Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for "haircut") "originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice," and "Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context." The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch.

When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?

third birthday

What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?

burned

What are grains and legumes known as?

kitniyot

What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?

Ashkenazi

What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?

Talmud

What do historians note are continuations of past practices?

I'm not sure.

What do historians claim are practices of prior generations?

I'm not sure.

Who's tradition is it to cut a boy's hair on his second birthday?

I'm not sure.

What is the Arabic word for haircut?

I'm not sure.

Who allows the eating of kitniyot?

I'm not sure.


Haredi Judaism advocates segregation from non-Jewish culture, although not from non-Jewish society entirely. It is characterised by its focus on community-wide Torah study. Haredi Orthodoxy's differences with Modern Orthodoxy usually lie in interpretation of the nature of traditional halakhic concepts and in acceptable application of these concepts. Thus, engaging in the commercial world is a legitimate means to achieving a livelihood, but individuals should participate in modern society as little as possible. The same outlook is applied with regard to obtaining degrees necessary to enter one's intended profession: where tolerated in the Haredi society, attending secular institutions of higher education is viewed as a necessary but inferior activity. Academic interest is instead to be directed toward the religious education found in the yeshiva. Both boys and girls attend school and may proceed to higher Torah study, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of students, especially boys, remain in yeshiva until marriage (which is often arranged through facilitated dating – see shiduch), and many study in a kollel (Torah study institute for married men) for many years after marriage. Most Orthodox men (including many Modern Orthodox), even those not in Kollel, will study Torah daily.

What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?

Haredi Judaism

What should individuals participate as little as possible in?

modern society

Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?

Haredi

What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?

yeshiva

What is a Torah study institute for married men called?

kollel

What does Haredi Judaism refuse to advocate?

I'm not sure.

In what interpretation are Haredi and Modern Orthodoxy the same?

I'm not sure.

What is not a legitimate means of livelihood in Haredi society?

I'm not sure.

Where is it necessary for a Haredi Jew to attend college?

I'm not sure.

Who is not allowed to proceed to higher Torah studies?

I'm not sure.


Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them. Furthermore, the Oral law includes principles designed to create new rules. The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Jewish theologians, who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud, where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion.

Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?

Mount Sinai

Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?

God

What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?

Mitzvot

Where is Moses miraculously transported to?

House of Study of Rabbi Akiva

What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?

Oral law

Who holds that the Oral Law was not transmitted on Mt. Sinai?

I'm not sure.

What was given very few explanations on how to use it?

I'm not sure.

Which law is set so that no new rules are created from it?

I'm not sure.

Where was Noah transported according to a story in the Talmud?

I'm not sure.

What law is not considered to have a high degree of accuracy?

I'm not sure.


Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews.

What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?

Orthodox Judaism

What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?

patrilineal descent

What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?

intermarriage

What is intermarriage typically seen as?

rejection of Judaism

What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?

cut off

Who maintains the modern understanding of Jewish identity?

I'm not sure.

What is a person who is born to a Jewish father considered?

I'm not sure.

What descent by the father does Orthodoxy accept?

I'm not sure.

What form of marriage is an acceptance of Judaism?

I'm not sure.

What does the Orthodox Community avoid doing to intermarried couples?

I'm not sure.


However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: "Deracheha Darchei Noam" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, "Kavod Habriyot" - basic respect for human beings, "Pikuach Nefesh" - the sanctity of human life.

What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?

Halakha

what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?

God's Law,

Basic respect for human beings is known as what?

"Kavod Habriyot"

The sanctiy of human life is known as what?

"Pikuach Nefesh"

What does halakha guide?

structure of daily life

Which groups maintain significant agreement within Orthodox Judaism about Halakha?

I'm not sure.

Why must the Halakha never be re-examined?

I'm not sure.

What are Historical Orthodox more willing to assume about changing realities?

I'm not sure.

What is a guide to the modern day Jew?

I'm not sure.

What principles are never in opposition with each other?

I'm not sure.


According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived.

What is jewish law today based on?

Torah

what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?

will of God

Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?

Mount Sinai

How many rules are jewish law derived from?

What law is considered to be no less the word of god?

Oral Law

What is the commandments in the Torah based on according to Modern day Judaism?

I'm not sure.

Which literature debated the accuracy of the commandments in the Torah?

I'm not sure.

What does modern Judaism hold about the halakha?

I'm not sure.

What was given to Noah on Mt. Sinai?

I'm not sure.

Which kind of law is consider less because there is no written account?

I'm not sure.


Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as "Grand Rabbi"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively.

What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?

Haredi Judaism

What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?

Chasidic Judaism

Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?

Israel ben Eliezer

What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?

Ba'al Shem Tov

What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?

Yiddish

What two forms of Judaism have very little overlaps of beliefs?

I'm not sure.

Which form of Judaism came before Haredi Judaism?

I'm not sure.

What tried to separate scholarship with emotional mitzvah?

I'm not sure.

