There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries.

How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?

two

What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?

executive

What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?

separation of powers

What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?

judiciary


Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared.

Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?

Mobile telecommunications

What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?

Africa

Who works against corruption in India?

the anti-corruption bureau

What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?

Jan Lokpal Bill


In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:

What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?

Who started the Programme of Action?

Ministers of the Council of Europe

What did the Programme of Action issue?

a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments


The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism – the Group of States Against Corruption (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created.

What does GRECO stand for?

Group of States Against Corruption

What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?

Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption

The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?

transnational


Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500–1400) and the Renaissance (1400–1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1820), and Romantic eras (1804–1910); and the 20th century (1901–2000) which includes the modern (1890–1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975–2015) eras.[citation needed]

What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?

the Classical period

What years are termed the Renaissance period?

What years are termed the Baroque period?

From 1804-1910 was called what era?

Romantic

Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition?

Western music

Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?

Western

What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?

the Classical period

What time period is known at the common practice period?

between 1550 and 1900

When was the modern era?


European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music  styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.

How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?

its system of staff notation

What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?

Western staff notation

What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?

jazz and blues

Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what?

complexity

How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?

its system of staff notation

How long has the system of staff notation been in use?

since about the 16th century

Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation?

improvisation

Classic music can a attain a high level of what?

complexity


The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836.

When did the term "classical music" appear?

the early 19th century

What period is referred to as a "golden age"?

the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven

What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?

What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?

Oxford English Dictionary

What term did not appear until the early 19th century?

classical music

What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?

golden age

What year was the earliest reference to classical music?

In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?

Oxford English Dictionary


Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain, such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works (e.g., the fugue). As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble—and the works written for it—have become a defining feature of classical music.

Who sang Medieval plainchant?

monks

Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?

solo piano

What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?

use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works

Through what period did the symphony not exist?

the entire classical music period

What has become a defining feature of classical music?

the symphony ensemble

What did not exist through the entire classical music period?

the symphony

The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?

classical music

Who sang medieval plainchant?

monks


The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced.

J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?

live improvisation

The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?

rhythm

What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?

written notation

Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?

J.S. Bach's


That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument (harpsichord, lute, etc.) should play the chords, which are not notated in the part (only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer). The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece, including the phrasing of melodies, the time taken during fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and the use (or choice not to use) of effects such as vibrato or glissando (these effects are possible on various stringed, brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice).

The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?

perform a historical work

In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment?

the Baroque era

Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?

the human voice

What are fermatas?

held notes


Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments. J.S. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations. During the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. For more information, see Improvisation.

Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?

improvisation

In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?

organ performers

Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?

instrumental performers

Who was noted for his complex improvisations?

J.S. Bach

What was Mozart noted for?

his ability to improvise melodies in different styles


The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time.

Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?

the mid-19th century

What is the most widely known medium for classical music?

The symphony orchestra

A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?

brass

What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?

a string section

What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?

vocal


Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).

What was the medieval flute made from?

wood

What was an early version of the fiddle called?

vielle

What was an early version of the trombone called?

sackbut

Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?

singly

Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?

bas


During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century.

What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?

liturgical

What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?

Polyphonic vocal genres

When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?

during the high medieval era

What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?

monophonic


Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind.

Many instruments originated during what era?

the Renaissance

What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?

authentic instruments

Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?

percussion


Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.

Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?

the Renaissance

Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?

the hurdy-gurdy

The virginal is what type of instrument?

Keyboard instruments with strings

The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?

Percussion

The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?

Woodwind


Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.

Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?

polyphonic style

What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?

masses

Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?

opera


Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.

The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?

Baroque

What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?

fell into disuse

The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?

Percussion

The serpent is what type of instrument?

Brass

Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?

theorbo


One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).

What was less standardized during the Baroque era?

the types of instruments used in ensembles

Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?

a classical era string quartet

Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?

clavichord

What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?

a lute


The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning.

From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?

Haydn

Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?

the early 1830s

The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?

the Medieval era


Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.

Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?

Baroque

The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?

rackett

The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?

the violin

What did the Baroque trumpet become?

the regular valved trumpet


The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn.

