With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?

Napoleon

How long did Portugal's decline last?

until the 20th century

In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?

To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?

Brazil

What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves


As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?

the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family

Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?

French

By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?

Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?

until the Liberal Revolution of 1820

Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?

Porto


With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

When was the Conference of Berlin held?

Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?

to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa

During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?

Scramble for Africa

What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?

Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia

When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?

before the turn of the 20th century


On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).

On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?

1 February 1908

Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?

on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902

Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?

Manuel II of Portugal

On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?

5 October 1910

During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?

Political instability and economic weaknesses


This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.

Who led the Estado Novo?

António de Oliveira Salazar

In what year was the Estado Novo established?

How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?

five

What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?

relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa


The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).

Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?

April 1974

What was the Carnation Revolution?

left-wing military coup in Lisbon

By what was the PREC characterized by?

social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces


The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.

What entity governed Portugal until 1976?

Junta de Salvação Nacional

Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?

Socialist Party

Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?

Mário Soares

Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?

1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985


The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?

socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model

In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?

For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?

to accommodate socialist and communist principles


Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.

What type of climate does Portugal have?

Mediterranean

In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?

8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)

In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?

16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)

How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?

900 metres (3,000 ft)


Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to Köppen-Geiger classification.

What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?

subtropical

What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?

rough topography

What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?

Mediterranean


Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.

What two types of forests can be found in Geres?

deciduous and coniferous

To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?

the Tertiary period

What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?

Pyrenean

What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?

Boars

How many national parks does Portugal have?


Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).

What is Laurisilva?

a unique type of subtropical rainforest

What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?

fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear

What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?

migratory birds


There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.

How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?

more than 100

In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?

in the Tagus International Natural Park

Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?

because of habitat loss, pollution and drought

What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?

plankton


The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.

For how many years is the Portugal president elected?

five

Who is the current president of Portugal?

Aníbal Cavaco Silva

How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?

For how long of a term are deputies elected?

four-year

How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?

thirteen


Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.

What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?

Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party

At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?

national-, regional- and local-levels

What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?

Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party

What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?

5 and 15%


The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the "moderator power" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

Who is the Head of State of Portugal?

President of the Republic

For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?

five

By what means is the President of the Republic elected?

by direct, universal suffrage

Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?

President of the Republic


The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.

What group acts as the presidential cabinet?

The Council of Ministers

What process is required of each government's policies?

define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate

What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?

an absolute majority of deputies


Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.

Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?

former colonies and territories

What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?

a civilian police force who work in urban areas

What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?

a highly specialized criminal investigation police

Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?

the Public Ministry.


Portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the Western world. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including, but not limited to, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than "10 days worth of personal use" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.

In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?

How much of a drug is legal to possess?

10 days worth of personal use

What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?

go to a rehab facility

By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?

50 percent


Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: municípios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies NUTS, inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).[original research?] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).

How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?

How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?

How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?


The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.

How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?

three

What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?

Navy, Army and Air Force

What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?

primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security

How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?

How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?

$5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP


The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines) has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft.

What is the number of personnel in the army?

With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?

Pandur II APC

What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?

Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC

What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?

paratroopers, commandos and rangers

How many personnel does the Navy have?


In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.

In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?

World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War

During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?

In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?

East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon

What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?

Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998


After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions. In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month.

Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?

Pedro Passos Coelho

What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?

improve the State's financial situation

How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?

tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts

Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?


A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.

Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?

unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms

By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?

Diário de Notícias


After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes. In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.

In what two years was there a financial crisis?

Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?

Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)

What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?

bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud

Why was the case of BPN more serious?

its size, market share, and the political implications

On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?

fraud


The Portuguese currency is the euro (€), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas—the Setúbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.[citation needed] According to World Travel Awards, Portugal is the Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013.

What currency does Portugal use?

the euro (€)

What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?

Portuguese Escudo

What is the name of Portugal's central bank?

Banco de Portugal

In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?

Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas

According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?

Golf


Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages.

In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?

What period followed the Carnation Revolution?

PREC period

Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?

changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector

What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?

textiles, clothing, footwear and cork

What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?

cork


In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion. In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014, however unemployment, while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent.

By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?

European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund

In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?

How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?

€78 billion

When did Portugal exit the bailout?

May 2014

By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?

15.3 percent


Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef.

Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?

small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units

What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?

Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro

What types of crops does Portugal produce?

tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms

What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?

dairy products, poultry and beef


Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olhão, Sesimbra, Figueira da Foz, Sines, Portimão and Madeira. Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez (the world’s oldest active canned fish producer), Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama.[citation needed]

Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?

Ramirez

What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?

Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama

What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?

fish


Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves—mainly in the north—after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals. The Panasqueira and Neves-Corvo mines are among the most recognised Portuguese mines that are still in operation.[citation needed]

What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?

copper

What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?

tin, tungsten and uranium

What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?

hydrocarbon

In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?

north

What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?

1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization


Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro.[citation needed]

What automotive brands exist in Portugal?

Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen

What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?

Embraer and OGMA

Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?

Palmela

What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?

Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor

Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?

Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro


Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia. Consequently, it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.

Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?

increase

With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?

Eastern European destinations

How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?

focus upon its niche attractions

What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?

health, nature and rural tourism


The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemployment rate had reached 10.2% – a 23-year record high. In December 2009, ratings agency Standard & Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to "negative" from "stable," voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. In July 2011, ratings agency Moody's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011.

What magazine described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe?"

The Economist

Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?

What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?

In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?

negative

In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?


On 6 April 2011, after his proposed "Plan for Stability and Growth IV" (PEC IV) was rejected by the Parliament, Prime Minister José Sócrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously. It was the third time that the Portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the IMF—the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the Carnation's Revolution. In October 2011, Moody's Investor Services downgraded nine Portuguese banks due to financial weakness.

What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?

that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility

How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?

third

What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?

Carnation's Revolution

For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?

financial weakness


In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants). By EU and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient, and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe (after Italy); conversely, Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors—over 30 per 100,000 people. The entire Portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement, useless redundancies, waste, excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors, particularly in justice.

In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?

What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?

In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?

slow and inefficient

Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?

Italy

How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?

over 30


In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund—the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4.8 billion over a three-year period.

Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?

Passos Coelho

What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?

significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours

For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?

austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant

From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?

European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund


Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66, announced cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses, abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education, but kept the pensions of the judges, diplomats untouched and didn't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces. He has, however, cut meaningfully the politicians salaries. These policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions, namely between the Government and the Constitutional Court. Several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis.

To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?

To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?

pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses

Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?

English

What did the instituting of these policies lead to?

social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions


After years of high increase, the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014, decreasing from a peak of 17.7% achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015. However, it is high still high compared with what was the normal average Portuguese unemployment rate in the past. In the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7.3%, but the rate immediately rose the following period. By December 2009, unemployment had surpassed the 10% mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events, by 2010, the rate was around 11% and in 2011 it was above 12%.[citation needed] The first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for Portugal, as it reached 17.7%— up from 17% in the previous quarter — and the Government has predicted an 18.5% unemployment rate in 2014. However, in the third quarter of the same year, it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15.6%. From then on, the unemployment downtrend continued, declining to 13.9% in the second semester of 2014 and to 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015.

Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?

third quarter of 2014

To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?

In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?

By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?

December 2009


Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra, also, between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit Fátima each year, where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of Fátima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. Lisbon is the 16th European city which attracts the most tourists (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006, a number that grew 11.8% compared to previous year). Lisbon in recent years surpassed the Algarve as the leading tourist region in Portugal. Porto and Northern Portugal, especially the urban areas north of Douro River valley, was the tourist destination which grew most (11.9%) in 2006, surpassing Madeira (in 2010), as the third most visited destination.[citation needed]

What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal?

Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra

Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?

Fátima

What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?

Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children

What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?

Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo

What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists?

Lisbon


By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways. On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.

What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?

fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles

After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?

new motorways

How long is Portugal's total road network?

68,732 km (42,708 mi)

In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?


Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.

How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?

89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)

How many national airports does Portugal have?

four

Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?

Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja

Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?

geographical position

What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?

TAP Portugal


A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and 9,750,000 t (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.

Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?

Spain

What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?

Comboios de Portugal

How long is the total railway system in Portugal?

2,791 km (1,734 mi)

How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?

1,430 km (889 mi)

How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km/h?

900 km (559 mi)


The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remain, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.

What are the two subway systems in Portugal?

Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area

How long are each of the subway systems?

more than 35 km (22 mi)

By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by?

Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)

For how long has the Libon tram service existed?

over a century


Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.

In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?

R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions

What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?

INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação

By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?

Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)


Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.

What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?

Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation

What is the Champalimaud Foundation?

neuroscience and oncology research centre

What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?

one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world

In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?


Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ciência Viva, a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.

What is the name of the largest European aquarium?

Lisbon Oceanarium

What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?

scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population

What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions?

Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium


With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilhã). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.

What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?

the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world

What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?

Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)

For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?

take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support


Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.

What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?

wind and river power

Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?

Moura, in the south

Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?

Norte region

By the end of 2006, what percentage of Portugal's energy production was from renewable sources?


Portugal’s national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programs combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal’s distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.

What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?

Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)

What does REN do?

uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants

Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?

hydropower plants on its rivers

What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?

wind-driven turbines

How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?

setting a premium price


The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatística) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Cristãos Novos (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte, who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta.

What was the Portuguese population in 2011?

What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?

What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?

What is the dominant religion in Portugal?

Catholicism

What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?

Mouriscos


The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations.

In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin?

Paleolithic peoples

When did people first start arriving in the European continent?

45,000 years ago

What is the main population source of the Portuguese people?

Paleolithic


Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and/or personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants.

What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?

colonial history

Which ocean does Portugal border?

Atlantic Ocean

What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?

Angola and Mozambique

The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?

Portuguese

How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?


According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion.

What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?

What other religious communities exist in Portugal?

Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist

What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?

What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?


Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–26) changed the role and importance of organized religion.

In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?

Christian

In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?

13th and 14th

What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?

formation of the First Portuguese Republic

During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?


Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.

On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?

25 July 1139

Afonso heard Jesus promising what?

victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso

Why did God want to act through Afonso?

in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands


Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another.

What is the official name of Portugal?

Portuguese

What type of language is Portuguese?

Romance

Where did Portuguese originate?

Galicia and Northern Portugal

What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?

Galician-Portuguese


The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago—particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).

From what language is Portuguese derived?

Latin

By what group of people is Portuguese derived?

Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire?

1415 and 1999

In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?

five

What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?

Brazil


The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.

What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?

99 percent

Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?

100 percent

What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?

Over 35%

What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?


Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.

Since when have Portuguese universities existed?

Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?

Lisbon

Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?

Coimbra

What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?

the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro

What is the oldest medical college in Asia?

the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa


The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).

When was the Bologna process adopted?

What are most higher education student costs supported with?

public money

Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?

over 23 years old


The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.

What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?

developing health policy as well as managing the SNS

How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?

Five

What are the regional health administrations in charge of?

implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery


Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.

What do most Portuguese people die from?

noncommunicable diseases

What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?

ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease

What is the biggest killer in Portugal?

cerebrovascular disease

What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?

Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?

children as well as among women younger than 44 years


People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.

What survey results complement on data on health status?

self-reporting at the household level

What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?

one third


Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.

Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?

1990s and 2000s

In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?

Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?

Lisbon

What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities?

Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música

How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?

fifteen


Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne. In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.

What is the Manueline style also known as?

Portuguese late Gothic

What is the Manueline style?

a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century

What is Soft Portuguese style?

A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture

Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal?

Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne

For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal?

stadium design


Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.

In which period was cinema born?

late 19th century

Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?

Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

Who are some noted Portuguese actors?

Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado


Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Who was Luís de Camões?

Adventurer and poet

What epic poem did Luís de Camões write?

"Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads)

What was Luís de Camões main influence?

Virgil's Aeneid

What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in?

neoclassic and contemporary styles

Who are some modern Portuguese authors?

Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga


Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may be made out of beef, pork, lamb, or chicken, include cozido à portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leitão (roast suckling pig) and carne de porco à alentejana. A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood).

What is dry cod known as in Portuguese?

bacalhau

Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal?

grilled sardines and caldeirada

What is caldeirada?

a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish

What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes?

beef, pork, lamb, or chicken

What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes?

arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)


Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas.

What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal?

Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches

Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins?

in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country

What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?

almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor

What are two examples of Portuguese pastries?

pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro


Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine, the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.

Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition?

since the times of the Romans

With which Roman God was Portugal associated with?

Bacchus

What are some of the best Portuguese wines?

Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine

Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?

Port and Madeira


Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of Queima das Fitas are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon.

What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal?

Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,

What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal?

Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto

What is the Boom Festival?

one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years

What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival?

European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010

In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?


In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Graça, Emmanuel Nunes and Sérgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television.

What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal?

Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa

What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal?

Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro

Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal?

José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos

Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal?

Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira


The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters/writers were Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted his (Pessoa's) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego.

In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism?

20th century

By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by?

French painters, particularly by the Delaunays

What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works?

Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro

Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal?

Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego


Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for 2013 and 2014, are among the numerous examples of other world-class football players born in Portugal and noted worldwide. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José among the most renowned.

What is the most popular sport in Portugal?

Football

What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history?

Eusébio

Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal?

Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo

What award did both Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win?

FIFA World Player of the Year

Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal?

José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José


SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol – annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a prestigious women`s football tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal.

What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal?

SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP

What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as?

"os três grandes" ("the big three")

How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have "the big three" won?

eight

Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?

roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball

By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted?

Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol


Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.

What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?

human beings

What is a common tenant of humanism?

freedom and progress

These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?

secularism

What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism?

intellectual movements

Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?

science

What can be seen as no importance to the practice of humanism?

