Greece is a developed country with an economy based on the service (82.8%) and industrial sectors (13.3%). The agricultural sector contributed 3.9% of national economic output in 2015. Important Greek industries include tourism and shipping. With 18 million international tourists in 2013, Greece was the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world. The Greek Merchant Navy is the largest in the world, with Greek-owned vessels accounting for 15% of global deadweight tonnage as of 2013. The increased demand for international maritime transportation between Greece and Asia has resulted in unprecedented investment in the shipping industry.

What type of country is Greece?

developed

What percentage of Greece's economy is based on service?

How much of Greece's economy is comprised of industrial sectors?

How much of the national economic output did the agricultural sector of Greece contribute in 2015?

How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013?

18 million

What type of continent is Greece?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Greece's economy is taken from service?

I'm not sure.

How much of Greece's debt is comprised of industrial sectors?

I'm not sure.

How much of the national economic output did the agricultural sector of Greece eliminate in 2014?

I'm not sure.

How many international tourists were imprisoned in Greece in 2013?

I'm not sure.


The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries.

What is Greece a significant producer of within the EU?

agricultural

Greece has the largest what in the Balkans?

economy

What was Albania's largest foreign investor in 2013?

Greece

Who is Greece the most important trading partner to?

Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

What Greek telecommunications company has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia?

OTE

What is Greece a significant consumer of outside the EU?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest in the Balkans for Greece?

I'm not sure.

What was Albania's smallest foreign investor in 2013?

I'm not sure.

Who is Greece the least important trading partner to?

I'm not sure.

What Greek telecommunications company has become a weak investor in former Yugoslavia?

I'm not sure.


Greece is classified as an advanced, high-income economy, and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). The country joined what is now the European Union in 1981. In 2001 Greece adopted the euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachmae per euro. Greece is a member of the International Monetary Fund and of the World Trade Organization, and ranked 34th on Ernst & Young's Globalization Index 2011.

What does the abbreviation OECD expand to?

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

What organization was Greek a founding member?

OECD

What is Greece's economy classified as?

advanced, high-income

When did Greece join what is now the European Union?

When did Greece adopt the Euro as its currency?

What does the abbreviation OECD shrink to?

I'm not sure.

What organization was Greek a banned member?

I'm not sure.

What is Greece's economy forbidden from?

I'm not sure.

When did Greece leave what is now the European Union?

I'm not sure.

When did Greece remove the Euro as its currency?

I'm not sure.


World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of −0.3% in 2008, −4.3% in 2009, −5.5% in 2010, −9.1% in 2011, −7.3% in 2012 and −3.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached €356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to €280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015.

What years of economic growth was called Greece's economic miracle?

1950 to 1980

From what year was Greece's levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average?

What was the GDP growth rate of Greece in 2013?

How much public debt did Greece have in 2011?

€356 billion

What year did Greece fall back into recession?

What years of economic growth were called Greece's economic hell?

I'm not sure.

What year was Greece's levels of GDP growth the same as the Eurozone average?

I'm not sure.

What was the GDP reduction rate of Greece in 2011?

I'm not sure.

How much public profit did Greece have in 2011?

I'm not sure.

What year did Greece become immune to recessions?

I'm not sure.


The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century (a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution) has been little researched. Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy, calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations. Industrial activity, (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was evident, mainly in Ermoupolis and Piraeus. Nonetheless, Greece faced economic hardships and defaulted on its external loans in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894.

What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

What does recent research from 2006 examine?

evolution of the Greek economy

What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?

slightly lower

What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched?

shipbuilding

What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?

defaulted on its external loans

What paralyzed a large part of the world in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What does recent research from 2006 avoid?

I'm not sure.

What was Greece's GDP decline between 1833 and 1911 compared with other Western European nations?

I'm not sure.

What type of industrial activity was unknown in Greece in the period researched?

I'm not sure.

What did Greece avoid in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?

I'm not sure.


After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth, Greece went into recession in 2008. By the end of 2009, the Greek economy faced the highest budget deficit and government debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU. After several upward revisions, the 2009 budget deficit is now estimated at 15.7% of GDP. This, combined with rapidly rising debt levels (127.9% of GDP in 2009) led to a precipitous increase in borrowing costs, effectively shutting Greece out of the global financial markets and resulting in a severe economic crisis.

How many years of consecutive growth had Greece had?

fourteen

When did Greece go into recession?

in 2008

What did the Greek economy have the highest of at the end of 2009?

budget deficit

What percentage of GDP was the budget deficit of Greece in 2009?

What type of crisis resulted from the budget deficit and rising debt levels of Greece?

severe economic

How many years of consecutive growth has Greece lost?

I'm not sure.

When did Greece reverse their recession?

I'm not sure.

What did the Greek economy have the lowest of at the end of 2009?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of GDP was the budget surplus of Greece in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What type of crisis was averted from the budget surplus and lowering debt levels of Greece?

I'm not sure.


Greece was accused of trying to cover up the extent of its massive budget deficit in the wake of the global financial crisis. The allegation was prompted by the massive revision of the 2009 budget deficit forecast by the new PASOK government elected in October 2009, from "6–8%" (estimated by the previous New Democracy government) to 12.7% (later revised to 15.7%). However, the accuracy of the revised figures has also been questioned, and in February 2012 the Hellenic Parliament voted in favor of an official investigation following accusations by a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority that the deficit had been artificially inflated in order to justify harsher austerity measures.

What was Greece accused of covering up the extent of?

its massive budget deficit

What prompted the allegation of Greece's covering up its budget deficit?

massive revision

Who voted in favor of an official investigation of the accusations?

Hellenic Parliament

When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation?

February 2012

What did a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority say the deficit had been inflated to justify?

harsher austerity measures

What was Greece accused of being transparent about?

I'm not sure.

What silenced the allegation of Greece's covering up its budget deficit?

I'm not sure.

Who voted against an official investigation of the accusations?

I'm not sure.

When did the Parliament vote in opposition of an investigation?

I'm not sure.

What did a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority say the deficit had been decreased to justify?

I'm not sure.