The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?

viola

The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?

Woodwinds

What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?

the harpsichord

What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?

the ophicleide


The "standard complement" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral "palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the "Eroica" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver "storm" and "sunshine" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus chorus and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.

To whom is the "standard complement" attributed to?

Beethoven

PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?

Symphony No. 5

How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?

several decades

What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?

timbral "palette"

A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?

sunshine


In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.

What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?

fortepiano

How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?

two

What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?

the standard orchestral palette

Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?

sound

What is a celestes?

a bell-like keyboard instrument


Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.

When do saxophones first appear in scores?

the late 19th century

Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?

Symphonic Dances

How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?

as a member of the orchestral ensemble

The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?

"tenor tuba"

Who wrote The Planets?

Gustav Holst


The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.

What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?

The Wagner tuba

Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?

Symphony No. 7 in E Major

Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?

freelance musicians

What Debussy piece features a cornet?

La Mer


Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan.

What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?

Electric

What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?

popular

What type of instrument is the gamelan?

electronic


Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments. On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries.

In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?

early classical music,

What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?

the acoustic guitar

Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?

popular


While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament.

What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?

equal temperament

When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?

the 18th century

What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?

meantone temperament


Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.

What have classical trained performers done extensively?

studied classical music

What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?

individual lessons from professors

To what level is training for classical music often required?

postgraduate


Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).

Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?

sight-reading

Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?

harmonic

Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?

classical music


Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.

What brothers have had significant classical training?

Van Halen brothers

Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?

classical

Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?

commercial


Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of maternity leave would be a problem.

What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?

male

Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?

harpist

What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?

Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?

the Berlin Philharmonic

Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?

Dieter Flury


In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's concertmasters in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions.

In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?

Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?

Anna Lelkes

What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?

harp

How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?

six

Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?

Albena Danailova


In 2013, an article in Mother Jones stated that while "[m]any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership—women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic's violin section—and several renowned ensembles, including the National Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony, and the Minnesota Symphony, are led by women violinists", the double bass, brass, and percussion sections of major orchestras "...are still predominantly male." A 2014 BBC article stated that the "...introduction of 'blind' auditions, where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice, has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift."

The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist?

female

The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?

male

What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?

'blind' auditions

In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men?

violin


Works of classical repertoire often exhibit complexity in their use of orchestration, counterpoint, harmony, musical development, rhythm, phrasing, texture, and form. Whereas most popular styles are usually written in song forms, classical music is noted for its development of highly sophisticated musical forms, like the concerto, symphony, sonata, and opera.

Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?

complexity

What is usually written in song forms?

popular styles

The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?

sophisticated


Longer works are often divided into self-contained pieces, called movements, often with contrasting characters or moods. For instance, symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements: (1) an opening Allegro in sonata form, (2) a slow movement, (3) a minuet or scherzo, and (4) a final Allegro. These movements can then be further broken down into a hierarchy of smaller units: first sections, then periods, and finally phrases.

What are self-contained pieces in longer works called?

movements

How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?

four

What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?

slow

A movement broken up further is called what?

sections

The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?

Allegro


The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period, which includes Medieval (500–1400) and Renaissance (1400–1600) eras, and the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1830) and Romantic (1804–1910) eras. Since 1900, classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define. The 20th century calendar period (1901–2000) includes most of the early modern musical era (1890–1930), the entire high modern (mid 20th-century), and the first 25 years of the contemporary or postmodern musical era (1975–current). The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era.

What period was from 500-1400?

Medieval

What years dictate the Baroque period?

How have periods been reckoned Since 1900?

by calendar century

What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?

the contemporary/postmodern musical era

The years 1804-1910 marked what era?

Romantic


The dates are generalizations, since the periods and eras overlap and the categories are somewhat arbitrary, to the point that some authorities reverse terminologies and refer to a common practice "era" comprising baroque, classical, and romantic "periods". For example, the use of counterpoint and fugue, which is considered characteristic of the Baroque era (or period), was continued by Haydn, who is classified as typical of the Classical era. Beethoven, who is often described as a founder of the Romantic era, and Brahms, who is classified as Romantic, also used counterpoint and fugue, but other characteristics of their music define their era.