What is the spoken word of Chasidic Judiasm?

I'm not sure.

Who was concerned that there was too much joy in the performance of the commandments?

I'm not sure.


In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.

What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??

1.9 children

What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?

4.1 children

What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?

What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?

how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?

half

What is happening to Orthodox Jewish communities because of intermarriage?

I'm not sure.

What is the fertility rate of American Jewish communities?

I'm not sure.

Who are non-Orthodox Jews allowed to marry in order to increase fertility rates?

I'm not sure.

What is decreasing among Orthodox jews, according to the NY Times?

I'm not sure.

What does the NY Times claim that the rate of growth for non-Orthodox Jews will eventually mean?

I'm not sure.


On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism.

Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?

right-wing

half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?

conservative

What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?

Republican

Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?

Israel

Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?

Zionism

Which group that subscribes to modern orthodoxy are seen to be far more left-wing than non-orthodox Jews?

I'm not sure.

Which group of Jews are neither conservative or liberal?

I'm not sure.

Which group of Jews show no supporter of either political party?

I'm not sure.

Which country have the Haredi and the Hasidic Jewry disowned?

I'm not sure.

Which movement have the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry severed ties with?

I'm not sure.


Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?

Modern Orthodoxy

What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?

"outreach (Kiruv)"

What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?

secular studies

what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?

support oneself

What council is considered to be anti-Zionist?

I'm not sure.

What are affiliates of the State of Israel typically not?

I'm not sure.

Who avoids any practices with non-Orthodox Jews?

I'm not sure.

What is not considered to be a core belief of Zionists?

I'm not sure.

Who do the Jews consider to be more worthy of a higher education?

I'm not sure.


However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

what is the name of the movement of liberalism?

Haskalah

what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?

Talmud

previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?

dietary laws

What are dietary laws known as?

halachic practices

What has not been challenged by scholars?

I'm not sure.

What has a lot of resemblance today as it did in the middle ages?

I'm not sure.

What happened as a reaction to the conservatism movement?

I'm not sure.

What is not a religious requirement regarding dietary laws?

I'm not sure.

What explicitly prefers a more stricter position regarding Passover dietary laws?

I'm not sure.


The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?

19th century

When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?

early 19th century

what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?

education

what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?

absolute divine authorship

Which century can the roots of Orthodox Judaism trace back to?

I'm not sure.

When did the Roman Jewry attempt to reform Jewish beliefs?

I'm not sure.

What did the German Jewry attempt in response to the middle ages?

I'm not sure.

Who made the claim that the Torah had divine authorship?

I'm not sure.

What part of the Torah was considered non-binding?

I'm not sure.


Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.

What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?

Zionism

What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?

Zionist

What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?

nationalism

What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?

militarism

what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?

destructive

Who is not ambivalent toward Zionism?

I'm not sure.

Which groups of Orthodox Jews are outspokenly pro-Zionistic?

I'm not sure.

What ideology do many Orthodox Jews see as in support of the Torah?

I'm not sure.

What do Orthodox Jews see as a benefit to the Judaic way of life?

I'm not sure.

Who is in charge of the Zionist administration?

I'm not sure.


In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]

Tamudic schools are known as what?

yeshivot

what are the colleges married men study in called?

Talmudical colleges

Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?

interact

Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?

doctrines

What resulted in the rise of heterogeneous enclaves?

I'm not sure.

Who refused to practice assimilation and intermarriage in enclaves?

I'm not sure.

What practice proved unsuccessful to the adherents of Orthodox Judaism?

I'm not sure.

Which communities have grown slowly?

I'm not sure.

Who estimate that less Jewish men are studying in Talmudic schools?

I'm not sure.


Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.

What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?

Orthodox Judaism

What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?

unacceptable

What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?

heretical

Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?

Halakhic

What does Orthodox Judaism consider itself along with several other groups in the Jewish tradition?

I'm not sure.

Who do the Orthodox Jews consider to be acceptable deviations of Judaism?

I'm not sure.

What do the non-Orthodox Jews consider the Orthodox Jewish movement to be?

I'm not sure.

What is the acceptance of the Witten and Oral Torah considered to be?

I'm not sure.

What do Non-Orthodox Jews characterize Orthodox Jewish groups to be?

I'm not sure.


Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.

Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?

New York State

Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?

American Orthodox Jews

Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?

New Jersey

Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?

Rockland County

Which country contains only a few small Jewish communities?

I'm not sure.

What area have many American Orthodox Jews left?

I'm not sure.

Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities?

I'm not sure.

Where is an increasingly shrinking community of American Orthodox Jews located?

I'm not sure.

What area besides New York are the Orthodox communities in decline?

I'm not sure.


Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda "Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz" for a more extensive listing.]

Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?

Western European Jewry

What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?

traditional

the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?

Hirsch's

Who believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from Eastern European Jewry?

I'm not sure.

What is not considered traditional today by most Jews?

I'm not sure.

Who considers modern orthodoxy to have completely valid elements?

I'm not sure.

