Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.

Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?

Doyon, Limited

What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?

hold title (including subsurface title in many cases

Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?

repealed before they could take effect

Which group claims it is Alaska's smallest private land owner?

I'm not sure.

Which group claims it is Alaska's largest public land owner?

I'm not sure.

What privelege do public Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?

I'm not sure.

What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its private citizens do not?

I'm not sure.

Was a law enacted in 1919 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?

I'm not sure.


The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm). This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.

How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?

over 50 in

In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer?

Southeast

Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications?

mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts

How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year?

over 150 in (380 cm)

How much precipitation doesn't Juneau receive each year?

I'm not sure.

How much precipitation does Juneau receive each month?

I'm not sure.

In what region of Alaska is the nighttime temperature above freezing during summer?

I'm not sure.

Southern Alaska has what three Koppen climate classifications?

I'm not sure.

How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each month?

I'm not sure.


The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation. An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i. e., the region around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually. On the other extreme, some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 in (250 cm) of precipitation.

What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?

Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska

Is precipitation varied or uniform in Western Alaska?

tremendous amount of variety

Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert?

the region around Kotzebue Sound

How much precipitation does the desert area of Western Alaska receive?

less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually

What three bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?

I'm not sure.

What two bodies of water influene the climate in Eastern Alaska?

I'm not sure.

Is precipitation varied or uniform in Eastern Alaska?

I'm not sure.

Which area of Eastern Alaska is technically a desert?

I'm not sure.

How much precipitation does the desert area of Eastern Alaska receive?

I'm not sure.


Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.[citation needed] The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system of property inheritance and descent in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts. The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla. All three of these peoples, as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century, with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting in high fatalities and social disruption.

Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?

Grover Cleveland

In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?

What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s?

smallpox

Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?

the Haida

Which President disallowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?

I'm not sure.

Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers not to inhabit Annette Island?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1870s?

I'm not sure.

Which Alaskan indigenous group is not well-known for their art?

I'm not sure.


The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.

Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?

The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region

The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?

The North Slope and Little Diomede Island

Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?

Aleut

Which indigenous group is controversially unknown for hunting caribou on protected land?

I'm not sure.

Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on unprotected land?

I'm not sure.

The Inuplat population don't inhabit what areas?

I'm not sure.

Which Alaskan indigenous group wasn't the first to be exploited by Russians?

I'm not sure.

Which Alaskan indigenous group was the last to be exploited by Russians?

I'm not sure.


Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.

During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?

17th century

Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?

Semyon Dezhnyov

Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?

"bearded men" who "pray to the icons"

During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?

During what time period do all researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

During what time period do some researchers believe Russians left Alaska?

I'm not sure.

Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1684?

I'm not sure.

Whom did Nikolai Durkin say died in a village on the Kheuveren River?

I'm not sure.

During which years didn't Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?

I'm not sure.


Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.

What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?

gold rushes

What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?

In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?

Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?

fishing and logging

From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?

Norway and Sweden

What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1920s?

I'm not sure.

What year was Alaska unofficially incorporated as a territory?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Alaska's capital unofficially changed to Juneau?

I'm not sure.

Which industries did European settlers in Alaska end?

I'm not sure.

From what countries were South American settlers in Alaska?

I'm not sure.


Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.

On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?

July 7, 1958

On what day was Alaska officially named a state?

January 3, 1959

What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?

Statehood for Alaska

In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?

From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?

mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska

On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally disapproved by Congress?

I'm not sure.

On what day was Alaska unofficially named a state?

I'm not sure.

What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his later Congressional tenure?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Alaskan Statehood lose momentum following a territorial referendum?

I'm not sure.


On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.

What major event happened in Alaska on March 27, 1964 killing 133 people?

Good Friday earthquake

Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the most damage to Alaskan communities?

resultant tsunamis and landslides

How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world?

second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world

How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1989 San Francisco earthquake?

over one thousand times more powerful

Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a higher survival rate?

The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter

What major event happened in Alaska on March 27, 1946 killing 133 people?

I'm not sure.

Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the least damage to Alaskan communities?

I'm not sure.

How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other undocumented earthquakes in the world?

I'm not sure.

How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1998 San Francisco earthquake?

I'm not sure.

Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a lower survival rate?

I'm not sure.


The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects. Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic). As of 2014[update] nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.

At least how many native Alaskan languages exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?

at least 20

What are the two main native Alaskan language families?

Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene

How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?

nearly all

A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?

At least how many native Alaskan languages don't exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?

I'm not sure.

What are the three main native Alaskan language families?