What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue?

Haydn

Haydn is classified as typical of what era?

Classical

Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?

Beethoven

Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?

Brahms

Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?

era


The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era, such as Classical or Romantic. Stravinsky's Pulcinella, for example, is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era.

A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?

neo

What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?

Who wrote Pulcinella?

Stravinsky's

What era is Pulcinella similar to?

Classical


Burgh (2006), suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra, which dates to 2695 BC. This was followed by early Christian liturgical music, which itself dates back to the Ancient Greeks[citation needed]. The development of individual tones and scales was made by ancient Greeks such as Aristoxenus and Pythagoras. Pythagoras created a tuning system and helped to codify musical notation. Ancient Greek instruments such as the aulos (a reed instrument) and the lyre (a stringed instrument similar to a small harp) eventually led to the modern-day instruments of a classical orchestra. The antecedent to the early period was the era of ancient music before the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD). Very little music survives from this time, most of it from ancient Greece.

When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?

2695 BC

Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?

Burgh

What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?

early Christian liturgical music,

Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?

ancient Greeks

Who helped codify musical notation?

Pythagoras


The Medieval period includes music from after the fall of Rome to about 1400. Monophonic chant, also called plainsong or Gregorian chant, was the dominant form until about 1100. Polyphonic (multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, including the more complex voicings of motets.

The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?

Rome

What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?

Monophonic chant

What does Polyphonic mean?

multi-voiced

When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?

Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?

motets


The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.

When was the Renaissance era?

from 1400 to 1600

What era was from 1400 to 1600?

Renaissance

The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?

Renaissance

What became widespread in the Renaissance era?

Social dancing

Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?

Renaissance


It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape. This invention made possible the separation of the composition of a piece of music from its transmission; without written music, transmission was oral, and subject to change every time it was transmitted. With a musical score, a work of music could be performed without the composer's presence. The invention of the movable-type printing press in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music.

The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?

staff

How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?

oral

What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?

change

What can a musical scored be performed without?

the composer's presence

When was the movable-type printing press invented?

the 15th century


Typical stringed instruments of the early period include the harp, lute, vielle, and psaltery, while wind instruments included the flute family (including recorder), shawm (an early member of the oboe family), trumpet, and the bagpipes. Simple pipe organs existed, but were largely confined to churches, although there were portable varieties. Later in the period, early versions of keyboard instruments like the clavichord and harpsichord began to appear. Stringed instruments such as the viol had emerged by the 16th century, as had a wider variety of brass and reed instruments. Printing enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments, as well as instruction in their use.

The record is part of what wind family?

the flute family

The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument?

the oboe

Where were the first pipe organs confined to?

churches

When had the viol emerged by?

the 16th century

What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments?

Printing


The common practice period is when many of the ideas that make up western classical music took shape, standardized, or were codified. It began with the Baroque era, running from roughly 1600 to the middle of the 18th century. The Classical era followed, ending roughly around 1820. The Romantic era ran through the 19th century, ending about 1910.

When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?

The common practice period

What began with the Baroque era?

The common practice period

What era did the classical era follow?

Baroque era

When did the classical era end?

around 1820

When did the romantic era end?

about 1910


Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.

Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music?

Baroque

What does basso continuo mean?

a continuous bass line

What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?

more complex

What form began to take shape during the Baroque era?

the sonata form

Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?

tonalities


During the Baroque era, keyboard music played on the harpsichord and pipe organ became increasingly popular, and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today. Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms, and vocal forms like the cantata and oratorio became more common. Vocalists began adding embellishments to melodies. Instrumental ensembles began to distinguish and standardize by size, giving rise to the early orchestra for larger ensembles, with chamber music being written for smaller groups of instruments where parts are played by individual (instead of massed) instruments. The concerto as a vehicle for solo performance accompanied by an orchestra became widespread, although the relationship between soloist and orchestra was relatively simple.

Keyboard music became popular during what era?