Who holds that Hirsch's views are accurate?

I'm not sure.

What is classical Orthodoxy considered by the Western European Jewry?

I'm not sure.


For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. Concerning the details, however, there is often variance: decisions may be based on various of the standardized codes of Jewish Law that have been developed over the centuries, as well as on the various responsa. These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail (and reflecting the above philosophical differences, as regards the weight assigned to these). By and large, however, the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices (see minhag).

What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?

Shulchan Aruch

there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?

uniformity

What is the differences among regions in practices known as?

minhag

Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?

philosophical differences

Who do the Orthodox Jews avoid for guidance in practical application of Jewish law?

I'm not sure.

Who created the code of Jewish law in the 12th century?

I'm not sure.

What causes a large degree of differences regarding all Orthodox Jews?

I'm not sure.

What is responsible for the common philosophy's of all Orthodox Jews?

I'm not sure.

What was developed recently to standardize codes?

I'm not sure.


Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.

Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?

Hirsch

What was Hirsch's approach called?

Torah im Derech Eretz

What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?

neo-Orthodoxy

The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?

modern world

Who held that Judaism demands an application of the bible through human experience?

I'm not sure.

What discipline is not included in Hirsch's opinion?

I'm not sure.

Where did Hirsch believe that Jewish beliefs had no influence?

I'm not sure.

What studies were not encouraged by Hirsch?

I'm not sure.

What two societies did the Jews refuse to engage with?

I'm not sure.


The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals and other vertebrates, are meant. The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans.

Where does the word animal come from?

Latin animalis

What does the Latin word animalis mean?

having breath, having soul or living being

The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?

non-human members of the kingdom Animalia

The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?

Animalia

What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?

sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans


All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

What type of cells do all animals have?

eukaryotic

What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?

collagen and elastic glycoproteins

What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified?

shells, bones, and spicules

How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?

cell walls

What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?

tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes


Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter. It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse. Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations.

What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?

Predation

The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?

death

What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?

detritivory

Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?

their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse

The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?

various antipredator adaptations


Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.

Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?

anemones, corals, and jellyfish

The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?

both the mouth and the anus

What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?

ectoderm and endoderm

What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?

diploblastic

What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?

they do not have a permanent digestive chamber


Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking rigid cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at certain life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals.

What sets animals apart from bacteria  and most protists?

Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular

What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?

heterotrophic

What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?

lacking rigid cell walls

The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?

animals


A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two separate germ layers — an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. In most cases, a mesoderm also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.

What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?

blastula

In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?

swim to a new location

What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula?

an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm

What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers?

mesoderm

What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into?

tissues and organs


Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. During the beginning of the Tonian period around 1 billion years ago, there was a decrease in Stromatolite diversity, which may indicate the appearance of grazing animals, since stromatolite diversity increased when grazing animals went extinct at the End Permian and End Ordovician extinction events, and decreased shortly after the grazer populations recovered. However the discovery that tracks very similar to these early trace fossils are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica casts doubt on their interpretation as evidence of early animal evolution.

How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?

1 billion years

Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?

triploblastic worms

Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?

earthworms

When was the beginning of the Tonian period?

around 1 billion years ago

What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?

Gromia sphaerica


Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella.

It is believed that animals evolved from what?

a flagellated eukaryote

What are the closest known living relatives of animals?

choanoflagellates

What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?

opisthokonts

The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?

choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists

Where does the name opisthokonts come from?

the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells


The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however — for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.

What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?

Bilateria

How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?

two

What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?

mouth and an anus

What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?

coelom or pseudocoelom


Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from "non-bilaterian" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display bilateral symmetry. The latter are further classified based on a major division between Deuterostomes and Protostomes. The relationships among non-bilaterian animals are disputed, but all bilaterian animals are thought to form a monophyletic group. Current understanding of the relationships among the major groups of animals is summarized by the following cladogram:

What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?

Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa

What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?

bilaterian

Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group?

bilaterian


The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water. A number are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.

What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?

Ecdysozoa

What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?

insects, spiders, crabs

Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?

repeating segments

What groups are relatives of the arthropods?

Onychophora and Tardigrada

What is another name for roundworms?

Nematoda


Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced. This was facilitated by the severely reduced state of their genomes, but as many genes, introns, and linkages lost, these ecdysozoans can teach us little about the origins of animals in general. The extent of this type of evolution within the superphylum will be revealed by the crustacean, annelid, and molluscan genome projects currently in progress. Analysis of the starlet sea anemone genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates, also being sequenced, in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa.

Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?

the great diversity found in animals

Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?

fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?

they are easy to keep and breed

Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates  in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?

starlet sea anemone


The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore. These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates. but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic, with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids. They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.

What are two of the most successful animal phyla?

Mollusca and Annelida

What are some of the animals in Mollusca?

snails, clams, and squids

What are some of the animals in Annelida?

earthworms and leeches

Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?

common presence of trochophore larvae

What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?

lophophore


Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla. Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues. Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores. However, a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008-2015 have found support for Ctenophora, or comb jellies, as the basal lineage of animals. This result has been controversial, since it would imply that that sponges may not be so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified. Other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as the earliest-diverging animal phylum is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes.

Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?

other animals early in evolution

Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?

sponges

How do sponges typically feed?

drawing in water through pores

During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?


Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms first, with the mouth developing secondarily. In most protostomes, cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm, called schizocoelous development, but in deuterostomes, it forms through invagination of the endoderm, called enterocoelic pouching. Deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while protostomes undergo spiral cleavage.

What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common?

both groups possess a complete digestive tract

In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily?

deuterostomes

What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called?

schizocoelous development

What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called?

enterocoelic pouching

What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division?

radial cleavage


The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a body cavity, as are their closest relatives, the microscopic Gastrotricha. The other platyzoan phyla are mostly microscopic and pseudocoelomate. The most prominent are the Rotifera or rotifers, which are common in aqueous environments. They also include the Acanthocephala or spiny-headed worms, the Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and possibly the Cycliophora. These groups share the presence of complex jaws, from which they are called the Gnathifera.

What is another name for flatworm?

Platyhelminthes

What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group?

flukes and tapeworms

What does acoelomates mean?

lacking a body cavity

What are the flatworms closest relative?

Gastrotricha

Where are the rotifera most prominent?

in aqueous environments


Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy in the form of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), with the release of molecular oxygen. These sugars are then used as the building blocks for plant growth, including the production of other biomolecules. When an animal eats plants (or eats other animals which have eaten plants), the reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the animal. They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion.

How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?

eating plants or plant-eating animals

What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?

light

What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?

chemical energy

When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?

become a source of energy and building materials for the animal

What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?

giving the animal the energy required for motion


The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby.

What is the process of making beer called?

brewing

What is a building called that is used for making beer?

a brewery

What is company that makes beer typically known as?

a brewing company

What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption?

homebrewing

In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?

In 1973 what did Australia allow?

I'm not sure.

The US was the last contry to allow homebrewing in which year?

I'm not sure.

A commercial building for brewing beer is called what?

I'm not sure.

Brewing beer is subject to what in all countries?

I'm not sure.

What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1936?

I'm not sure.

What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1927?

I'm not sure.

What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1987?

I'm not sure.

What became a hobby in the US due to relaxed laws in 1987?

I'm not sure.


After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.

In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?

a hopback

In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer?

fermentation

What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments?

yeast

How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer?

a week to months

What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling?

yeast

After what process is the hopped yeast cooled?

I'm not sure.

What is a backhop?

I'm not sure.

What is the hopped yeast usually cooled for?

I'm not sure.

What does fine particulate yeast produce?

I'm not sure.

What color is the beer after the wort settles?

I'm not sure.


Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed during lautering, when sweet wort is separated from insoluble grain material. Other malted and unmalted grains (including wheat, rice, oats, and rye, and less frequently, corn and sorghum) may be used. Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer, made with sorghum with no barley malt, for those who cannot consume gluten-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye.

What is the main source of starch and most beer?

barley malt

At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?

After malting

What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer?

sorghum

When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process?

during lautering

Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?

wheat

What does all beer include as the majority of malt?

I'm not sure.

What is done to the barley after it is milled?

I'm not sure.

What do the remaining grain pieces act as during lautering?

I'm not sure.

What is the beer containing wheat, barley, and rye called when made with sorghum as well?

I'm not sure.


A microbrewery, or craft brewery, produces a limited amount of beer. The maximum amount of beer a brewery can produce and still be classed as a microbrewery varies by region and by authority, though is usually around 15,000 barrels (1.8 megalitres, 396 thousand imperial gallons or 475 thousand US gallons) a year. A brewpub is a type of microbrewery that incorporates a pub or other eating establishment. The highest density of breweries in the world, most of them microbreweries, exists in the German Region of Franconia, especially in the district of Upper Franconia, which has about 200 breweries. The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery in Bavaria, Germany, can trace its roots to the year 768, as a document from that year refers to a hop garden in the area paying a tithe to the monastery. The brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040, and therefore is the oldest working brewery in the world.

What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer?

microbrewery

In general, how much beer can a microbrewery make and still be classified as a microbrewery?

around 15,000 barrels

What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub?

brewpub

What city is home to the oldest known brewery in the world that is still active?

Freising

What year was The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery first licensed as a brewery?

How often can a microbrewery produce 396 thousand US gallons?

I'm not sure.

What exists in the Franconia Region of German?

I'm not sure.

How many breweries does the Upper German Region have?

I'm not sure.

What can trace its roots to the year 786?

I'm not sure.

What brewery was licensed in 1004?

I'm not sure.


The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily "light" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content.

What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?

sugars

What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?

fermentation

At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?

above 12%

What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?

Low temperatures

Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?

to increase alcohol content

Where do the sugars in beer come from?

I'm not sure.