I'm not sure.

How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoming dormant or extinct languages according to a 2015 study?

I'm not sure.

A study incomplete in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?

I'm not sure.

A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are not at risk of becoming extinct?

I'm not sure.


According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, 1% are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% are Hindu. The largest religious denominations in Alaska as of 2010[update] were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents. Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious states of the USA, in terms of church membership.

According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?

Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?

Evangelical Protestants

How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?

least religious states of the USA

Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?

Washington and Oregon

According to the Association of Religion Data in 2012, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?

I'm not sure.

Which religion is least prevalent in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

How doesn't Alaska compare with other states in church membership?

I'm not sure.

Which other nearby states are also considered to be more religious than others?

I'm not sure.

Which other far away states are also considered to be less religious than others?

I'm not sure.


In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.

Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?

First Russian Orthodox Church

What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?

Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives

Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?

Quaker population

What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?

observance of halakha

Which church was established in Kodiak in 1759?

I'm not sure.

Which church wasn't established in Kodiak in 1795?

I'm not sure.

What was one way in which Russian immigrants never integrated into Alaskan society?

I'm not sure.

Alaska has the smallest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?

I'm not sure.

What religious tradition is never a problem for Alaskan Jews?

I'm not sure.


The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.

What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007?

How does Alaska's per capita personal income rank against other states?

15th in the nation

How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction?

Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest export?

seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab

What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2017?

I'm not sure.

How does Alaska's per capita personal debt rank against other states?

I'm not sure.

How much of Alaskan state revenue never comes from petroleum extraction?

I'm not sure.

Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest import?

I'm not sure.

Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's smallest export?

I'm not sure.


Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.

In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?

Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak

What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?

Federal subsidies

What are some of Alaska's industrial products?

crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products

How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?

supporting local lodging

In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an unimportant part of the local economy?

I'm not sure.

In which Alaskan areas are civilian bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?

I'm not sure.

What program allows Alaska to keep high taxes?

I'm not sure.

What aren't some of Alaska's industrial products?

I'm not sure.

How, specifically, have tourists helped the global economy in Alaska?

I'm not sure.


Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d), although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d). Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m3/d) of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate.

What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production?

Texas, North Dakota, and California

How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production?

fourth

Which area in Alaska is the nation's second highest-yielding oil field?

Prudhoe Bay

How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?

Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US?

North Dakota's Bakken Formation

What other states rank lower than Alaska in crude oil production?

I'm not sure.

How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in refined oil production?

I'm not sure.

Which area in Alaska is the nation's third highest-yielding oil field?

I'm not sure.

Which area in Alaska is the nation's second lowest-yielding oil field?

I'm not sure.

How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per week?

I'm not sure.


The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.

How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?

up to 2.1 million barrels

How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?

85.4 trillion cubic feet

Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?

wind and geothermal energy

Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?

hydroelectric

How much oil can't the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?

I'm not sure.

How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per week?

I'm not sure.

How much unrecoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?

I'm not sure.

Alaska's coastline also has potential in which three environmentally friendly energy types?

I'm not sure.

Alaska's small rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?

I'm not sure.


Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30–60¢ higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.

Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?

low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population

How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?

30–60¢ higher

What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?

transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure

What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?

diesel fuel

What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?

heating, transportation, electric power and light

Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2010?

I'm not sure.

Why were alternative energy sources judged economical in 2001?

I'm not sure.

How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the international average?

I'm not sure.

What are some reasons why gas prices may be stable in Alaska, especially?

I'm not sure.

What does Alaska's economy not rely on?

I'm not sure.


The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once. It was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.

What is the Alaska Permanent Fund?

constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues

In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established?

Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established?

to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil

Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund?

Governor Keith Miller

Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale?

fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once

What is the Alaska Temporary Fund?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund ended?

I'm not sure.

Why was the Alaska Permament Fund unestablished?

I'm not sure.

Who originally hated the Alaska Permanent Fund?

I'm not sure.

Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund after the Prudhoe Bay sale?

I'm not sure.


The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never gained momentum.

Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?

discourage

Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?

political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation

Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?

outside Alaska

How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?

How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?

$50 billion

Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for an unparticular purpose?

I'm not sure.

Why is the Permanent Fund not an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?

I'm not sure.

Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund not invested?

I'm not sure.

How much was the final principal of the Permanent Fund?

I'm not sure.

How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund shrank?

I'm not sure.


Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8% from the earnings, puts 3% back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5% is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences, and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.

How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?

minimum of 12 months

What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's eligible residents?

When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?

How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund?

How long must an Canadian have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's ineligible residents?