Most of the differences in the revised budget deficit numbers were due to a temporary change of accounting practices by the new government, i.e., recording expenses when military material was ordered rather than received. However, it was the retroactive application of ESA95 methodology (applied since 2000) by Eurostat, that finally raised the reference year (1999) budget deficit to 3.38% of GDP, thus exceeding the 3% limit. This led to claims that Greece (similar claims have been made about other European countries like Italy) had not actually met all five accession criteria, and the common perception that Greece entered the Eurozone through "falsified" deficit numbers.

What were the majority of the differences in the revised budget due to the temporary changing of?

accounting practices

When were expenses recorded by the new government?

when military material was ordered rather than received

What did retroactively applying the ESA95 methodology result in raising the budget deficit to?

3.38% of GDP

By how much did the budget deficit of Greece exceed the 3% limit in the reference year of 1999?

What other European country were claims similar to those levied against Greece made?

Italy

What had no differences in the revised budget?

I'm not sure.

When were expenses classified by the new government?

I'm not sure.

What did retroactively applying the ESA95 methodology result in lowering the budget deficit to?

I'm not sure.

How much did the budget deficit of Greece decrease the 3% limit in the reference year of 1994?

I'm not sure.

What other European country were claims similar to those levied against Greece restricted?

I'm not sure.


In the 2005 OECD report for Greece, it was clearly stated that "the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3% in 1999, the year of [Greece's] EMU membership qualification". The above led the Greek minister of finance to clarify that the 1999 budget deficit was below the prescribed 3% limit when calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece's application, and thus the criteria had been met.

Who provided a report for Greece in 2005?

OECD

What was the range of the impact of the new accounting rules on the Greek fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999?

0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP

What was the year of Greece's EMU membership qualification?

What methodology was in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification?

What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was below when calculated with the ESA79 methodology?

the prescribed 3% limit

Who burned a report for Greece in 2005?

I'm not sure.

What was the range of the impact of the new accounting rules on the Greek fiscal figures for the years 1990 to 1979?

I'm not sure.

What was the year of Greece's EMU membership disqualification?

I'm not sure.

What methodology was not in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification?

I'm not sure.

What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was above when calculated with the ESA79 methodology?

I'm not sure.


An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece’s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to "hide" 2.8 billion Euros of debt, however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece’s Eurozone entry.

What error is sometimes made by tying Greece's Eurozone entry with?

controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals

What banks did Greece use derivatives' deals with?

U.S. Banks

What was the result of the deals with the U.S. banks?

artificially reduce their reported budget deficits

How many Euros was Greece able to "hide" because of an arrangement with Goldman Sachs?

2.8 billion

Why aren't the deficit values affected by the currency swap with Goldman Sachs relevant to Greece's Eurozone entry?

affected deficit values after 2001

What error is never made?

I'm not sure.

What banks did Greece lose derivatives' deals with?

I'm not sure.

What was the result of the rejection with the U.S. banks?

I'm not sure.

Why are the deficit values affected by the currency swap with Goldman Sachs relevant to Greece's Eurozone entry?

I'm not sure.

How many Euros was Greece able to give away because of an arrangement with Goldman Sachs?

I'm not sure.


According to Der Spiegel, credits given to European governments were disguised as "swaps" and consequently did not get registered as debt because Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives. A German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," and "In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank." These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union and the monetary union guidelines. In May 2010, the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6% which was the second highest in the world relative to GDP with Iceland in first place at 15.7% and Great Britain third with 12.6%. Public debt was forecast, according to some estimates, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010.

What were credits given to European governments disguised as?

swaps

Why weren't swaps registered as debts by Eurostat at the time?

ignored statistics involving financial derivatives

What rules did a German derivatives dealer say could be quite legally circumvented through swaps?

Maastricht

What was again revised in May of 2010?

Greek government deficit

What was Greece's public debt forecast to hit as high of a percentage of GDP of in 2010?

What were credits taken from European governments disguised as?

I'm not sure.

Why were swaps registered as debts by Eurostat at the time?

I'm not sure.

What rules did a German derivatives dealer say could never be quite legally circumvented through swaps?

I'm not sure.

What was left unchanged in May of 2010?

I'm not sure.

What was Greece's public debt forecast to hit as low of a percentage of GDP of in 2000?

I'm not sure.


As a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt, as reflected by the rise of the country's borrowing rates (although their slow rise – the 10-year government bond yield only exceeded 7% in April 2010 – coinciding with a large number of negative articles, has led to arguments about the role of international news media in the evolution of the crisis). In order to avert a default (as high borrowing rates effectively prohibited access to the markets), in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a "rescue package" which involved giving Greece an immediate €45 billion in bail-out loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €110 billion. In order to secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control. Their implementation will be monitored and evaluated by the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF.

What did the international banks have doubts about Greece's ability to repay?

sovereign debt

What was a consequence of the doubt that Greece could pay it's debts?

rise of the country's borrowing rates

How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to give Greece in 2010?

€45 billion in bail-out loans

What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece?

€110 billion

What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures?

the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF

What did the international banks have no doubts about Greece's ability to repay?

I'm not sure.

What was avoided by the doubt that Greece could pay it's debts?

I'm not sure.

How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to steal from Greece in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What was the total amount of the rescue package taken from Greece?

I'm not sure.

What organizations are ignoring how Greece is implementing austerity measures?

I'm not sure.


Between 2005 and 2011, Greece has had the highest percentage increase in industrial output compared to 2005 levels out of all European Union members, with an increase of 6%. Eurostat statistics show that the industrial sector was hit by the Greek financial crisis throughout 2009 and 2010, with domestic output decreasing by 5.8% and industrial production in general by 13.4%. Currently, Greece is ranked third in the European Union in the production of marble (over 920,000 tons), after Italy and Spain.

What did Greece have the highest percentage increase in between 2005 and 2011?

industrial output

What was the increase of Greece's industrial output between 2005 and 2011?

What did the industrial production in Greece fall by due to the financial crisis?

What is Greece ranked in the EU in the production of marble?

third

How many tons of marble does Greece produce?

