Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices, made freely in this present life, in the afterlife. The importance placed on thought, action, responsibility, and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by, and inspired a number of, Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu.

Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?

Gathas of Zarathustra

When was this writing penned?

afterlife

What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?

Voltaire

Which classified text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?

I'm not sure.

What well know scholar was destroyed by Humanism?

I'm not sure.

When was Gathas of Zarathustra lost forever?

I'm not sure.

What well know scholar was killed by Humanism?

I'm not sure.


In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a founder of Rujia (Confucianism), is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought. His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows (translation):[citation needed]

Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?

Yellow Emperor

What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?

Book of History

Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?

Wu of Zhou

Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in Finland?

I'm not sure.

What early adopter and developer is no longer associated with Confucianism?

I'm not sure.

Whose words were hidden by the Book of HIstory?

I'm not sure.

Who is known for the thought that humanity is the least important thing in the world?

I'm not sure.


In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics, e.g., as recorded in Zuo Zhuan, Ji Liang says, "People is the zhu (master, lord, dominance, owner or origin) of gods. So, to sage kings, people first, gods second"; Neishi Guo says, "Gods, clever, righteous and wholehearted, comply with human." Taoist and Confucian secularism contain elements of moral thought devoid of religious authority or deism however they only partly resembled our modern concept of secularism.

When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?

6th century BCE

What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?

Silver Rule of Confucianism

Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods?

Ji Liang

Where could you read this information?

Zuo Zhuan

When were humanism beliefs separated from another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that discouraged ethics?

I'm not sure.

Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of humans?

I'm not sure.

What classic did Ji Liang burn?

I'm not sure.

Who decided to stop teaching Tao?

I'm not sure.


6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xenophanes refused to recognise the gods of his time and reserved the divine for the principle of unity in the universe. These Ionian Greeks were the first thinkers to assert that nature is available to be studied separately from the supernatural realm. Anaxagoras brought philosophy and the spirit of rational inquiry from Ionia to Athens. Pericles, the leader of Athens during the period of its greatest glory was an admirer of Anaxagoras. Other influential pre-Socratics or rational philosophers include Protagoras (like Anaxagoras a friend of Pericles), known for his famous dictum "man is the measure of all things" and Democritus, who proposed that matter was composed of atoms. Little of the written work of these early philosophers survives and they are known mainly from fragments and quotations in other writers, principally Plato and Aristotle. The historian Thucydides, noted for his scientific and rational approach to history, is also much admired by later humanists. In the 3rd century BCE, Epicurus became known for his concise phrasing of the problem of evil, lack of belief in the afterlife, and human-centred approaches to achieving eudaimonia. He was also the first Greek philosopher to admit women to his school as a rule.

Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?

Thales of Miletus

Where did this type of thinking next travel to?

Athens

Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms?

Democritus

Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females?

Epicurus

Who was one of the last Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?

I'm not sure.

Where did this type of thinking end?

I'm not sure.

Who first dismissed the idea that matter is made of atoms?

I'm not sure.

Who was the only person to provide education opportunities to females?

I'm not sure.

Who was the only Greek philosopher to forbid women at his school?

I'm not sure.


Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness". According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose.

When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?

Middle Ages and the Early Modern period

Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?

Petrarch

The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?

Cicero

When did the first wave of Humanism fail to reach Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who was thought to be the only believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?

I'm not sure.

What issue was the study and following of classical writers said to be a problem of?

I'm not sure.

Who did not understand prose?

I'm not sure.

What was an intellectual movement forbidden in Europe?

I'm not sure.


In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With this end in view, Renaissance Church authorities afforded humanists what in retrospect appears a remarkable degree of freedom of thought. One humanist, the Greek Orthodox Platonist Gemistus Pletho (1355–1452), based in Mystras, Greece (but in contact with humanists in Florence, Venice, and Rome) taught a Christianised version of pagan polytheism.

 What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?

the Jewish Kabbalah

Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?

era of universal agreement

What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto?

Florence, Venice, and Rome

What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a war between all?

I'm not sure.

Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think inside the box?

I'm not sure.

What cities may have influenced the fashion of Gemistus Pleto?

I'm not sure.

Who denounced being a humanist in 1357?

I'm not sure.


The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts of Patristic literature as well as pagan authors. In 1439, while employed in Naples at the court of Alfonso V of Aragon (at the time engaged in a dispute with the Papal States) the humanist Lorenzo Valla used stylistic textual analysis, now called philology, to prove that the Donation of Constantine, which purported to confer temporal powers on the Pope of Rome, was an 8th-century forgery. For the next 70 years, however, neither Valla nor any of his contemporaries thought to apply the techniques of philology to other controversial manuscripts in this way. Instead, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks in 1453, which brought a flood of Greek Orthodox refugees to Italy, humanist scholars increasingly turned to the study of Neoplatonism and Hermeticism, hoping to bridge the differences between the Greek and Roman Churches, and even between Christianity itself and the non-Christian world. The refugees brought with them Greek manuscripts, not only of Plato and Aristotle, but also of the Christian Gospels, previously unavailable in the Latin West.

