In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids, the part Romanesque, part Gothic, very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played, the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century, the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture, the Gothic Église Saint-Jean, the part Gothic, part Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine, etc. The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display. Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out.

What was partly destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944?

Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne

What organ did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart play on?

Silbermann organ

Where is the Silbermann organ located?

Église Saint-Thomas

What is the Neo-Gothic church called?

Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique

In what century was the Eglise Saint-Etienne constructed?

I'm not sure.

What style of building is the Saint-Pierre-le-View Protestant?

I'm not sure.

What style of building is the Ancienne Douane?

I'm not sure.

What city was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart from?

I'm not sure.

What type of glass is in the Eglise Saint-Ettienne?

I'm not sure.


The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall), the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet), the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m (490 ft) long 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style.

How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold?

three

What did the city hall used to be known as?

Hôtel de Hanau

What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg?

Hôpital civil

Where is the Opera House located?

Place Broglie

What did the military governors residence used to be called?

Hôtel des Deux-Ponts

In what year was the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie built?

I'm not sure.

What style of building is the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie?

I'm not sure.

How tall is the Palais Rohan?

I'm not sure.

How tall is the  Chambre de commerce et d'industrie?

I'm not sure.

How long is the Opera House on Place Broglie?

I'm not sure.


Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.

What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer?

eclecticist

What war caused severe damage to Germany?

World War II

What was the former imperial palace called?

Palais du Rhin

What was the former girls college called?

Höhere Mädchenschule

How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?

seven stories

What style is the Palais du Rhin?

I'm not sure.

What building style is the Ecole Internationale des Pontonniers?

I'm not sure.

What type of facade does the Palais du Rhin have?

I'm not sure.

For what purpose was the Ecole des Arts decoratifs built?

I'm not sure.

How high is the Palais du Rhin?

I'm not sure.


As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid.

What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called?

Villa Schutzenberger

Who lost the architectural contest?

Le Corbusier

Who built the European Court of Human Rights building?

Richard Rogers

What did Zaha Hadid design?

Hoenheim-Nord

What is considered to be the finest building?

European Court of Human Rights

Who built the Palais des Fetes?

I'm not sure.

What building style is the Cite Rotterdam?

I'm not sure.

Who was the architect for the Hotel Brion?

I'm not sure.

Who created the Cite de la Musique et de la Danse?

I'm not sure.

Who designed the Hotel du Departement?

I'm not sure.


Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture. The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil.

Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie?

André le Nôtre

What park has a small zoo in it?

Parc de l'Orangerie

What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?

Parc de la Citadelle

What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?

What is the oldest park in the city?

Parc des Contades

In what year was the Parc de Pourtales laid out?

I'm not sure.

How big is the Parc de Pourtales?

I'm not sure.

What is the oldest park in Strasbourg?

I'm not sure.

What style of park is the Parc du Heyritz?

I'm not sure.

Who designed the Parc du Heyritz?

I'm not sure.


Unlike most other cities, Strasbourg's collections of European art are divided into several museums according not only to type and area, but also to epoch. Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts. Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins. Decorative arts until 1681 ("German period") are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 ("French period") are displayed in the Musée des Arts décoratifs. International art (painting, sculpture, graphic arts) and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain. The latter museum also displays the city's photographic library.

Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held?

Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?

Cabinet des estampes et dessins

Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?

Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

Where is the city's photographic library?

Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?

Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

When was the Musee de I'OEuvre Notre-Dame completed?

I'm not sure.

When was the Musee d'art moderne et contemporain finished?

I'm not sure.

What style of building is the Musee des Beaux-Arts?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Musee des art decoratifs completed?

I'm not sure.

What style of building is the Musee des art decoratifs?

I'm not sure.


Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.

What is Strasbourg known as?

centre of humanism

When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?

What did Montgelas study?

law

From what empire did students come from to attend university?

Holy Roman Empire

Who controlled Strasbourg prior to 1683?

I'm not sure.

What city was Goethe from?

I'm not sure.

Where did Montgelas go after studying law in Strasbourg?

I'm not sure.

Which city was Metternich from?

I'm not sure.

What language did most people speak in Strasbourg in 1683?

I'm not sure.


The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire (BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles, the second largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library. The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as "City Hall" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns. A librarian from Munich later pointed out "...that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman."

What is the second largest library in France?

Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire

How many titles does the library have?

Who founded the library?

German administration

When was the previous library destroyed?

What was the library marked as on the map?

City Hall

How many books does the Bibliotheque nationale de France hold?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the previous municipal library completely destroyed?