I'm not sure.

When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund end?

I'm not sure.

When didn't disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?

I'm not sure.

How much was the final disembursement from the Permanent Fund?

I'm not sure.


The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus, especially the Delta Junction area, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely. This area was largely set aside and developed under a state program spearheaded by Hammond during his second term as governor. Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay. West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture.

Which crops are produced in the Delta-area?

barley and hay

Small farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom?

restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture

Which area did Hammond develeop during his second term?

Delta Junction area

Which crops aren't produced in the Delta-area?

I'm not sure.

Large farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom?

I'm not sure.

Small farms east of Fairbanks cater to whom?

I'm not sure.

Which area didn't Hammond develeop during his second term?

I'm not sure.

Which area did Hammond develeop during his third term?

I'm not sure.


Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. Though most small towns and villages in Alaska lie along the coastline, the cost of importing food to remote villages can be high, because of the terrain and difficult road conditions, which change dramatically, due to varying climate and precipitation changes. The cost of transport can reach as high as 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more in some remote areas, during the most difficult times, if these locations can be reached at all during such inclement weather and terrain conditions. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost per gallon is routinely 20–30¢ higher than the continental United States average, with only Hawaii having higher prices.

What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively expensive?

shipping costs

How high can the cost of transport be in some remote areas?

50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg)

Which state in the US is the only to have higher fuel prices than Alaska?

Hawaii

How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some rural areas of Alaska?

What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively inexpensive?

I'm not sure.

How low can the cost of transport be in some remote areas?

I'm not sure.

How high can the cost of transport be in some urban areas?

I'm not sure.

Which state in the US is the only to have lower fuel prices than Alaska?

I'm not sure.

How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some urban areas of Alaska?

I'm not sure.


Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.

Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?

Juneau, is not accessible by road

Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?

western part

Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?

few

Why is there a debate about not moving the capital of Alaska to another town?

I'm not sure.

Which part of Alaska has a road system connecting it to other areas?

I'm not sure.

Which part of Alaska has a road system connecting it to all other areas?

I'm not sure.

Compared to the rest of the UN, does Alaska has many or few road connections?

I'm not sure.

Compared to none of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?

I'm not sure.


Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as "The Railbelt". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.

What year was the Alaska Railroad built?

around 1915

To what does "The Railbelt" refer?

region served by ARR tracks

Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?

Alaska Railroad (ARR)

What year was the Alaska Railroad destroyed?

I'm not sure.

What year wasn't the Alaska Railroad built?

I'm not sure.

To what doesn't "The Railbelt" refer?

I'm not sure.

Which development in 1915 played no role in developing Alaska?

I'm not sure.

Which development in 1951 played a key role in developing Alaska?

I'm not sure.


The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.

The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?

cabooses

When are cabooses still used occasionally?

some gravel trains

When was the Parks Highway constructed?

The ARR wasn't one of the last railroads in the US to use what?

I'm not sure.

The ARR was one of the first railroads in the US to use what?

I'm not sure.

The ARR was one of the last railroads in the UN to use what?

I'm not sure.

When aren't cabooses still used occasionally?

I'm not sure.

When was the Parks Highway destroyed?

I'm not sure.


Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.

What is the name of Alaska's ferry system?

the Alaska Marine Highway

Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel?

The Inter-Island Ferry Authority

Which areas does the Alaska Marine Highway serve?

southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula

What isn't the name of Alaska's ferry system?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of Washington's ferry system?

I'm not sure.

Which other Ferry group no longer works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel?

I'm not sure.

Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to stop travel?

I'm not sure.

Which areas doesn't the Alaska Marine Highway serve?

I'm not sure.


Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors).

Which two cities are served by major airlines?

Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks

What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?

air travel

How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?

almost 2 million

Which three cities are served by major airlines?

I'm not sure.

Which two cities are unserved by major airlines?

I'm not sure.

Which two cities are served by minor airlines?

I'm not sure.

What is the most inefficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?

I'm not sure.

How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2014?

I'm not sure.


Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.

Which service allows government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska?

Essential Air Service program

Which airline offers in-state travel with jet-service?

Alaska Airlines

What are some Alaskan regional hubs?

Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak

Which service denies government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

Which service allows government to subsidise irregular air travel in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

Which airline offers out-of-state travel with jet-service?

I'm not sure.

What aren't some Alaskan regional hubs?

I'm not sure.

What are all Alaskan regional hubs?

I'm not sure.


The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.

What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?

Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service

What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?

Cessna Caravan

How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?

