Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method.  Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001.

Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?

transmission rate of infectious diseases

What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?

extensive interactions

What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?

focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps

What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?

needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users

When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?

What does recognizing the effects of small-world networks allow one to increase?

I'm not sure.

What type of interactions stop within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?

I'm not sure.

What is a way of drastically harming infection rates?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a successful implementation of increasing transmission jumps?

I'm not sure.

When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-neck virus?

I'm not sure.


Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections.

What is resistance to infection known technically as?

immunity

When may immunity be acquired?

following a disease

What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?

primary pathogens

What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?

a measure of protection

Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired?

immunity

What is resistance to infection known informally as?

I'm not sure.

When may immunity be the best?

I'm not sure.

What is knowledge of protective antigens forbidden for?

I'm not sure.

What does herd mentality offer to invulnerable people when a tiny proportion of the population has acquired immunity?

I'm not sure.

What is the only way to lose immunity?

I'm not sure.


The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus.

What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?

genetic variants

What is the brand name Pegasys for?

Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b

What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?

sustained virological response

What can the increase of pathogens be stopped by in an individual?

I'm not sure.

What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene always going to achieve?

I'm not sure.

What disease has no known treatment?

I'm not sure.

What can only be induced by treatment and not spontaneously?

I'm not sure.


When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed]

What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?

anti-infective

How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?

Several

What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?

severity and the type of infection

How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?

with intravenous antibiotics

How do antibiotics work?

slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria

What type of drugs can worsen an infection when it attacks the body?

I'm not sure.

How many broad types of anti-infective drugs no longer exist?

I'm not sure.

What has no influence on the method an antibiotic is given?

I'm not sure.

How are severe infections of the brain usually damaged?

I'm not sure.

How do antibiotics harm the body?

I'm not sure.


The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world.

What are the top three killer diseases?

HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria

How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased?

fourfold

What are some popular childhood diseases?

pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus

Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths?

Children

What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world?

lower respiratory infections

What are the top three healing diseases?

I'm not sure.

How much have births due to HIV/AIDS increased?

I'm not sure.

What are some recently cured childhood diseases?

I'm not sure.

Who makes up no percentage of diarrheal deaths?

I'm not sure.

What is the number 4 leading cause of life in the world?

I'm not sure.


The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists.

What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?

field of Infectious Disease

Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?

Epidemiology

Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?

primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists

What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?

lung physician

Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?

infectious diseases specialist

What psychological field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?

I'm not sure.

What field of war can disease propagation can fall under the purview of?

I'm not sure.

Who tends to initially ignore an infection?

I'm not sure.

What is the imaginary term for a pulmonologist?

I'm not sure.

Who fights with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?

I'm not sure.


A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

What have a number of studies found a correlation between?

pathogen load in an area and human behavior

What is higher pathogen load associated with?

decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area

What does avoidance of other groups reduce?

pathogen transmission

What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?

Higher pathogen load

What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?

high pathogen load preventing economic development.

What have a number of studies found no correlation between?

I'm not sure.

What is no pathogen load associated with?

I'm not sure.

What does avoidance of other groups promote?

I'm not sure.

What does sexual behavior have no influence on?

I'm not sure.

What is the only cause of poor socioeconomic factors?

I'm not sure.


Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen.

What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?

paleopathologists

What do paleopathologists study?

occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms

What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?

Signs of infection

What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?

Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis

How did tyrannosaurs become infected?

being bitten during a fight

What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be pointless?

I'm not sure.

What do paleopathologists avoid researching?

I'm not sure.

What has been discovered in the blood of carnivorous dinosaurs?

I'm not sure.

What dinosaur's femur had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?

I'm not sure.

How did tyrannosaurs become invincible?

I'm not sure.


Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds.

What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal?

Hunting

Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife?

food

What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and?

poaching

What is poaching?

illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species

What is the species which is hunted referred to as?

prey

What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called?

Hunting

Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what?

poaching

Hunted species are usually referred to as what?

game or prey

What animals are usually hunted?

mammals and birds

What is it called to kill or trap an animal?

Hunting

What species are usually hunted?

mammals and birds

Why do humans hunt?

food, recreation, to remove predators

When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?

Species hunted are referred to as what?

game or prey

What do feral animals usually eat?

I'm not sure.

What tactics do feral animals use to find prey?

I'm not sure.

In what year were feral animals first categorized?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of animals are usually considered feral?

I'm not sure.

What does wildlife have to compete with humans to find?

I'm not sure.


Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought. However, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation.

What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of?

holocene megafauna

What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with?

Younger Dryas impact event

What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia?

extinction of the Australian megafauna

When was Australian's megafauna widespread?

prior to human occupation

What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna?

hunting

What replaced the holocene megafauna?

smaller herbivores

What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction?

Younger Dryas impact event

What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna?

humans

What event was Australia's megafauna extinction coincidental with?

I'm not sure.

What did human occupation lead Younger Dryas to be replaced with?

I'm not sure.

What event was megafauna found to be less involved in than previously thought?

I'm not sure.

What was widespread before prehistoric species existed?

I'm not sure.

What event was caused by smaller herbivores in the area?

I'm not sure.


While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice.

What is undisputed about early humans?

were hunters

Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?

earlier Australopithecines

Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what?

hunting

What became a theme of stories and myths?

hunting

Hunting allowed what type of rituals?

dance and animal sacrifice

What is undisputed about earlier humans?

humans were hunters

What did hunting become a theme of?

stories and myths

Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis?

hunting hypothesis

What kind of activity would require the use of fire for early humans?

I'm not sure.

Mating behavior was important for the emergence of Homo genus from what?

I'm not sure.

What did omnivory become a theme of for early man?

I'm not sure.

What was animal sacrifice considered to be as part of the emergence of modern humans?

I'm not sure.

What is undisputed about animals that were sacrificed?

I'm not sure.


Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed]

What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery?

Hunter-gathering

Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline?

some tribal societies

Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?

paleolithic hunting-gathering

Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?

the Hadza of Tanzania

Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when?

European Age of Discovery

What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain?

Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia

Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?

Hadza of Tanzania

What age began in Africa that ended hunter-gathering lifestyles?

I'm not sure.

What has happened to Australian society to cause it to fail?

I'm not sure.

Who are the only remaining full-time hunter gatherers in Australia?

I'm not sure.

In what parts of the New World do uncontacted peoples live?

I'm not sure.

What lifestyle did the Age of Discovery preserve in the Amazonas?

I'm not sure.


Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers, not hunters, and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists. Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans.

What is Louis Binford's profession?

Archaeologist

What idea did Binford take issue with?

that early hominids and early humans were hunters

What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters?

scavengers

What idea did Blumenschine propose?

idea of confrontational scavenging

What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill?

challenging and scaring off

Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters?

Louis Binford

Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals?

hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers

What did Robert Blumenschine propose?

confrontational scavenging

Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom?

archaeologists and paleoanthropologists

Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators?

challenging and scaring off

What idea was criticized by Robert Blumenschine?

I'm not sure.

What did Robert Blumenschine analyze to reach his conclusion that humans were hunters?

I'm not sure.

What group is the idea of humans being hunters popular with?

I'm not sure.

What is the first step humans would use when hunting an animal?

I'm not sure.

What would early humans be able to obtain when hunting?

I'm not sure.


Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. Man's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, and bows and arrows. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed] For example, Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.

What was a significant contributor to the human food supply?

hunting

What did the supplementary meat from hunting include?

protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather

What was the leather from hunting used for?

clothing

Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what?

hunting weapons

Where is hunting still vital?

marginal climates

Hunt was a significant contributor to what?

human food supply

Where is hunting still vital?

marginal climates

Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates?

unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture

How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap?

make kayaks, clothing, and footwear

What did development of agriculture significantly contribute to?

I'm not sure.

What did the Inuit people first develop in the Arctic when meat was scarce?

I'm not sure.

What would the Inuit people use to decorate their clothing?

I'm not sure.

What would the Inuit women sometimes use to make jewelry?

I'm not sure.

What was the preferred weapon of the Inuit people for hunting?

I'm not sure.


On ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot. The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos and lunar goddesses of classical antiquity, the Greek Artemis or Roman Diana. Taboos are often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple. Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon, for example, may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting.

What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs?

hunters

What are the kings portrayed as hunting?

big game

How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented?

by deities

What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of?

hunting restrictions

What might the meaning of Euripides' tale be seen as a caution against?

disrespect of prey

Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot?

lions

What is often related to hunting?

Taboos

Deities represent what importance?

cultural and psychological

What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting?

Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon

What was the main god worshipped in Mesopotamia?

I'm not sure.

What deities came after Cernunnos in Mesopotamia?

I'm not sure.

What animal is associated with the Greek Diana?

I'm not sure.

How is Euripdes often shown as hunting from?

I'm not sure.