I'm not sure.

In what year did a French map maker accidentally mark the library as "City Hall"?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the German artillery bomb the library?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Bibliotheque nationale de France?

I'm not sure.


As one of the earliest centers of book-printing in Europe (see above: History), Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of incunabula—documents printed before 1500—in her library as one of her most precious heritages. After the total destruction of this institution in 1870, however, a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch. Today, Strasbourg's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula, distributed as follows: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire, ca. 2 098 Médiathèque de la ville et de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg, 394 Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire, 238 Médiathèque protestante, 94 and Bibliothèque alsatique du Crédit Mutuel, 5.

What are incunabula's?

documents printed before 1500

When was the library destroyed?

What kind of building holds incunabula's today?

public and institutional libraries

In what year did book-printing begin in Strasbourg?

I'm not sure.

In what year had the previous library been built?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Bibliotheque nationale et universitaire built?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Mediatheque protestante built?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Bibliotheque alsatique du Credit Mutuel built?

I'm not sure.


City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km (34.7 mi). The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams. With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named Vélhop'. The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of tram system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by trolleybus routes between 1939 and 1962.

What year did the Strasbourg tramway open?

Who operates the Strasbourg tramway?

regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois

How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have?

What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total?

55.8 km

How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg?

500 km

What do the buses look like in Strasbourg?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Compagnie des Transport Strasbourgeois established?

I'm not sure.

How long is the bus network?

I'm not sure.

How long were the trolleybus routes?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Velhop established?

I'm not sure.


Being a city on the Ill and close to the Rhine, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings. In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city. That canal has since closed, but the subsequent Canal du Rhone au Rhine, Canal de la Marne au Rhin and Grand Canal d'Alsace are still in use, as is the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg. Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly.

What year was the Canal de la Bruche added?

What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly?

Water tourism

What river is Strasbourg by?

Rhine

In what year was the Canal de la Bruche closed?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Canal du Rhone au Rhine opened?

I'm not sure.

Which is newer, the Canal de la Marne au Rhin or the Grand Canal d'Alsace?

I'm not sure.

Which canal attracts the most tourists?

I'm not sure.

Which canal attracts the fewest tourists?

I'm not sure.


The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of "filtered permeability" to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour active transportation and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the Fused Grid.

What system also complements walking and biking?

tram

What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into?

pedestrian

What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip?

public squares

What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?

Fused Grid

How do people most often get to Strasbourg from elsewhere?

I'm not sure.

Who takes priority between pedestrians and bicyclists?

I'm not sure.

What is filtered out in the outer sections of Strausberg?

I'm not sure.

What adds enjoyment to doing a trip in the outer sections of Strausberg?

I'm not sure.

What system is used as a comprehensive layout beyond central Strasbourg?

I'm not sure.


At present the A35 autoroute, which parallels the Rhine between Karlsruhe and Basel, and the A4 autoroute, which links Paris with Strasbourg, penetrate close to the centre of the city. The Grand contournement ouest (GCO) project, programmed since 1999, plans to construct a 24 km (15 mi) long highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south. This routes well to the west of the city and is meant to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the unité urbaine.

What route parallels the Rhine?

A35 autoroute

What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open?

How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35?

24 km

The traffic coming west of the city is from where?

unité urbaine

What does the A35 link Strasbourg with?

I'm not sure.

Where does the A35 link Strasbourg with?

I'm not sure.

When was the A35 autoroute built?

I'm not sure.

How long is the A35?

I'm not sure.

How long is the Rhine?

I'm not sure.


Oklahoma i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ (Cherokee: Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ; or translated ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ (òɡàlàhoma), Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh) is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people". It is also known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State, in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.

What is the Cherokee name for Oklahoma?

Asgaya gigageyi

What is the Pawnee name for Oklahoma?

Uukuhuúwa

What is the Cayuga name for Oklahoma?

Gahnawiyoˀgeh

Where does Oklahoma rank by population?

What is Oklahoma's nickname?

The Sooner State


The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people. Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory, in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers.

What language does the name Oklahoma come from?

Choctaw

What does Oklahoma mean?

red people

When was the name Oklahoma suggested?

Who suggested the name Oklahoma?

Choctaw Chief Allen Wright

When was the name Oklahoma made official?


Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles (181,035 km2), with 68,667 square miles (177847 km2) of land and 1,281 square miles (3,188 km2) of water. It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas.

Where does Oklahoma rank by land area?

How many square miles is Oklahoma?

