Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, being the physical world, or physical states; World Two, being the world of mind, or mental states, ideas, and perceptions; and World Three, being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms, or the products of the second world made manifest in the materials of the first world (i.e., books, papers, paintings, symphonies, and all the products of the human mind). World Three, he argued, was the product of individual human beings in exactly the same sense that an animal path is the product of individual animals, and that, as such, has an existence and evolution independent of any individual knowing subjects. The influence of World Three, in his view, on the individual human mind (World Two) is at least as strong as the influence of World One. In other words, the knowledge held by a given individual mind owes at least as much to the total accumulated wealth of human knowledge, made manifest, as to the world of direct experience. As such, the growth of human knowledge could be said to be a function of the independent evolution of World Three. Many contemporary philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, have not embraced Popper's Three World conjecture, due mostly, it seems, to its resemblance to mind-body dualism.

What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject?

knowledge

How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?

three

What constituted World One in Popper's theory?

the physical world

Who produced the contents of World Three?

individual human beings

Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?

World Three

What was not objective for Popper?

I'm not sure.

In what book did Popper say that knowledge was dependent on the knowing subject?

I'm not sure.

How many different worlds or realities did Einstein define in Objective Knowledge?

I'm not sure.

What constituted World Four in Popper's theory?

I'm not sure.

What items did Popper say were not a product of the second world made manifest in the first world?

I'm not sure.


The creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiability (see Daubert standard). In this context, passages written by Popper are frequently quoted in which he speaks about such issues himself. For example, he famously stated "Darwinism is not a testable scientific theory, but a metaphysical research program—a possible framework for testable scientific theories." He continued:

Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates?

criterion of falsifiability

What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism?

metaphysical

What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories?

possible framework

Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science?

creation–evolution

What issues does the creation-evolution controversy in Canada raise?

I'm not sure.

What have both sides of the debate never invoked?

I'm not sure.

Where is there no creation-evolution controversy?

I'm not sure.

How often are passages by Darwin quoted in the creation–evolution controversy?

I'm not sure.

Who stated that Darwinism is a testable scientific theory?

I'm not sure.


Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents new things, including life, but without the necessity of something like a god, especially not one who is pulling strings from behind the curtain. He said that evolution must, as the creationists say, work in a goal-directed way but disagreed with their view that it must necessarily be the hand of god that imposes these goals onto the stage of life.

Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress?

goal-directed

Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution?

god

What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be?

creative

What did Popper not have sophisticated views on?

I'm not sure.

What did Darwin understand the universe as?

I'm not sure.

Who thought that the universe necessitated a god?

I'm not sure.

What didn't go beyond what the frequently-quoted passages said?

I'm not sure.

Who thought that evolution did not work in a goal-directed way?

I'm not sure.


Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less sophisticated ways for species of lower complexity, such as the amoeba. This control organ plays a special role in evolution—it is the "spearhead of evolution". The goals bring the purpose into the world. Mutations in the genes that determine the structure of the control may then cause drastic changes in behaviour, preferences and goals, without having an impact on the organism's phenotype. Popper postulates that such purely behavioural changes are less likely to be lethal for the organism compared to drastic changes of the phenotype.

What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?

spearhead

Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?

genetic pluralism

What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?

goals

Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?

Mutations

In which model do living organisms not have goals?

I'm not sure.

What is the least sophisticated form of organisms with central control?

I'm not sure.

What is a species of higher complexity than the human brain?

I'm not sure.

What are mutations in the genes not able to change?

I'm not sure.

What does Popper think is more likely to be lethal to an organism than changes of phenotype?

I'm not sure.


Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phenotype were changing guided by some invisible hand, while it is merely natural selection working in combination with the new behaviour. For example, according to this hypothesis, the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Popper contrasted this view as "evolution from within" or "active Darwinism" (the organism actively trying to discover new ways of life and being on a quest for conquering new ecological niches), with the naturalistic "evolution from without" (which has the picture of a hostile environment only trying to kill the mostly passive organism, or perhaps segregate some of its groups).

Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?

hopeful monster

Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?

behaviour

How does Popper describe the "monsters" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?

hopeful behavioural monster

What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?

active

What happens after behavior changes only a little?

I'm not sure.

What do large and slow changes to the phenotype do?

I'm not sure.

What changed after the giraffe evolved a long neck?

I'm not sure.

What did Darwin contrast "active Darwinism" with?

I'm not sure.


About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it "a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established religious belief" with a footnote to the effect that "[he] agree[s] with Professor C.E. Raven when, in his Science, Religion, and the Future, 1943, he calls this conflict "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup"; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup—to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy, produced by Bergson, Whitehead, Smuts, and others."

Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?"

C.E. Raven

What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion?

creation-evolution

In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper?

What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory?

metaphysical

Who wrote that the creation-evolution controversy was "not sensational" ?

I'm not sure.

Who did Professor Raven say he agreed with?

I'm not sure.

In what book did Popper called the conflict "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup"?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Popper publish Science, Religion, and the Future?

I'm not sure.

Who thought the force of Popper's remarks was impaired to the attention he paid to the conflict?

I'm not sure.


In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit that we don't know and to search—is all right. ... When I look at what I call the gift of life, I feel a gratitude which is in tune with some religious ideas of God. However, the moment I even speak of it, I am embarrassed that I may do something wrong to God in talking about God." He objected to organised religion, saying "it tends to use the name of God in vain", noting the danger of fanaticism because of religious conflicts: "The whole thing goes back to myths which, though they may have a kernel of truth, are untrue. Why then should the Jewish myth be true and the Indian and Egyptian myths not be true?" In a letter unrelated to the interview, he stressed his tolerant attitude: "Although I am not for religion, I do think that we should show respect for anybody who believes honestly."

In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?

Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer?

agnosticism

What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are?

myths

Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it:

tolerant

When did Popper give an interview on the condition it be published right away?

I'm not sure.

Who thought that atheism was superior to agnosticism?

I'm not sure.

What kind of religion did Popper support?

I'm not sure.

Why did Popper support organized religion?

I'm not sure.

Who did Popper believe should not be respected?

I'm not sure.


Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics and there lectured and influenced both Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of philosophy of science. (Lakatos significantly modified Popper's position,:1 and Feyerabend repudiated it entirely, but the work of both is deeply influenced by Popper and engaged with many of the problems that Popper set.)

What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most?

philosophy of science

Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics?

Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method

Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?

Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend

What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science?

repudiated it entirely

Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946?

London School of Economics

Who did not play a role in the philosophy of science?

I'm not sure.

When was the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics disbanded?

I'm not sure.

What department did Einstein found in 1946 in London?

I'm not sure.

Who did Imre Lakatos lecture to?

I'm not sure.

Which philosopher completely agreed with Popper's unmodified position?

I'm not sure.


While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology."

Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?

Friedrich Hayek

What was Hayek's academic field?

Economics

In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?

Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?

Alfred Tarski

Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?

Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics

Who has a long rivalry with Popper?

I'm not sure.

Who never communicated with Hayek?

I'm not sure.

Who did Hayek write a letter to in 1944?

I'm not sure.

Who did Alfred Tarski say he had learned more from than any other living thinker?

I'm not sure.

When did Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics come out?

I'm not sure.


He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative to how well the system or community enacts the method). It has been suggested that Popper's ideas are often mistaken for a hard logical account of truth because of the historical co-incidence of their appearing at the same time as logical positivism, the followers of which mistook his aims for their own.

What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions?

logical positivism

Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom?

any particular scientist

At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies?

system or community

What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes?

slow but steady

What does Popper argue is therefore true?

I'm not sure.

Whose ideas are a logical account of truth?

I'm not sure.

What did not appear at the same time as Popper's ideas?

I'm not sure.

What did the followers of logical positivism mistake as opposite to their own?

I'm not sure.

What kind of progress does science make if it does not use Popper's methodology?

I'm not sure.


The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replaced. An example of this is given by the discovery of the planet Neptune: when the motion of Uranus was found not to match the predictions of Newton's laws, the theory "There are seven planets in the solar system" was rejected, and not Newton's laws themselves. Popper discussed this critique of naïve falsificationism in Chapters 3 and 4 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery. For Popper, theories are accepted or rejected via a sort of selection process. Theories that say more about the way things appear are to be preferred over those that do not; the more generally applicable a theory is, the greater its value. Thus Newton's laws, with their wide general application, are to be preferred over the much more specific "the solar system has seven planets".[dubious – discuss]

What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?

Quine-Duhem

Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?

The Logic of Scientific Discovery

The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?

Neptune

According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?

more generally applicable

What thesis says it is possible to test a single hypothesis alone?

I'm not sure.

What can we conclusively say must be replaced?

I'm not sure.

When was the theory that there are eight planets in the solar system rejected?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper discuss in chapters 5 and 6 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery?

I'm not sure.

Why are Newton's laws not preferred over the other theory?

I'm not sure.


Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about "normal science". (But Popper criticised what he saw as Kuhn's relativism.) Also, in his collection Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (Harper & Row, 1963), Popper writes, "Science must begin with myths, and with the criticism of myths; neither with the collection of observations, nor with the invention of experiments, but with the critical discussion of myths, and of magical techniques and practices. The scientific tradition is distinguished from the pre-scientific tradition in having two layers. Like the latter, it passes on its theories; but it also passes on a critical attitude towards them. The theories are passed on, not as dogmas, but rather with the challenge to discuss them and improve upon them."

Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work?

Logic of Discovery

What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize?

relativism

What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science?

the critical discussion of myths

According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?

a critical attitude

What year did Kuhn stress "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework"?

I'm not sure.

What book did Kuhn publish in 1934?

I'm not sure.

What did Kuhn criticize about Popper?

I'm not sure.

What did Kuhn say must be the beginning phase of science?

I'm not sure.

According to Kuhn, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?

I'm not sure.


Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence. However, this is a misunderstanding of what Popper's philosophy of science sets out to do. Rather than offering a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science, Popper makes it clear in The Logic of Scientific Discovery that his belief is that the resolution of conflicts between hypotheses and observations can only be a matter of the collective judgment of scientists, in each individual case.

What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?

statistical

What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?

flaws in the evidence

According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?

the collective judgment of scientists

What is always possible to do?

I'm not sure.

What is always clear if evidence contradicts a hypothesis?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science?

I'm not sure.

What is a matter of the judgement of a single scientist?

I'm not sure.

What is a sign of flaws in the evidence?

I'm not sure.


In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt." The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will always be a higher temperature than tested at which the metal may in fact melt, yet it seems to be a valid scientific hypothesis. These examples were pointed out by Carl Gustav Hempel. Hempel came to acknowledge that Logical Positivism's verificationism was untenable, but argued that falsificationism was equally untenable on logical grounds alone. The simplest response to this is that, because Popper describes how theories attain, maintain and lose scientific status, individual consequences of currently accepted scientific theories are scientific in the sense of being part of tentative scientific knowledge, and both of Hempel's examples fall under this category. For instance, atomic theory implies that all metals melt at some temperature.

Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?

Science Versus Crime

Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?

Carl Gustav Hempel

Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?

Houck

What did Popper write in Science Versus Crime?

I'm not sure.

Who argued that falsificationism was defensible on logical grounds alone?

I'm not sure.

What implies that not all metals melt?

I'm not sure.

What was tenable on logical grounds alone?

I'm not sure.

What can always be tested at a lower temperature?

I'm not sure.


In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly because of the rise of Nazism, which forced him to quit his work in 1933, and the prohibition of referring to Selz' work. Popper, the historian of ideas and his scholarship, is criticised in some academic quarters for his rejection of Plato, Hegel and Marx.

Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas?

Otto Selz

Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper?

Michel ter Hark

What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?

the rise of Nazism

What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz?

Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology

Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work?

Plato, Hegel and Marx

What book did Popper publish in 2004?

I'm not sure.

Who did Hark claim that Selz took his ideas from?

I'm not sure.

Why did Selz publish his ideas?

I'm not sure.

When did Selz start his work?

I'm not sure.

What is Popper praised for in some academic quarters?

I'm not sure.


According to John N. Gray, Popper held that "a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified." By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have "killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth." When they were first advanced, Gray claims, each of them was "at odds with some available evidence; only later did evidence become available that gave them crucial support." Against this, Gray seeks to establish the irrationalist thesis that "the progress of science comes from acting against reason."

Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes?

Darwin and Einstein

Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism?

Straw Dogs

According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed?

available evidence

What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress?

irrationalist

What did John Gray say according to Popper?

I'm not sure.

Whose theories were compatible with all available evidence when they were introduced?

I'm not sure.

What is the rationalist thesis?

I'm not sure.

Where does Popper state this would have "killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth."?

I'm not sure.

What thesis does Popper seek to establish?

I'm not sure.


Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to "crucial support" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as well corroborated as Newton's upon its initial conception; they both equally well accounted for all the hitherto available evidence. Moreover, since Einstein also explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory, general relativity was immediately deemed suitable for tentative acceptance on the Popperian account. Indeed, Popper wrote, several decades before Gray's criticism, in reply to a critical essay by Imre Lakatos:

Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?

inductivist

A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?

Imre Lakatos

What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?

explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory

In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?

Einstein's theory

What does Gray give an indication of?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper seek to show was logically legitimate?

I'm not sure.

Whose theory was less well corroborated than Newton's on it's conception?

I'm not sure.

What was not deemed suitable for tentative acceptance?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote several decades after Gray's criticism?

I'm not sure.


Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.

Which type of theory is most falsifiable?

simplest

What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?

positivism

For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?

impossible

What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?

its falsity

Why would a theory be true with lower probability?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper hold that one should do with the most likely theory?

I'm not sure.

Who supported positivism?

I'm not sure.

Who argues it is possible to ensure that a theory is true?

I'm not sure.

What is less important than detecting the falsity of a theory?

I'm not sure.


In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. The riot had, in fact, been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to Béla Kun tried to take power by a coup; Popper did not know about this at that time. However, he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible, and so had no scruples to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class. This was the start of his later criticism of historicism. Popper began to reject Marxist historicism, which he associated with questionable means, and later socialism, which he associated with placing equality before freedom (to the possible disadvantage of equality).

Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?

Communists

The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?

a coup

Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?

historicism

Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?

Béla Kun

What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?

class struggle

What year did the Communists stop a riot from occurring?

I'm not sure.

What was Popper impressed by in his later years?

I'm not sure.

How many armed people did the police shoot?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper associate with noble means?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper think placed freedom before equality?

I'm not sure.


A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versions also exist. The courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello and mandobass.

What country did the mandolin originate from?

Italian

What does mandolin translate to?

small mandola

What musical family does the mandolin come from?

lute family

How is the mandolin usually played?

usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick"

How many courses does a mandolin commonly have?

four

What is the Italian word for mandolino?

I'm not sure.

What family is the lute in?

I'm not sure.

What else does the family include in addition to the lute and mandolin?

I'm not sure.

What material is the lute's strings made of?

I'm not sure.

What city did the mandolin originate from?

I'm not sure.

What does mandoleen translate to?

I'm not sure.

What musical sister does the mandolin have?

I'm not sure.

How is the mandolin not usually played?

I'm not sure.

How many courses does a mandolin not commonly have?

I'm not sure.


There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and an arched top—both carved out of wood. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar. Each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music. Carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature an extra fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course.

What are the four common styles of mandolins?

the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin.

What is the round-back mandolin made of?

strips of wood, glued together into a bowl

Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top?

round-back

Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature?

European classical music and traditional music.

Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?

Carved-top instruments

What type of mandolin has a deep bottom and an arched top?

I'm not sure.

What type of mandolin has an arched back and is braced on the side?

I'm not sure.

What type of American music are the Neapolitan mandolins featured in?

I'm not sure.

What type of European music are the Carved-top instruments featured in?

I'm not sure.

What are the four uncommon styles of mandolins?

I'm not sure.

What is the round-front mandolin made of?

I'm not sure.

Which style of mandolin has a deeper, arched back, and arched top?

I'm not sure.

Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins not feature?

I'm not sure.

Which mandolin is uncommon in American Folk music and blue grass music?

I'm not sure.


Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more pressure than the gut strings. The modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections. There is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic F (f-hole). A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling.

What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?

soundboard (the top)

Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments?

quiet instruments

What are modern mandolins' strings made of?

four courses of metal strings,

What is the most common soundboard shape?

generally round or teardrop-shaped

What are the sound holes covered with?

bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling

What is another term for the bottom of the mandolin?

I'm not sure.

What was louder than modern instruments?

I'm not sure.

How are teardrop-shaped holes covered or bordered?

I'm not sure.

How many courses of metal strings were pre-mandolin instruments strung with?

I'm not sure.

What did most of the development of the mandolin not revolve around?

I'm not sure.

Were postmandolins quiet or loud instruments?

I'm not sure.

What are ancient mandolins' strings made of?

I'm not sure.

What is the most uncommon soundboard shape?

I'm not sure.

What are the sound holes opened with?

I'm not sure.


Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina, dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140. His Hohenstaufen grandson Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in Palermo, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands.

Who introduced the lute to Spain?

the Moors

What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture?

Sicily

Who brought the lute to Sicily?

Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians

What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?

Palermo

What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists?

Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,

Who was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1190-1254?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Palermo's royal Capella Palatina dedicated by in 1104?

I'm not sure.

Who did Spain introduce the lute to?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for Moors?

I'm not sure.

Who introduced the lute to England?

I'm not sure.

What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to Asian culture?

I'm not sure.

Who brought the lute to France?

I'm not sure.

What court held singer-lutenists before the Norman conquest?

I'm not sure.

What store has floor painting dedicated to the lutenists?

I'm not sure.


There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia in 1759, which resides at the University of Edinburgh. Another is by Giuseppe Vinaccia, built in 1893, is also at the University of Edinburgh. The earliest extant mandolin was built in 1744 by Antonio's son, Gaetano Vinaccia. It resides in the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.

What is there currently confusion over?

eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop

Who is said to have ran the first shop?

Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic

Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside?

University of Edinburgh

Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside?

University of Edinburgh

Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside?

Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.

Who was active from 1718-1780?

I'm not sure.

Who was active from 1743-1769?

I'm not sure.

Who built an early mandolin in 1795?

I'm not sure.

Who built a mandolin in 1839?