What is the tale in Mesopotamia about the horned god Cernunnos a caution against?

I'm not sure.


In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.

Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?

the upper class

What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?

food and furs

What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?

Robin Hood

What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?

they "hunt the King's deer

What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?

democratically in hunting for all

In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?

upper class

What was the game in feudal territory was used as?

food and furs

Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?

professional huntsmen

The importance of can be seen in what legends?

Robin Hood

Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?

all

What activity is everyone allowed to do in the feudal territory of medieval Europe?

I'm not sure.

What was only the aristocracy allowed to do in Anglophone colonies?

I'm not sure.

What type of huntsman were active in Anglophone colonies?

I'm not sure.

What was another reason the aristocracy participated in hunting in Anglophone colonies?

I'm not sure.

What legend was started in the Anglophone colonies by the aristocracy?

I'm not sure.


Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter.

What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being?

acceptable

What is one of the names of the god Shiva?

Mrigavyadha

What is the translation of Mrigavyadha?

"the deer hunter"

What does Shiva destroy in human beings?

animal instincts

What talent does Dasharatha have?

hunt in the dark

What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation?

Hindu

Godly figures have engaged in what activity?

hunting

Mrigavyadha means what?

deer hunter

Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who?

human beings

What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter?

died

How was Shiva accidentally wounded to later die?

I'm not sure.

What does Ramayana destroy in animals?

I'm not sure.

How is Krishna said to be able to hunt?

I'm not sure.

Who did Krishna mistake for game and accidentally kill?

I'm not sure.

Where was Krishna exiled to?

I'm not sure.


From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting.

Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times?

Roman Catholic Church clerics

Who forbid to all servants of God hunting?

Corpus Juris Canonici

What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under?

Pope Innocent III

What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply?

not all hunting is illicit

What type of hunting is unlawful?

clamorosa

Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time?

Roman Catholic Church clerics

What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons?

Corpus Juris Canonici

Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran?

Pope Innocent III

How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded?

mildly

Who stated quiet hunting is allowed?

Council of Trent

What kinds of birds were kept by Pope Innocent III?

I'm not sure.

What kind of hunting was legal under the Corpus Juris Canonici?

I'm not sure.

What did the Council of Trent decree forbid servants of God from taking expeditions through the woods with?

I'm not sure.

What pope was the decree of the Council of Trent held under?

I'm not sure.

What does the Corpus Juris Canonici imply to differentiate between types of hunting?

I'm not sure.


Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.

What distinction is undoubtedly permissible?

between lawful and unlawful hunting

What can a bishop absolutely prohibit?

all hunting

Where did synods prohibit all hunting at?

Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere

What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?

not too severe

Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics?

bishop

Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who?

Benedict XIV

What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do?

prohibit all hunting to the clerics

What happens if a bishop takes part in hunting?

I'm not sure.

In what areas was it allowed for bishops to hunt?

I'm not sure.

What did Benedict XIV say allowing hunting conformed to?

I'm not sure.

Who was the only pope who took part in quiet hunting?

I'm not sure.

What law was put in place to protect the right of hunting by Benedict XIV?

I'm not sure.


New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource.

What does New Zealand have?

strong hunting culture

What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand?

bats

Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies?

to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource

Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand?

no natural predators

What do government agencies view the animals as?

pests

What country has a strong hunting culture?

New Zealand

What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand?

bats

What is New Zealand made up of?

islands

Game animals were introduced here by whom?

acclimatisation societies

What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced?

their population exploded

What mammal was the only one that existed originally in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What were bats originally used for in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What kind of culture does Europe have?

I'm not sure.

What group introduced pigs to Europe?

I'm not sure.

How do acclimatisation societies in Europe view bats?

I'm not sure.


During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled mir-shikar. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant.

What was hunting regarded as in British India?

regal sport

What does the Indian word "shikaris" mean in English?

big-game hunters

What did British officers maintain whole corps of?

shikaris

Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting?

because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques

What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?

an elephant

Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport?

British India

What is hunted from the back of an elephant?

Bengal tigers

Who did British officers maintain?

shikaris

Who were the shikaris headed by?

master of the hunt

Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited?

because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques

What was shikari regarded as in British India?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of maharaja?

I'm not sure.

What two things were needed to successfully hunt an elephant?

I'm not sure.

What country had the largest population of elephants in the world?

I'm not sure.

Who did local tribes work with when taking down a Bengal tiger?

I'm not sure.


Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life, or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.

What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting?

Regional social

What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species?