What are the names of all regional Alaskan airlines?

I'm not sure.

What aren't the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?

I'm not sure.

What model is the lest popular aircraft in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

What model is the most popular seacraft in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

How much of the subsidized nonbulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?

I'm not sure.


Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.

Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?

bush seaplane

Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?

Lake Hood

Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?

Alaska

Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?

Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport

Which plane isn't considered quintessentially Alaskan?

I'm not sure.

Where is the least busiest seaplane base in the world?

I'm not sure.

Where is the busiest boat base in the world?

I'm not sure.

Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other UN state?

I'm not sure.

Lake Hood isn't located next to what International Airport?

I'm not sure.


Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1,150-mile (1,850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.

Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?

dogsled

Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?

Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race

What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?

the famous 1925 serum run to Nome

Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?

all other means of transportation had failed

Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?

"Serum Run"

Which Alaskan way of transport is less for sport than for transportation?

I'm not sure.

Which Alaskan way of transport isn't more for sport than for transportation?

I'm not sure.

Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the least famous?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?

I'm not sure.

Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1952?

I'm not sure.


Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska. In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.

Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?

GCI and Alaska Communications

In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?

How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?

$350 million

Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?

GCI

Which three companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?

I'm not sure.

In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska renounced?

I'm not sure.

In what year was a project to connect Russia and rural Alaska announced?

I'm not sure.

Which company disowns the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?

I'm not sure.

How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the non-connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?

I'm not sure.


To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.

How does Alaska finance its state government operations?

petroleum revenues and federal subsidies

How many states in the US do not have sales tax?

five

How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?

seven

Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?

Alaska

How doesn't Alaska finance its state government operations?

I'm not sure.

How many states in the UN do not have sales tax?

I'm not sure.

How many states in the US have sales tax?

I'm not sure.

How many UN states do not collect an individual income tax?

I'm not sure.

Which state has the highest tax burden of the entire US?

I'm not sure.


Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.

Which political party does Alaska generally support?

Republicans

How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?

one

Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?

Lyndon B. Johnson

Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?

Barack Obama

Which political party does Alaska generally not support?

I'm not sure.

Which political party doesn't Alaska generally support?

I'm not sure.

How many elections have Democrats lost in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1946?

I'm not sure.

Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1946?

I'm not sure.


The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004[update], well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.

The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?

University of Alaska Fairbanks

Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?

The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage

As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?

well over half

The areas surrounding which university has been unhistorically a Democratic stronghold?

I'm not sure.

The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic weakhold?

I'm not sure.

Which areas of Alaska have the lowest Republican concentrations?

I'm not sure.

Which areas of Alaska have the highest Democratic concentrations?

I'm not sure.

As of 2014, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?

I'm not sure.


The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation. A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska. The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder. All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.

Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided?

What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?

a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska

Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?

acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc.

Into how many recording districts isn't Alaska divided?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the function of an Alaskan recording district?

I'm not sure.

What is the function of an Alaskan singing district?

I'm not sure.

Which documents do recording districts universally never use between areas?

I'm not sure.

Which songs do recording districts universally use between areas?

I'm not sure.


As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as "The Bush" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The table at the bottom of this section lists the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.

What are CDPs?

census-designated places

How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?

Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?

unconnected

In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?

"The Bush"

What aren't CDPs?

I'm not sure.

How many corporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?

I'm not sure.

How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2012 Census?

I'm not sure.

Are the minority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?

I'm not sure.

In what area are the minority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?

I'm not sure.


Of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place. Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla. CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau, except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have not been used since. The remaining population was scattered throughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs and in the Unorganized Borough, in largely remote areas.

In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?

What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?

Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla

Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?

Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East

In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CPD?

I'm not sure.

In 2012, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?

I'm not sure.

In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population live in a city or CDP?

I'm not sure.

What five areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?

I'm not sure.

Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1982 Census?

I'm not sure.


The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on "Public Safety Officers" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.

In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?

What is different about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?

have police training but do not carry firearms

What do wildlife enforcers regulate?

hunting and fishing regulations

What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?

a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles

In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an unofficial organization?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?

I'm not sure.

What is the same about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?

I'm not sure.

What don't wildlife enforcers regulate?

I'm not sure.

What type of vehicles don't Troopers operate?

I'm not sure.


There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.

What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?

Anchorage Symphony Orchestra

Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?

The Anchorage Opera

What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?

Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival

What isn't Alaska's most prominent orchestra?

I'm not sure.

What is Alaska's least prominent orchestra?

I'm not sure.

Which company isn't Alaska's only professional opera?

I'm not sure.