How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought?

Latin literary texts

What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?

Patristic literature

If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it?

philology

What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?

Greek manuscripts

How were humanist able to ruin the development of humanist thought?

I'm not sure.

What was missing in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?

I'm not sure.

What helps to discredit the authenticity of an ancient text?

I'm not sure.

What caused a small migration of Greek refuges in the 1550s?

I'm not sure.


After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a view to correcting errors and discrepancies in the latter. Erasmus, along with the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, began issuing new translations, laying the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Henceforth Renaissance humanism, particularly in the German North, became concerned with religion, while Italian and French humanism concentrated increasingly on scholarship and philology addressed to a narrow audience of specialists, studiously avoiding topics that might offend despotic rulers or which might be seen as corrosive of faith. After the Reformation, critical examination of the Bible did not resume until the advent of the so-called Higher criticism of the 19th-century German Tübingen school.

When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?

Erasmus

Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who?

Lefèvre d'Étaples

What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century?

the Bible

When are these texts first able to reach no amount of people?

I'm not sure.

What text no longer remains without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 12th century?

I'm not sure.

Where was Renaissance humanism against the law?

I'm not sure.

What focused on dismissing scholarship and philology?

I'm not sure.

What 18th century German school has no criticisms?

I'm not sure.


The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:

 What author had a great impact in Rome?

P. Terentius Afer

Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?

Terence

From where did this school of thought emerge?

the Greeks

Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later

Seneca

What was the name of the main belief Terence offered

universalism

What author had little impact in Rome?

I'm not sure.

Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all without any words?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the main belief Terence avoided?

I'm not sure.

Where was no school of thought taken seriously?

I'm not sure.


Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.

 Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?

technical writings

Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?

A. C. Crombie

What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant?

Renaissance humanists

When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?

16th century,

What information allowed for less progress in scientific knowledge?

I'm not sure.

Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was the best way to move forward?

I'm not sure.

What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject too important?

I'm not sure.

Who was always interested in scientific innovation?

I'm not sure.

Who was forbidden to develop science?

I'm not sure.


Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities, helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism. Thus, the stage was set for the adoption of an approach to natural philosophy, based on empirical observations and experimentation of the physical universe, making possible the advent of the age of scientific inquiry that followed the Renaissance.

Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?

Leonardo da Vinci

Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?

Juan Luis Vives

Where did this initiate?

universities

What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought?

Aristotelian

Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could limit art?

I'm not sure.

Who helped to further the movement closer to Scholasticism of the time?

I'm not sure.

What type of philosophy was unessential to this forwarding of thought?

I'm not sure.

Who was the most famous humanist?

I'm not sure.


Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth century. In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery. Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own (although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life). He hoped that he could do some good by winning earthly glory and praising virtue, inferior though that might be to a life devoted solely to prayer. By embracing a non-theistic philosophic base, however, the methods of the humanists, combined with their eloquence, would ultimately have a corrosive effect on established authority.

Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?

Early humanists

What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?

secular

During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?

Renaissance

Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?

Gherardo

Who was unable to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?

I'm not sure.

What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was seen as an issue for Christians?

I'm not sure.

What time period did secular have an ultra-positive connotation?

I'm not sure.

Who did Petrarch feel superior to in every possible way?

I'm not sure.

What had a positive effect on established authority?

I'm not sure.


Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to "vivre pour altrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy.

What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte?

Harriet Martineau

What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism?

atheistic

What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy take from his writings?

religion of humanity

What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher?

altruism

What abolitionist was barely affected by the writings of Comte?

I'm not sure.

What type of idea did he reject which was focused on facets of humanism?

I'm not sure.

What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy ban from his writings?

I'm not sure.

What formerly used word was based in ideas from this philosopher?

I'm not sure.


Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann. Potter was a minister from the Unitarian tradition and in 1930 he and his wife, Clara Cook Potter, published Humanism: A New Religion. Throughout the 1930s, Potter was an advocate of such liberal causes as, women’s rights, access to birth control, "civil divorce laws", and an end to capital punishment.

What 19th century author associated his works with humanism?

F.C.S. Schiller

When was the first public group for Humanist founded?

Who created this group?

Charles Francis Potter

When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism?

What 15th century author associated his works with humanism?

I'm not sure.

When was the worst public group for Humanists founded?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the First Humanist Society of New York?

I'm not sure.

When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter hide their first writings on Humanism?

I'm not sure.

Who burned every copy of the book Humanism: A New Religion?

I'm not sure.


Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology.

Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?

Abraham Maslow

What is human phycology?

psychological perspective

In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?

20th century

They introduced it in response to what?

psychoanalysis

Who worked with Carl Rogers on animal psychology?