Baroque

The violin family is what type of instrument?

stringed

Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?

staged musical drama

What became more common during the Baroque era?

vocal forms

What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?

embellishments


The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice, especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although Bach did not use equal temperament, as a modern piano is generally tuned, changes in the temperaments from the meantone system, common at the time, to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable, made possible Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.

What theories began to be put in wider practice?

equal temperament

What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?

a wider range of chromatic possibilities

What did Bach not use?

equal temperament

A modern piano is generally what?

tuned

What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?

meantone


The Classical era, from about 1750 to 1820, established many of the norms of composition, presentation, and style, and was also when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized (although they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries). Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8 to 10 performers for serenades. Opera continued to develop, with regional styles in Italy, France, and German-speaking lands. The opera buffa, a form of comic opera, rose in popularity. The symphony came into its own as a musical form, and the concerto was developed as a vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing skill. Orchestras no longer required a harpsichord (which had been part of the traditional continuo in the Baroque style), and were often led by the lead violinist (now called the concertmaster).

When was the Classical era?

1750 to 1820

What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?

the piano

What became more standardized during the classical era?

The basic forces required for an orchestra

How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?

What is an opera buffa?

a form of comic opera


Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era. While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.

What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era?

Wind

What is the single reed family called?

the clarinet family

What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?

double reeded

Who expanded the single reeds role?

Mozart


The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.

Increased attention to extended melodic lines characterized what era?

Romantic

When did the Romantic era end?

the early 20th century

Free-form pieces like nocturnes and preludes were a break from what era?

Classical

Tensions about what increased during the Romantic era?

key signatures

What is a name for an art song?

Lied


In the 19th century, musical institutions emerged from the control of wealthy patrons, as composers and musicians could construct lives independent of the nobility. Increasing interest in music by the growing middle classes throughout western Europe spurred the creation of organizations for the teaching, performance, and preservation of music. The piano, which achieved its modern construction in this era (in part due to industrial advances in metallurgy) became widely popular with the middle class, whose demands for the instrument spurred a large number of piano builders. Many symphony orchestras date their founding to this era. Some musicians and composers were the stars of the day; some, like Franz Liszt and Niccolò Paganini, fulfilled both roles.

Who controlled musical institutions before the 19th century?

wealthy patrons

Composers and musicians began to construct lives independent of what in the 19th century?

the nobility

What class increased it's interest in music during the 19th century?

middle classes

What instrument became widely popular in the middle class in the 19th century?

The piano

The 19th century marks the foundation of many what?

symphony orchestras


The family of instruments used, especially in orchestras, grew. A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear. Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the introduction of rotary valves made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes. The size of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100. Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400.

To what number did the size of the orchestra grow to?

What size of choirs have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?

over 400

What size orchestras have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?

over 150

What allowed Brass instruments to play a wider range of notes?

rotary valves

What array of instrument grew wider?

percussion


European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward the end of the era, of nationalism in music (echoing, in some cases, political sentiments of the time), as composers such as Edvard Grieg, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Antonín Dvořák echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions.

What did European cultural ideas follow?

colonial expansion

What type of music rose toward the end of the era?

nationalism

What did nationalism in music sometime echo?

political sentiments of the time

Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions?

traditional music of their homelands


Encompassing a wide variety of post-Romantic styles composed through the year 2000, 20th century classical music includes late romantic, modern, high-modern, and postmodern styles of composition. Modernism (1890–1930) marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody, instrumentation, and structure. The high-modern era saw the emergence of neo-classical and serial music. A few authorities have claimed high-modernism as the beginning of postmodern music from about 1930. Others have more or less equated postmodern music with the "contemporary music" composed from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century.

What style does 20th century classical music encompass?

post-Romantic

When did modernism take place?

Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?

Modernism

Neo-classical music emerged during what era?

high-modern era

Postmodern music is also know as what?

contemporary music


Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the standard concert repertoire are male composers, even though there has been a large number of women composers throughout the classical music period. Musicologist Marcia Citron has asked "[w]hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. In the "...Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Shumann  [sic] is one of the only  [sic] female composers mentioned." Abbey Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts."

What gender are most composers described in music textbooks?

male

Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?