What are primary factors that determine the amount of sugars in the final beer?

I'm not sure.

What is yeast toxic to?

I'm not sure.

What decreases wort content?

I'm not sure.


Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed "real ale" by the CAMRA organisation. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a "stillage" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11–13 °C or 52–55 °F), before being tapped and vented—a tap is driven through a (usually rubber) bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask, which is now uppermost. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period to "drop" (clear) again, as well as to fully condition—this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days. At this point the beer is ready to sell, either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump, or simply being "gravity-fed" directly into the glass.

What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?

Cask-conditioned ales

What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?

stillage

What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?

52–55 °F

How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?

from several hours to several days

What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?

a hand pump

What are cask ales termed by the CARMA organisation?

I'm not sure.

What cools at a temperature of 11-13 degrees F?

I'm not sure.

What cools at a temperature of 52-55 degrees C?

I'm not sure.

What takes beer several hours to do after being tapped and vented?

I'm not sure.


Beer contains ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such, beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving.

What type of alcohol is found in beer?

ethyl alcohol

How is alcohol measured in the human body?

blood alcohol concentration

What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?

ethyl alcohol

What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?

pulmonary aspiration

What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?

fatal alcohol poisoning

What does ethyl alcohol contain?

I'm not sure.

What does ABC stand for?

I'm not sure.

What does a BAC of 0.3% - 1.2% typically causes what?

I'm not sure.

What does an ABC of 0.09% to 0.25% cause?

I'm not sure.

What does an ABC of .35% to 0.80% cause?

I'm not sure.


Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above. Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards.

What types of containers is beer generally sold in?

bottles and cans

In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?

draught

In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?

around 4% to 6%

What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?

beer festivals,

What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?

bar billiards

What is the alcohol content in all beer?

I'm not sure.

What is the highest percentage of alcohol in beer available?

I'm not sure.

What is the most popular pub game?

I'm not sure.

How many brewing companies are there?

I'm not sure.

What is the strength of beer in pubs?

I'm not sure.

Where is beer in bottles and cans most commonly sold?

I'm not sure.

The strength of what varies between 0.4% and 50%

I'm not sure.

What activities are common with beer festivals?

I'm not sure.


Beer is composed mostly of water. Regions have water with different mineral components; as a result, different regions were originally better suited to making certain types of beer, thus giving them a regional character. For example, Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness; while the Plzeň Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner (pale lager), such as Pilsner Urquell. The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum, which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation.

What is the main ingredient in beer?

water

What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?

hard water

What type of water is best for making pale lager?

soft water

What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?

Burtonisation

What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?

pale ale

What is composed of mostly beer?

I'm not sure.

What kind of beer is Dublin's soft water well-suited to make?

I'm not sure.

What kind of beer is the Plzen Region's hard water well-suited to make?

I'm not sure.

What kind of beer is the Urquell waters in England ideal for?

I'm not sure.


In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.

In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?

What was the title of William IV in 1516?

Duke of Bavaria

What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?

Reinheitsgebot

Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?

barley-malt

Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?

William IV

In 1517 William IV adopted which law pertaining to beer?

I'm not sure.

What law stated that only ingredients in beer were to be water, hops and corn?

I'm not sure.

The development of thermometers was the main factor that changed brewing by allowing what?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the purity law that reulated beer in 1500?

I'm not sure.

What was adopted in 1615?

I'm not sure.

What did William VI adopt?

I'm not sure.

What is the oldest food-quality law in use in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What did the development of hyrdrothermometers change?

I'm not sure.


Hops contain several characteristics that brewers desire in beer. Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale. Hops contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours to beer. Hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and aids in "head retention", the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last. The acidity of hops is a preservative.

What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer?

Hops

What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer?

malt

How is the bitterness in most beers generally measured?

the International Bitterness Units scale

The acidity of what ingredient acts as a preservative in beer?

hops

What do you call the length of time that foam is on top of beer because of carbonation?

head retention

What does beer contain that brewers desire in hops?

I'm not sure.

What is measured by the Bitterness International Units scale?

I'm not sure.

What is retention head?

I'm not sure.

What type of effect do floral hops have?

I'm not sure.


The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the starches are converted to sugars, and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The grains are now washed in a process known as "sparging". This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. The process of filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge water is called wort separation. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. Some modern breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely ground grist.

What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?

mashing

How is hot water referred to by brewers?

liquor

How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?

1 to 2 hours

In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?

sugars

What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?

wort separation

The 2nd step where maltd barley is mixed with hot water is known as what?

I'm not sure.

How long does the mashing process where the sweet wort is drained off the grains last?

I'm not sure.

During the sparging process what do startches turn into?

I'm not sure.

The modern process of wort separation called lautering uses what as the filter medium?

I'm not sure.

What process takes 12 hours?

I'm not sure.

What does sparging convert starches into?

I'm not sure.

What does wort separation filters barley from?

I'm not sure.

What is the modern process for wort separation called?

I'm not sure.