Bishnoi

What bans the killing of all wild animals in India?

Wildlife Protection Act of 1972

Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned?

the Chief Wildlife Warden

Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become?

government

Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species?

Bishnoi

What bans the killing of all wild animals?

India's Wildlife Protection Act

What year was this protection act put into place?

Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals?

Chief Wildlife Warden

What happens to the body of the wild animal killed?

becomes government property

What group of people was first discovered in 1972?

I'm not sure.

What have the Bishnoi banned the killing of since 1972?

I'm not sure.

What act was drafted to ban the killing of only antelope?

I'm not sure.

What becomes the property of the Bishnoi if its killed or wounded?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the antelope population first start to decline?

I'm not sure.


Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.

What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK?

fox hunting

How do the English hunt foxes?

on horseback with hounds

In England, what is hunted when "shooting" is called for?

birds

Why were foxes originally hunted?

form of vermin control to protect livestock

How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?

on foot without hounds, using stealth

What hunting is done on horseback with hounds?

fox

Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom?

United Kingdom

In Victorian times a popular social activity was?

fox hunting

What is carried out on foot without hounds?

Deer stalking

Hounds were used for what purpose?

to pursue

What was deer stalking with rifles originally a form of?

I'm not sure.

What did deer stalking originally aim to protect?

I'm not sure.

In what time did deer stalking become popular?

I'm not sure.

What group did deer stalking become popular with?

I'm not sure.

What kind of activity was deer stalking considered for both riders and followers?

I'm not sure.


Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "beaters" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives". The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831.

What does shooting in Britain require little questing for?

game

About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK?

thirty-five million

What kind of affairs can shoots be?

elaborate

Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out?

"beaters"

What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK?

open season for grouse

About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year?

thirty-five million

Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out?

beaters

When does open season for grouse begin in the UK?

12 August

What is the UK definition of game is governed by?

Game Act 1831

Why are assistants used?

help load shotguns

How many people have taken part in shooting in the UK since 1831?

I'm not sure.

On what day do assistants need to have gun safety training?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the Game Act?

I'm not sure.

In what year did factory farms first legally begin production in the UK?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for a gun placed in position?

I'm not sure.


Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations). Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite.

What law primarily regulates hunting?

state

What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species?

environmental

What varies widely from state to state?

Regulations

What do some states make a distinction between?

protected species and unprotected species

What do hunters of protected species require in all states?

a hunting license

How is hunting regulated?

by state law

Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law?

United States environmental law

What hunters require a hunting license in all states?

Hunters of protected species

What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license?

hunting safety course

What law regulates the elimination of vermin?

I'm not sure.

In the case of vermin, what additional type of law applies?

I'm not sure.

What do hunters of vermin need to have in all states?

I'm not sure.

What do you need to complete before you can hunt vermin?

I'm not sure.

What do state regulations govern regarding hunting vermin?

I'm not sure.


Hunting big game typically requires a "tag" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. Tags may be further restricted to a specific area, or wildlife management unit. Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license.

What is required when hunting big game?

a "tag" for each animal harvested

Tags are purchased in addition to what?

the hunting license

What is typically limited to an individual?

number of tags issued

A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to?

Tags

What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl?

duck

When hunting big game what is typically required?

tag

What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number?

Tags

How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game?

by lottery

What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl?

duck stamp

Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl?

Fish and Wildlife Service

What do you need to obtain a fishing license?

I'm not sure.

How many people are recruited to work at the Fish and Wildlife Service each year?

I'm not sure.

If there are more applicants than positions at the Fish and Wildlife Service how do they choose prospective employees?

I'm not sure.

Where do Fish and Wildlife employees usually work?

I'm not sure.

What limits how many employees can work at the Fish and Wildlife Service each year?

I'm not sure.


Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for bow hunting or muzzle-loading black-powder guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons.

How is gun usage typically regulated?

game category, area within the state, and time period

What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms?

Regulations for big-game hunting

Why is the use of rifles often banned?

safety reasons

Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition?

environmental concerns

Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established?

limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons

Why are the use of rifles banned?

safety reasons

How is gun useage regulated?

by game category

What is specified in big-game hunting?

minimum caliber

By what category is bow hunting regulated?

I'm not sure.

Why would the use of a bow for hunting be banned?

I'm not sure.

In what areas is bow hunting banned?

I'm not sure.

What do certain seasons for the use of rifles try to limit?

I'm not sure.

Why is firearm muzzle energy often limited?

I'm not sure.


Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting, although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six percent of Americans hunted. Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted. Hunting in other areas of the country fell below the national average. Overall, in the 1996–2006 period, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten percent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and changes in recreation habits.

What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with?

any particular class or culture

What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006?

seventy-eight percent

What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?

just six percent

What percentage of Midwesterners hunted?

twelve percent

How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006?

ten percent

What percentage of Americans support legal hunting?

seventy-eight percent

What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?

six percent

South Easterners hunted at what rate?

five percent

Midwesterners hunted at what rate?

twelve percent

What years did hunting decline?

What are recreation habits not associated with in the US?

I'm not sure.

How many Americans were over the age of sixteen in the 21st century?

I'm not sure.

From 1996-2006 what percentage of Americans moved to the midwest?

I'm not sure.

In 2006 what percentage of Americans had been to the eastern seaboard?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of states in the midwest had habitat loss on farms?

I'm not sure.


Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government.

When do hunting regulations date from in the US?

19th century

What do some modern hunters see themselves as?

conservationists and sportsmen

What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport?

Local hunting clubs and national organizations

Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what?

a specific hunting interest

What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level?

lobbying

What do modern hunters see themselves as?

conservationists and sportsmen

Who provides hunter education?

Local hunting clubs

What do hunting groups also participate in?

lobbying the federal government and state government

What century is U.S. regulations dates from?

In what century was the Crockett Club founded?

I'm not sure.

What group did Theodore Roosevelt belong to in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What did Boone participate in at the federal and state level?

I'm not sure.

What do lobbyists see themselves as?

I'm not sure.

When was pheasant first hunted in the US?

I'm not sure.


Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter education and safety classes. Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps, a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old, has raised over $700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting. States also collect money from hunting licenses to assist with management of game animals, as designated by law. A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting, including species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans.

How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year?

$200 million

How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934?

over $700 million

How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase?

5,200,000 acres

What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with?

management of game animals

What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens?

to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting

Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to?

state agencies

What do the taxes support?

wildlife management programs

How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised?

$700 million

What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase?

5,200,000 acres

Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what?

hunting

In what year was the National Wildlife Refuge system created?

I'm not sure.

How much money has been spent to hire park rangers since 1934?

I'm not sure.

What is a key task of state agencies since 1934?

I'm not sure.

What is the annual budget of the National Wildlife Refuge system?

I'm not sure.

How many acres of land were for sale in the US in 1934?

I'm not sure.


Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.

What is varmint hunting an American phrase for?

selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests

What does varmint hunting achieve?

selective control of pests

What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on?

crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets.

Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive?

Louisiana

What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria?

initiated a bounty program

What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals.

Varmint hunting

What was once considered a varmint but is now protected?

wolves

What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana?

nutria

What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?

bounty program

What has the state of Louisiana created to control the population of wild rabbits?

I'm not sure.

What were crows once categorized as but are not longer considered to be?

I'm not sure.

What are nutria often used for when hunted?

I'm not sure.

What does having livestock cause detrimental effects on when you own a farm?

I'm not sure.

What does having livestock help achieve the control of?

I'm not sure.


When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting."

When was internet hunting introduced?

How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt?

using remotely controlled guns

Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting?

hunters

What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated?

principles of fair chase

What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is?

an important element of hunting tradition

What allows people to hunt over the internet?

Internet hunting

When was this type of hunting introduced?

How is this type of hunting done?

hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns

What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate?

fair chase

Who spoke on this violation?

National Rifle Association (NRA)

In what year was the NRA founded?

I'm not sure.

What practice was introduced by the NRA in 2005?

I'm not sure.

Sitting at your desk and doing what are the best ways to hunt according to the NRA?

I'm not sure.

What are remotely controlled guns an important element of in hunting according to hunters?

I'm not sure.

In what year were hunters able to first become members of the NRA?

I'm not sure.