Musicologist Marcia Citron

Why were women composers deemed not notable?

did not write many symphonies

Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?

Clara Shumann

What type of music did women composers typically write?

art songs


The modernist views hold that classical music is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or by recordings of particular performances.[citation needed] While there are differences between particular performances of a classical work, a piece of classical music is generally held to transcend any interpretation of it. The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music, since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work.

What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?

modernist

Musical notation is effective for what?

transmitting classical music

Why is written musical notation effective?

contains the technical instructions for performing the work


In 1996–1997, a research study was conducted on a large population of middle age students in the Cherry Creek School District in Denver, Colorado, USA. The study showed that students who actively listen to classical music before studying had higher academic scores. The research further indicated that students who listened to the music prior to an examination also had positively elevated achievement scores. Students who listened to rock-and-roll or country had moderately lower scores. The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance; whereas, those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores. The research was conducted over several schools within the Cherry Creek School District and was conducted through University of Colorado. This study is reflective of several recent studies (i.e. Mike Manthei and Steve N. Kelly of the University of Nebraska at Omaha; Donald A. Hodges and Debra S. O'Connell of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro; etc.) and others who had significant results through the discourse of their work.

Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores?

higher

What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country?

moderately lower

Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?

students who used classical during the course of study

Who conducted the research study?

University of Colorado

What years was the study conducted in?


During the 1990s, several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the "Mozart effect": an observed temporary, small elevation of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozart's works. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students' IQ by 8 to 9 points. This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by the New York Times music columnist Alex Ross: "researchers... have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter." Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. One of the co-authors of the original studies of the Mozart effect commented "I don't think it can hurt. I'm all for exposing children to wonderful cultural experiences. But I do think the money could be better spent on music education programs."

Which composer had an effect named after him?

Mozart

Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?

Don Campbell

Where was the experiment originally published?

Nature

How many IQ points of a students' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost?

8 to 9 points

How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music?


Shawn Vancour argues that the commercialization of classical music in the early 20th century served to harm the music industry through inadequate representation.

What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour?

the commercialization of classical music

Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry?

Shawn Vancour

Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour?

inadequate representation.


Several works from the Golden Age of Animation matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are Walt Disney's Fantasia, Tom and Jerry's Johann Mouse, and Warner Bros.' Rabbit of Seville and What's Opera, Doc?.

Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?

classical music

Who produced Fantasia?

Walt Disney

Who starred in Johann Mouse?

Tom and Jerry

Who produced Rabbit of Seville?

Warner Bros

Who produced What's Opera, Doc?

Warner Bros


Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.

What does classical music convey in movies and television?

refinement or opulence

What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence?

Four Seasons

What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement?

Eine kleine Nachtmusik

Who wrote William Tell Overture?

Rossini

Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain?

Mussorgsky


The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.

What does the written score not usually contain explicitly?

instructions

Interpretations of written score is left to whom?

performers

Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?

the work's idiom


Some critics express the opinion that it is only from the mid-19th century, and especially in the 20th century, that the score began to hold such a high significance. Previously, improvisation (in preludes, cadenzas and ornaments), rhythmic flexibility (e.g., tempo rubato), improvisatory deviation from the score and oral tradition of playing was integral to the style. Yet in the 20th century, this oral tradition and passing on of stylistic features within classical music disappeared. Instead, musicians tend to use just the score to play music. Yet, even with the score providing the key elements of the music, there is considerable controversy about how to perform the works. Some of this controversy relates to the fact that this score-centric approach has led to performances that emphasize metrically strict block-rhythms (just as the music is notated in the score).

Improvisation is integral before what took a high significance?

the score

When did oral tradition disappear?

the 20th century

There is still controversy about how to perform works, even though scores provide what?

key elements of the music

A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what?

block-rhythms


Improvisation once played an important role in classical music. A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza, a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works, designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument. Traditionally this was improvised by the performer; however, it is often written for (or occasionally by) the performer beforehand. Improvisation is also an important aspect in authentic performances of operas of Baroque era and of bel canto (especially operas of Vincenzo Bellini), and is best exemplified by the da capo aria, a form by which famous singers typically perform variations of the thematic matter of the aria in the recapitulation section ('B section' / the 'da capo' part). An example is Beverly Sills' complex, albeit pre-written, variation of Da tempeste il legno infranto from Händel's Giulio Cesare.