The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary starch source, such as maize (corn), rice or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used as a lower-cost substitute for malted barley. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.

What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?

yeast

Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?

hops

What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil?

potato

What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico?

agave

In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?

the grain bill

What are several widely used starch sources that are used and found in various countries?

I'm not sure.

What is the bill grain?

I'm not sure.

What are the basic ingredients of water?

I'm not sure.

What does starch turn into when fermented in addition to carbon?

I'm not sure.


The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring.

In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?

822 AD

What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?

Adalard of Corbie

In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?

the thirteenth century

In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?

the sixteenth century

What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?

gruit

What was first mentioned in 282 AD?

I'm not sure.

What did Elder the Adalhard write?

I'm not sure.

What else was Elder the Adalhard known as?

I'm not sure.

What does Heather Scottish Ales use in place of hops?

I'm not sure.

What does Lancelot Cervoise have in place of hops?

I'm not sure.


Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London. This same beer later also became known as stout, though the word stout had been used as early as 1677. The history and development of stout and porter are intertwined.

In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?

In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?

What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?

Stout and porter

What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?

slow fermenting yeast

In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?

London

What name was first used in 1712?

I'm not sure.

What name was used as early as 1767?

I'm not sure.

What are made with slow fermenting malts?

I'm not sure.

What is Imperial porter a type of?

I'm not sure.


Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.

What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?

What company first created the full aperture can for beer?

Crown Holdings

In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?

What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?

"skunked" beer

What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?

quality

How much beer was sold in cans in Sweden during the year 2010?

I'm not sure.

What technology was developed by Crown Holdings in 2001?

I'm not sure.

What does PET stand for?

I'm not sure.

What major sporting event was held in 2001?

I'm not sure.


The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached, a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer. The German brewery Schorschbräu's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock, and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. A 60% abv blend of beer with whiskey was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010.

How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?

How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?

What company made The End of History beer in 2010?

BrewDog

What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?

fractional freezing

How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?

What beer with a 57.5% abv was made in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What beer with a 55% abv was made in 2011?

I'm not sure.

When was the 31% Hair of the Dog's Dave made?

I'm not sure.

What 60% abv combination was made in a Dutch brewery in 2011?

I'm not sure.


Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast—either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. However, some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast; this practice is customary with wheat beers. Typically, when serving a hefeweizen wheat beer, 90% of the contents are poured, and the remainder is swirled to suspend the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers.

What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?

Glass bottles

What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?

yeast

What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?

yeast

What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?

slowly

What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?

wheat beers

Filtering clears all beers of what?

I'm not sure.

Where is yeast left when serving a hefeweizen wheet beer?

I'm not sure.

What happens to 9% of the contents of a hefeweizen?

I'm not sure.


It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the product itself. Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110, the same as maltose; however, the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose.

In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?

overeating

What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?

beer belly

What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?

What is the glycemic index in maltose?

What is caused by overeating and drinking beer?

I'm not sure.

What did a 2400 study find a link between?

I'm not sure.

Some books quote a glycemic index of 114 for what?

I'm not sure.


Around the world, there are many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks classed as beer. In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called "Bozo". Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim also use millet in Chhaang, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern Himalayas. Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu—traditional rice-based beverages related to beer.

What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?

sorghum or millet

In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?

Namibia

In what country is the beer Tella produced?

Ethiopia

What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?

Bozo

What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?

Choujiu

What are various beers made from in Ethiopia?

I'm not sure.

What is a popular beverage in the far eastern Himalayas?

I'm not sure.

Where is the rice based Oshikundu found?

I'm not sure.


The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting.

When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?

circa 3500–3100 BC

In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?

Iran

What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?

Iran

What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?

What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?

mould

When does evidence show the earliest known beer was produced?

I'm not sure.

What mountains are located in eastern Iran?

I'm not sure.

What tablets were discovered in Syria in 1970?

I'm not sure.

Sake, made with rice and fruit, was produced in China around which year?

I'm not sure.

Which kind of beer used mould in the process?

I'm not sure.

What dates to circa 3500-1300 BC?

I'm not sure.

What site was the earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer found on in the Iran Mountains?

I'm not sure.

What did The Hymn to Gilgamesh serve as?

I'm not sure.

What may the Epic of Ninkasi have referred to?

I'm not sure.

What was discovered in 1947?

I'm not sure.


The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or "copper" (so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper), and boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the wort evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; this allows more efficient use of the starch sources in the beer. Boiling also destroys any remaining enzymes left over from the mashing stage. Hops are added during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma. Hops may be added at more than one point during the boil. The longer the hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but the less hop flavour and aroma remains in the beer.

What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?

copper

How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?

about one hour

What does boiling sweet wort destroy?

enzymes

What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time?

bitterness

Where is the sparge collected from wort put into?

I'm not sure.

When does water in the sugar evaporate?

I'm not sure.

During what process is the remaining sugar destroyed?

I'm not sure.