I'm not sure.

What does humanistic psychology seek to misunderstand?

I'm not sure.

What century did humanistic psychology lose popularity?

I'm not sure.

What philosophies are now discredited?

I'm not sure.

Who was not accepted in their pursuits of psychoanalysis?

I'm not sure.


Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933. Potter's book and the Manifesto became the cornerstones of modern humanism, the latter declaring a new religion by saying, "any religion that can hope to be a synthesising and dynamic force for today must be shaped for the needs of this age. To establish such a religion is a major necessity of the present." It then presented 15 theses of humanism as foundational principles for this new religion.

Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist?

Raymond B. Bragg,

What groups thoughts did he seek to include?

Western Unitarian Conference

What was the name of the material that was produced from this groups and the opinions of others?

Humanist Manifesto

How many cornerstones of this new way of thinking or religion were presented>

Who became responsible for the stealing of The New Humanist?

I'm not sure.

What groups thoughts did he seek to exclude?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the material that was destroyed by this group and the opinions of others?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Humanist Manifesto lost forever?

I'm not sure.


Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. There were important centres of humanism at Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.

What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>

cultural and educational reform

When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?

late fifteenth century

What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy?

umanisti

Where was one main concentration of Humanism?

Naples

What was the main enemy of humanism during the Renaissance?

I'm not sure.

When did a new term for those who followed Humanism become impossible?

I'm not sure.

What was the unrecognized term for believers of Humanism philosophy?

I'm not sure.

Where was there no concentration of Humanism?

I'm not sure.

What type of philosophy was never taken seriously?

I'm not sure.


Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy. As a program to revive the cultural – and particularly the literary – legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity, Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a few isolated geniuses like Rabelais or Erasmus as is still sometimes popularly believed.

What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?

narrow pedantry

What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?

women

What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?

humanities

Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars?

pervasive cultural mode

What was it about the utilitarian beliefs that humanism believers loved?

I'm not sure.

What foundation of study restricted the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?

I'm not sure.

What was the least pervasive cultural mode?

I'm not sure.

Who disliked women the most?

I'm not sure.

Who was considered an isolated imbecile?

I'm not sure.


Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all humans, and as the most conscious species, also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole. The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after. In 1925, the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned: "The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts".

What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?

capacity of people

What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?

human flourishing

What is human flourishing?

making life better

What doesnt conetemporary humanism  believe about human nature?

purely good

What is contemporary humanism upset about?

I'm not sure.

What is the lowest goal of humanism?

I'm not sure.

What is human flourishing against?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't contemporary humanism forget about human nature being?

I'm not sure.

What English mathematician had no interest in philosophy?

I'm not sure.


Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long history. The Cult of Reason (French: Culte de la Raison) was a religion based on deism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hébert, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette and their supporters. In 1793 during the French Revolution, the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was turned into a "Temple to Reason" and for a time Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. In the 1850s, Auguste Comte, the Father of Sociology, founded Positivism, a "religion of humanity". One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist organisations was the Humanistic Religious Association formed in 1853 in London. This early group was democratically organised, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts. The Ethical Culture movement was founded in 1876. The movement's founder, Felix Adler, a former member of the Free Religious Association, conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would retain the ethical message at the heart of all religions. Ethical Culture was religious in the sense of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate concern.

What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?

religious rituals

When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism?

19th and early 20th centuries

Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism?

Jacques Hébert

During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism?

What was excluded in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?

I'm not sure.

When did practicers of religious humanism stop the name Humanism?

I'm not sure.

Who eliminated a religion whose cornerstone was deism?

I'm not sure.

What time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Atheism?

I'm not sure.

What couldn't replace the Virgin Mary on any altars?

I'm not sure.


Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian society such as (they believed) existed in the Middle Ages. Postmodern critics who are self-described anti-humanists, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Michel Foucault, have asserted that humanism posits an overarching and excessively abstract notion of humanity or universal human nature, which can then be used as a pretext for imperialism and domination of those deemed somehow less than human. "Humanism fabricates the human as much as it fabricates the nonhuman animal", suggests Timothy Laurie, turning the human into what he calls "a placeholder for a range of attributes that have been considered most virtuous among humans (e.g. rationality, altruism), rather than most commonplace (e.g. hunger, anger)". Nevertheless, philosopher Kate Soper notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals, anti-humanism thus frequently "secretes a humanist rhetoric".

Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?

Ezra Pound

What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs?

sentimental

Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder?

Timothy Laurie

Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?

Kate Soper

Who was the last naysayer of Humanism?

I'm not sure.

What was the main reason they agreed with the beliefs?

I'm not sure.

Who was against Humanism the most?

I'm not sure.

Who had no interest in discussing Humanism?

I'm not sure.


In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, like the German philosopher Heidegger considered themselves humanists on the model of the ancient Greeks, but thought humanism applied only to the German "race" and specifically to the Nazis and thus, in Davies' words, were anti-humanist humanists. Such a reading of Heidegger's thought is itself deeply controversial; Heidegger includes his own views and critique of Humanism in Letter On Humanism. Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century "it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them". For "it is almost impossible to think of a crime that has not been committed in the name of human reason". Yet, he continues, "it would be unwise to simply abandon the ground occupied by the historical humanisms. For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution. The freedom to speak and write, to organise and campaign in defence of individual or collective interests, to protest and disobey: all these can only be articulated in humanist terms."

In what year was the book humanism published?

In what century was the horrific wars?

20th century

What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions?

humanism

Who wrote the book humanism?

Tony Davies

What year was the book humanism forgotten?

I'm not sure.

What century had no wars?

I'm not sure.

What is the only alternative to compassion and empathy on many occasions?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the book humanism?

I'm not sure.

What did the Russian philosopher Heidegger consider himself on the model of the ancient Greeks?

I'm not sure.


The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue. The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning "I am a human being, I think nothing human alien to me", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude. The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein – as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling – but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes:

What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?

ancient manuscripts

Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?

Church fathers

Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?

Saint Augustine

Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?

Seneca

What allowed for a more shallow understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?

I'm not sure.

Who were the Humanists in disagreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?

I'm not sure.

Who was the least influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?

I'm not sure.

Who couldn't quote a line of Terence?

I'm not sure.

What principle had no applications?

I'm not sure.


Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. "The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms. Homo homini deus est ("The human being is a god to humanity" or "god is nothing [other than] the human being to himself"), Feuerbach had written.

What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?

The Age of Reason

Which century was the first writing from?

Who states imply that humans are their own Gods?

Feuerbach

What was the origin of the second writing?

German

What writing was considered a barrier between two other major writings?

I'm not sure.

Which century was the only writing from?

I'm not sure.

What was the enemy of the second writing?

I'm not sure.

Who disagreed with the statement "Homo homini deus est"?

I'm not sure.


Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.

The initial state of earth was what?

molten

What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?

a solid crust

How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?

about 10% of the Earth's mass

What created a primordial atmosphere on earth?

Outgassing and volcanic activity

Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans?

comets

What caused the Earths early crust to become molten?

I'm not sure.

What cooled allowing water to collect?

I'm not sure.

What happened when water started to accumulate on the surface?

I'm not sure.

What caused a piece of the earth to break of and form the moon?

I'm not sure.

How does the mass of the moon compare to the earths mass?

I'm not sure.


Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.

Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state?

molten

What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed?

water began accumulating

What size of object may have created the moon?

Mars

When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?

Condensing

What formed as water accumulated?

I'm not sure.

What cused the Earths solid crust to become molten?

I'm not sure.

How does the mass of the moon compare to the mass of the Earth?

I'm not sure.

What broke away a piece of the earth to form the moon?

I'm not sure.

What caused water vapor to evaporate?

I'm not sure.


The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events.

During what time period was the Archean era?

4,000 to 2,500 million years ago

During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?

Archean

It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?

crustal material

What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring?

cratonisation and continent formation

What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks?

erosion and subsequent tectonic events

During what period did tectonic activity become like it is today?

I'm not sure.

What happened as the Earth's crust cooled following the Archean period?

I'm not sure.

What do scientist think was made more vigerous by the Earth's cooling?

I'm not sure.

What was recycled more as the earth cooled?

I'm not sure.


In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs, while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin. In short, greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents.

What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?

metamorphized deep-water sediments

What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?

Greenstone

From where did high grade Archean rocks originate?

volcanic island arcs

Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally?

deep-sea sediments

What is a greenstone belt?

sutured protocontinents

What kind od sediments where Proterozoic rocks made from?

I'm not sure.

What kind od belts often formed during the Proterozoic period?

I'm not sure.

What single type of rock formed Greenstone belts?

I'm not sure.

What kind of volcanic rock formed low-density metamorphic rock?

I'm not sure.

What kind of sediment formed high-density metamorphic rock?

I'm not sure.


The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones, and plenty are unaltered. Study of these rocks show that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and wholly modern orogenic activity. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–540 Ma.

During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?

2,500 to 541 million years ago

What era came before the Proterozoic era?

Archean

In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be?

shallow epicontinental seas

What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic?

rapid continental accretion

What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago?

Rodinia

What period has a more complete geological record than the Proterozoic?

I'm not sure.

what was layed down in deep seas during the Proterozoic period?

I'm not sure.

What was made in shallow seas during the Archean period?

I'm not sure.

What type of continental behavior was a unique to the Archean period?

I'm not sure.

What broke apart 750 million years ago and was called Pannotia?

I'm not sure.


The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age. Throughout the early Paleozoic, the Earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the era the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area.

During what period was the Paleozoic era?

541 to 252 million years ago

How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?

six

The Permian is an example of what?

geologic periods

After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin?

breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia

What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic?

Pangaea

What period ended 541 million years ago?

I'm not sure.

What period started right before the breakup of Pannotia?

I'm not sure.

What was the scope of the ice age that began at the same time as the Paleozoic period?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the superconinent that formed at the begining of the Paleozoic?

I'm not sure.

What did Pangea break into at the end of the Paleozoic?

I'm not sure.


The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may have been anomalously high. Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia remained independent continents following the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia. Gondwana started to drift toward the South Pole. Panthalassa covered most of the southern hemisphere, and minor oceans included the Proto-Tethys Ocean, Iapetus Ocean and Khanty Ocean.

At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?

541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.

What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?

Pannotia

What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era?

Gondwana

What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian?

Panthalassa

Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era?

independent continents

What period is a minor division in the geologic timescale?

I'm not sure.

What supercontinent was formed from the coninents of the Cambrian?

I'm not sure.

During what period were the oceans widespread and deep?

I'm not sure.

What drift rates were high during the Cambrian?

I'm not sure.

When did Pannotia begin to drift towards the South Pole?

I'm not sure.


The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole. Early in the Ordovician the continents Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but Baltica began to move toward Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean to shrink between them. Also, Avalonia broke free from Gondwana and began to head north toward Laurentia. The Rheic Ocean was formed as a result of this. By the end of the period, Gondwana had neared or approached the pole and was largely glaciated.

How long ago did the Ordovician period begin?

485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.

Which event precipitated the Ordovician period?

the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction

What was the name of the large southernmost continent during the Ordovician?

Gondwana

Which ocean decreased in size with the movement of Baltica in the Ordovician?

Iapetus Ocean

What continent fractured off Gondwana in the direction of Laurentia?

Avalonia

What was the name of the period that ended with a major extinction event?

I'm not sure.

What extinction event occured at the end of the Ordocician Period?

I'm not sure.

When was the extinction event that ended the Ordovician period?

I'm not sure.

What contenent formed several southern coninents during the Ordovician?

I'm not sure.

What continent drifted from the South Pole to the equator?

I'm not sure.


The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years. The event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000ppm to 4400ppm) which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it. Evidence of these ice caps have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of North Africa and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time.

What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?

stable greenhouse conditions

What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?

the Hirnantian faunal stage

Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?

brachiopods

How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted?

0.5 to 1.5 million years

What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole?

ice caps

What faunel stage triggered the greenhouse conditions of the Ordovician?

I'm not sure.

What showed that the ice age lasted longer than originally thought?

I'm not sure.

What is know believed to have lasted more than 1.5 million years?

I'm not sure.

What levels rose in the atmosphere prior to the ice age?

I'm not sure.

Where where the oranisms laffected byrisingcarbon dioxide levels?

I'm not sure.


The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice caps and glaciers contributed to a rise in sea levels, recognizable from the fact that Silurian sediments overlie eroded Ordovician sediments, forming an unconformity. Other cratons and continent fragments drifted together near the equator, starting the formation of a second supercontinent known as Euramerica. The vast ocean of Panthalassa covered most of the northern hemisphere. Other minor oceans include Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys, Rheic Ocean, a seaway of Iapetus Ocean (now in between Avalonia and Laurentia), and newly formed Ural Ocean.

When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?

443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.

Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?

less extensive

What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to?

a rise in sea levels

Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian?

Euramerica

Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period?

Panthalassa

What continent continued to drift northward during the Silurian?

I'm not sure.

What was more extensive compared to the Ordovician glaciations?

I'm not sure.

What lead to a rise in sea levels during the Ordovician?

I'm not sure.

what was formed from Euramerica breaking up?

I'm not sure.

What large ocean covered most of the Southern hemisphere?

I'm not sure.


The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of drought conditions. Near the equator Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe, further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent of Gondwana. The remainder of modern Eurasia lay in the Northern Hemisphere. Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay submerged under shallow seas. The deep, enormous Panthalassa (the "universal ocean") covered the rest of the planet. Other minor oceans were Paleo-Tethys, Proto-Tethys, Rheic Ocean and Ural Ocean (which was closed during the collision with Siberia and Baltica).

During what time period was the Devonian era?

419 to 359 Ma.

Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?

Euramerica (or Laurussia)

Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?

Old Red Sandstone

Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on  Pangaea during the Devonian?

the northern Appalachian Mountains

What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?

Panthalassa

What kind of activity decreased during the Devonian?

I'm not sure.

What two continents where moving away from each other during Devonian?

I'm not sure.

What continent was formed when Laurasia and Gondwanna colided?

I'm not sure.

What type od seimentary beds formed in the desert along the Tropic of Capricorn?

I'm not sure.

What was shallow arounfd the world?

I'm not sure.


A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not. These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics, where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers. A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard. This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period.

What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?

A global drop

During which period were epicontinental seas created?

Carboniferous

What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?

lush coal swamps

What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?

a major marine extinction

The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?

Mississippian Period

What dropped world wide at the begining of the Devonian?

I'm not sure.

How widespread was the drop in sea llevel in the Carboniferous?

I'm not sure.

What temperatures dropped during the Devonian?

I'm not sure.

What region was deeply impacted by the conditions of the Carboniferous?

I'm not sure.

What could be found just north of the glacerers

I'm not sure.


The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe, and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains. In the same time frame, much of present eastern Eurasian plate welded itself to Europe along the line of the Ural mountains. There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys. Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed the Rheic Ocean (closed by the assembly of South and North America), the small, shallow Ural Ocean (which was closed by the collision of Baltica, and Siberia continents, creating the Ural Mountains) and Proto-Tethys Ocean.

What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?

mountain building

What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?

Laurussia

What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America?

the Alleghenian orogeny

The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what?

the Ouachita Mountains

Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period?

the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys

What was formed as the southern coninents came together?

I'm not sure.

What did Pangea collide with?

I'm not sure.

What did the collision of Pangea cause to mountains in North America?

I'm not sure.

What did the collision with Pangea create in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What major oceans were shrinking in the Carboniferous?

I'm not sure.


During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ("continental climate") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea.

What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?

Pangaea

What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?

Panthalassa

There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?

Paleo-Tethys Ocean

The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?

Cimmeria

During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?

the Mesozoic Era

What supercontinent did Asia join in the Permian?

I'm not sure.

Wat continent stradled the south pole and extended towards the equator?

I'm not sure.

What coninent drifted away from Laurasia and towards Gondwana?

I'm not sure.

What continents movement decreased the size of the Paleo-Tethys

I'm not sure.


The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in the period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangea—which separated New Jersey from Morocco—are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup. Because of the limited shoreline of one super-continental mass, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare; despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms living in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans and terrestrial vertebrates.

Which ocean name is translated to mean "all the sea?"

Panthalassa

What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?

subduction of oceanic plates

What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?

Pangaea was rifting

Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?

Newark Supergroup

What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?

terrestrial vertebrates

What can still be found in the deep-sea from the Trissic?

I'm not sure.

What continent ripped apart during the Triassic?

I'm not sure.

What indicates when New Jersy seperated from Rhode Island?

I'm not sure.

What stratigraphy is mostly based on non-saline organisms?

I'm not sure.


The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart. The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen. In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface. Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation. The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.

During what years was the Jurassic period?

201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.

Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?

Pangaea

The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?

Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula

At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?

Cretaceous Period

Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?

lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen

What did Laurasia and Gondwana  form during the Jurassic Period?

I'm not sure.

What North Ocean was broad in the Jurassic Period?

I'm not sure.

What ocean closed during the Cretaceous?

I'm not sure.

What left marine deposits in the plains of south America?

I'm not sure.

What geological record is poot in Europe?

I'm not sure.


During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, Gondwana itself broke up as South America, Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa (though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising eustatic sea levels worldwide.

The current continents were formerly known as what continent?

Pangaea

Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?

Sevier and Laramide

South America was formerly which continent?

Gondwana

The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans?

raising eustatic sea levels

Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent?

Gondwana

During what periods did Pangaea come together?

I'm not sure.

Which oregenies followed the Nevaden in the early Mesozoic?

I'm not sure.

What supercontinent stayed intact during the Cretaceous?

I'm not sure.

What lowered eustatic sea levels?

I'm not sure.


To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged. The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk; indeed, more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic. Mid-ocean ridge activity—or rather, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges—enriched the oceans in calcium; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element for calcareous nanoplankton. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in Europe and China. In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were laid down in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.

During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water?

one-third

What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of?

Phanerozoic

The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era?

Phanerozoic

Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member?

North America

Where are the Deccan Traps?

India

What sea north of Africa coninued to broaden?

I'm not sure.

Early in what period did the sea recede across central North America?

I'm not sure.

The Phanerozoic is part of what geological era?

I'm not sure.

What famouse lava beds are found in Europe?

I'm not sure.


The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent, which collided with the Asian plate. This impact gave rise to the Himalayas. The Tethys Sea, which had separated the northern continents from Africa and India, began to close up, forming the Mediterranean sea.

How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?

66 million years

Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?

Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

What geologic period are we in currently?

Cenozoic Era

At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape?

Mesozoic

The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range?

the Himalayas

What Era precedes the Cretaceous-paleogene extinction event?

I'm not sure.

What extinction event ended the Cenozoic Era?

I'm not sure.

What were still grouped together by the end of the Mesozoic?

I'm not sure.

What sea opened near Africa?

I'm not sure.


In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by a land bridge, while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate. The Laramide orogeny of the late Cretaceous continued to uplift the Rocky Mountains in the American west, which ended in the succeeding epoch. South and North America remained separated by equatorial seas (they joined during the Neogene); the components of the former southern supercontinent Gondwana continued to split apart, with Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia pulling away from each other. Africa was heading north toward Europe, slowly closing the Tethys Ocean, and India began its migration to Asia that would lead to a tectonic collision and the formation of the Himalayas.

How many continents did Laurasia break into?

three

In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?

North America

What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny?

the Rocky Mountains

In which period did North and South america join?

Neogene

Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene?

Tethys

When did the Cretaceous processes begin?

I'm not sure.

What stopped drifting during the Paleocene?

I'm not sure.

What Supercontinent seperated into three during the Paleocene?

I'm not sure.

What connected Europe and Greenland?

I'm not sure.

What did Asia migrate towards?

I'm not sure.


During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

During what years did the Eocene period take place?

56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago

Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?

Antarctica

How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?

around 45 Ma

Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?

40 million years

The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?

keeping global temperatures high

What reached their final positions during the Eocene?

I'm not sure.

What was Australia seperated from at the begining of the Eocene?

I'm not sure.

What pattern ended 45 million years ago

I'm not sure.

What steared warm waters towards the Artic?

I'm not sure.


The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?

Eocene

What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?

huge lakes

In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?

Tethys Sea

The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?

Tethys Sea

Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?

the Himalayan orogeny

What three continent drifted together forming Laurasia during then Eocene?

I'm not sure.

What formed in the low basins of Europe?

I'm not sure.

What sea opened up?

I'm not sure.

What sea was created by the Alps?

I'm not sure.

What two coninents developed vastly differen fauna?

I'm not sure.


Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?

ice cap

The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?

the Alps

During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?

Oligocene

In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?

Antarctica

Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?

the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

What semi-perminant feature developed in Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

Where did mountain building stop?

I'm not sure.

What plate was pushing south creating the Alps?

I'm not sure.

What incursion marked the end of Oligocene?

I'm not sure.

What slowed down the Antarctic Circumpolar Current?

I'm not sure.


During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?

the Andes

Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?

Asia

When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?

The Tethys Seaway

Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?

19 and 12 Ma

Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?

Messinian salinity crisis

What bridge was present during the Miocene?

I'm not sure.

What seaway opened as Africa collided with Eurasia?

I'm not sure.

When did the Tethys Seaway open?

I'm not sure.

What caused rain to increase in the Mediterranean

I'm not sure.


South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

What is the link between North and South America called?

the Isthmus of Panama

In which period did North and South America become linked?

Pliocene

The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?

marsupial faunas

The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?

Africa

What period came after the Pliocene?

the Quaternary Period

What completely ended South America's marsupial faunas?

I'm not sure.

What formed to linked North and South America in the Quaternary Period?

I'm not sure.

What began at the with the Pilocene?

I'm not sure.

How often does the cycle of rising sea levels repeat?

I'm not sure.


The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

How long ago did the last glacial period end?

about 10,000 years ago

By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?

35 metres (115 ft)

During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?

Holocene

Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?

Pleistocene

What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?

Tyrrell Sea

When did the last glacial period begin?

I'm not sure.

What caused sea levelsw to rise 115 meters?

I'm not sure.

During what period did the height of the northern lands rise 591 feet?

I'm not sure.

What sea is the Hudson Bay part of?

I'm not sure.


A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.

What does the state want a police force to do?

enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder

What are gendarmerie?

military units charged with civil policing

What are police usually separate from?

military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors

What does the state want a police force not to do?

I'm not sure.

What does the president want a police force to do?

I'm not sure.

What aren't gendarmerie?

I'm not sure.

What are police usually together with?

I'm not sure.

What are police never separate from?

I'm not sure.


Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

How are police usually paid?

through taxes

What kind of service are police?

public sector

When were police used to protect the class system?

late 18th and early 19th centuries

What problem do many police forces have?

corruption

How are police never paid?

I'm not sure.

What kind of service aren't police?

I'm not sure.

When aren't police used to protect the class system?

I'm not sure.

What asset do many police forces have?

I'm not sure.

When were police used to protect the civilian system?

I'm not sure.


Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?

Chu and Jin

What period was the Chu kingdom in?

Spring

What period was the Jin kingdom in?

Autumn

Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?

Korea and Japan

What did ancient China call its police?

prefects

Which Japanese kingdoms developed law enforcement?

I'm not sure.

What period was the Chu kingdom not in?

I'm not sure.

What period was the Chin kingdom in?

I'm not sure.

Which countries never adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?

I'm not sure.

What did modern China call its police?

I'm not sure.


As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.

What war ended in 1479?

War of the Castilian Succession

Who formed Spain's first national police force?

Ferdinand and Isabella

What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish?

Santa Hermandad

What does Santa Hermandad mean?

Holy Brotherhood

When did Spain suppress local police units?

What war ended in 1497?

I'm not sure.

Who formed Spain's last national police force?