What once played an important role in classical music?

Improvisation

Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?

cadenza

What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?

their virtuoso skills on the instrument

What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?

authentic performances

An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?

Da tempeste il legno infranto


Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.

How are staples of classical music often used?

commercially

TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?

clichéd

What piece is often used in the horror genre?

"O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana

Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?

Wagner

Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?

Edvard Grieg


Composers of classical music have often made use of folk music (music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained, often from a purely oral tradition). Some composers, like Dvořák and Smetana, have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work, while others like Bartók have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins.

Folk musicians are not commonly what?

classically trained

What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?

folk music

Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?

folk

Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?

Bartók


Its written transmission, along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works, has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer. During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased. Yet the opposite trend—admiration of performers for new "interpretations" of the composer's work—can be seen, and it is not unknown for a composer to praise a performer for achieving a better realization of the original intent than the composer was able to imagine. Thus, classical performers often achieve high reputations for their musicianship, even if they do not compose themselves. Generally however, it is the composers who are remembered more than the performers.

How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?

in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer

When did details that composers put in their scores increase?

the 19th century

Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?

a better realization of the original intent than the composer

What do classical performers often achieve?

high reputations for their musicianship


The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.

When was improvisation in classical music performance common?

the Baroque and early romantic eras

When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?

the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries

What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?

the cadenzas to their piano concertos

What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?

come scritto

Who strongly supposed ome scritto?

soprano Maria Callas


Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from popular music of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture, genres exemplified by Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera, and the influence of jazz on early- and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel, exemplified by the movement entitled "Blues" in his sonata for violin and piano. Certain postmodern, minimalist and postminimalist classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.

Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?

Classical music

What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?

student drinking songs

What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?

jazz

Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?

Kurt Weill

What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?

popular


Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.

Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?

the 1970s

What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?

the musical crossover phenomenon

Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?

heavy metal

Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?

electric guitar


Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.

What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?

Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.

What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?

They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.

What was colonised by the East Slavs?

The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.

What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?

Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities

Slavic mercenaries settled where?

Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.

What is the largest ethno group in North Asia?

I'm not sure.

Who fought against the Byzantines?

I'm not sure.

What did Slavic mercenaries colonise?

I'm not sure.

Who colonised the Arabs?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Central Asia is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?

I'm not sure.


Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavic (chiefly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins), though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs. For a more comprehensive list, see the ethnocultural subdivisions. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual ethnic groups themselves – are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.

West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

Poles, Czechs and Slovaks

East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians

South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins

West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?

North Slavs

North Slavs are made up of South slavs and what other slav?

I'm not sure.

The single group of South slavs are made up of which two other groups?

I'm not sure.

What forms of diversity are lost in modern nations?

I'm not sure.

Who always has a sense of hostility?

I'm not sure.


The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ Slověně for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.

*Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?

Proto-Slavic

Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?

Old Church Slavonic

Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?

Procopius

Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?

Latin

What is the plural form of Slavic?

I'm not sure.

What writer wrote in Old Church Slavonic?

I'm not sure.

During what century were Slavics referred to as "an East Slavic group near Novgorod"?

I'm not sure.

When did Procopius write in Latin about the Sclaveni?

I'm not sure.


The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic *němъ – "mumbling, mute").

What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"

slovo

What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"

němci

Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?

Roman Jakobson

Who came up with the Slavic autonym?

I'm not sure.

What does slovo derive from?

I'm not sure.

What word did Roman Jakobson use to call Slavics foreign people?

I'm not sure.

What word did Jackobson use to mean mute?

I'm not sure.


The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.

Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?

*ḱlew

The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?

Pericles

What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?

he word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing")

What does the Latin word "klew" mean?

I'm not sure.

What is the Latin word for famous?

I'm not sure.

What does the word "klew" originate from?

I'm not sure.

What type of root word is Pericles?

I'm not sure.