How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma?

How many states are on the Frontier Strip?

six

Which state is north of Oklahoma?

Kansas


The western edge of the Oklahoma panhandle is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line. The border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian. In the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered that the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east. It was much easier to leave the mistake as it was than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the original surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian.

How far out of alignment is Oklahoma's western edge from Texas's border?

2.1 to 2.2 miles

When was the border between TX and NM first determined?

When was Oklahoma's border determined?

Where is the NM border of both Oklahoma and Texas supposed to line up with?

the 103rd Meridian

Which one is more accurately placed, the TX/NM border or the OK/NM border?

Oklahoma/New Mexico border


Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, OK, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level.

What plateau is Oklahoma near?

Ozark Plateau

What watershed is Oklahoma in?

Gulf of Mexico

What is Oklahoma's tallest mountain?

Black Mesa

How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's highest point?

How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's lowest point?


Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains. Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains mark the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and near the state's eastern border, Cavanal Hill is regarded by the Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot.

How many major mountain ranges are in Oklahoma?

four

Which of Oklahoma's mountain ranges are in the US Interior Highlands?

the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains

What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into?

north-central

What is the world's tallest hill?

Cavanal Hill

How high is Cavanal Hill?

1,999 feet


The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannahs cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction.

What is an example of a mesa range?

Glass Mountains

What part of Oklahoma is the Antelope Hills in?

southwestern

What part of Oklahoma has oak savannahs?

central

What mountains are in Oklahoma's eastern third?

The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains

In which direction do the Ozark mountains get higher?

eastward


Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses. Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the far western reaches of the panhandle. Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare, disjunct species including sugar maple, bigtooth maple, nolina and southern live oak.

How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests?

24 percent

What types of prairie grasslands does Oklahoma have?

shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie

What part of Oklahoma has low rainfall?

western

What types of trees grow near rivers in western Oklahoma?

pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines

What rare types of maples grow in southwest Oklahoma?

sugar maple, bigtooth maple


The state holds populations of white-tailed deer, mule deer, antelope, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, American bison, greater prairie chickens, badgers, and armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, grey fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with a total of 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Also, in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator.

What types of birds does Oklahoma have a lot of?

quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants

What types of deer does Oklahoma have a lot of?

white-tailed deer, mule deer

What does Oklahoma have the country's largest towns of?

prairie dog

What part of Oklahoma is Cross Timbers in?

Central

What part of Oklahoma does the American alligator live in?

southeastern


With 39,000 acres (158 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area, once covering 14 states. In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2).

How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?

39,000 acres

What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in?

north-central

The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area?

the world

How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?

How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma?

nine


Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year—one of the highest rates in the world.

What is Oklahoma's main climate region?

humid subtropical

What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have?

Tornado Alley

How many tornadoes hit Oklahoma each year?

average 62

What types of severe weather does Oklahoma get?

severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes

Where does Oklahoma receive hot dry air from?

Mexico


Because of Oklahoma's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances and can change drastically in a short time. As an example, on November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F (28 °C) in the afternoon (the record high for that date), then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees, down to 17 °F (−8 °C) at midnight (the record low for that date); thus, both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date. This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area, such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front, resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour over the course of a day.

What is Oklahoma's record high temperature for Nov 11?

83 °F

What is Oklahoma's record low temperature for Nov 11?

17 °F

What caused Oklahoma's temperature to plummet 66 degrees on Nov 11, 1911?

an Arctic cold front

How fast did the 1912 tornado outbreak make tornadoes?

one tornado per hour

How long did the 1912 tornado outbreak last?

a day


The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture. Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches (1,020 mm) and up to 56 inches (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under 17 inches (430 mm).

What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?

central, southern and eastern

Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?

Gulf of Mexico

What is Oklahoma's western climate type?

semi-arid

Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?

Lawton

What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?

62 °F


Over almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Early June can still be wet, but most years see a marked decrease in rainfall during June and early July. Mid-summer (July and August) represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma, with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years. Severe drought is common in the hottest summers, such as those of 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011, all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and high temperatures well over 100 °F (38 °C). Average precipitation rises again from September to mid-October, representing a secondary wetter season, then declines from late October through December.

Which season is the most dry in Oklahoma?

winter

When does Oklahoma get the most rain?

May

When is the second-driest season in Oklahoma?

Mid-summer

What years were Oklahoma's hottest summers?