Which company is Alaska's only amateur opera?

I'm not sure.

What are a few of Alaska's un-noteworthy music festivals?

I'm not sure.


One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made." Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up "Camp Hollywood" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals.

Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?

Ray Mala

Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?

"Camp Hollywood"

In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?

Northwest

Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?

from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood

Which Alaskan native starred in a film not set in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

here didn't actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?

I'm not sure.

In what area of Alaska wasn't Camp Hollywood located?

I'm not sure.

In what area of Alaska was Camp Alaska located?

I'm not sure.

Which chef was fired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?

I'm not sure.


Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to discuss falsification. If the outcome of an experiment contradicts the theory, one should refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres that evade the contradiction merely by making it less falsifiable. Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge, which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy."

Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?

inductivist

Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?

Popper

What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?

decisive experiments

Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?

classical justificationist

What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?

critical rationalism

Who is known for his embrace of the classical inductivist views?

I'm not sure.

Who disproved empirical falsification as a central principle of the scientific method?

I'm not sure.

What was the white swan fallacy used to discuss?

I'm not sure.

What should a scientist do if the outcome of an experiment confirms the theory?

I'm not sure.

Who was known for his support of the classical justificationist account of knowledge?

I'm not sure.


Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born, and so he received Lutheran baptism. They understood this as part of their cultural assimilation, not as an expression of devout belief. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia and a doctor of law at the Vienna University, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a partner in the law firm of Vienna's liberal Burgomaster Herr Grübl and, after Grübl's death in 1898, Simon took over the business. (Malachi Hacohen records that Herr Grübl's first name was Raimund, after which Karl received his middle name. Popper himself, in his autobiography, erroneously recalls that Herr Grübl's first name was Carl.) His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him.

In which city was Karl Popper born?

Vienna

What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?

Lutheranism

Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?

Burgomaster Herr Grübl

What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?

What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?

bibliophile

What year did Karl Popper pass away?

I'm not sure.

What did the Popper family convert to after Karl was born?

I'm not sure.

What was Karl Popper's mother's profession?

I'm not sure.

Who took over the business after Simon's death?

I'm not sure.

How many books did Karl's mother have in her library?

I'm not sure.


Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology. After the street battle in the Hörlgasse on 15 June 1919, when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades, he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the "pseudo-scientific" historical materialism of Marx, abandoned the ideology, and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life.

At which age did Popper first attend university?

What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?

Marxism

Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?

Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria

What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?

street battle in the Hörlgasse

To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?

social liberalism

What age did Popper enter school?

I'm not sure.

When did Popper become disillusioned by social liberalism?

I'm not sure.

What subject did Popper never attend a lecture on?

I'm not sure.

What party rejected Marxist ideology at the time?

I'm not sure.

How many police were shot in the street battle of Horlgasse?

I'm not sure.


He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded Pädagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.

What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?

cabinetmaker

What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?

daycare

In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?

Alfred Adler

When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?

For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?

elementary teacher

What was easy for Popper to cope with?

I'm not sure.

Who owned the clinic for adults that Popper volunteered at?

I'm not sure.

When did Popper leave the Pädagogisches Institut?

I'm not sure.

When did Popper join the university as a guest student?

I'm not sure.

When did Popper complete his examination as a university teacher?

I'm not sure.


In 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled "Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, which he started doing. He married his colleague Josefine Anna Henninger (1906–1985) in 1930. Fearing the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss, he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge). He needed to publish one to get some academic position in a country that was safe for people of Jewish descent. However, he ended up not publishing the two-volume work, but a condensed version of it with some new material, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery), in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductionism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1935 and 1936, he took unpaid leave to go to the United Kingdom for a study visit.

Who supervised Popper's doctorate?

Karl Bühler

What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?

The question of method in cognitive psychology

What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?

mathematics and physics

Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?

Nazism

In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?

The Logic of Scientific Discovery

When did Karl Buhler earn a doctorate in psychology?

I'm not sure.

What was the title of Buhler's dissertation?

I'm not sure.

When was Popper barred from teaching math in secondary school?

I'm not sure.

What was the title of Popper's last book?

I'm not sure.

What kind of leave did Popper use to visit Italy?

I'm not sure.


In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the Second World War, he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London. Popper was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1958 to 1959. He retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.

Where did Popper move in 1937?

New Zealand

Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?

Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand

Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?

John Carew Eccles

What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?

logic and scientific method

Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?

Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft

What year did Popper become a lecturer in biology?

I'm not sure.

What was the title of John Carew Eccles's influential work?

I'm not sure.

