I'm not sure.

Who removed and ruined furniture in The Royal Collection?

I'm not sure.

Who redesigned Blore's 1820 West Front?

I'm not sure.

Who burned the Green Drawing Room?

I'm not sure.


During World War I, the palace, then the home of King George V and Queen Mary, escaped unscathed. Its more valuable contents were evacuated to Windsor but the royal family remained in situ. The King imposed rationing at the palace, much to the dismay of his guests and household. To the King's later regret, David Lloyd George persuaded him to go further by ostentatiously locking the wine cellars and refraining from alcohol, to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class. The workers continued to imbibe and the King was left unhappy at his enforced abstinence. In 1938, the north-west pavilion, designed by Nash as a conservatory, was converted into a swimming pool.

Who lived at Buckingham Palace during WWI?

King George V and Queen Mary

Where were valuable items from Buckingham Palace taken during WWI?

Windsor

The king refrained from doing what during the war?

alcohol

In what year was the north-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?

Who persuaded the king to lock the wine cellars during WWI?

David Lloyd George

Buckingham Palace was untouched during which war?

World War I

Where were valuables evacuated to during the war?

Windsor

What did the King give up during the war?

alcohol

Who convinced the king to lock the wine cellars?

David Lloyd George

What was the north-west pavilion converted into in 1938?

swimming pool

Who died at Buckingham Palace during WWI?

I'm not sure.

Where were worthless items from Buckingham Palace taken after WWI?

I'm not sure.

What did the king increase consumption of during the war?

I'm not sure.

What year was the south-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?

I'm not sure.

Who persuaded the queen to unlock the wine cellars during WWI?

I'm not sure.


During World War II, the palace was bombed nine times, the most serious and publicised of which resulted in the destruction of the palace chapel in 1940. Coverage of this event was played in cinemas all over the UK to show the common suffering of rich and poor. One bomb fell in the palace quadrangle while King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were in residence, and many windows were blown in and the chapel destroyed. War-time coverage of such incidents was severely restricted, however. The King and Queen were filmed inspecting their bombed home, the smiling Queen, as always, immaculately dressed in a hat and matching coat seemingly unbothered by the damage around her. It was at this time the Queen famously declared: "I'm glad we have been bombed. Now I can look the East End in the face". The royal family were seen as sharing their subjects' hardship, as The Sunday Graphic reported:

How many times was the palace bombed in WWII?

nine times

What was destroyed in 1940?

the palace chapel

Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII?

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth

The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public?

the common suffering of rich and poor

What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII?

the chapel

The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing?

inspecting their bombed home

The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings?

their subjects' hardship

How many times was the palace remodeled in WWII?

I'm not sure.

What was upgraded in 1940?

I'm not sure.

Which monarchs were missing from Buckingham Palace during WWII?

I'm not sure.

What did the royal family never share with their subjects after the bombings?

I'm not sure.

What was hidden from the public as a result of the bombing of Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.


On 15 September 1940, known as the Battle of Britain Day, an RAF pilot, Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace. Holmes had run out of ammunition and made the quick decision to ram it. Holmes bailed out. Both aircraft crashed. In fact the Dornier Do 17 bomber was empty. It had already been damaged, two of its crew had been killed and the remainder bailed out. Its pilot, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, landed, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack. During the Dornier's descent, it somehow unloaded its bombs, one of which hit the Palace. It then crashed into the forecourt of London Victoria station. The bomber's engine was later exhibited at the Imperial War Museum in London. The British pilot became a King's Messenger after the war, and died at the age of 90 in 2005.

What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day?

15 September 1940

What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb?

the Palace

What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into?

Dornier Do 17 bomber

After the war what did Holmes become?

King's Messenger

What year did Ray Holmes die?

What is September 15, 1940 known as?

the Battle of Britain Day

What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting?

the Palace

What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane?

ram it

What type of aircraft was the German Plane?

Dornier Do 17 bomber

When did Holmes die?

What is the date of the celebration of Britain Day?

I'm not sure.

What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to restore?

I'm not sure.

What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes avoiding?

I'm not sure.

What did Holmes become during the war?

I'm not sure.

What year did Ray Holmes give birth?

I'm not sure.


An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.

What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?

electric current

Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?

wire filament

What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?

feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass

What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?

a socket

Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?

incandescent light bulb

What type of light has a wire filament heated to a low temperature?

I'm not sure.

What does not have electric current running through a wire filament?

I'm not sure.

What part of a halogen light bulb does not supply electric current?

I'm not sure.

What does not provide electricity to most light bulbs?

I'm not sure.


Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?

less efficient

What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?

Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?

LED

How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?

1,000 hours

What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?

The remaining energy is converted into heat.

What are more efficient than most other types of electric lighting?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of energy is not actually converted to visible light in a standard light bulb?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of energy is not actually converted to visible light in an incadescent light bulb?

I'm not sure.

What type of bulb typically has a long life span?

I'm not sure.

What does not happen to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not covert into light?

I'm not sure.


Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.

What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?

prohibited them already

How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?

phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs

What does the acronym CCFL refer to?

cold cathode fluorescent lamps

What does the acronym CFL refer to?

compact fluorescent lamps

What does the acronym LED refer to?

light-emitting diode

What type of bulb has not been replaced in many application by other types of electric light?

I'm not sure.

How is India treating incandescent light bulbs?

I'm not sure.

What does the acronym CCFL not refer to?

I'm not sure.

What does the acronym LED not refer to?

I'm not sure.

What does the acronym CFL not refer to?

I'm not sure.