1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011

How hot were Oklahoma's hottest summers?

well over 100 °F


All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) or below 0 °F (−18 °C), though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches (10 cm) in the south to just over 20 inches (51 cm) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle. The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Warning Decision Training Branch, all part of the National Weather Service and located in Norman. Oklahoma's highest recorded temperature of 120 °F (49 °C) was recorded at Tipton on June 27, 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of −31 °F (−35 °C) was recorded at Nowata on February 10, 2011.

What parts of Oklahoma rarely see below-zero temperatures?

south-central and southeastern

What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma?

less than 4 inches

What is the average snowfall in Oklahoma near the Colorado border?

over 20 inches

Where is the Storm Prediction Center located?

Norman

What was Oklahoma's record high temperature?

120 °F


Evidence exists that native peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age. Ancestors of the Wichita and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma. The Panhandle culture peoples were precontact residents of the panhandle region. The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, which flourished between AD 850 and 1450. Spaniard Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541, but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.

Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma?

Wichita and Caddo

What was Spiro, Oklahoma named for?

Spiro Mounds

When did Spiro Mounds flourish?

between AD 850 and 1450

What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541?

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

When did France sell Oklahoma's land to the US?


The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy. In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the "Father of Route 66", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.

What was the "Oil Capital of the World"?

Tulsa

What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma?

oil

Who was the "Father of Route 66"?

Cyrus Avery

When did Route 66 begin?

Where was the Highway 66 Association based?

Tulsa


During the 1930s, parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices, extended drought and high winds. Known as the Dust Bowl, areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures, sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States. Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.

When did the Dust Bowl begin?

What mistake led to the Dust Bowl?

poor farming practices

What states were affected by the Dust Bowl?

Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma

How many farmers had to relocate because of the Dust Bowl?

thousands

How much did Oklahoma's population decline from 1930 to 1950?

6.9 percent


In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of one of the most destructive acts of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. The two men were convicted of the bombing: McVeigh was sentenced to death and executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001; his partner Nichols is serving a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole. McVeigh's army buddy, Michael Fortier, was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison and ordered to pay a $75,000 fine for his role in the bombing plot (i.e. assisting in the sale of guns to raise funds for the bombing, and examining the Murrah Federal building as a possible target before the terrorist attack). His wife, Lori Fortier, who has since died, was granted immunity from prosecution in return for her testimony in the case.

When was the Oklahoma City Bombing?

April 19, 1995

Who committed the Oklahoma City Bombing?

Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols

How many people died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?

How many children died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?

When was McVeigh executed?

June 11, 2001


The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the total population of the state. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The next most commonly spoken language is Cherokee, with about 22,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma. Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

When did Oklahoma declare an official language?

How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?

What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?

What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?

Spanish

What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?

Cherokee


German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present).

What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?

German

How many Oklahomans speak German?

What is Oklahoma's fifth most popular language?

Vietnamese

How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese?

How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma?

more than 25


Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the "Bible Belt". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the area is known for politically and socially conservative views, even though Oklahoma has more voters registered with the Democratic Party than with any other party. Tulsa, the state's second largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the "buckle of the Bible Belt". According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents – 85 percent – are Christian, accounting for about 80 percent of the population. The percentage of Oklahomans affiliated with Catholicism is half of the national average, while the percentage affiliated with Evangelical Protestantism is more than twice the national average – tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state.

What is the conservative Evangelical Christian region called?

the "Bible Belt"

What parts of the US are covered by the 'Bible Belt'?

southern and eastern

What political party has the most members in Oklahoma?

Democratic

What is Oklahoma's 2nd-largest city?

Tulsa

How much of Oklahoma's population is Christian?

80 percent


Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat. Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma, and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation, with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007.

How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing natural gas?

third

How does Oklahoma rank among US states for agriculture?

How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing wheat?

How many Fortune 500 companies are based in Oklahoma?

Four

How many Fortune 1000 companies are based in Oklahoma?

six


Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, fifth-largest producer of crude oil, and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs, and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves. While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation.

What is Oklahoma's rank among states producing crude oil?

fifth

What is Oklahoma's rank among states by active drilling rigs?

second

How does Oklahoma's crude oil reserves rank among states?

fifth

How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from non-renewable sources?

94 percent

How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from coal?

25 percent


According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation, and all of Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related. Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine. The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second-largest company in the mining and crude oil-producing industry in the nation, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and Oklahoma Gas & Electric ranks as the 25th-largest gas and electric utility company.

Which largest private oil companies are based in Oklahoma City?

Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation

What industry are all of the Oklahoma-based Fortune 500 companies in?

energy

What is the largest company in Oklahoma?

ONEOK

What is the 2nd-largest company in Oklahoma?

Williams Companies

Where is ONEOK based?

Tulsa


The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States. The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The University program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States.

How many famous Native American ballerinas came from Oklahoma?

five

What are Oklahoma's Native American ballerinas called?

the Five Moons

What ballerina started the Oklahoma City Ballet?

Yvonne Chouteau

When did the University of Oklahoma's dance program begin?

Which sisters were in the Five Moons?

Marjorie and Maria Tallchief


In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called "Discoveryland!" is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma! Ridge Bond, native of McAlester, Oklahoma, starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma!, playing the role of "Curly McClain" in more than 2,600 performances. In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast. Bond was instrumental in the title song becoming the Oklahoma state song and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical's 50th anniversary. Historically, the state has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized at Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the "Carnegie Hall of Western Swing", served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s. Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music, the best-known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers.

Where is 'Discoveryland!'?

Sand Springs

Who starred in the Broadway production of 'Oklahoma!'?

Ridge Bond

Where is Ridge Bond from?

McAlester, Oklahoma

Who did Ridge Bond play?

Curly McClain

How many performances of Oklahoma! was Ridge Bond in?

more than 2,600


Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies.

What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City?

Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep

What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River?

Theatre Tulsa

Where is the American Theatre Company based?

Tulsa

What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma?

American Theatre Company

Where is Heller Theatre?

Tulsa


Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.

How many museums are in Oklahoma?

more than 300

How does Oklahoma's per-capita arts spending rank?

Where is the Philbrook Museum?

Tulsa

What kind of museum is the Philbrook?

fine art

Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?

Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa


The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles. The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world, and Oklahoma City's National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier. With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States.

Where does Oklahoma have a fine Egyptian art collection?

Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee

Where is the largest collection of Dale Chinuly's work?

Oklahoma City Museum of Art

What kind of art did Dale Chinuly make?

glass sculptures

Where is the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum?

Oklahoma City

Where is the largest Jewish art collection in the southwest?

Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa


Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association, and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events, and include festivals (as examples) in Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Czech, Jewish, Arab, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions.

When was Oklahoma's centennial year?

When was the exact hundredth anniversary of Oklahoma's statehood?

November 16, 2007

What organization said Oklahoma's centennial was the top event in the US that year?

American Bus Association

What do ethnic festivals depict?

cultural heritage or traditions


During a 10-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts. Large national pow-wows, various Latin and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its 10-day run, and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 people in four days during 2007. In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today and one of the top German food festivals in the nation by Bon Appetit magazine.

How long is the State Fair of Oklahoma?

Where is the State Fair of Oklahoma?

Oklahoma City

How many people attend the State Fair of Oklahoma each year?

roughly one million

How long is the Tulsa State Fair?

How many people attend the Tulsa State Fair each year?

over one million


Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's "largest weekend event and the third largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation".

When did the Medieval Fair of Norman begin?

Where was Oklahoma's first medieval fair?

Norman

Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years?

the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus

Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002?

Duck Pond in Norman

Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003?

Reaves Park


With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008[update]. Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009-10 school year. Ranked near the bottom of states in expenditures per student, Oklahoma spent $7,755 for each student in 2008, 47th in the nation, though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd.

How many students were in Oklahoma's public schools in 2008?

How many school districts are in Oklahoma?

How many Native American students are in Oklahoma's public schools?

What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008?

How many public schools does Oklahoma have?


The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it a model for early childhood schooling. High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate. In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among southern states.

Who said Oklahoma's pre-K program is the best in the US?

National Institute for Early Education Research

When was Oklahoma's pre-K called 'a model for early childhood schooling'?

What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2007?

What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2008?

2.5 percent

What percent of Oklahomans have graduated high school?

85.2 percent


Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities, including Northeastern State University, the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount. Langston University is Oklahoma's only historically black college. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007, and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade.

How many public universities does Oklahoma have?

eleven

What is the second-oldest university west of the MS River?

Northeastern State University

Within what university is Oklahoma's only optometry college?

Northeastern State University

What university has the largest Native American enrollment in the US?

Northeastern State University

What is Oklahoma's only HBCU?

Langston University


In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278 degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component.

How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?

How many grad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?

How many professional degree college students were in Oklahoma in 2007?

How many of Oklahoma's 2007 undergrads completed their degree?

How many of Oklahoma's 2007 grad students completed their degree?