What month was Popper's wife born in?

I'm not sure.

What year did John Carew Eccles move to the United Kingdom?

I'm not sure.

What university was Popper appointed a professor of astronomy at?

I'm not sure.


Popper died of "complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre, where his wife Josefine Anna Popper (called ‘Hennie’) had already been buried. Popper's estate is managed by his secretary and personal assistant Melitta Mew and her husband Raymond. Popper's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death. Klagenfurt University possesses Popper's library, including his precious bibliophilia, as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the supplementary material. The remaining parts of the estate were mostly transferred to The Karl Popper Charitable Trust. In October 2008 Klagenfurt University acquired the copyrights from the estate.

How old was Popper when he died?

Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?

Lainzer

Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?

Hoover Institution at Stanford University

Which university has the contents of Popper's library?

Klagenfurt University

What was Popper's wife's name?

Josefine Anna Popper

At what age did Josefine Anna Popper die?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper's wife die from?

I'm not sure.

Whose manuscripts were sent to the University of London?

I'm not sure.

What university possesses Melitta Mew's library?

I'm not sure.

When did Klagenfurt University lose its copyrights from the estate?

I'm not sure.


Popper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of Economics, King's College London, Darwin College, Cambridge, and Charles University, Prague. Austria awarded him the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1986, and the Federal Republic of Germany its Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit, and the peace class of the Order Pour le Mérite. He received the Humanist Laureate Award from the International Academy of Humanism. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1965, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. He was invested with the Insignia of a Companion of Honour in 1982.

Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?

Lippincott Award

What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?

Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria

Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?

International Academy of Humanism

Which English monarch knighted Popper?

Queen Elizabeth II

Which central European university made Popper a fellow?

Charles University, Prague

When was Popper knighted by King George?

I'm not sure.

What honor did Popper never win?

I'm not sure.

What award did Russia send to Popper?

I'm not sure.

When was Popper thrown out of the Royal Society?

I'm not sure.

What award did Popper lose in 1982?

I'm not sure.


Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society (1988). In 1992, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for "symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century" and for his "enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate".

In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?

Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?

Vienna

What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?

Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy

Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?

What year did Popper win the City of Berlin Prize for the Humanities?

I'm not sure.

What award did Popper win in 1970?

I'm not sure.

What award given by an American foundation did Popper win in 1992?

I'm not sure.

Why was Popper awarded the Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna?

I'm not sure.

What prize did Karl Renner recieve in 1981?

I'm not sure.


Karl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and history. Although he quickly became disillusioned with the views expounded by Marxism, his flirtation with the ideology led him to distance himself from those who believed that spilling blood for the sake of a revolution was necessary. He came to realise that when it came to sacrificing human lives, one was to think and act with extreme prudence.

What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?

Marxism

For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist?

At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking?

teenage years

How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists?

disillusioned

How did Popper's rejection of Marxism in his adult years effect him?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Popper consider himself a fascist for a few months?

I'm not sure.

What ideology did Popper never become disillusioned with?

I'm not sure.

Who did Popper align himself closely with?

I'm not sure.

When did Popper think it was unnecessary to act with prudence?

I'm not sure.


The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into permanent exile. His most important works in the field of social science—The Poverty of Historicism (1944) and The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)—were inspired by his reflection on the events of his time and represented, in a sense, a reaction to the prevalent totalitarian ideologies that then dominated Central European politics. His books defended democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy. They also represented extensive critiques of the philosophical presuppositions underpinning all forms of totalitarianism.

What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?

fascism

What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?

the Anschluss

What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?

democratic liberalism

What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?

totalitarianism

What was the Anschluss?

the annexation of Austria by the German Reich

What prevented fascism from taking over Austrian politics?

I'm not sure.

In what years was fascism prevented from taking over?

I'm not sure.

What forced Popper to come out of exile?

I'm not sure.

What was one of Popper's least important works?

I'm not sure.

Whose books critiqued democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy?

I'm not sure.


Popper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method, was highly "risky", in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which were, in the light of the then-dominant Newtonian physics, highly improbable (e.g., that light is deflected towards solid bodies—confirmed by Eddington's experiments in 1919), and which would, if they turned out to be false, falsify the whole theory. In contrast, nothing could, even in principle, falsify psychoanalytic theories. He thus came to the conclusion that psychoanalytic theories had more in common with primitive myths than with genuine science.

Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?

Freud and Adler

Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?

Einstein

What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?

risky

What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?

primitive myths

What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?

falsify

When did Adler set off a revolution in the field of physics?

I'm not sure.

What did Freud think Einstein's theory was?

I'm not sure.

When did Popper's experiments confirm light is deflected towards solid bodies?

I'm not sure.

Who though psychoanalytic theories had more in common with genuine science than myths?

I'm not sure.

What field did Einstein set off a revolution in during the late 20th century?

I'm not sure.


This led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of human behaviour. The nature of such theories made it impossible for any criticism or experiment - even in principle - to show them to be false. This realisation had an important consequence when Popper later tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science, as it led him to posit that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, be falsified by criticism, it is not a scientific theory.

According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?

falsification

What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?

criticism or experiment

How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?

weaknesses

Who thought the weaknesses of psychoanalytical theories were actually strengths?

I'm not sure.

What made it possible for psychoanalytical theories to be shown as false?

I'm not sure.

Who never tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper think the weakness of a scientific theory lay in?

I'm not sure.


Popper coined the term "critical rationalism" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latter, holding that scientific theories are abstract in nature, and can be tested only indirectly, by reference to their implications. He also held that scientific theory, and human knowledge generally, is irreducibly conjectural or hypothetical, and is generated by the creative imagination to solve problems that have arisen in specific historico-cultural settings.

What term did Popper use for his philosophy?

critical rationalism

Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?

the classical observationalist-inductivist account

What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?

rejection

According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?

indirectly

What term did Einstein term to describe his philosophy?

I'm not sure.

What does critical rationalism embrace?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper think was concrete in nature?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper think could be tested only directly?

I'm not sure.

Who argued in favor of the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science?

I'm not sure.


Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theory) -- [call it "T"] -- is "falsifiable" does not mean that "T" is false. Rather, it means that, if "T" is false, then (in principle), "T" could be shown to be false, by observation or by experiment. Popper's account of the logical asymmetry between verification and falsifiability lies at the heart of his philosophy of science. It also inspired him to take falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between what is, and is not, genuinely scientific: a theory should be considered scientific if, and only if, it is falsifiable. This led him to attack the claims of both psychoanalysis and contemporary Marxism to scientific status, on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable.

Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?

verification and falsifiability

What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?

falsifiability

What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?

Marxism

What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?

psychoanalysis

Popper pointed out a logical symmetry between what two concepts?

I'm not sure.

What lies at the heart of Einstein's philosophy about science?

I'm not sure.

What discouraged Popper from taking falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between things that are scientific and not scientific?

I'm not sure.

What ideology did Popper raise to scientific status?

I'm not sure.

What ideology did Popper claim was falsifiable?

I'm not sure.


In All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scientific testing, but can only be falsified. Again, in this context the word "falsified" does not refer to something being "fake"; rather, that something can be (i.e., is capable of being) shown to be false by observation or experiment. Some things simply do not lend themselves to being shown to be false, and therefore, are not falsifiable. If so, then how is it that the growth of science appears to result in a growth in knowledge? In Popper's view, the advance of scientific knowledge is an evolutionary process characterised by his formula:

Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?

All Life is Problem Solving

Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?

evolutionary

What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?

truth content

In what book did Popper seek to explain the process of literary knowledge?

I'm not sure.

Who explained why our understanding of the universe seems to worsen over time?

I'm not sure.

What part of theories can be verified by scientific testing?

I'm not sure.

What refers to something being "fake"?

I'm not sure.

What was the advance of scientific knowledge in Einstein's view?

I'm not sure.


In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolution. Theories that better survive the process of refutation are not more true, but rather, more "fit"—in other words, more applicable to the problem situation at hand (). Consequently, just as a species' biological fitness does not ensure continued survival, neither does rigorous testing protect a scientific theory from refutation in the future. Yet, as it appears that the engine of biological evolution has, over many generations, produced adaptive traits equipped to deal with more and more complex problems of survival, likewise, the evolution of theories through the scientific method may, in Popper's view, reflect a certain type of progress: toward more and more interesting problems (). For Popper, it is in the interplay between the tentative theories (conjectures) and error elimination (refutation) that scientific knowledge advances toward greater and greater problems; in a process very much akin to the interplay between genetic variation and natural selection.

What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?

error elimination

What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than "more true?"

more "fit"

What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science?

conjectures

Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?

more and more interesting problems

What is not subject to rigorous attempts at falsification?

I'm not sure.

What serves a different purpose in biological evolution than error elimination serves in science?

I'm not sure.

What theories are less applicable to the situation at hand?

I'm not sure.

What produces adaptive traits to deal only with simple problems of survival?

I'm not sure.

Who thinks the evolution of theories does not reflect a certain type of progress?