920,000 tons

What did Greece have the lowest percentage increase in between 2005 and 2011?

I'm not sure.

What was the decrease of Greece's industrial output between 2005 and 2011?

I'm not sure.

What did the industrial production in Greece increase by due to the financial crisis?

I'm not sure.

What is Greece ranked in the US in the production of marble?

I'm not sure.

How many tons of marble does Greece destroy?

I'm not sure.


Greece has the largest merchant navy in the world, accounting for more than 15% of the world's total deadweight tonnage (dwt) according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The Greek merchant navy's total dwt of nearly 245 million is comparable only to Japan's, which is ranked second with almost 224 million. Additionally, Greece represents 39.52% of all of the European Union's dwt. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.

What does Greece have the largest of in the world?

merchant navy

Greece's navy accounts for more than what percentage of the world's total deadweight tonnage?

What is the Greek merchant navy's total dwt?

245 million

What percentage of the entire EU's dwt does Greece alone represent?

How many ships did Greece's navy have in the late 1970s?

What does Greece have the smallest of in the world?

I'm not sure.

How many ships did Greece's navy lose in the late 1970s?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the entire EU's dwt does Greece alone avoid?

I'm not sure.

What is the Greek merchant navy's incorrect dwt?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Greece's navy accounts for less than the world's total deadweight tonnage?

I'm not sure.


In terms of ship categories, Greek companies have 22.6% of the world's tankers and 16.1% of the world's bulk carriers (in dwt). An additional equivalent of 27.45% of the world's tanker dwt is on order, with another 12.7% of bulk carriers also on order. Shipping accounts for an estimated 6% of Greek GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit. Earnings from shipping amounted to €14.1 billion in 2011, while between 2000 and 2010 Greek shipping contributed a total of €140 billion (half of the country's public debt in 2009 and 3.5 times the receipts from the European Union in the period 2000–2013). The 2011 ECSA report showed that there are approximately 750 Greek shipping companies in operation.

How many of the world's tankers do Greek companies own?

What percentage of the world's bulk carriers are Greece's?

What percentage of Greece's GDP does shipping account for?

What did earnings from Greece's shipping amount to in 2011?

€14.1 billion

How many Greek shipping companies were in operation in 2011?

How many of the world's tankers do Greek companies punish?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the EU bulk carriers are not Greece's?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Greece's GDP does shipping not account for?

I'm not sure.

What did earnings from Greece's shipping amount to a loss of in 2011?

I'm not sure.

How many Greek shipping companies were closed in 2011?

I'm not sure.


Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having "exported" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between "exports" and "imports" as a "trade balance", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having "imported" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a "trade surplus" of 10,712.342 million US$.

When counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, what is Greece's global rank?

What was the worth Greece's shipping services in 2011?

17,704.132 million $

What three countries were ahead of Greece in 2011 with exports?

Denmark, Germany and South Korea

What was the shipping services imported by Greece in 2011 worth?

7,076.605 million US$

What was Greece's 2011 trade surplus?

10,712.342 million US$

When counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, what is Greece's local rank?

I'm not sure.

What was the worth Greece's shipping services lost in 2011?

I'm not sure.

What seven countries were ahead of Greece in 2011 with exports?

I'm not sure.

What was Greece's 2011 trade deficit?

I'm not sure.


Between 1949 and the 1980s, telephone communications in Greece were a state monopoly by the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization, better known by its acronym, OTE. Despite the liberalization of telephone communications in the country in the 1980s, OTE still dominates the Greek market in its field and has emerged as one of the largest telecommunications companies in Southeast Europe. Since 2011, the company's major shareholder is Deutsche Telekom with a 40% stake, while the Greek state continues to own 10% of the company's shares. OTE owns several subsidiaries across the Balkans, including Cosmote, Greece's top mobile telecommunications provider, Cosmote Romania and Albanian Mobile Communications.

Who ran the phones in Greece between 1949 and the 1980s?

state

What was the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization better known by the acronym of?

OTE

When did the liberalization of the telephone communications in Greece happen?

What company has a 40% stake in OTE?

Deutsche Telekom

How many shares of OTE does the Greek state own?

Who removed the phones in Greece between 1949 and the 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What was the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization not known as well by the acronym of?

I'm not sure.

When did the liberalization of the telephone communications in Greece become impossible?

I'm not sure.

What company lost a 40% stake in OTE?

I'm not sure.

How many shares of OTE does the Greek state sell?

I'm not sure.


Greece has tended to lag behind its European Union partners in terms of Internet use, with the gap closing rapidly in recent years. The percentage of households with access to the Internet more than doubled between 2006 and 2013, from 23% to 56% respectively (compared with an EU average of 49% and 79%). At the same time, there has been a massive increase in the proportion of households with a broadband connection, from 4% in 2006 to 55% in 2013 (compared with an EU average of 30% and 76%). However, Greece also has the EU's third highest percentage of people who have never used the Internet: 36% in 2013, down from 65% in 2006 (compared with an EU average of 21% and 42%).

What does Greece lag behind other EU countries in terms of use?

Internet

How much did the percentage of households with access to the internet increase between 2006 and 2013?

more than doubled

What has the been a massive increase in the number of households with in Greece?

a broadband connection

Who has the EU's third highest percentage of people who've never used the Internet?

Greece

What percentage of people in Greece had never used the Internet as of 2013?

What does Greece do more than other EU countries in terms of use?

I'm not sure.

How much did the percentage of households with access to the internet decrease between 2003 and 2013?

I'm not sure.

What has the been a massive deterrent in the number of households within Greece?

I'm not sure.

Who has the EU's third smallest percentage of people who've never used the Internet?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people in Greece have never stopped using the Internet as of 2013?

I'm not sure.


Greece attracts more than 16 million tourists each year, thus contributing 18.2% to the nation's GDP in 2008 according to an OECD report. The same survey showed that the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was $1,073, ranking Greece 10th in the world. The number of jobs directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector were 840,000 in 2008 and represented 19% of the country's total labor force. In 2009, Greece welcomed over 19.3 million tourists, a major increase from the 17.7 million tourists the country welcomed in 2008.

How many millions of tourists does Greece attract each year?

more than 16 million

What part of Greece's GDP is accounted for by tourism?

What did the 2008 OECD report show the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was?

How many jobs in 2008 in Greece were somehow related to the tourism industry?

How many tourists did Greece welcome in 2009?

over 19.3 million

How many millions of tourists does Greece ban each year?

I'm not sure.

What part of Greece's GDP is unaccounted for by tourism?

I'm not sure.

How many jobs in 2008 in Greece were not related to the tourism industry?

I'm not sure.

How many tourists did Greece refuse in 2009?

I'm not sure.


In recent years a number of well-known tourism-related organizations have placed Greek destinations in the top of their lists. In 2009 Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki, the country's second-largest city, the world's fifth best "Ultimate Party Town", alongside cities such as Montreal and Dubai, while in 2011 the island of Santorini was voted as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure. The neighbouring island of Mykonos was ranked as the 5th best island Europe. Thessaloniki was the European Youth Capital in 2014.

What have a number of tourism-related organizations placed Greek destinations at the top of?

their lists

What Greek city was rated the world's fifth best ultimate party town by 2009's Lonely Planet?

Thessaloniki

What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki have in regards to size in Greece?

the country's second-largest city

What did Travel+Leisure vote the island of Santorini as in 2011?

best island in the world

What island was ranked as the 5th best in Europe?

Mykonos

What have a number of tourism-related organizations placed Greek destinations at the bottom of?

I'm not sure.

What Greek city was rated the world's worst ultimate party town by 2008's Lonely Planet?

I'm not sure.

What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki not have in regards to size in Greece?

I'm not sure.

What did Travel+Leisure vote the island of Santorini as in 2005?

I'm not sure.

What island was ranked as the most dangerous in Europe?

I'm not sure.


Between 1975 and 2009, Olympic Airways (known after 2003 as Olympic Airlines) was the country’s state-owned flag carrier, but financial problems led to its privatization and relaunch as Olympic Air in 2009. Both Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air have won awards for their services; in 2009 and 2011, Aegean Airlines was awarded the "Best regional airline in Europe" award by Skytrax, and also has two gold and one silver awards by the ERA, while Olympic Air holds one silver ERA award for "Airline of the Year" as well as a "Condé Nast Traveller 2011 Readers Choice Awards: Top Domestic Airline" award.

What was Olympic Airways known as after 2003?

Olympic Airlines

What was Olympic Airlines relaunched as in 2009?

Olympic Air

What airlines was award the "Best regional airline in Europe" award by Skytrax?

Aegean Airlines

What does Olympic Air hold a silver ERA award for?

"Airline of the Year"

What year did Olympic Air receive an award as Top Domestic Airline?

What was Olympic Airways known as before 2003?

I'm not sure.

What was Olympic Airlines relaunched as in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What airlines was awarded the "Worst regional airline in Europe" award by Skytrax?

I'm not sure.

What does Olympic Air hold a bronze ERA award for?

I'm not sure.

What year did Olympic Air lose an award as Top Domestic Airline?

I'm not sure.


Greece's rail network is estimated to be at 2,548 km. Rail transport in Greece is operated by TrainOSE, a subsidiary of the Hellenic Railways Organization (OSE). Most of the country's network is standard gauge (1,565 km), while the country also has 983 km of narrow gauge. A total of 764 km of rail are electrified. Greece has rail connections with Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. A total of three suburban railway systems (Proastiakos) are in operation (in Athens, Thessaloniki and Patras), while one metro system is operational in Athens with another under construction.

How long is Greek's rail network estimated to run?

2,548 km

Who runs the rail transport in Greece?

TrainOSE

Who is TrainOSE a subsidiary of?

the Hellenic Railways Organization

What gauge is most of Greece's railway?

standard gauge

How many kilometers of Greece's railway is electrified?

How long is Greek's rail network estimated to be damaged?

I'm not sure.

Who closed the rail transport in Greece?

I'm not sure.

Who is TrainOSE an owner of?

I'm not sure.

What gauge is none of Greece's railway?

I'm not sure.

How many kilometers of Greece's railway is gold?

I'm not sure.


According to Eurostat, Greece's largest port by tons of goods transported in 2010 is the port of Aghioi Theodoroi, with 17.38 million tons. The Port of Thessaloniki comes second with 15.8 million tons, followed by the Port of Piraeus, with 13.2 million tons, and the port of Eleusis, with 12.37 million tons. The total number of goods transported through Greece in 2010 amounted to 124.38 million tons, a considerable drop from the 164.3 million tons transported through the country in 2007. Since then, Piraeus has grown to become the Mediterranean's third-largest port thanks to heavy investment by Chinese logistics giant COSCO. In 2013, Piraeus was declared the fastest-growing port in the world.

What was Greece's largest port as measured by good transported in 2010?

Aghioi Theodoroi

How many million of tons went through Aghioi Theodoroi in 2010?

How many million tons of goods did port Eleusis transport in 2010?

12.37 million tons

How many tons of goods were transported through Greece in 2007?

164.3 million tons

What was the port of Piraeus declared to be in 2013?

fastest-growing port in the world

What was Greece's smallest port as measured by good transported in 2010?

I'm not sure.

How many million of feathers went through Aghioi Theodoroi in 2010?

I'm not sure.

How many million tons of goods did port Eleusis steal in 2010?

I'm not sure.

How many tons of goods were lost in transport through Greece in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What was the port of Piraeus declared to be in 2011?

I'm not sure.


In 2010 Piraeus handled 513,319 TEUs, followed by Thessaloniki, which handled 273,282 TEUs. In the same year, 83.9 million people passed through Greece's ports, 12.7 million through the port of Paloukia in Salamis, another 12.7 through the port of Perama, 9.5 million through Piraeus and 2.7 million through Igoumenitsa. In 2013, Piraeus handled a record 3.16 million TEUs, the third-largest figure in the Mediterranean, of which 2.52 million were transported through Pier II, owned by COSCO and 644,000 were transported through Pier I, owned by the Greek state.

How many TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2010?

What amount of TEUs did Thessaloniki handle in 2010?