The Cherokee Nation instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, 80% or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language. The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. There is a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade. Graduates are fluent speakers of the language. Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the University of Oklahoma and Northeastern State University.

Which Native American group is involved in a language preservation project?

Cherokee Nation

What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee?

80% or more

What group runs the Cherokee language preservation project?

Cherokee Preservation Foundation

How much has the Cherokee Preservation Foundation spent on schools?

$3 million

Where is there a Cherokee immersion school?

Tahlequah, Oklahoma


Oklahoma has teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling located in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas–Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings. Oklahoma supports teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the AAA and AA levels (Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA Development League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League. Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA.

What is the only major league sports team in Oklahoma?

Oklahoma City Thunder

What league is the Thunder in?

National Basketball Association

What had Oklahoma's WNBA team been?

Tulsa Shock

Where did Oklahoma's WNBA team move to?

Dallas–Fort Worth

What was Oklahoma's WNBA team renamed to when it moved?

Dallas Wings


The NBA's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics, a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC, a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clayton Bennett, relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008–09 season, becoming the state's first permanent major league franchise.

Which NBA team temporarily relocated to Oklahoma?

New Orleans Hornets

Where did the temporary NBA team play in Oklahoma?

Oklahoma City's Ford Center

What caused the temporary NBA team to relocate to Oklahoma?

Hurricane Katrina

What was the Thunder's previous name?

Seattle SuperSonics

Who owns the Thunder?

Professional Basketball Club LLC


Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. The most prominent are the state's two members of the Big 12 Conference, one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games. The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series, which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state. Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation. Two private institutions in Tulsa, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University; are also Division I members. Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference, while Oral Roberts, which does not sponsor football, is a member of The Summit League. In addition, 12 of the state's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of four different conferences, and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA, mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference.

How many NCAA Division I colleges does Oklahoma have?

four

How many colleges does Oklahoma have in the Big 12?

two

How many fans attend an average Oklahoma State University football game?

over 50,000

What is the rivalry between OSU and University of Oklahoma called?

Bedlam Series

Where is Oral Roberts University?

Tulsa


Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa, and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City, and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa. Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation, Southern Hills has hosted four PGA Championships, including one in 2007, and three U.S. Opens, the most recent in 2001. Rodeos are popular throughout the state, and Guymon, in the state's panhandle, hosts one of the largest in the nation.

What kind of tournaments does Cedar Ridge Country Club host?

LPGA

Where is Southern Hills Country Club?

Tulsa

Where is Oak Tree Country Club?

Oklahoma City

Where is Cedar Ridge Country Club?

Tulsa

How many PGA championships has Southern Hills held?

four


The state has two primary newspapers. The Oklahoman, based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690. The Tulsa World, the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation, holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558. Oklahoma's first newspaper was established in 1844, called the Cherokee Advocate, and was written in both Cherokee and English. In 2006, there were more than 220 newspapers located in the state, including 177 with weekly publications and 48 with daily publications.

How many major newspapers does Oklahoma have?

two

What is the largest Oklahoma newspaper?

The Oklahoman

How many people read the Sunday issue of The Oklahoman?

What is the 2nd-largest Oklahoma newspaper?

The Tulsa World

How many people read the Sunday issue of The Tulsa World?


More than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of roads make up the state's major highway skeleton, including state-operated highways, ten turnpikes or major toll roads, and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation. In 2008, Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma's busiest highway, with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars. In 2010, the state had the nation's third highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges.

How many miles of highways are in Oklahoma?

More than 12,000

Oklahoma has the longest drivable stretch of what famous highway?

Route 66

What is the busiest highway in Oklahoma?

Interstate 44

How many bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?

How many national highway bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?


Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010. Tulsa International Airport, the state's second largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010. Between the two, six airlines operate in Oklahoma. In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with 335,826 takeoffs and landings in 2008. In total, Oklahoma has over 150 public-use airports.

What is the largest commercial airport in Oklahoma?

Will Rogers World Airport

Where is Oklahoma's largest airport?

Oklahoma City

How many people boarded in Will Rogers World Airport in 2010?

1.7 million

How many different airlines operate in Oklahoma?

six

How many public airports does Oklahoma have?

over 150


Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The only port handling international cargo in the state, the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year. Both ports are located on the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers, contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world.

How many ports does Oklahoma have?

Two

Which port in Oklahoma handles international cargo?

Tulsa Port of Catoosa

Where is the furthest-inland oceangoing port in the US?