I'm not sure.

What was Spain's second national police force called, in Spanish?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't Santa Hermandad mean?

I'm not sure.

When did Spain empower local police units?

I'm not sure.


In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?

The Marshal of France and the Constable of France

How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?

Great Officers of the Crown of France

What was the Marshal's force called?

the Marshalcy

What was the Constable's force called, in English?

the Constabulary

What was the Constable's force called, in French?

Connétablie

Which two entities in Medieval France didn't have police duties?

I'm not sure.

How were the Marshal and Constable of France informally classified?

I'm not sure.

What was the Marshal's peace corps called?

I'm not sure.

What was the Captain's force called, in English?

I'm not sure.

What was the Constable's force not called, in French?

I'm not sure.


The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

In what year did Paris get a police force?

Who created Paris's police force?

King Louis XIV

What was the largest European city in 1667?

Paris

What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?

lieutenant general of police

What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?

lieutenant général de police

In what year did Paris not get a police force?

I'm not sure.

Who never created Paris's police force?

I'm not sure.

What was the smallest European city in 1667?

I'm not sure.

What was the largest European city in 1676?

I'm not sure.

What was the title of the bottom of Paris's police, in English?

I'm not sure.


This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

Who was Paris's first head of police?

Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie

How many commissioners worked under Reynie?

How many policing districts was Paris divided into?

When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?

October 1699

When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?

Who was Paris's last head of police?

I'm not sure.

How many commissioners worked above Reynie?

I'm not sure.

How many policing districts was France divided into?

I'm not sure.

When was Paris's police system contracted to disclude rest of France?

I'm not sure.

When were police inspectors subtracted from Paris's police?

I'm not sure.


The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?

in the 18th century

What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?

English

Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?

Britannica 1911

When were the Marine Police created in the UK?

What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?

the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714

When did the English language adopt the word 'police'?

I'm not sure.

What language did French not borrow the word 'police' from?

I'm not sure.

Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of local oppression'?

I'm not sure.

When were the Marine Police created in France?

I'm not sure.

What was the last use of 'police' in the UK?

I'm not sure.


In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?

Patrick Colquhoun

When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?

Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?

docks

How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?

How did Colquhoun praise the French police?

"the greatest degree of perfection"

Who convinced the East Indies merchants in London to establish police?

I'm not sure.

When did the West Indies merchants in London destroy a police force?

I'm not sure.

Where did the East Indies merchants in London create a police force?

I'm not sure.

How much cargo had been given from West Indies merchants in London each year?

I'm not sure.

How did Colquhoun reject the French police?

I'm not sure.


With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?

How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?

How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?

How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?

When was the Thames River Police made a public service?

28 July 180

What was the final size of the Thames River Police force?

I'm not sure.

How many deck workers were the Thames River Police policing?

I'm not sure.

How many dock workers did Colquhoun say weren't criminals?

I'm not sure.

How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police allow in its first year?

I'm not sure.

When was the Thames River Police made a private service?

I'm not sure.


Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

Who started the Bow Street detectives?

Henry and John Fielding

How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?

stipendiary system

How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?

full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees

Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?

Robert Peel

What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?

full-time

Who fired the Bow Street detectives?

I'm not sure.

How did the Bow Street group get paid by their employees?

I'm not sure.

How did the James River Police pay their employees?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the concept of the 'new' police?

I'm not sure.

What schedule did the Thames River Police employees not work?

I'm not sure.


Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

Which law established Glasgow's police?

Glasgow Police Act

When was Glasgow's police force established?

Which law established Ireland's police?

Irish Constabulary Act

When was Ireland's police force established?

What was Ireland's police force called?

Royal Irish Constabulary

Which law abolished Glasgow's police?

I'm not sure.

When was Glasgow's police force abolished?

I'm not sure.

Which law fired Ireland's police?

I'm not sure.

When was Ireland's police force abolished?

I'm not sure.

What was Ireland's police force not called?

I'm not sure.


Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

Who was the 'father of modern policing'?

Peel

Whose philosophy influenced Peel?

Jeremy Bentham

What political position did Bentham think police should have?

neutral

How did Peel standardize police?

as an official paid profession

How did Peel organize police?

in a civilian fashion

Who was the 'mother of modern policing'?

I'm not sure.

Whose philosophy repelled Peel?

I'm not sure.

What political position did Bentham think police shouldn't have?

I'm not sure.

How did Peel specialize police?

I'm not sure.

How did Peel disorganize police?

I'm not sure.


The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state.

When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?

What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?

the judicial system

Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?

France

What part of the government did French police work under?

the authority of the monarch

When was the Metropolitan Police Act rejected?

I'm not sure.

What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police weren't a subset of?

I'm not sure.

Where was the 'Intercontinental model' of police from?

I'm not sure.

Where wasn't the 'Continental model' of police from?

I'm not sure.

What part of the government did English police work under?

I'm not sure.