During what stage can starch sources be added at more than one point?

I'm not sure.

What increases the longer the starches are boiled?

I'm not sure.


The starch source in a beer provides the fermentable material and is a key determinant of the strength and flavour of the beer. The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain. Grain is malted by soaking it in water, allowing it to begin germination, and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln. Malting grain produces enzymes that convert starches in the grain into fermentable sugars. Different roasting times and temperatures are used to produce different colours of malt from the same grain. Darker malts will produce darker beers.

What is generally used as starch in most beer?

malted grain

How does grain become malted?

by soaking it in water

What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?

a kiln

What happens to grain when it is soaked in water?

germination

What does a grains starch become after an is malted?

fermentable sugars

What material does the flavour source in beer provide?

I'm not sure.

What is the most common enzyme source used in beer?

I'm not sure.

What is malted by soaking it in a kiln?

I'm not sure.

What do different roasting sugars produce?

I'm not sure.


The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006. The history of breweries has been one of absorbing smaller breweries in order to ensure economy of scale. In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Bush. In 2004 the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Bush when it acquired Royal Grolsch, brewer of Dutch premium beer brand Grolsch in 2007. In 2008, InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. As of 2015[update] AB InBev is the largest brewery, with SABMiller second, and Heineken International third.

How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?

More than 133 billion

How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?

$294.5 billion

What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?

What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?

InBev

What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?

AB InBev

What is sold in the amount of 53 billion gallons per year?

I'm not sure.

What year did global revenues of $147.7 occur?

I'm not sure.

What brewery did the North American Miller Brewing Company buy in 2002?

I'm not sure.

What brewery followed SABMiller as the second largest in 2002?

I'm not sure.

Which brewery followed Heineken International as the second largest in 2015?

I'm not sure.


Beer ranges from less than 3% alcohol by volume (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast, and to 55% abv by the freeze-distilling process. The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style. The pale lagers that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4–6%, with a typical abv of 5%. The customary strength of British ales is quite low, with many session beers being around 4% abv. Some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%–4%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools.

What does abv stand for?

alcohol by volume

What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?

freeze-distilling

What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?

What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school?

table beer

What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast?

around 20%

What does avb stand for?

I'm not sure.

What ranges from 3% to 6%?

I'm not sure.

What drink ranges from 3% to 5% abv?

I'm not sure.

Where are British ales served instead of soft drinks?

I'm not sure.

What process achieves a 14% abv?

I'm not sure.


In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or rating beer. Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier, who informs restaurant patrons about beers and food pairings.

What is the term used for the study of beer?

zythology

What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs?

beer sommelier

What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered?

beer pong

What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies?

beer

What is the most popular drink in society?

I'm not sure.

What new profession deals with food?

I'm not sure.

What is the study of beer and food called?

I'm not sure.


Beer is the world's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect which is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.

What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?

Beer

What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?

Beer

What is the term used to describe the making beer?

brewing

What brewing process naturally carbonates beer?

fermentation

What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe?

The Hymn to Ninkasi

What is the oldest drink in the world?

I'm not sure.

What is all beer flavoured with?

I'm not sure.

What starch is always used in the fermentation process?

I'm not sure.

What is the prayer in the Code of Hammurabi?

I'm not sure.

Who is the world's goddess of beer?

I'm not sure.

What two drinks follow beer as the most popular?

I'm not sure.

What involves the fermentation of hops?

I'm not sure.

What types of cereal grains is beer flavored with?

I'm not sure.

What did the Code of Ninkasi include?

I'm not sure.

What is The Hymn to Haammurabi?

I'm not sure.


Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.

What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?

On what continent were hops first added to beer?

Europe

What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?

hops

Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?

Abbess Hildegard

Where did Abbess Hildegard live?

Bingen

What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 1067?

I'm not sure.

In which year did the Germanic and Celtic tribes add hops to beer?

I'm not sure.

What town first added hops to beer?

I'm not sure.

In addition to hops, what did the early European beers contain?

I'm not sure.

In 822 what did Abbess Hilegard add to beer?

I'm not sure.

What was spread through Europe as far back as 1067 BC?

I'm not sure.

What was first added around 282?

I'm not sure.

Who first mentioned hops in 282?

I'm not sure.

Who was the second to mention hops in 1076?

I'm not sure.


The word ale comes from Old English ealu (plural ealoþ), in turn from Proto-Germanic *alu (plural *aluþ), ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European base *h₂elut-, which holds connotations of "sorcery, magic, possession, intoxication". The word beer comes from Old English bēor, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą, probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeusóm, originally "brewer's yeast, beer dregs", although other theories have been provided connecting the word with Old English bēow, "barley", or Latin bibere, "to drink". On the currency of two words for the same thing in the Germanic languages, the 12th-century Old Icelandic poem Alvíssmál says, "Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer."

What is the origin of the word ale?

Old English ealu

What is the origin of the word beer?

Old English bēor

What word means to drink in Latin?

bibere

What 12th century poet once wrote "Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer."?