Tulsa

How many tons of cargo does the Tulsa Port of Catoosa ship annually?

over two million

What connects the two Oklahoma ports?

the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System


Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serves one county. The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule.

How many district courts does Oklahoma have?

How many counties does Oklahoma have?

What is the civil court of last resort in Oklahoma?

the state Supreme Court

What is the criminal court of last resort in Oklahoma?

the state Court of Criminal Appeals

What is the only other state with two courts of last resort?

Texas


The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.

Who is in the executive branch?

the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials

Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?

the Governor

Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?

the Executive branch

Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?

the Executive branch


The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff. While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power, county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, but have executive power but no legislative or judicial power. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction. Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts.

How many county commissioners does each Oklahoma county have?

three

What are the major county offices in Oklahoma?

commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff

How many counties are in Oklahoma?

Who can collect taxes in Oklahoma?

Both county and municipal governments

Who can hold elections in Oklahoma?

Both county and municipal governments


Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.

How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma?

Thirty-nine

Tribes hold land in Oklahoma, but what isn't it called?

reservations

What powers do tribal governments have?

executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions

Who can overrule the tribal governments?

the United States Congress

Who must approve tribal constitutions?

the United States Congress


After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015, starting in 1952, Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election (1964). This is not to say that every election has been a landslide for Republicans: Jimmy Carter lost the state by less than 1.5% in 1976, while Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton both won 40% or more of the state's popular vote in 1988 and 1996 respectively. Al Gore in 2000, though, was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state. Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in both 2008 and 2012.

What political party rose to power in Oklahoma in 1948?

Republican

When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma?

What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate didn't win in Oklahoma?

Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice?

Barack Obama

Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma?

Al Gore


Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. For the 112th Congress (2011–2013), there were no changes in party strength, and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat. In the 112th Congress, Oklahoma's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn, and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan (R-OK-1), Dan Boren (D-OK-2), Frank D. Lucas (R-OK-3), Tom Cole (R-OK-4), and James Lankford (R-OK-5).

How many US House reps did Oklahoma have before the 2000 census?

six

How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census?

five

How many of Oklahoma's House reps were Republican in 2012?

four

Who are Oklahoma's US Senators?

Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn

What political party are Oklahoma's US Senators?

Republicans


Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010, with 1,252,987 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents. Between 2000 and 2010, the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).

How many incorporated cities are in Oklahoma?

How many Oklahoma cities have over 100,000 people?

four

How many of the 50 largest US cities are in Oklahoma?

Oklahoma

What is the largest metro area in Oklahoma as of 2010?

Oklahoma City

How many people live in the Tulsa metro area?


In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, −0.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.

What is Oklahoma's largest city?

Oklahoma City

How much did Oklahoma City's population grow from 2000 to 2010?

How many people lived in Lawton in 2010?

How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?

What Arkansas city's metro area extends into Oklahoma?

Fort Smith


State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state's motto. The House passed HCR 1024, which will change the state motto from "Labor Omnia Vincit" to "Oklahoma-In God We Trust!" The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.

What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?

HCR 1024

What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?

Labor Omnia Vincit

Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma's motto?

no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit"


The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.

In what geographic area was the country of India established?

Indian subcontinent

What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?

Vedic Civilization

Of what is Hinduism a combination?

Indian cultures and traditions

How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?

two millennia

What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?

independence movement


Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilization collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha propagated their Shramanic philosophies during the fifth and sixth century BCE.

For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?

75,000 years

How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?

500,000 years ago

When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?

c. 3200 to 1300 BCE

What was the first major civilization in South Asia?

Indus Valley Civilization

What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?

2600 to 1900 BCE


Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. From the 3rd century BC onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish. Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BC and was exported to foreign countries. Various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Greater India).

What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?

Maurya Empire

After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?

Prakrit and Pali

What form of metal was developed and  exported from southern India?

Wootz steel

What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?

Golden Age of India

What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period?

Gupta


The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara Pratihara Empire. Southern India was ruled by the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The seventh century also saw the advent of Islam as a political power, though as a fringe, in the western part of the subcontinent, in modern-day Pakistan. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.

Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?

7th and 11th

How long did the Tripartite struggle last?

two centuries

When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?

seventh century

What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?

Chola dynasty

What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?

Hindu numerals


Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century, but declined in the late 14th century when several powerful Hindu states such as the Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom, as well as Rajput dynasties and states, such as Mewar dynasty, emerged. The 15th century saw the emergence of Sikhism. In the 16th century, Mughals came from Central Asia and gradually covered most of India. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent.

What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?