How many million of people passed through Greece's ports in 2010?

83.9 million

What record amount of TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2013?

3.16 million

What organization owns Pier II in Piraeus?

COSCO

How many TEUs did Piraeus remove in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What amount of TEUs did Thessaloniki destroy in 2010?

I'm not sure.

How many millions of people couldn't pass through Greece's ports in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What record amount of TEUs did Piraeus lose in 2013?

I'm not sure.

What organization is owned by Pier II in Piraeus?

I'm not sure.


Energy production in Greece is dominated by the Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all energy demand in Greece, while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009. Another 12% comes from Hydroelectric power plants and another 20% from natural gas. Between 2009 and 2010, independent companies' energy production increased by 56%, from 2,709 Gigawatt hour in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010.

Who dominates energy production in Greece?

Public Power Corporation

How much of all of Greece's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009?

What is almost half of DEI's power output generated by the use of?

lignite

How much of DEI's energy output is from natural gas?

What percentage did independent companies' energy production increase between 2009 and 2010?

Who has no energy production in Greece?

I'm not sure.

How much of all of Greece's energy demand was removed by DEI in 2005?

I'm not sure.

What is almost a quarter of DEI's power output generated by the use of?

I'm not sure.

How much of DEI's energy output is lost from natural gas?

I'm not sure.

What percentage did independent companies' energy production decrease between 2007 and 2010?

I'm not sure.


In 2008 renewable energy accounted for 8% of the country's total energy consumption, a rise from the 7.2% it accounted for in 2006, but still below the EU average of 10% in 2008. 10% of the country's renewable energy comes from solar power, while most comes from biomass and waste recycling. In line with the European Commission's Directive on Renewable Energy, Greece aims to get 18% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. In 2013 and for several months, Greece produced more than 20% of its electricity from renewable energy sources and hydroelectric power plants. Greece currently does not have any nuclear power plants in operation, however in 2009 the Academy of Athens suggested that research in the possibility of Greek nuclear power plants begin.

How much of Greece's energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2008?

What was EU average amount of energy from renewable sources in 2008?

Where does most of Greece's renewable energy come from?

biomass and waste recycling

How much of Greece's energy is targeted to be from renewable sources by 2020?

Who suggested research into the possibility of a Greek nuclear power plant should begin?

Academy of Athens

How much of Greece's energy consumption was eliminated from renewable sources in 2008?

I'm not sure.

What was EU's lowest amount of energy from renewable sources in 2008?

I'm not sure.

How is most of Greece's renewable energy ruined?

I'm not sure.

How much of Greece's energy is targeted to be reduced from renewable sources by 2020?

I'm not sure.

Who suggested research into the possibility of a Greek nuclear power plant should end?

I'm not sure.


In addition to the above, Greece is also to start oil and gas exploration in other locations in the Ionian Sea, as well as the Libyan Sea, within the Greek exclusive economic zone, south of Crete. The Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Climate Change announced that there was interest from various countries (including Norway and the United States) in exploration, and the first results regarding the amount of oil and gas in these locations were expected in the summer of 2012. In November 2012, a report published by Deutsche Bank estimated the value of natural gas reserves south of Crete at €427 billion.

What is Greece set to start exploring the Ionian Sea for?

oil and gas

What countries have expressed interest in Greece's oil and gas exploration?

Norway and the United States

When were the first results of the energy explorations expected?

summer of 2012

When did the Deutsche Bank publish a report on the findings of the value of the reserves south of Crete?

November 2012

What did the Deutsche Bank estimate the value of the reserves to be at?

€427 billion

What is Greece going to stop exploring the Ionian Sea for?

I'm not sure.

What countries have expressed no interest in Greece's oil and gas exploration?

I'm not sure.

When were the last results of the energy explorations expected?

I'm not sure.

When did the Deutsche Bank destroy a report on the findings of the value of the reserves south of Crete?

I'm not sure.

What did the Deutsche Bank estimate the value of the reserves to become in years ahead?

I'm not sure.


Between 1832 and 2002 the currency of Greece was the drachma. After signing the Maastricht Treaty, Greece applied to join the eurozone. The two main convergence criteria were a maximum budget deficit of 3% of GDP and a declining public debt if it stood above 60% of GDP. Greece met the criteria as shown in its 1999 annual public account. On 1 January 2001, Greece joined the eurozone, with the adoption of the euro at the fixed exchange rate ₯340.75 to €1. However, in 2001 the euro only existed electronically, so the physical exchange from drachma to euro only took place on 1 January 2002. This was followed by a ten-year period for eligible exchange of drachma to euro, which ended on 1 March 2012.

What was the currency of Greece until 2002?

drachma

What did Greece sign to apply to join the eurozone?

Maastricht Treaty

How many convergence criteria were there in the treaty?

two

When did the physical exchange of the drachma to euro take place?

January 2002

When did the ten-year period for eligible exchange of the drachma to euro end?

March 2012

What was the banned currency of Greece until 2002?

I'm not sure.

What did Greece sign to apply to leave the eurozone?

I'm not sure.

How many convergence criteria were ignored in the treaty?

I'm not sure.

When did the physical exchange of the drachma to euro become illegal?

I'm not sure.

When did the twenty-year period for eligible exchange of the drachma to euro end?

I'm not sure.


IMF's forecast said that Greece's unemployment rate would hit the highest 14.8 percent in 2012 and decrease to 14.1 in 2014.  But in fact, the Greek economy suffered a prolonged high unemployemnt. The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009, and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013. In 2015, Greece's jobless rate is around 24 per cent. It is thought that Greece's potential output has been eroded by this prolonged massive unemployment due to the associated hysteresis effects.

What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?

14.8 percent

What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?

9 per cent and 11 per cent

What did Greece's unemployment rate soar to in 2013?

28 per cent

What was Greece's jobless rate in 2015?

24 per cent

What is thought to have eroded Greece's potential output?

prolonged massive unemployment

What did IMF forecast Greece's employment rate to be in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What was Greece's employment rate between 2000 and 2009?

I'm not sure.

What did Greece's unemployment rate crash to in 2013?

I'm not sure.

What is thought to have helped Greece's potential output?

I'm not sure.


Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor.

Does speaker of the House participate in dbate?

Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate

Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house??

Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker

Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to?

Dick Armey

Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?

Dennis Hastert

How much authority did Tom Delay delegate to Dick Armey?

I'm not sure.

What did Tom Delay give Dick Armey the authority over on the House floor?

I'm not sure.

What does the Senate Majority Leader not do typically?

I'm not sure.

Who was Dennis Hastert more prominent than?

I'm not sure.

What are the Majority Leader's duties in Westminster?

I'm not sure.


The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress. If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues.

Who takes over as Speaker if the minority party gains control of the house?

Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker

What meetings do Minority and Majority leaders usually meet to discuss?

agreements on controversial issues

Who is he current Minority leader?

Nancy Pelosi

If minority party takes control of congress, who is usually in link to become majority leader?

Minority Leader

Who is the current Majority Leader?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Majority Leader leader of in the House?

I'm not sure.

Who does the Minority Whip usually meet with?

I'm not sure.

What does the Minority Whip meet with the Majority Leader and Speaker to discuss?

I'm not sure.

When is the Minority Whip on the ballot?

I'm not sure.


Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service.

Are minority leaders usually experienced?

Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position

In what congress did Nancy Pelosi bdcome minority leader?

108th Congress

How long had Richard Gephart served in house prior to being elected to minority leader?

20 years

When was Robert Michel elected minority leader?

John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year?

How long had Nancy Pelosi served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus?

I'm not sure.

What office did Nanci Pelosi run for in 1988?

I'm not sure.

How long had Pelosi served as majority leader?

I'm not sure.

What position did Robert Michel have in the 104th Congress?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Richard Gephardt become GOP leader?

I'm not sure.


Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947–49 and 1953–55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.

What republican majority leader died in a plane crash?

Hale Boggs

Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker?

John Boehner

Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker?

Dennis Hastert

Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have?

Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011

How did Newt Gingrich die in 2006?

I'm not sure.

From 1931-1995 what did the Republicans control?

I'm not sure.

From 1959-1965 what did John Boehner become?

I'm not sure.

Since 2007 who was the only Majority Whip to become Speaker?

I'm not sure.

What did Dick Armey serve as from 2007-2011?

I'm not sure.


Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006. In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party.

Who is the leader of the majority leader in House?

Speaker

What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress?

Majority Leader

Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert?

Majority Leader Tom DeLay

Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?

Minority Leader

What did Tom Delay succeed Boehner as in 2010?

I'm not sure.

When did the Democrats gain a majority in the house?

I'm not sure.

After the 2010 elections, what were Tom DeLay and Dennis Hastert considered?

I'm not sure.

Why were DeLay and Hastert considered second-ranking in the House in 2010?

I'm not sure.

When did the Minority Leader overshadow Boehner?

I'm not sure.


When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. Outgoing Speaker Nancy Pelosi ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.

Does the minority or majority party have more leadership positions in House?

minority party has one less leadership position

What role did Pelosi win in 112th Congress?

Minority Leader

What party lost control of House in 2010 elections?

Democrats

What did the Minority Whip successfully run for in the 112th Congress?

I'm not sure.

How many leadership positions does the Speaker have when losing the Minority Whip's chair?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Republicans lose control of the House?

I'm not sure.

Why was Pelosi seeking the Minority Whip position?

I'm not sure.

When the Speaker has one less leadership position after losing the Minority Whips' chair what happens for the remaining positions?

I'm not sure.


From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions?

Rule XII, clause 6

Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar?

minority leader

Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles?

certain federal entities.

What other institutional duties does the Inspector General have?

I'm not sure.

What does Rule XII, clause 6 grant the Inspector General?

I'm not sure.

Who are able to appoint individuals to the House according to Rule II, clause 6?

I'm not sure.

Who does the Inspector General have to consult with according to Rule XV, clause 6?

I'm not sure.

What can the Inspector General do after consulting with the minority leader?

I'm not sure.


The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."

Are minority leadership roles specified closely?

are not well-defined

What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?

Representative Bertrand Snell

What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?

He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies.

What defines a large part of minority leader role?

tradition and custom

How defined are the roles of majority leader?

I'm not sure.

What is used to define what the function of majority leader is?

I'm not sure.

What kind of tactics were usually used by the majority leader from 1931-1939?

I'm not sure.

What are some of the duties of a majority leader?

I'm not sure.

What is majority leader supposed to defend for the majority?

I'm not sure.


To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader." Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.

When was the minority leader position created?

Why was minority leader position created?

not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader

Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning "Minority Leader?"

James Madison

Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?

Alexander Hamilton

From what time do scholars like to study the affairs of congress?

I'm not sure.

What state was Alexander Hamilton originally from?

I'm not sure.

What system was created by Alexander Hamilton?

I'm not sure.

How long did Alexander Hamilton serve as Treasury Secretary?

I'm not sure.

What did Alexander Hamilton function as to oppose James Madison?

I'm not sure.


During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause." In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

In the early days who represented party leadership?

it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader

In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?

(Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)

What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of  the house?

to represent a party comprising a distinct minority

What did the Democratic-Republicans have in 1828?

I'm not sure.

How many members of congress were there in 1828?

I'm not sure.

Who offered their view on lack of Democrat-Republican leadership in 1813?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Capitol Hill get its name?

I'm not sure.

What did the Democratic-Republicans need in 1828?

I'm not sure.


Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855." With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."

What made identifying House leadership difficult?

Internal party disunity

How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker?

at least twenty different candidates

From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated?

two of these seven Congresses

What atmosphere was most prevalent in congress from 1834 through 1859?

I'm not sure.

What did the Democratic minority make more difficult in 1834?

I'm not sure.

What did Democrats assume the role of in 1855?

I'm not sure.

What were Democrats not automatically looked to for in 1834?

I'm not sure.

How many candidates were there from 1861-1875 for speaker?

I'm not sure.


In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries." Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously." Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.

Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?

Randall Ripley

Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?

arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.

Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?

Thomas Reed,

Why was Randall Ripley discredited as Speaker in 1883?

I'm not sure.

What nomination did Ripley receive?

I'm not sure.

Who was Ripley deserted by?

I'm not sure.

What happened to Ripley's career becaue of this desertion?

I'm not sure.

Who assumed the role as Speaker after Randall Ripley?

I'm not sure.


Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership." Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance." This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years?

1871 and 1873

What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875?

James Blaine

What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79?

James A. Garfield

In what year do Democrats contend that the Speaker position began?

I'm not sure.

What were the Republicans fighting for in 1877 and 1879?

I'm not sure.

What did the Republican fight for minority speakership indicate?

I'm not sure.

During what three years was Keifer nominated by Democrats?

I'm not sure.

What did Democrats nominate James A. Garfield for in 1875?

I'm not sure.


In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress." Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?

there is disagreement among historical analysts

What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?

strong party organization and professional politicians

What were these conditions effective for in the house?

establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

What do some voters not always agree with?

I'm not sure.

When was House leadership structure first established?

I'm not sure.

What does the publc not agree about when Congress was formed?

I'm not sure.

What did professional organizations help establish for society?

I'm not sure.

At what level was the public voting in the latter part of the 19th century?

I'm not sure.


Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker." More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day.

Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership?

Democrats

Why were republicans upset with Mann?

objecting to their private bills on the floor

What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader?

What have Republicans always elevated their minority floor leader to when obtaining majority status?

I'm not sure.

What pattern have Democrats not always followed?

I'm not sure.

Who did Democrats elect to be speaker in 1903?

I'm not sure.

How many Demcorats were angry with James R. Mann in 1911?

I'm not sure.

Who was Frederick Gillett a protege of?

I'm not sure.


In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?

Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President

Is the Senate or the House more partisan?

more partisan nature of the House

What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?

Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner

What minority leader has run for President?

I'm not sure.

What was Gerald Ford most interested in talking about when campaigning?

I'm not sure.

What office did Nancy Pelosi at one time consider running for?

I'm not sure.

What role does the incumbent President have when Congress is dominated by more than one party?

I'm not sure.

Why would the President be seen as leader of the opposition?

I'm not sure.


The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

What influences role of minority leader?

personality and contextual factors

Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?

House rule book.

How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?

minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative

What are some things the style and role of the White House is influenced by?

I'm not sure.

What obligations are associated with the White House?

I'm not sure.

What kind of staff are provided to work at the White House?

I'm not sure.

What is the role of staff at the White House?

I'm not sure.

What are placed on the instutional role of the White House?

I'm not sure.


In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and he or she may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible.

How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint?

three

What 2 commissions is the minority leader a member of?

House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission

Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters?

majority party leaders

How many institutional functions does the House office Building Commission have?

I'm not sure.

Where can the House Office Building Commission appoint individuals to?

I'm not sure.

How many Members can the House Office Building Commission name to serve as Private Calendar objectors?

I'm not sure.

What other group is overseen by the House Office Building Commission?

I'm not sure.

What is the House Office Building Commission able to convene?

I'm not sure.


The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?

Policy Committee

According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?

Steering Committee

According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?

Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?

Democratic Leadership Council

What kind of responsibilities does the Policy Committee have?

I'm not sure.

Who can the Policy Committee call the meetings of?

I'm not sure.

What committee does the Policy Committee oversee?

I'm not sure.

To what council does the Policy Committee name members to?

I'm not sure.

Where can the Policy Committee nominate party members to?

I'm not sure.


A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?

A party's floor leader

In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?

guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party

How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?

contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization

What does the whip organization play a role in forming in conjunction with party leaders?

I'm not sure.

What programs are resisted by the whip organization?

I'm not sure.

What does the whip organization devise and implement for the party?

I'm not sure.

What is the whip organization kept constantly informed about?

I'm not sure.

What committees does the whip organization oversee?

I'm not sure.


Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."

How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?

hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention

Who establishes leadership PACs?

Minority leaders

Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?

travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions

What kind of campaigner is the DCCC?

I'm not sure.

Who does the DCCC campaign for?

I'm not sure.

How much does the DCCC focus on campaigning?

I'm not sure.

What kind of candidates are recruited by the DCCC?

I'm not sure.

Why does the DCCC establish leadership PAC's?

I'm not sure.


Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:

Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives?

in consultation with other party colleagues

Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives?

options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances

Does dissension and cohesion of majority party factor into minority strategy?

may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion

What did majority parties use to advance bills in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

What is usually strongly holding the Progressives together?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Democrats have a majority?

I'm not sure.

What did Progressives cohesion in 1900 provide for the majority party?

I'm not sure.

What works better for a majority leader than Republicans being in disarray?

I'm not sure.


A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

What is the purpose of Obstruction?

frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness

How can obstruction be employed?

motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes

Is it safe to employ negative strategy?

"going negative" carries risks

What may be a risk negative tactic?

if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public

Who's attention is attracted when the public forms a negative campaign?

I'm not sure.

What does the majority party do that makes the public want to respond with a negative campaign?

I'm not sure.

What was Gephardt Dilatory accused of being a part of?

I'm not sure.

What is forming policy alternatives also considered to be by the press?

I'm not sure.

What is the public able to do on its own against policies that aren't popular?

I'm not sure.


Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor. If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."

What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?

develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals

How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?

may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.

How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?

What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?

independents and swing voters

How many Republicans are affiliated with the GOP?

I'm not sure.

What agenda has been changed at least 218 times?

I'm not sure.

Why do independents and swing voters usually register to vote?

I'm not sure.

Where do independents and swing voters hope more votes will come from to their party?

I'm not sure.

What tactic can swing voters use to get minority priorities voted on?

I'm not sure.


Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?

"talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings"

What items are discussed at party retreats?

issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages

How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?

conduct surveys of party colleagues

What can the public send for use at town meetings?

I'm not sure.

What does the public organize to talk about health care and education?

I'm not sure.

Where does the public usually organize town meetings?

I'm not sure.

Why would the public want to create surveys to gauge public party opinion?

I'm not sure.

What kind of teams are created by the public to make sure they discuss topics of interest at town meetings?

I'm not sure.


House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country; and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel. In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

With whom does minority leader consult and participate in news conference?

counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House

What is the overall party strategy for minority leader?

develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues

What speaking obligations does minority leader have?

floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country

What are the purpose of minority leader writings?

write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements

What kind of news conferences are held by the White House?

I'm not sure.

Who does the White House consult with?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the White House's main objectives?

I'm not sure.

What kind of front does the White House need to show on issues?

I'm not sure.

Where does the President deliver addresses in diverse forums?

I'm not sure.


Confer With the White House. If his or her party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents. President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's." Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.

How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?

minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress

What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader?

point man" for Republican presidents

Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?

will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party

When did Gephardt serve as Minority Leader?

I'm not sure.

What did Gephardt function as for Republican presidents?

I'm not sure.

What group was Gephardt successful in wooing that helped Regan with many policy successes?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Clinton have many policy successes?

I'm not sure.

What bill did Robert Michel help help gain support for when under President Clinton in 1981?

I'm not sure.


When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI. Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:

What is the difference in role for Minority leader when majority party holds white house?

assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party

What was Gerald Ford's role as minority leader under Johnson administration?

propose Republican alternatives

What did Ford's alternatives provide for republican's?

political protection

During what administration was Gerald Ford President?

I'm not sure.

What alternatives did Lyndon Johnson propose?

I'm not sure.

What did Johnson want to provide for Republicans as Minority Leader?

I'm not sure.

What does the President usually act as spokesperson for?

I'm not sure.

What role does the executive branch assume when the house is controlled by the Republicans?

I'm not sure.


"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.

What options do minority party have in amendment phase?

offer our program as a substitute

If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed?

motion to recommit and get a vote on that

If recommit fails, then what choice needs to be made by minority representatives?

say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument

How many amendments are usually passed in the committee of the Whole per year?

I'm not sure.

How many amendments usually come up for a vote each year?

I'm not sure.

What committee was created by Johnson?

I'm not sure.

What did Johnson usually lay out in a general debate for the Republicans?

I'm not sure.

When the President loses in Committee of the Whole, then what can he file?

I'm not sure.


Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.

What is a good technique to foster party harmony?

appointment of task forces

What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus?

partisan colleagues with conflicting views

What does the creation of leadership positions allow for?

way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure

What public need motivates the President before he has daily meetings?

I'm not sure.

What group is the President responsible for the creation of when elected?

I'm not sure.

What positions did task forces want to lay out floor strategy for the creation of?

I'm not sure.

What did task forces for the public want to foster in the minority party?

I'm not sure.

What did colleagues with conflicing views lay out for task forces?

I'm not sure.


The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. The current senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991.

Who is the chief vote counter for party?

The Chief Deputy Whip

Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House?

Patrick McHenry.

Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference?

Senior Chief Deputy Whip

How long has democratic leader of whips held position?

senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991

What is the House Republican Conference responsible for being?

I'm not sure.

Who is the current Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the Republican conference?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Senior Chief Deputy Whip the assistant to?

I'm not sure.

How many chief deputy whips are in the House Republican Conference?

I'm not sure.

Since what year has Republican Patrick McHenry held his position?

I'm not sure.


Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide.

Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia?

Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it?

around 5 million

Where do most emigrant Armenians live?

Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria

Why did many Armenians leave Armenia?

the Armenian Genocide

Where to Russians live besides Armenia?

I'm not sure.

How many people of Ukranian ancestry live in Russia?

I'm not sure.

Why did many Armenians leave Iran?

I'm not sure.

Where have people from the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic immigrated to?

I'm not sure.

Of what ancestry are people who have emigrated outside of the US?

I'm not sure.


Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina (    ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.

How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?

around the 6th century BC

What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?

476 BC

Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?

Hecataeus of Miletus

Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?

Xenophon

What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?

Persians

How long has the term Xenophon been used?

I'm not sure.

Who was first to use the term Xenophon?

I'm not sure.

What did Hecateus of Miletus refer to in his trillingual Behistun Inscription in 517 BC?

I'm not sure.

When does Darius I of Persia talk about Armenian village life and hospitality?

I'm not sure.

What did Hecateus of Miletus believe the people's language sounded like?

I'm not sure.


The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Arme-Shupria (1300s–1190 BC), the Nairi (1400–1000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (860–590 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. Under Ashurbanipal (669–627 BC), the Assyrian empire reached the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan).

What mountain does Armenia surround?

Mount Ararat

What era was the Hittite Empire in?

the Bronze Age

When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule?

1600–1200 BC

When did the Arme-Shupria rule?

1300s–1190 BC

When did the Nairi rule?

1400–1000 BC

What did the Hittite Empire reach under Ashurbanipal?

I'm not sure.

What area is in the highlands surrounding the Kingdom of Urartu?

I'm not sure.

What mountain is Hayasa-Azzi located near?

I'm not sure.

What did the Hittite Empire from 860-590 BC gain soverignty over?

I'm not sure.

Under who's rule did the Mittani reach the Caucasus Mountains?

I'm not sure.


Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after Batumi while the pre-Greeks proceeded westwards along the southern coast of the Black Sea.

What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian?

Greek and Ancient Macedonian

What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?

Pontic Indo-European

Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate?

the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands

What languages does Caucasus think are similar to Batumi?

I'm not sure.

Into what language subgroup is Batumi categorized?

I'm not sure.

Where do Batumi languages originate?

I'm not sure.

Where is it thought the Batumi migrated?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Caucasus develop his Indo-Eurpoean family tree?

I'm not sure.


The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95–65 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples.

When was Armenia established?

in the late 6th century BC

What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?

the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription

During which dynasty was Armenia established?

Orontid dynasty

When was Armenia at its largest?

95–65 BC

In what year was Caucasus established?

I'm not sure.

Within what empire was Caucasus created?

I'm not sure.

Under what dynasty was Caucasus established?

I'm not sure.

What happened during the reign of Hecataeus of Miletus?

I'm not sure.

What inscription mentioned Caucasus?

I'm not sure.