I'm not sure.

What is a fake tenant of humanism?

I'm not sure.

What is humanism no longer viewed as a form of?

I'm not sure.

What had no influence on the changes in the definition of humanism?

I'm not sure.

What does humanism condemn instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source?

I'm not sure.


Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "polite" learning, or the Greek equivalent Paideia. Gellius became a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance, and, in fifteenth-century Italy, teachers and scholars of philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric were called and called themselves "humanists". Modern scholars, however, point out that Cicero (106 – 43 BCE), who was most responsible for defining and popularizing the term humanitas, in fact frequently used the word in both senses, as did his near contemporaries. For Cicero, a lawyer, what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech, which, allied to reason, could (and should) enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law. Thus humanitas included two meanings from the outset and these continue in the modern derivative, humanism, which even today can refer to both humanitarian benevolence and to scholarship.

What was humanism once considered the same as?

philanthropy

Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word?

Gellius

In which period did Gellius gain fame?

Italian Renaissance

Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace?

Cicero

What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals?

speech

What was humanism once considered worse than?

I'm not sure.

Who can't disagree with a connotation of a word?

I'm not sure.

Which period did Gellius lose fame?

I'm not sure.

Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas forbidden?

I'm not sure.

What is the characteristic that most indicates why humans are the same as robots?

I'm not sure.


During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.

 At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?

supernatural

Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?

supernatural

What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?

18th-century Enlightenment

What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Religious Humanism

What previous focus of humanism was required at the time of the French Revolution?

I'm not sure.

What makes Protestantism the exact same as Humanism?

I'm not sure.

What do current tenants of humanism avoid?

I'm not sure.

What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 12th and early 13th centuries?

I'm not sure.


In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856, when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy.

 In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?

Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?

Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer

Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?

Georg Voigt

What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?

Italy

What year did the term humanism remove yet another layer of meaning?

I'm not sure.

Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a barrier from the English language?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1854?

I'm not sure.

What nation was not receptive to the new definition of this concept?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the term Humanismus?

I'm not sure.


But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'humanism', for the time has come to create a word for such a beautiful and necessary thing". The latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries saw the creation of numerous grass-roots "philanthropic" and benevolent societies dedicated to human betterment and the spreading of knowledge (some Christian, some not). After the French Revolution, the idea that human virtue could be created by human reason alone independently from traditional religious institutions, attributed by opponents of the Revolution to Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau, was violently attacked by influential religious and political conservatives, such as Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre, as a deification or idolatry of humanity. Humanism began to acquire a negative sense. The Oxford English Dictionary records the use of the word "humanism" by an English clergyman in 1812 to indicate those who believe in the "mere humanity" (as opposed to the divine nature) of Christ, i.e., Unitarians and Deists. In this polarised atmosphere, in which established ecclesiastical bodies tended to circle the wagons and reflexively oppose political and social reforms like extending the franchise, universal schooling, and the like, liberal reformers and radicals embraced the idea of Humanism as an alternative religion of humanity. The anarchist Proudhon (best known for declaring that "property is theft") used the word "humanism" to describe a "culte, déification de l’humanité" ("worship, deification of humanity") and Ernest Renan in L’avenir de la science: pensées de 1848 ("The Future of Knowledge: Thoughts on 1848") (1848–49), states: "It is my deep conviction that pure humanism will be the religion of the future, that is, the cult of all that pertains to humanity—all of life, sanctified and raised to the level of a moral value."

During which period was the philosophy of humanism next updated?

French Enlightenment

What was the criticism of Humanism made by conservatives of the time?

idolatry of humanity

Who continued to support the belief system despite its critics?

liberal reformers and radicals

Who felt that humanism would surely be a major "religion" today?

Ernest Renan

Which period was the philosophy of humanism banned?

I'm not sure.

What was the criticism of Humanism made by magicians of the time?

I'm not sure.

Who continued to end the belief system despite its critics?

I'm not sure.

Who felt that humanism would surely be a minor "religion" today?

I'm not sure.

What idea was never attacked?

I'm not sure.


At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms: philanthropic humanists look to what they consider their antecedents in critical thinking and human-centered philosophy among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history; and scholarly humanists stress the linguistic and cultural disciplines needed to understand and interpret these philosophers and artists.

What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?

centred on humankind

What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?

Karl Marx

Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?

Greek philosophers

Where did the learned believers place their focus?

linguistic and cultural disciplines

What was the main avoidance between humanism and the religions of the time?

I'm not sure.

What well known conservative adopted the usage of this term in Germany?

I'm not sure.

Who did harmful believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?

I'm not sure.

Where did the learned believers remove their focus?

I'm not sure.