Central Asian Turks

When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?

late 14th century

What belief system began in the 15th century?

Sikhism

What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?

Mughal Empire

During what century did the Mughal empire decline?

early 18th century


From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.

What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?

British East India Company

What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?

Indian Rebellion

After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?

British Crown

The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?

infrastructure

What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?

Indian National Congress


Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]

Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?

Romila Thapar

What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?

social-economic

What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?

strong continuity

What type of conquests were gradual in nature?

Muslim conquests

What part of India was never completely conquered?

south


Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.

By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?

Middle Pleistocene

What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?

Homo erectus

From how long ago do tools date in India?

two million years

Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?

Soan River valley

What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?

palaeolithic hominid


The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000–9000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan.

What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?

Neolithic

What happened in India during the Neolithic period?

extensive settlement

How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?

12,000 years

When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?

9,000 years ago

During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?

7000–9000 BCE


The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization.

When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive?

2600 to 1900 BCE

What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?

urban

What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?

municipal

Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?

brick

How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?

multistoreyed


The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.

For what culture is the Vedic period named?

Indo-Aryan

Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?

north-west India

In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?

Vedic Sanskrit

What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?

The Vedas

What was the duration of the Vedic culture?

1750 to 500 BCE


At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure. During this period, many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities.

When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?

Rigvedic period

Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?

western Ganges plain

What were the Aryan social classes called?

varnas

What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?

occupations

What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?

small tribal units


The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours, the Panchala kingdom. The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture, which flourished in the Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh regions of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE, is believed to correspond to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms.

What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?

Kuru kingdom

What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?

1200 – 800 BCE

At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?

Iron Age

What is the first Indian text to mention iron?

Atharvaveda

When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?

Panchala


In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these two epic poems, but now recognize that the texts (which are both familiar with each other) went through multiple stages of development over centuries. For instance, the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict (possibly about 1000 BCE) which was eventually "transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets". There is no conclusive proof from archaeology as to whether the specific events of the Mahabharat have any historical basis. The existing texts of these epics are believed to belong to the post-Vedic age, between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Some even attempted to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy which have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimated dates ranging up to mid 2nd millennium BCE.

What were the principle texts of Hinduism?

Vedas

In what language were the Vedas ?

Sanskrit

What were the core epics of the Vedas?

Ramayana and Mahabharata

Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?

Mahabharata

On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?

small-scale conflict


During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain. The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called "Second urbanization".[note 3] It was influenced by the Vedic culture, but differed markedly from the Kuru-Panchala region. It "was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BC was the location of an advanced neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar". In this region the Shramanic movements flourished, and Jainism and Buddhism originated.

What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?

Shramana-movement

What was the origins of the Shramana movement?

Jainism and Buddhism

During what time were the first Upanishads written?

between 800 and 200 BCE

What period started after 500 BCE?

Second urbanization

Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?

Central Ganges Plain


In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja—stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation.

By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?

later Vedic Age

How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?

sixteen monarchies

What were the sixteen kingdoms called?

Mahajanapadas

What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?

urbanism

What was the first major urbanization in India?

Indus Valley Civilisation


Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early "republics" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE. The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit, while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits. Many of the sixteen kingdoms had coalesced to four major ones by 500/400 BCE, by the time of Gautama Buddha. These four were Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala, and Magadha. The Life of Gautam Budhha was mainly associated with these four kingdoms.

Where was the Vajji confederation located?

Vaishali

How early did the small republic states exist in India?

6th century BCE

Until what century did the republic states endure in India?

4th century CE

In what language did the educated Indian speak?

Sanskrit

What was the general population's common language ?

Prakrits


The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death.

When were the earliest Upanishads composed?

7th and 6th centuries BC

Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?

Hinduism

What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?

Vedanta

What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?

ritual

What worship system is central to Hinduism?

Self


Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of samsara, and the concept of liberation. Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.

What did the shramana movements challenge?

orthodoxy of rituals

Who was the founder of Jainism?

Mahavira

What prominent icon founded Buddhism?

Buddha

What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?

Middle Way

What belief system taught the idea of samsara?

Shramana


Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. A state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier in time than 600 BC. Magadha Empire had great rulers like Bimbisara and Ajatshatru.

Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?

Mahā-Janapadas

How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?

Great Countries

Where was the center of Magadha?

Bihar

Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?

Vedic texts

What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?

600 BC.


The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.

Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?

Atharva-Veda

In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?

Jainism and Buddhism

Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?

Magadha

Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?

Golden Age

What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?

Gramakas