I'm not sure.


Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsified and will have to be replaced by a different one. Until that day, there is no need to reject the assumption that the theory is true. Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day, but will stop doing so the day after, or similar statements with additional conditions.

Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?

induction

What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?

additional conditions

Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?

Popper

Who never claimed to have solved the philosophical problem of induction?

I'm not sure.

What theory is not possible to formulate?

I'm not sure.

What would confirm the theory the sun will rise?

I'm not sure.

What is rational according to Popper?

I'm not sure.

Who said it was rational to assume the sun will rise until a given day?

I'm not sure.


Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysical ideas, about moral values and even about purposes is possible. Popper's student W.W. Bartley III tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge, but that everything can be rationally criticised.

Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?

ad-hoc-measures

Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?

W.W. Bartley III

What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?

empirical

Who held that rationality is restricted  to the realm of empirical or scientific theories?

I'm not sure.

What is rational discussion about not possible, according to this view?

I'm not sure.

Who was W.W. Bartley III's student?

I'm not sure.

What was W.W. Bartley III's uncontroversial claim?

I'm not sure.


To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not the goal to bless theories with claims of certainty or justification, but to eliminate errors in them. He writes, "there are no such things as good positive reasons; nor do we need such things [...] But [philosophers] obviously cannot quite bring [themselves] to believe that this is my opinion, let alone that it is right" (The Philosophy of Karl Popper, p. 1043)

According to Popper, what is not grounds for doubt?

lack of justification

What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against?

principle of sufficient reason

What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification?

eliminate errors

What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view?

good positive reasons

Who was a pro-justificationist?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper think needed to be justified?

I'm not sure.

What is a justification for doubt?

I'm not sure.

Who believed that good positive reasons exist?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper think should never be tested or scrutinized?

I'm not sure.


In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of authoritarianism and totalitarianism. He argued that historicism is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history, and since "no society can predict, scientifically, its own future states of knowledge", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand.

Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?

The Poverty of Historicism

What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?

historicism

What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?

authoritarianism and totalitarianism

What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?

the growth of human knowledge

In what book did Popper defend historicism?

I'm not sure.

Who criticized the "Open Society"?

I'm not sure.

What did Einstein consider historicism to be?

I'm not sure.

What did Popper argue is founded on correct assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction?

I'm not sure.

What can predict its own future states of knowledge?

I'm not sure.


As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as "one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery." Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski and published in 1933. Popper writes of learning in 1935 of the consequences of Tarski's theory, to his intense joy. The theory met critical objections to truth as correspondence and thereby rehabilitated it. The theory also seemed, in Popper's eyes, to support metaphysical realism and the regulative idea of a search for truth.

Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935?

Alfred Tarski

What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933?

semantic theory of truth

Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth?

truth as correspondence

What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported?

metaphysical

What did Popper write about before 1934?

I'm not sure.

Whose theory of truth did Alfred Tarski read in 1935?

I'm not sure.

What seemed to disprove metaphysical realism and the regulative idea of a search for truth to Popper?

I'm not sure.

What did Tarski write about the search for truth in 1934?

I'm not sure.

What book by Alfred Tarski was published in 1972?

I'm not sure.


According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationary theory, Popper refers to it as a theory in which "is true" is replaced with "corresponds to the facts". He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things: assertions and the facts to which they refer. He identifies Tarski's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as the introduction of a "metalinguistic predicate" and distinguishes the following cases:

What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?

deflationary

With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate "is true?"

"corresponds to the facts"

What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?

metalanguage

What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?

assertions and the facts to which they refer

What is not part of a metalanguage?

I'm not sure.

When is the sentence "Snow is white" untrue?

I'm not sure.

What does Popper interpret as a deflationary theory?

I'm not sure.

What does Tarski base his interpretation of Popper on?

I'm not sure.

What does Tarski identify Popper's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as?

I'm not sure.


Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or "truthlikeness". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theories can be objectively measured with respect to the amount of truth and falsity that they imply. And, in this way, one theory can be evaluated as more or less true than another on a quantitative basis which, Popper emphasises forcefully, has nothing to do with "subjective probabilities" or other merely "epistemic" considerations.

What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?

truthlikeness

Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?

subjective

What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?

epistemic

What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?

probability

What term means the opposite of verisimilitude?

I'm not sure.

What was Popper's unimportant notion?

I'm not sure.

What can never be evaluated as more or less true than another on an quantitative basis?

I'm not sure.

What does Popper emphasize has a lot to do with subjective probabilities?

I'm not sure.