I'm not sure.

Who built the earliest mandolin in 1474?

I'm not sure.

What is there not currently confusion over?

I'm not sure.

Who is said to have ran the last shop?

I'm not sure.

Where was the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia destroyed?

I'm not sure.

Where was the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia detroyed?

I'm not sure.

Where was the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia destroyed?

I'm not sure.


The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat "flush" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years, in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall. After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall. The 19th century produced some prominent players, including Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati. However, professional virtuosity was in decline, and the mandolin music changed as the mandolin became a folk instrument; "the large repertoire of notated instrumental music for the mandolino and the mandoline was completely forgotten". The export market for mandolins from Italy dried up around 1815, and when Carmine de Laurentiis wrote a mandolin method in 1874, the Music World magazine wrote that the mandolin was "out of date." Salvador Léonardi mentioned this decline in his 1921 book, Méthode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo, saying that the mandolin had been declining in popularity from previous times.

What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?

Where did the mandolin grow in popularity?

in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall

When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?

After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall

Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?

Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati

What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?

What began around 1474?

I'm not sure.

What wars took place in 1851?

I'm not sure.

What dried up in Italy around 1851?

I'm not sure.

What did Laurentiis de Carmine write?

I'm not sure.

What did Leonardi Salvador write?

I'm not sure.

What year was the end of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?

I'm not sure.

Where did the mandolin shrink in popularity?

I'm not sure.

When did the mandolin's popularity begin to rise?

I'm not sure.

Who were two of the prominent players in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

What year did the export market for mandolins from France dry up?

I'm not sure.


Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the energy and awareness created by the day's hit sensation, a wave of Italian mandolinists travelled Europe in the 1880s and 1890s and in the United States by the mid-1880s, playing and teaching their instrument. The instrument's popularity continued to increase during the 1890s and mandolin popularity was at its height in "early years of the 20th century." Thousands were taking up the instrument as a pastime, and it became an instrument of society, taken up by young men and women. Mandolin orchestras were formed worldwide, incorporating not only the mandolin family of instruments, but also guitars, double basses and zithers.

When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?

Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878

What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition?

Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students)

When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked?

early years of the 20th century.

What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's?

bandurria

What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well?

Mandolin orchestras

What took place in 1887?

I'm not sure.

What instrument did the violin become confused with?

I'm not sure.

What group of people traveled to the United States in 1880?

I'm not sure.

What group of people traveled to Europe in 1890?

I'm not sure.

When did the mandolin's poplarity not rebound?

I'm not sure.

What popular group didn't perform at the Paris Exposition?

I'm not sure.

When was it said that mandolin's popularity sank?

I'm not sure.

What instrument was the mandolin never confused with during the 1880's?

I'm not sure.

What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin family of instruments but no other instruments as well?

I'm not sure.


The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mandolin, the carved-top or arched-top mandolin, the mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin. Musicians began playing it in Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.

When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?

early 20th century,

Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?

Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument

Who created the rasonator mandolin?

Luthiers

What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?

mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin

What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in?

Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.

When did the first wave of mandolin popularity decline?

I'm not sure.

Who created the resonator mandolin in the early 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What old forms of music was the mandolin used in during the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

When was the second rise of mandolin popularity?

I'm not sure.

Why was the second rise in popularity not a strong as the first?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the resonator mandolin?

I'm not sure.

What is the third type of new mandolins the Luthiers created?

I'm not sure.

What types of music did musicians never play the mandolins in?

I'm not sure.


Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes or chords. The mandolin's paired strings facilitate this technique: the plectrum (pick) strikes each of a pair of strings alternately, providing a more full and continuous sound than a single string would.

What happens to mandolin notes when plucked?

decay to silence

Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments?

faster

What is tremolo?

rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings

What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique?

paired strings

What is a plectrum?

pick

What do mandolin notes do rather than decay to silence?

I'm not sure.

What is another word for tremolo?

I'm not sure.

What do notes on a violin sound like rather sounding out continuously?

I'm not sure.

What happens to mandolin notes when not plucked?

I'm not sure.

Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than smaller string instruments?

I'm not sure.

What is trameolo?

I'm not sure.

What parts of the mandolin don't facilitate the tremolo technique?

I'm not sure.

What is a slectrum?

I'm not sure.


The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. Very old instruments may use wooden tuning pegs, while newer instruments tend to use geared metal tuners. The bridge is a movable length of hardwood. A pickguard is glued below the sound hole under the strings. European roundbacks commonly use a 13-inch scale instead of the 13.876 common on archtop Mandolins.

What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have?

almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood

How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?

What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of?

metal strings

What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?

hardwood fingerboard

How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks?

13-inch scale

What kind of style does the Ice Cream mandolin have?

I'm not sure.

How many strings does the Peapolitan mandolin have?

I'm not sure.

What are the Neapolitan mandolin not made of?

I'm not sure.

What sits on bottom or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?

I'm not sure.

How wide is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks?

I'm not sure.


Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings. The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombardic mandolins were tuned g b e' a' d" g". A developer of the Milanese stye was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for 6 generations.

Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?

Milan and Lombardy

What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?

mandolino or mandore

What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?

They are shorter and wider

How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?

6 strings

Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?

Antonio Monzino

Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins leave from?

I'm not sure.

What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than ancient mandolins?

I'm not sure.

What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the ancient mandolin?

I'm not sure.

How many bows do the Lombardic mandolins have?

I'm not sure.

Who was the developer of the Chinese mandolin?

I'm not sure.


Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes. When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan."

Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?

Samuel Adelstein

How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?

What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to?

C, D, A, E, B, G.

How many frets did the Lombardi have?

20 frets

How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?

three octaves

Who described the Lombardi mandolin as longer and narrower than the Neoapolitan mandolin?

I'm not sure.

How many strings do the non regular mandolin's have?

I'm not sure.

What was the Lombardi Mandolin untuned to?

I'm not sure.

How many frets did the Lombardi lack?

I'm not sure.

How many octaves did the Lombardi not cover?

I'm not sure.


In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments. Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone." He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.

Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?

Bartolomeo Bortolazzi

What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?

Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi

How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?

four single-strings

Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins?

uncomfortable to play

What did Bortolazzi say about the sound?

less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone

Who didn't popularize the Cremonese Mandolin?