What Slavic word means "loud"?

I'm not sure.


The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.

The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?

sclave

The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?

Sklavinoi

The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?

misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym

The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?

medieval Arab historiographers

What English word does "sclave" come from?

I'm not sure.

What Latin word was a misunderstanding?

I'm not sure.

What word was loaned from Arabic?

I'm not sure.

Who disputes the origin of the word Saqaliba?

I'm not sure.

What nationality borrowed the word "Saqaliba"?

I'm not sure.


Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slověninъ propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion," and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek λαός laós "population, people," which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907–1986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene.

Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?

Lozinski

Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?

S.B. Bernstein

The suffix -enin indicates what?

a man from a certain place

Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?

Henrich Bartek

Who said slava evolved from an ethnonym?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the scholar that suggested Slova could be a river name?

I'm not sure.

When was SB Bernstein born?

I'm not sure.

When did Bartek argue the Dnieper River was the origin of Slovene?

I'm not sure.

What suffix indicates a river name?

I'm not sure.


The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?

River Danube

The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?

Slavic raids

No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?

c. 600 AD

There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?

the Balkans

When did the Slavics raid the River Danube?

I'm not sure.

When was archaeological evidence of Slavic settlements first discovered?

I'm not sure.

All archaeological evidence for the Slavics is dated after what year?

I'm not sure.

Who raided the Slavics?

I'm not sure.


The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.

The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?

in the early 6th century

The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?

the Antes and the Sclaveni

According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?

the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea

Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?

the Danubian provinces

Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?

under Justinian I

When do Byzantine records begin?

I'm not sure.

When did Procopius of Caesarea live?

I'm not sure.

Where was Jordanes from?

I'm not sure.

What was another name for Byzantine?

I'm not sure.

What mountains did the Byzantine people come from?

I'm not sure.


Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:

Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?

Procopius

When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?

Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?

Spori

What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?

their social structure and beliefs

Who did Procopius write about in 545?

the Sclaveni and the Antae

Who called the Sclaveni Spori in olden times?

I'm not sure.

In what year were the Sclaveni and Antae called Spori?

I'm not sure.

What were both Sclaveni and Spori once called?

I'm not sure.

What did Procopius write about in olden times?

I'm not sure.

What did the Spori describe in 545?

I'm not sure.


Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?

Jordanes

Who had swamps and forests for their cities?

the Sclaveni

A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?

among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes

Who wrote that the Sclaveni lived in impenetrable forests?

I'm not sure.

Where did Jordanes live?

I'm not sure.

Who could not penetrate the forests and rivers?

I'm not sure.

When did Sclaveni live in swamps?

I'm not sure.


Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?

Menander Protector

Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?

Daurentius

The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?

the Avars

Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?

Daurentius

Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?

Khagan Bayan I

When did Protector live?

I'm not sure.

What kind of envoy did Khagan Bayan I destroy?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Slavs ask to accept their suzerainty?

I'm not sure.

What did Protector say about conquering land?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Avar envoy slaughter?

I'm not sure.


The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.

An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?

the Veneti

The Veneti tribe was located where?

east of the River Vistula

What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?

Veneti

When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?

in the Roman period

What were the Slavs east of?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Balts have an uncomfortable relationship with?

I'm not sure.

What tribe was to the east of the Slavs?

I'm not sure.

What did the Roman period refer to?

I'm not sure.


According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?

multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia

What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?

the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires

Who started the great migration of the Slavs?

Germans

Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?

Iberia and north Africa

Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?

the Huns and their allies

What empires were part of the Roman world?

I'm not sure.

When did the Sarmatians move westward?

I'm not sure.

Who settled in langs abandoned by the Slavs?

I'm not sure.

Who was fleeing from the Germans?

I'm not sure.

What theory suggests the Slavic tribes were unknown to the Roman world?

I'm not sure.


Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.

When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?

Around the 6th century

The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?

Byzantine borders

Where else reported Slavic settlements?

Peloponnese and Asia Minor

Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?

the Eastern Alps

When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?

By the end of the 6th century

When did the Peloponnese appear on Byzantine borders?

I'm not sure.

What did Slav records note could not grow after their presence?

I'm not sure.

Where were Slave settled at the beginning of the 6th century?

I'm not sure.

How has the southern movement of the Byzantine empire been understood?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Peloponnese appear at the beginning of the 6th c?

I'm not sure.


When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.

What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?

the first rudiments of state organizations

When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?

When their migratory movements ended

Early state organizations where headed by what?

a prince with a treasury and a defense force

Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?

the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors

Who did the Byzantine Emperors pledge allegiance to?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the Byzantine Emperors?

I'm not sure.

What did the beginnings of class differentiation end?

I'm not sure.

Who headed the Frankish Emperors?

I'm not sure.

What two things did each noble have?

I'm not sure.


In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.

When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?

the 7th century

What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?

Samo

What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?

Carantania

When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?

Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?

Slavic literacy and Christianity

Who supported the Avar rulers?

I'm not sure.

What outlived the first Slav ruler?

I'm not sure.

Where was the first known Avar state?

I'm not sure.

What became the official language of an empire in 681?

I'm not sure.

When was Carantania founded?

I'm not sure.


As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. In the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition. In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.

What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?

the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro

When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?

Whose official independence was declared in 1908?

Bulgaria

When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?

In 1918

What was Serbia de jure vassal to in 1878?

I'm not sure.

When was Montenegro's independence declared?

I'm not sure.

How many people were in the Ottoman Empire?

I'm not sure.

What ended in 1878?

I'm not sure.

How many Slavs lived in Czechoslovakia?

I'm not sure.


During World War II, Hitler's Generalplan Ost (general plan for the East) entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum (living space) for German settlers. The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.

Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?

Hitler's

What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?

The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost

The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?

19.3 million civilians

What is the German word for living space?

Lebensraum

How many prisoners of war were supposed to die from the Hunger Plan?

I'm not sure.

Who planned to deport German settlers?

I'm not sure.

80 million people died in what country?

I'm not sure.

What is the Slavic word for living space?

I'm not sure.

What plans successfully resulted in 80 million people starving?

I'm not sure.


The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?

succession of wars, famines and other disasters

Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?

Stephen J. Lee

When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?

What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?

Russia and the Soviet Union

When did Stephen J. Lee make his estimate about the Russian population?

I'm not sure.

How many people did famine kill in Russia?

I'm not sure.

Who did Russia fight with in the first half of the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

Who ended the war in 1945?

I'm not sure.

What is Stephen J. Lee's nationality?

I'm not sure.


Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.

When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?

In the 19th century

Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?

Pan-Slavism

What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?

Yugoslavia

When did Yugoslavia break apart?

What influenced practical politics?

I'm not sure.

When did the Russian Empire create pan-slavism?

I'm not sure.

What did Central Europe begin to conquest?

I'm not sure.

What formed in the 1990s?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Poles subjugate?

I'm not sure.


The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Yugoslavia (1943–1992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).

When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?

When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?

When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?

When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?

When was slavs used for the Yugoslavia and Montenegro anthem?

I'm not sure.

What word was taken out of the national anthem of the Slovak Republic in 1939?

I'm not sure.

What country stopped using the word slavs in 1943?

I'm not sure.

When did the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia become Yugoslavia?

I'm not sure.


Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).

Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?

the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR

What is the largest Slavic minority?

Russians

Where is the largest Slavic minority located?

Kazakhstan

What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?

Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles

What country has the largest Ukrainian population?

I'm not sure.

What was the Warsaw Pact originally part of?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest population in Kazakhstan?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a satellite state?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest minority in Kazakhstan?

I'm not sure.


Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?

Pan-Slavism

Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?

the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice

Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?

The Russian Empire

When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?

between 1945 and 1948

How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?

until the period 1989–1991

Who did the South Slavs rule over?

I'm not sure.

When did Venice gain power over Slavic-majority nations?

I'm not sure.

What type of role did Slavic nations play between 1989-1991?

I'm not sure.

Which area was the first to use Pan-Slavism as a political tool?

I'm not sure.

What did Austria-Hungary use pan-slavism for?

I'm not sure.