There is a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game in Trinidad and Tobago. Hunting is carried out with firearms, and aided by the use of hounds, with the illegal use of trap guns, trap cages and snare nets. With approximately 12,000 sport hunters applying for hunting licences in recent years (in a very small country of about the size of the state of Delaware at about 5128 square kilometers and 1.3 million inhabitants), there is some concern that the practice might not be sustainable. In addition there are at present no bag limits and the open season is comparatively very long (5 months - October to February inclusive). As such hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high. Added to that, there is a thriving and very lucrative black market for poached wild game (sold and enthusiastically purchased as expensive luxury delicacies) and the numbers of commercial poachers in operation is unknown but presumed to be fairly high. As a result, the populations of the five major mammalian game species (red-rumped agouti, lowland paca, nine-banded armadillo, collared peccary, and red brocket deer) are thought to be quite low (although scientifically conducted population studies are only just recently being conducted as of 2013). It appears that the red brocket deer population has been extirpated on Tobago as a result of over-hunting. Various herons, ducks, doves, the green iguana, the gold tegu, the spectacled caiman and the common opossum are also commonly hunted and poached. There is also some poaching of 'fully protected species', including red howler monkeys and capuchin monkeys, southern tamanduas, Brazilian porcupines, yellow-footed tortoises, Trinidad piping guans and even one of the national birds, the scarlet ibis. Legal hunters pay very small fees to obtain hunting licences and undergo no official basic conservation biology or hunting-ethics training. There is presumed to be relatively very little subsistence hunting in the country (with most hunting for either sport or commercial profit). The local wildlife management authority is under-staffed and under-funded, and as such very little in the way of enforcement is done to uphold existing wildlife management laws, with hunting occurring both in and out of season, and even in wildlife sanctuaries. There is some indication that the government is beginning to take the issue of wildlife management more seriously, with well drafted legislation being brought before Parliament in 2015. It remains to be seen if the drafted legislation will be fully adopted and financially supported by the current and future governments, and if the general populace will move towards a greater awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation and change the culture of wanton consumption to one of sustainable management.

Where is there a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game?

Trinidad and Tobago

Approximately how many sport hunters applied for hunting licences in recent years?

What is there a very lucrative and thriving black market for?

poached wild game

What is hunting pressure from?

high

What very active tradition Trinidad and Tabago have?

hunting of small to medium-sized wild game

What animal aids in the hunting?

hounds

What population has extirpated?

red brocket deer

What do hunters pay to obtain hunting license?

very small fees

What is traded on the black market in Delaware?

I'm not sure.

What is the number of poachers located in Delaware?

I'm not sure.

What training is needed to get a hunting license in Delaware?

I'm not sure.

What is the state of the wildlife authority in Delaware?

I'm not sure.

How often is hunting occurring in Delaware each year?

I'm not sure.


Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species.[citation needed] In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates[who?] assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert[who?] that (re)introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain.

What does hunting give resource managers an important tool?

managing populations

What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by?

combination habitat and food availability,

What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve?

same end

How is hunting an important tool for resource managers?

managing populations

What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat?

threaten the well-being of other species

How can hunting actually increase the population of predators?

by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established

What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced?

mortality

What would environmentalists have done, instead of hunting?

(re)introducing predators

What is an important tool in managing populations?

Hunting

What is carrying capacity determined by?

combination habitat and food availability

What can it increase the population of?

predators

What does animal migration help resource managers do?

I'm not sure.

What does animal migration threaten the well-being of?

I'm not sure.

Who's health can be damaged by animal migration?

I'm not sure.

What does animal migration reduce competition for?

I'm not sure.

What does using migration as population control have no effect on?

I'm not sure.


In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was—and still is—frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed] The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[citation needed]

What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for?

trophy

What was the head of an animal displayed as?

sign of prowess

What happened to the rest of the animal?

s typically discarded

What did some churches disapprove of?

such waste

What countries frowned upon this hunting?

Nordic

What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century?

a trophy

What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess?

the head or pelt of an animal

In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times?

Nordic

What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement?

food supplies

What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies?

Africa, India and other places

What century was game hunted as a trophy?

What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon?

Nordic

What did North America primarily hunt for?

food supplies

What sport of hunting is in Africa?

safari method

What did hunters in Nordic countries display as a sign of prowess in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What would Nordic hunters do with the rest of an animal after mounting a trophy?

I'm not sure.

Why was hunting usually done in Nordic countries in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

Why does hunting take place in Nordic countries today?

I'm not sure.

In what two countries did Nordic people hunt for trophies?

I'm not sure.


A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."

What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?

Africa

What does hunting create economic incentives for?

conservation

What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?

expenditures

What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?

scientific

Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?

creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas

Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?

photographic

How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?

less than 3%

What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?

minimal

What is of major importance in Africa?

trophy hunting

What does trophy hunting create in Africa?

economic incentives for conservation

How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?

less than 3%

What percentage of people read the journal Biological Conservation each year?

I'm not sure.

What is photographic ecotourism of major importance to in Africa?

I'm not sure.

How does photographic ecotourism help preserve wildlife in Africa?

I'm not sure.