Alvíssmál

What is the plural of the word ale?

I'm not sure.

What does the word alu hold connotations of?

I'm not sure.

What does the 12th-Century Old Germanic poem Alvissmal say?

I'm not sure.

What is the Latin word for barley?

I'm not sure.


 The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees Plato, hence Vetter "33") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time, though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann, had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14% abv. Since then, some brewers have used champagne yeasts to increase the alcohol content of their beers. Samuel Adams reached 20% abv with Millennium, and then surpassed that amount to 25.6% abv with Utopias. The strongest beer brewed in Britain was Baz's Super Brew by Parish Brewery, a 23% abv beer. In September 2011, the Scottish brewery BrewDog produced Ghost Deer, which, at 28%, they claim to be the world's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone.

How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33?

What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records?

Vetter 33

What brewing company produced the beer Millennium?

Samuel Adams

What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer?

What do brewing companies sometimes use to give more alcohol content to their beer?

champagne yeasts

What beer has a 10.5% volume by alcohol?

I'm not sure.

What was the strongest beer in the 1949 Guinness Book of World Records?

I'm not sure.

What percentage abv did Adams Samuel first reach by using champagne yeasts?

I'm not sure.

What was the abv of Utopias that was brewed in Britain?

I'm not sure.

What was produced in September of 2001?

I'm not sure.


Draught beer's environmental impact can be 68% lower than bottled beer due to packaging differences. A life cycle study of one beer brand, including grain production, brewing, bottling, distribution and waste management, shows that the CO2 emissions from a 6-pack of micro-brew beer is about 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds). The loss of natural habitat potential from the 6-pack of micro-brew beer is estimated to be 2.5 square meters (26 square feet). Downstream emissions from distribution, retail, storage and disposal of waste can be over 45% of a bottled micro-brew beer's CO2 emissions. Where legal, the use of a refillable jug, reusable bottle or other reusable containers to transport draught beer from a store or a bar, rather than buying pre-bottled beer, can reduce the environmental impact of beer consumption.

What beer is better for the environment than bottled beer?

Draught beer's

How many pounds of CO2 emissions are attributed to just one sixpack of microbrew?

What type of container can be used to transport draft beer, and is better for the environment that a bottle?

a refillable jug

How much habitat is damaged from just one sixpack of microbrew?

2.5 square meters

How many square feet is 2.5 square meters?

What beer is better for the environment than draught beer?

I'm not sure.

What produces about 6.6 kilograms of CO2 emissions?

I'm not sure.

What can cause a loss of 2.5 square feet of natural habitat?

I'm not sure.

What can buying bottled beer reduce?

I'm not sure.


Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refrigeration and by the 1870s, was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager. Chilling beer makes it more refreshing, though below 15.5 °C the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness and reduces it significantly below 10 °C (50 °F). Beer served unchilled—either cool or at room temperature, reveal more of their flavours. Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12°–14 °C (53°–57 °F) for cask ales to be served.

What technology support the drinking of chilled beer?

artificial refrigeration

At what cool temperature is a beers flavor reduced?

below 15.5 °C

When is a beer at its most flavorful?

unchilled

What country is the organisation Cask Marque located?

UK

In what decade did drinking chilled pale lager become popular?

the 1870s

What began in the 1780s?

I'm not sure.

What countries began drinking chilled beer in the 1780s?

I'm not sure.

What is Marque Cask?

I'm not sure.

What temperature standard has Marque Cask set?

I'm not sure.

What happens to beer chilled below 15.5 degrees F?

I'm not sure.


The main active ingredient of beer is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to beer. Consumption of small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men) is associated with a decreased risk of cardiac disease, stroke and diabetes mellitus. The long term health effects of continuous, moderate or heavy alcohol consumption include the risk of developing alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease. A total of 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol. Alcoholism often reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years. Alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.

What is beers primary active ingredient?

alcohol

What disease can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption?

alcoholic liver disease

How many deaths are believed to have been caused by alcohol?

3.3 million

What is the third leading cause of premature dying in the US?

Alcohol

How many years are removed from an alcoholic's life expectancy?

around ten

What is the main active ingredient of alcohol?

I'm not sure.

What are 3.3% of all deaths believed to be due to?

I'm not sure.

What are 5.9 million deaths believed to be due to?

I'm not sure.

What reduces a person's life expectancy by around three years?

I'm not sure.

What is the tenth leading cause of early death in the United States?

I'm not sure.


A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer, water and a sports drink onto their tongues. Compared with the taste of the sports drink, the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink. Test results indicated that the flavour of the beer triggered a dopamine release, even though alcohol content in the spray was insufficient for the purpose of becoming intoxicated.

What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?

dopamine

What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?

What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?

beer

How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?

What did a 2031 study reveal?

I'm not sure.

What journal published the study about the 94 men?

I'm not sure.

What taste increased participants desire to drink compared with beer?

I'm not sure.