I'm not sure.

What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's unpopular mandolin method?

I'm not sure.

How many double strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?

I'm not sure.

What did Bortolazzi say about the tempo?

I'm not sure.


At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who founded the "Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co., Limited" in 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear shaped, has no points and usually has a simpler headstock.

When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?

end of the 19th century

What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?

violin family instruments

What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?

European-style bowl-back

Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited?

Orville Gibson

When was a old style of carved top and back construction mandolins created?

I'm not sure.

What was the old style of mandolins inspired from?

I'm not sure.

What style did the old style of mandolins supplant?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Unlimited?

I'm not sure.


These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated other types of music, although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument.

What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have?

two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)

Where are the soundholes located?

directly under the strings

What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?

Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins

What style is associate with other types of music?

A-style

Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?

complicated woodwork

What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins not have?

I'm not sure.

Where are the feelingholes located?

I'm not sure.

What mandolin is not associated with Bluegrass music?

I'm not sure.

Why is the F-5 mandolin less expensive?

I'm not sure.


Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers. Some notable modern American carved mandolin manufacturers include, in addition to Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings. Mandolins from other countries include The Loar (China), Santa, Rosa (China), Michael Kelly (Korea), Eastman (China), Kentucky (China), Heiden (Canada), Gilchrist (Australia) and Morgan Monroe (China).

What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?

Gibson F-5

When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?

early 1920s

Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication?

Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar

Who are the other makers from the Loar period?

Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers

Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers?

Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings.

What style of Gisbon Mandolin was never replicated?

I'm not sure.

When was the Gibson F-5 never replicated?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the Gibson F-5's replication?

I'm not sure.

Who are the other businessmen from the Loar period?

I'm not sure.

Who were notable modern African mandolin manufacturers?

I'm not sure.


The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European continent. The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras, so called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities. Following this continental popularity of the mandolin family local traditions appeared outside of Europe in the Americas and in Japan. Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a "fad" instrument in the early 20th century. This "mandolin craze" was fading by the 1930s, but just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country, old-time music, bluegrass and folk music. More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music, with media attention to classical players such as Israeli Avi Avital, Italian Carlo Aonzo and American Joseph Brent.

What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?

violin

Where was the mandolin primarily used?

classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras

When was the mandolin considered a fad?

early 20th century

Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad?

Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri

When did the mandolin craze end?

What instrument does the mandolin not have the same tuning of?

I'm not sure.

Where wasn't the mandolin primarily used?

I'm not sure.

When was the mandolin considered more than a fad?

I'm not sure.

Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was not just a fad?

I'm not sure.

When did the mandolin craze begin?

I'm not sure.


Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-time at age 18, until the Great Depression forced him to begin teaching full-time and learn a broader range of instruments. Skinner founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia.

Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement?

Phil Skinner

When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?

20th century

When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE?

What was Phil Skinner's birth name?

Harry Skinner

At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music?

Who played a key role African mandolin movement?

I'm not sure.

When did the African mandolin movement begin?

I'm not sure.

When did Phil Skinner lose an MBE?

I'm not sure.

What was Phil Skinner's married name?

I'm not sure.

At what age did Phil Skinner stop playing music?

I'm not sure.


The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director: Adrian Hooper) have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers. Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks. One of their members, mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper, has had a number of Concertos written for him by composers such as Eric Gross. He has performed and recorded these works with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra. As well, Paul Hooper has had many solo works dedicated to him by Australian composers e.g., Caroline Szeto, Ian Shanahan, Larry Sitsky and Michael Smetanin.

Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?

Adrian Hooper

How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?

over 200 works

On what media was most of these work released?

Compact Disks

What radio stations can they be heard on?

ABC and MBS networks

Who has had many Concertos written for him?

mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper

Who isn't the director of the Sydney Mandolins?

I'm not sure.

How many commissions of Sicily Mandolins have there been?

I'm not sure.

On what media was most of these work never released?

I'm not sure.

What radio stations can they never be heard on?

I'm not sure.

Who has had zero Concertos written for him?

I'm not sure.


In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras (Estudiantinas) were active in Belgium. Today only a few groups remain: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen). Gerda Abts is a well known mandolin virtuoso in Belgium. She is also mandolin teacher and gives lessons in the music academies of Lier, Wijnegem and Brasschaat. She is now also professor mandolin at the music high school “Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen”. She also gives various concerts each year in different ensembles. She is in close contact to the Brasschaat mandolin Orchestra. Her site is www.gevoeligesnaar.be

What is an Etsudiantinas?

mandolin orchestras

Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?

Belgium

What groups remain today?

Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen).

Where is Gerda Abts well know in?

Belgium

Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin?

Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen

What is an Atsudiantinas?

I'm not sure.

Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 21st century?

I'm not sure.

What groups don't remain today?

I'm not sure.

Where is Gerda Abts not well known in?

I'm not sure.

Where is Gerda Abst not a professor mandolin?

I'm not sure.


Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins, France had a history with the mandolin, with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars. The players, teachers and composers included Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio. During the Golden age itself (1880s-1920s), the mandolin had a strong presence in France. Prominent mandolin players or composers included Jules Cottin and his sister Madeleine Cottin, Jean Pietrapertosa, and Edgar Bara. Paris had dozens of "estudiantina" mandolin orchestras in the early 1900s. Mandolin magazines included L'Estudiantina, Le Plectre, École de la mandolie.

Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?

Golden Age of Mandolins

Where in France did the mandolinists play?

Paris

When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?

Napoleonic Wars.

Who were the players and composers during this time?

Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio

What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?

Prior to what age did Italy have a history with the mandolin?

I'm not sure.

Where in Italy did the mandolinists play?

I'm not sure.

When did the mandolinists start playing in Paris?

I'm not sure.

Who weren't the players and composers during this time?

I'm not sure.

What years weren't considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?

I'm not sure.


On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto. Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete.

What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music?

island of Crete

When did the mandolin appears on Crete?

around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.

What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?

mantola

Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria?

Stelios Foustalierakis

The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex?

woman

What Island is the mandolin not a main instrument in Cretan Music?

I'm not sure.

When did the mandolin leave Crete?

I'm not sure.

What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was never used?

I'm not sure.

Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were not used to accompany the lyria?

I'm not sure.

The mandolin was reported to be unpopular among what sex?

I'm not sure.


Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E-B-E-B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C-G-C-G, which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture.

Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music?

Indian Carnatic

What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?

E-B-E-B.

There is no concept of what in Indian music?

absolute pitch

What is another popular madonlin tuning?

C-G-C-G

These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called?

Bhangra

Many adaptations of the instruments were done to not cater to what type of music?

I'm not sure.

What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Asian music?

I'm not sure.

There is no concept of what in Asian music?

I'm not sure.

What is not a popular madonlin tuning?

I'm not sure.

These mandolin are used in unpopular dance music called?

I'm not sure.


Though almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists. The former are often too soft-toned to hold their own in a session (as well as having a tendency to not stay in place on the player's lap), whilst the latter tend to sound harsh and overbearing to the traditional ear. The f-hole mandolin, however, does come into its own in a traditional session, where its brighter tone cuts through the sonic clutter of a pub. Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins (reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin) and carved (arch) top mandolins with oval soundholes, such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s.

What types of instruments do irish player prefer?

might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes

Why is it said that the Italian style can't hold their own session?

too soft-toned

Which type mandolin had a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?

the carved-top mandolins with f-holes

Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings?

flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins

What was the Irish style mandolin reminiscent of?

WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin

What types of instruments do Italian player prefer?

I'm not sure.

Why is it said that the Italian style can hold their own session?

I'm not sure.

Which type mandolin didn't have a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?

I'm not sure.

Which mandolin wasn't preferred for formal performances and recordings?

I'm not sure.

What was the Italian style mandolin reminiscent of?

I'm not sure.


Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine (who, like Johnny Moynihan, almost always tunes the top E down to D, to achieve an open tuning of GDAD), Paul Brady, Mick Moloney, Paul Kelly and Claudine Langille. John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna, respectively fiddle player and tenor banjo player with The Dubliners, are also accomplished Irish mandolin players. The instruments used are either flat-backed, oval hole examples as described above (made by UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars), or carved-top, oval hole instruments with arched back (made by Stefan Sobell in Northumberland). The Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher often played the mandolin on stage, and he most famously used it in the song "Going To My Hometown."

Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists?

Andy Irvine

Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?

John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna

What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's band called?

The Dubliners,

Who made the instruments used by the Dubliners?

UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars

What Irish guitarist played the mandolin on stage?

Rory Gallagher

Who are some of the famous Italian Mandolinists?

I'm not sure.

Who are unpopular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?

I'm not sure.

What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's job called?

I'm not sure.

Who made the instruments used by the Italian group?

I'm not sure.

What Irish guitarist played the mandolin off stage?

I'm not sure.


Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748. Others include Giovani Battista Gervasio (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Giuseppe Giuliano (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Emanuele Barbella (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Domenico Scarlatti (Sonata n.54 (K.89) in D minor for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), and Addiego Guerra (Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo).

Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?

Antonio Vivaldi

Who placed it in his 1787 work?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?

Don Giovanni and Beethoven

Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?

Antonio Maria Bononcini

When was Alexander Balus composed?

Who composed the Concerto in D Major Op 3 6?

I'm not sure.

Who placed it in his 1789 work?

I'm not sure.

What two artists created five variations of the Concerto in D Major Op 3 6?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?

I'm not sure.


The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s, and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins, with active orchestras and university music programs. New orchestras were founded and new orchestral compositions composed. Japanese mandolin orchestras today may consist of up to 40 or 50 members, and can include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections. Japan also maintains an extensive collection of 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age, purchased by Morishige Takei.

What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?

Japan

How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?

40 or 50 members

What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?

include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections.

Japan hold and extensive collection of what?

20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age

Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines?

Morishige Takei.

What country doesn't maintain strong classic music tradition with mandolin?

I'm not sure.

How many people compose the Chinese mandolin orchestras?

I'm not sure.

What other instruments do the Chinese mandolin orchestras play?

I'm not sure.

Japan doesn't hold an extensive collection of what?

I'm not sure.

Who sold one of the collections of mandolin magazines?

I'm not sure.


The bandolim (Portuguese for "mandolin") was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century, but its rapid spread took it to other places, joining other instruments. Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the mandolin scene in Portugal is in Madeira Island. Madeira has over 17 active mandolin Orchestras and Tunas. The mandolin virtuoso Fabio Machado is one of Portugal's most accomplished mandolin players. The Portuguese influence brought the mandolin to Brazil.

What does bandolim mean?

Portuguese for "mandolin"

When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?

19th century

Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal?

traditional and folk culture

Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located?

Madeira Island

How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have?

over 17

What does bandolin mean?

I'm not sure.

When was the bandolim not popular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?

I'm not sure.

Where can you not see mandolins a part of in Portgal?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Japanese mandolin scene located?

I'm not sure.

How many active mandolin orchestras does the Chinese Island have?

I'm not sure.


The mandolin has been used extensively in the traditional music of England and Scotland for generations. Simon Mayor is a prominent British player who has produced six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents. The instrument has also found its way into British rock music. The mandolin was played by Mike Oldfield (and introduced by Vivian Stanshall) on Oldfield's album Tubular Bells, as well as on a number of his subsequent albums (particularly prominently on Hergest Ridge (1974) and Ommadawn (1975)). It was used extensively by the British folk-rock band Lindisfarne, who featured two members on the instrument, Ray Jackson and Simon Cowe, and whose "Fog on the Tyne" was the biggest selling UK album of 1971-1972. The instrument was also used extensively in the UK folk revival of the 1960s and 1970s with bands such as Fairport Convention and Steeleye Span taking it on as the lead instrument in many of their songs. Maggie May by Rod Stewart, which hit No. 1 on both the British charts and the Billboard Hot 100, also featured Jackson's playing. It has also been used by other British rock musicians. Led Zeppelin's bassist John Paul Jones is an accomplished mandolin player and has recorded numerous songs on mandolin including Going to California and That's the Way; the mandolin part on The Battle of Evermore is played by Jimmy Page, who composed the song. Other Led Zeppelin songs featuring mandolin are Hey Hey What Can I Do, and Black Country Woman. Pete Townshend of The Who played mandolin on the track Mike Post Theme, along with many other tracks on Endless Wire. McGuinness Flint, for whom Graham Lyle played the mandolin on their most successful single, When I'm Dead And Gone, is another example. Lyle was also briefly a member of Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance, and played mandolin on their hit How Come. One of the more prominent early mandolin players in popular music was Robin Williamson in The Incredible String Band. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull is a highly accomplished mandolin player (beautiful track Pussy Willow), as is his guitarist Martin Barre. The popular song Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want by The Smiths featured a mandolin solo played by Johnny Marr. More recently, the Glasgow-based band Sons and Daughters featured the mandolin, played by Ailidh Lennon, on tracks such as Fight, Start to End, and Medicine. British folk-punk icons the Levellers also regularly use the mandolin in their songs. Current bands are also beginning to use the Mandolin and its unique sound - such as South London's Indigo Moss who use it throughout their recordings and live gigs. The mandolin has also featured in the playing of Matthew Bellamy in the rock band Muse. It also forms the basis of Paul McCartney's 2007 hit "Dance Tonight." That was not the first time a Beatle played a mandolin, however; that distinction goes to George Harrison on Gone Troppo, the title cut from the 1982 album of the same name. The mandolin is taught in Lanarkshire by the Lanarkshire Guitar and Mandolin Association to over 100 people. Also more recently hard rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures have been playing a song based primarily using a mandolin. This song was left off their debut album, and features former Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones.[citation needed]

Who is a famous British player?

Simon Mayor

What did Simon mayer produce?

six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents.

Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Bells?

Mike Oldfield

What was UK's biggest selling album?

"Fog on the Tyne

What song by Rod Stewart used the mandolin?

Maggie May

Who is a famous Asian player?

I'm not sure.

What did Simon mayer sell?

I'm not sure.

Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Chimes?

I'm not sure.

What was US's biggest selling album?

I'm not sure.

What song by Bob Stewart used the mandolin?

I'm not sure.


The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the "Spanish Students." The group landed in the U.S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds. Ironically, this ensemble did not play mandolins but rather bandurrias, which are also small, double-strung instruments that resemble the mandolin. The success of the Figaro Spanish Students spawned other groups who imitated their musical style and costumes. An Italian musician, Carlo Curti, hastily started a musical ensemble after seeing the Figaro Spanish Students perform; his group of Italian born Americans called themselves the "Original Spanish Students," counting on the American public to not know the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins. The imitators' use of mandolins helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument previously relatively unknown in the United States.

What group in the US was popular?

Estudiantina Figaro

When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?

January 2, 1880

Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play?

Boston and New York

What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro?

Original Spanish Students

What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American  public not to know?

the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins

What group in the UK was popular?

I'm not sure.

When did the Estudiantina Figaro leave the US?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Estudiantina Figaro refuse to play?

I'm not sure.

What group wasn't inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro?

I'm not sure.

What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the African public not to know?

I'm not sure.


Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s, as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s. According to Clarence L. Partee, the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann, who was an established maker of violins in Chicago. Partee characterized the early instrument as being larger than the European instruments he was used to, with a "peculiar shape" and "crude construction," and said that the quality improved, until American instruments were "superior" to imported instruments. At the time, Partee was using an imported French-made mandolin.

When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?

When was the first madolin made in the US?

1883 or 1884

Who made the first US mandolin?

Joseph Bohm

Where was Joseph Bohmann from?

Chicago

What type of madolin was Partee using ?

French-made mandolin

When didn't madolin awareness in the US become fluent?

I'm not sure.

When was the first mandolin destroyed in the US?

I'm not sure.

Who made the first UK mandolin?

I'm not sure.

What type of mandolin was Partee not using?

I'm not sure.


Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to create a spot for the instrument in classical music, ragtime and jazz. Like the teacher-dealers, they traveled the U.S., recording records, giving performances and teaching individuals and mandolin orchestras. Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America's preeminent mandolinists. Seth Weeks was an African American who not only taught and performed in the United States, but also in Europe, where he recorded records. Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page toured the country with a group, and was well known for his mandolin and mandola performances. Other names include Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., and Aubrey Stauffer.

What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer?

The Music Man

What did these teacher-dealers often conduct?

mandolin orchestras

How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras?

4-50 musicians

Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville?

Samuel Siegel

Who was the famous African American musican and director?

composer James Reese Europe.

What popular musical casted a student-dealer?

I'm not sure.

What did these student-dealers often conduct?

I'm not sure.

How many people were usually in these student-dealer orchestras?

I'm not sure.

Who refused to play the mandolin in Vaudeville?

I'm not sure.

Who was the famous North American musican and director?

I'm not sure.


The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s, the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass. The famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles, with little success. However, The "Loar" became the defining instrument of bluegrass music when Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument.

The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was?

ensemble setting

Where did the mandolins find a new home?

bluegrass

What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?

Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson

What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?

Loar

What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use?

F-5 S/N 73987

The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1940's was?

I'm not sure.

Where did the mandolins never find a new job?

I'm not sure.

What mandolin wasn't designed to boost interest in the mandolin?

I'm not sure.

What mandolin didn't become the face of bluegrass music?

I'm not sure.

What instrument didn't artist Bill Monroe use?

I'm not sure.


The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra, the first of its kind. The national organization, Classical Mandolin Society of America, founded by Norman Levine, represents these groups. Prominent modern mandolinists and composers for mandolin in the classical music tradition include Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla, Dave Apollon, Neil Gladd, Evan Marshall, Marilynn Mair and Mark Davis (the Mair-Davis Duo), Brian Israel, David Evans, Emanuil Shynkman, Radim Zenkl, David Del Tredici and Ernst Krenek.

What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?

mandolin-based guitar programs

What are two of the popular public school groups?

Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra

Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?

Norman Levine

Who are modern mandolinists and composers?

Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla

What groups have become unpopular among public schools?

I'm not sure.

What are two of the unpopular public school groups?

I'm not sure.

Who found the non-Classical Mandolin Society of America?

I'm not sure.

Who aren't modern mandolinists and composers?

I'm not sure.


When Cowan Powers and his family recorded their old-time music from 1924-1926, his daughter Orpha Powers was one of the earliest known southern-music artists to record with the mandolin. By the 1930s, single mandolins were becoming more commonly used in southern string band music, most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick) and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers (Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe). However, the mandolin's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man: Bill Monroe, the father of bluegrass music. After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939, Bill Monroe formed his own group, after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys, and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a "parlor" sound typical of brother duets to the modern "bluegrass" style. He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1939 and its powerful clear-channel broadcast signal on WSM-AM spread his style throughout the South, directly inspiring many musicians to take up the mandolin. Monroe famously played Gibson F-5 mandolin, signed and dated July 9, 1923, by Lloyd Loar, chief acoustic engineer at Gibson. The F-5 has since become the most imitated tonally and aesthetically by modern builders.

What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926?

Cowan Powers and his family

Who was the earliest known southern music artist?

Orpha Powers

What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930's?

single mandolins

Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music?

Bill Monroe

What was Bill Monroe's group called?

Blue Grass Boys

What family recorded an new-time music in 1924-1926?

I'm not sure.

Who was the earliest known northern music artist?

I'm not sure.

What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1935's?

I'm not sure.

Who was considered the mother of Bluegrass music?

I'm not sure.


Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as "the chop" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music.

What chording sound was Monroe popular for?

the chop

What keys was Monroe popular for?

B and E

Who was Monroe's most influential follower?

Frank Wakefield

Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?

Moore of the Texas Playboys

What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?

Western Swing music

What chording feeling was Monroe popular for?

I'm not sure.

What keys was Monroe unpopular for?

I'm not sure.

Who was Monroe's least influential follower?

I'm not sure.

Who developed a electric six-string mandolin?

I'm not sure.

What type of music did the electric six-string mandolin help popularize?

I'm not sure.


Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking—and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Highly respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush, who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. The late John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, D.C. area.

Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?

Jesse McReynolds

What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?

Jim and Jesse

What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?

crosspicking

What is crosspicking?

syncopated banjo-roll-like style

Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music?

Ronnie McCoury

Who was the minor bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?

I'm not sure.

What job was Jesse McReynolds a part of?

I'm not sure.

What technique did Jesse McReynolds destroy?

I'm not sure.

What isn't crosspicking?

I'm not sure.

Who won no awards for his Monroe influenced music?

I'm not sure.


Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well-known player, and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass, classical, contemporary pop and rock; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles, and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs.

What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?

half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro

What type of music did Jethro Burns play?

jazz mandolinist

Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?

Tiny Moore

Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?

Chris Thile of California is

Who are othe rwell know players?

Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs

What is Jethro Burns uncommonly known for?

I'm not sure.

What type of music did Jethro Burns not play?

I'm not sure.

Who popularized the mandolin in Eastern Swing Music?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't well known for important works of traditional bluegrass?

I'm not sure.

Who are other unknow players?

I'm not sure.


Mandolin has also been used in blues music, most notably by Ry Cooder, who performed outstanding covers on his very first recordings, Yank Rachell, Johnny "Man" Young, Carl Martin, and Gerry Hundt. Howard Armstrong, who is famous for blues violin, got his start with his father's mandolin and played in string bands similar to the other Tennessee string bands he came into contact with, with band makeup including "mandolins and fiddles and guitars and banjos. And once in a while they would ease a little ukulele in there and a bass fiddle." Other blues players from the era's string bands include Willie Black (Whistler And His Jug Band), Dink Brister, Jim Hill, Charles Johnson, Coley Jones (Dallas String Band), Bobby Leecan (Need More Band), Alfred Martin, Charlie McCoy (1909-1950), Al Miller, Matthew Prater, and Herb Quinn.

Who got his start with his father's mandolin?

Howard Armstrong,

Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?

Ry Cooder

What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use?

ukulele in there and a bass fiddle

Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band?

Willie Black

Who is the most popular red music mandolinist?

I'm not sure.

What other instrument did the Kentucky string bands use?

I'm not sure.

Who played in the Singer and His Jug Band?

I'm not sure.


The mandolin has been used occasionally in rock music, first appearing in the psychedelic era of the late 1960s. Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin, most notably on Rag Mama Rag, Rockin' Chair, and Evangeline. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull played mandolin on Fat Man, from their second album, Stand Up, and also occasionally on later releases. Rod Stewart's 1971 No. 1 hit Maggie May features a significant mandolin riff. David Grisman played mandolin on two Grateful Dead songs on the American Beauty album, Friend of the Devil and Ripple, which became instant favorites among amateur pickers at jam sessions and campground gatherings. John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page both played mandolin on Led Zeppelin songs. The popular alt rock group Imagine Dragons feature the mandolin on a few of their songs, most prominently being It's Time. Dash Crofts of the soft rock duo Seals and Crofts extensively used mandolin in their repertoire during the 1970s. Styx released the song Boat on the River in 1980, which featured Tommy Shaw on vocals and mandolin. The song didn't chart in the United States but was popular in much of Europe and the Philippines.

When did the mandolin first appear in rock music?

psychedelic era of the late 1960s

Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band?

Levon Helm

What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?

Maggie May

What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin?

David Grisman

Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song?

Boat on the River

When did the mandolin last appear in rock music?

I'm not sure.

Who played the drums and the guitar in the group called The Band?

I'm not sure.

What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?

I'm not sure.

What artist from the Grateful Dead didn't play the mandolin?

I'm not sure.


Some rock musicians today use mandolins, often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. The 1991 R.E.M. hit "Losing My Religion" was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song "Locust Street." Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize. Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy and guitarist Chris Funk of The Decemberists regularly employ the mandolin in the band's music. Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's song "Dream of the Archer" from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song "The Battle of Evermore." "Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee, the theme song to the film Days of Thunder, prominently features a mandolin.

What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use?

single-stringed electric

Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?

Dropkick Murphys

What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?

Losing My Religion

What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins?

System of A Down

What film's theme song uses a mandolin?

Days of Thunder

What type of mandolin do rock musicians never today use?

I'm not sure.

Which Italian-American punk band uses Mandolins?

I'm not sure.

What REM song uses complex mandolin licks?

I'm not sure.