What group funded the Biological Conservation study?

I'm not sure.

What did another study show that less than 3% of was used to mount trophies?

I'm not sure.


A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In Tanzania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, uninviting to the typical ecotourist. Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[citation needed]

What do a variety of industries benefit from?

hunting

Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist?

Tanzania

Where does the average safari hunter stay in?

tented camps

Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities?

anti-poaching

What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from?

hunting

In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does?

Tanzania

What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek?

luxury

Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night?

in tented camps

Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist?

remote areas

How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist?

fifty to one hundred times

What does the photo tourist seek?

luxury accommodation

Where does a safari hunter usually stay?

tented camps

What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities?

Safari hunters

What kind of camps do ecotourists usually stay in?

I'm not sure.

What do tented camps benefit from?

I'm not sure.

Why do tented camps support hunting?

I'm not sure.

How many times a day do local communities stop poaching activity?

I'm not sure.

What country has the most areas that are hard to reach by car?

I'm not sure.


Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.[citation needed] In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat.

Hunting has significant financial impact in what country?

the United States

What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting?

equipment or speciality tourism

"There's an app for that!",  what have been different technologies been created to do?

assist hunters

What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from?

economic, social, and cultural

How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001?

over $20.5 billion

What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.?

significant financial impact

What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters?

different technologies

One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is?

iPhone applications

How much did hunters spend in 2001?

over $20.5 billion

What do the proceeds from hunting assist with?

preservation of wildlife habitat

In what country was the IPhone first developed?

I'm not sure.

How much did consumers spend on the IPhone in 2001?

I'm not sure.

What is one cause that was most supported by IPhone users in 2001?

I'm not sure.

How many people owned IPhones in 2001?

I'm not sure.

How many types of technology went into the creation of the IPhone?

I'm not sure.


However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction.

What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to?

the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals

What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common?

extinction

Why have poachers killed endangered animals?

primarily for commercial sale or sport.

How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?

to endangerment or extinction

How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species?

contributed heavily

What contributes to endangerment?

excessive hunting

What have poachers contributed to hunting?

endangerment

What is the main predator of the quagga?

I'm not sure.

What animal was hunted mainly by Javan tigers?

I'm not sure.

What animal could usually be found with the markhor?

I'm not sure.

The thylacine usually tried to avoid which animal?

I'm not sure.

Which animal was similar to the North American cougar?

I'm not sure.


On 16 March 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System.[citation needed] In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds.[citation needed]

Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?

16 March 1934

What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do?

an annual stamp purchase

What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to?

the purchase or lease of wetland habitat

How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds?

one third

What act was signed in 1934?

Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act

What President signed this act?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

What is the requirement of the act?

annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen

What do the stamps depict?

wildlife artwork

What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds.

one third

In what year was the US Postal Service created?

I'm not sure.

What President founded the US Postal Service?

I'm not sure.

On what date was the National Wildlife Refuge System created?

I'm not sure.

How many of the waterfowl in the US were endangered in 1934?

I'm not sure.

What is the minimum age needed to take part in the US Postal Service stamp art contest?

I'm not sure.


Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC).

How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934?

$670 million

How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934?

5,200,000 acres

What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do?

hunt migratory birds

Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps?

hunters

Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps?

Migratory Bird Conservation Commission

How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act?

$670 million

How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase?

5,200,000 acres

What do the Duck Stamps serve as?

license to hunt migratory birds

What percent of sales are contributed by hunters?

eighty-seven

Who manages distribution of funds?

Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)

In what year was the MBCC created?

I'm not sure.

What is needed to enter MBCC areas?

I'm not sure.

What does the MBCC buy a significant number of?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of hunters belong to the MBCC?

I'm not sure.

What is required to work at the MBCC?

I'm not sure.


The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding

What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East?

The Arabian oryx

Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt?

the species' striking appearance

When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?

How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?

use of automobiles and high-powered rifles

What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable"?

Arabian oryx

What is a species of large antelope?

Arabian oryx

What did the large antelope species once inhabit?

much of the desert areas of the Middle East

What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed.

automobiles and high-powered rifles

When did the Arabian oryx become extinct?

What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?

conservation efforts

In what year was oil first drilled for in the Middle East?

I'm not sure.

Why has the scimitar-horned oryx make a comeback?

I'm not sure.

What status has the scimitar-horned oryx been upgraded to?

I'm not sure.

What status was the addax upgraded from in 1972?

I'm not sure.

What feature in land areas of the Middle East first attracted foreign oil executives?

I'm not sure.


The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened.

What type of creature is the American bison?

a large bovid

What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s?

western North America

What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do?

rot

What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters?

several million

What is the current status of bison?

near-threatened

What did large herds of bison attract?

market hunters

What part of North America did the bison live?

western

Why were the bison killed?

for their hides

What did hunter do with the rest of the bison?

leaving the rest to rot

What do bison still remain?

near-threatened

What area did market hunters come from in the 1880's?

I'm not sure.

How much did a bison hide cost in the 1800's?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of the US in 1880?

I'm not sure.

What areas of the US were settled first in 1880?

I'm not sure.

What were buildings prone to when built in a prarie area?

I'm not sure.


In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."

Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?

a precipitous wildlife decline

What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?

antelope

What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?

hippopotamus

What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?

poaching, drought and habitat loss

What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?

Uganda

What Botswana was resently forced to do?

ban trophy hunting

What animal declined across Botswana?

antelope

What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?

hippopotamus

What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?

elephant

What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda?

poaching

What happened to antelope in Uganda?

I'm not sure.

What happened in Uganda after antelope numbers fell?

I'm not sure.

How was the elephant population in Uganda?

I'm not sure.

What animal population increased in Uganda?

I'm not sure.

What did Botswana argue sport hunting wouldn't be able to stop?

I'm not sure.


Kathmandu(/ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː/; Nepali pronunciation: [kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi).

What country is Kathmandu the capital of?

Nepal

What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English?

Sub-Metropolitan City

Along with "KTM," what is another nickname of Kathmandu?

tri-city

How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011?

How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?


The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015.

About how long has Kathmandu existed?

What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is?

inscriptions

What is Kathmandu's majority religion?

Hinduism

What do most Kathmandu residents speak?

Nepali

What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?

English


The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure collapsed during the major earthquake on 25 April 2015.

What does काष्ठ mean in English?

wood

What is the English translation of Mandap?

covered shelter

What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple?

Maru Satal

Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple?

King Laxmi Narsingh Malla

On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?

25 April 2015


The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place.

What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?

Kasthamandap Mahanagar

How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English?

Kantipur

Who is also called Kanti?

Lakshmi

How do you say place in Sanskrit?

pur

What is the English translation of Mahanagar?

great city


The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.

According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?

lake

What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?

snakes

Who was the founder of Manjupattan?

Bodhisatwa Manjusri

What type of creature was Banasur?

demon

Who was Banasur's murderer?

Krishna


Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.

Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?

Yalamber

What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?

northern

Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?

Sino-Tibetan

Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?

southern half

What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?

Buddhist


The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.

Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?

Licchavis

Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?

Koliyas

What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?

Newar

Who killed the Shakyas?

Virudhaka

Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?

Dakshin Koligram


Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.

Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements?

Dakshin Koligram

Who is Kathmandu's historical founder?

Gunakamadeva

Who did Chandrahrasa belong to?

Manjushri

How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu?

eight

Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?

India and Tibet


The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?

Malla

Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?

Turk Muslims

What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?

third

Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?

Kailashkut Bhawan

What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?

Abhaya Malla


During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.

How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?

four

In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?

Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur

What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?

India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe

What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?

Haramekhala

When does Amarkosh date to?


The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.

Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?

Gorkha Kingdom

What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?

Kirtipur

How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?

nine

What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?

Great Britain

How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?

nine


Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.

What river is south of Kathmandu?

Bagmati

What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?

northwestern

About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?

How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?

Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?

south


Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft), and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley. An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.

How many rivers travel through Kathmandu?

eight

Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate?

Nagarjuna hill

How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows?


The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:

How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?

three

What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?

municipalities

How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?

About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?

What is another term for VDCs?

villages


Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,300 metres (6,900–10,800 ft). Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?

Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?

humid subtropical climate

What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?

Cwa

How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?

How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal?

Five


The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to 1 °C (34 °F) or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to −4 °C (25 °F), and the lowest temperature was recorded on January 10, 2013, at −9.2 °C (15.4 °F). Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August), and decreases substantially (100 to 200 cm (39 to 79 in)) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of Kathmandu. On average humidity is 75%. The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, "Weather Meteorology" for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was 1,124 millimetres (44.3 in) for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above. The decade of 2000-2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.[citation needed] For example, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totalling over 2,900 mm (114 in) of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season. In contrast, 2001 recorded only 356 mm (14 in) of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season.

What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning?

cool

About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months?

On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu?

January 10

In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal?

June to August

In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu?