When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders. The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht.

What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism

the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops

What was part of the territory of bishopric

not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast

What conflict affected Utrecht

The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht

Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric

the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders

What region was seized

The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders

What system ended the prince-bishops?

I'm not sure.

Who's territory extended to the west?

I'm not sure.

What conflicts did Utrecht manage to stay out of?

I'm not sure.

Who were the allies of the prince-bishopric?

I'm not sure.


Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.

What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht

The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress

What began in 1254

The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire

Was the cathedral finished

the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished

How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral

Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht

What else was housed in the city

the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.

What was Utrecht built around?

I'm not sure.

construction on what church began in the 12th century?

I'm not sure.

What part of the Chathedral of Saint Martin was finished in the 13th century?

I'm not sure.

When was construction completed on the Cathedral of Saint Martin?

I'm not sure.

What church were demolished in the 1600's

I'm not sure.


The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.[nb 2] The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.

What did Utrecht's location allow

allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands.

Who granted Utrecht city rights

Henry V in 1122

What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht

the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy

What Industry did the bishop hurt

The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding

What allowed Utrecht to become a major global trading center?

I'm not sure.

When Henry the VII grant Utrecht city rights

I'm not sure.

What was Utrecht granted in the 11th century?

I'm not sure.

What river did merchants dam?

I'm not sure.


In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.

What year did the bishop lose power

In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

What did Charles V combine

Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union

What did the loss of power end

the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop

What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to

In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces

Who lost power in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

Who replaced the bishop?

I'm not sure.

What bishopric was raised archbishopric in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

What was the religious center of Norther Europe?

I'm not sure.


The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.

Why was the transition to a new union difficult

Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops

What was the purpose of the castle

The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city

How long did the castle last

The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt

How was the transition from part of a large union to independence taken?

I'm not sure.

Who tried to exert power over the bishop?

I'm not sure.

Who prefered the authority of the bishop to Charles V?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take to build the castle?

I'm not sure.


In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.

What was signed in 1579

the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule

What is this union seen as

The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic

What became the dominant province

towards its dominant province Holland

What was the state of Utrecht

Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups

Who signed the Union of Utrecht in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

Who opposed Spanish rule in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

What union ended the Dutch Republic?

I'm not sure.

What did the bishopric abolish?

I'm not sure.


The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.

Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672

temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht

In 1674 what hit Utrecht

the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado

What collapsed during the tornado

The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral

What did Utrecht host in 1713

In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession

Since 1723 what has Utrecht become

Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world

Who did the city fall to in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

Who left the city in 1674?

I'm not sure.

What natural disaister struck in the late 16th century?

I'm not sure.

What did Utrecht host in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

What did Uterecht become the center of in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.


In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network. With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval centre. In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schröder House (1924), and Dudok's construction of the city theater (1941).

What hapend in the early 19th century

the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete

In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht

a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened

What was reinstated in 1853

the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism

what was built in the 1920's and 1930's

New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built

What became obsolete in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

What was moved to allow for expansion?

I'm not sure.

What connected Utrecht to Amsterdam in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What made Amsterdam the main hub of the Dutch railway?

I'm not sure.

What did Rietveld build in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.


The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped. The music redeveloped music centre opened in 2014 where the original Vredenburg concert and rock and jazz halls are brought together in a single building.

What was railway area developed into

were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style

What mall was constructed

the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne

What happened in the early 21 st century

In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped

Who's ideas were used to develop Central Utrecht?

I'm not sure.

What mall was built over part of the old canal system?

I'm not sure.

What followed the completion of the new center city buildings?

I'm not sure.

What opened in the 20th century?

I'm not sure.


About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.

What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face

About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare

percentage of population that's dutch

About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry

What boroughs are known for high crime

Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate

What percentage of the Netherland's population is of Dutch ancestory?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the the Netherlands population id immigrants from Western countries?

I'm not sure.

What is 17% of the population dependdent on?

I'm not sure.

What boroughs are known for development and low crime?

I'm not sure.


Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.

What does the dense population make difficult

which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.

Least populates areas of Utrecht

smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen

More populated areas include

The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants

What is the population of the original bishopric?

I'm not sure.

What is the population of near by municipalities?

I'm not sure.

What is the population of the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.


Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.

what dominates the cityscape

Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin

What is being debated in Utrecht

An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)

What is the name of the stadium

the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)

What is the tallest building in the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

what tower is 112 ft tall?

I'm not sure.

What tower was completed int he 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What addition to the Dom Towerwill make increase its height to 120m?

I'm not sure.


Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.

What is a landmark in the city

the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city

What does the inner city look like

The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact

What surrounds the mid-evil inner city

Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out

What part of the city remains open

The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open

What canal parralels the course of the Rhine?

I'm not sure.

What creates multilevel canal?

I'm not sure.

What Medieval structure has largely collapsed?

I'm not sure.

what was moved east in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.


Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.

What is the main railway station

Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht

Does the rail station provide 24 hour service

Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service

Are there rail services to Germany

International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal

where to regular local trains provide service

local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations

What is the main railway station of the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

When did the Dutch Railway Museum open?

I'm not sure.

What station opened in 1939?

I'm not sure.


The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion.

Where is the bus station located

The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances

renovations are causing what changes

large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently

what is qbuzz

Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district

What is one of Europes cleanest

The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport

What is located across from Utrecht Central railway station?

I'm not sure.

What has renvation on the bus station caused?

I'm not sure.

Who uses electric buses for all local bus routes?

I'm not sure.

What type of bus does Arriva use for inner city transport?

I'm not sure.


Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport. (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few or no gears. There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children. As thousands of bicycles are parked haphazardly in town, creating an eyesore but also impeding pedestrians, the City Council decided in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station. This 3-floor construction will cost an estimated 48 million Euro and will hold 12,500 bicycles. Completion is foreseen in 2018.

What does Utrecht provide for cyclist

Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle

What is a barrow bikes use

There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children

utrecht built the worlds largest what ?

in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station

What percentage of journey's Dutch cities are by bicycle?

I'm not sure.

What accounts for 30% of trips in Dutch cities?

I'm not sure.

What will construction begin on in 2018?

I'm not sure.

When did the city council decide to prohibit parking bikes in the city center?

I'm not sure.


Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere–Breda A27 and the Utrecht–Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.

Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system

well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:

What countries do the A12 and A2 connect

A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany

What does traffic elevate

increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants

What two roads connect Utrecht to the rest of Europe?

I'm not sure.

What limits the amount of traffic in the city?

I'm not sure.


Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) – the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.

What does Utrecht's economy  depend on

The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city

what is centered in Utrecht

It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen

What bank is head quartered in Utrecht

Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.

For what city is the production industry a large part of the economy?

I'm not sure.

Where is the center of the EU railway located?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest brick building in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What resulted in a UFO on the side of The De Inktpot in the 20th century?

I'm not sure.


A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.

What is the name of the large shopping center

Hoog Catharijne

how are the shopping center corridors treated

The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night

What is being recreated

Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated

what is located on the west side of the rail station

The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station

What shopping center is located in the city center?

I'm not sure.

What streets are open all night?

I'm not sure.

What is planned to be renovated every 20 years?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the largest convention centres in Europe?

I'm not sure.


Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.

What is the largest University in the city

The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students

what is shanghai jiaotong rated

According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world

What smaller university is in Utrecht

Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.

What university was established in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest University in Europe?

I'm not sure.

How many university students were in the Netherlands in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What was Shanghai Jiaotong University ranked in 2014?

I'm not sure.


Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam. There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre was built by Dudok. Besides theatres there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival. The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls.[citation needed] The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of the larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 has gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts. There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments.

Cultural life in Utrecht is second to

Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam

What music festival does Utrecht host

Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival

What is the name of the music hall

The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg

Where are music students educated

Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts

Ultrecht has the most active what in the Netherlannds?

I'm not sure.

Who built the main city theater in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What festival is held for music of the 1800's

I'm not sure.

What music hall has the best acoustics in the world?

I'm not sure.


There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy ("Nijntje", in Dutch). Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.

Where are young artist trained

Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts

Is street art legal

Although street art is illegal in Utrecht

What is considered landmark Architecture

1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites

What form of art became legal in 2004?

I'm not sure.

What house was built in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What illistrator is famouse for creating a gnome with a red hat?

I'm not sure.


To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.

What does the city host on Sundays

To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays

What happens on Cultural Sunday

thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee

What does the city subsidise

an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten

What type of coupon does the city provide the poor

The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.

What does the city host for visitors.

I'm not sure.

What does the city subsidize for tourists?

I'm not sure.

What does the city coucil provide to students?

I'm not sure.

what education does the national government subsidize?

I'm not sure.


Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club: UVV which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year.

What football team is Utrecht home to

Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht

What Utrecht waterways host to

Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs

What is kampong

Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)

What sports does Kampong support

Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules.

What is the largest amature sportsclub in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What sports are offered at Europes largest sportsclub?

I'm not sure.

What student clubs are open to the general public?

I'm not sure.

What stadium does the varsity football team play at?

I'm not sure.


The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis.

The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?

Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland

Who invaded Poland after the Nazi’s?

Soviet

Which countries were taken over by the Soviets?

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania

Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina?

Stalin

Salla is located in what country?

Finland

he disagreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?

I'm not sure.

he agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what cities up?

I'm not sure.

Who invaded Poland before the Nazi’s?

I'm not sure.

Which countries weren't taken over by the Soviets?

I'm not sure.

Salla isn't located in what country?

I'm not sure.


Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Białystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemyśl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine.

The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were returned to what country after world war II?

Polish state

What regions remained part of the Soviet Union?

(Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation

After World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?

Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza

The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were kept from what country after world war II?

I'm not sure.

The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were returned to what country before world war II?

I'm not sure.

What regions never remained part of the Soviet Union?

I'm not sure.

Before World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?

I'm not sure.

After World War I, what regions remain part of Ukraine?

I'm not sure.


The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917–22).

Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?

Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.

What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

When did the russian civil war take place?

Lenin never acknowledged the independence of which countries?

I'm not sure.

Lenin acknowledged the dependence of which countries?

I'm not sure.

What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the second world war?

I'm not sure.

What agreement gave Germany no of Russia in the first world war?

I'm not sure.

When did the russian civil war not take place?

I'm not sure.


At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered "Untermenschen" (inferior) according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters. In 1934, Hitler himself had spoken of an inescapable battle against both Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism, the victory in which would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", though he stated that they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us." The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused German–Soviet trade to dramatically decline.[b] Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post–World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.[clarification needed]

Who was to blame for communism and capitalism?

ethnic Jews

What reduced Germany’s need for Soviet goods?

Treaty of Versailles

Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments?

Nazi Party

Who wasn't to blame for communism and capitalism?

I'm not sure.

What increased Germany’s need for Soviet goods?

I'm not sure.

What reduced Germany’s need for American tanks?

I'm not sure.

Which political group removed problems between the Soviet and German governments?

I'm not sure.

Which political group created an alliance between the Soviet and German governments?

I'm not sure.


Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons why the UK and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference regarding Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. The Munich Agreement that followed marked a partial German annexation of Czechoslovakia in late 1938 followed by its complete dissolution in March 1939, which as part of the appeasement of Germany conducted by Chamberlain's and Daladier's cabinets. This policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and that France and Britain might stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany, hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference?

UK and France

Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia

Chamberlain

The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what?

put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany

What countries helped the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference?

I'm not sure.

What countries prevented the Germans from joining the Munich Conference?

I'm not sure.

Who was the English politician who opposed Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia

I'm not sure.

Who was the French politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia

I'm not sure.

The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would never result in what?

I'm not sure.


For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery, talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The third Soviet Five Year Plan required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment.[clarification needed] German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.

During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?

British blockade

Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery?

military machinery

Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war?

Germany

During conflict, what wouldn't prevent transport of materials?

I'm not sure.

During non-conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?

I'm not sure.

Between german and the soviet union which country never needed what?

I'm not sure.

Who believed they never needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war?

I'm not sure.

Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to avoid another war?

I'm not sure.


The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of "capitalist encirclements", had little faith either that war could be avoided, or faith in the Polish army, and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany; thus, Stalin's adherence to the collective security line was purely conditional. Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided, and that the Soviet Union, weakened by the Great Purge, could not be a main military participant, a point that many military sources were at variance with, especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier. France was more anxious to find an agreement with the USSR than was Britain; as a continental power, it was more willing to make concessions, more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the USSR and Germany. These contrasting attitudes partly explain why the USSR has often been charged with playing a double game in 1939: carrying on open negotiations for an alliance with Britain and France while secretly considering propositions from Germany.

Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain?

capitalist encirclements

Why did western power believe that the soviet government wouldn’t partake in another world war?

Great Purge

What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II?

Soviet Union

Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments?

France

Why didn't the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Soviet government embrace the governments of France and Britain?

I'm not sure.

Why did eastern power believe that the soviet government wouldn’t partake in another world war?

I'm not sure.

What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War I?

I'm not sure.

Who embraced of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments?

I'm not sure.


By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement.

Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?

Britain

What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?

mid-June

Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail?

the Soviets

Who never predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?

I'm not sure.

Who predicted soviet aggression in the Atlantic region?

I'm not sure.

What month didn't the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?

I'm not sure.

What month did the Tripartite discussions end between Britain, USSR and France?

I'm not sure.

Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to thrive?

I'm not sure.


From April–July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France.

Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west?

Maxim Litvinov

Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930’s treaty with each other?

Soviet and German

Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement?

Germany and the Soviet Union

Which Soviet Foreign Minister kept his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west?

I'm not sure.

Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his unfavorable attitude towards the west?

I'm not sure.

Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1920’s treaty with each other?

I'm not sure.

Which three countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930’s treaty with each other?

I'm not sure.

Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an old trade agreement?

I'm not sure.


At the same time, British, French, and Soviet negotiators scheduled three-party talks on military matters to occur in Moscow in August 1939, aiming to define what the agreement would specify should be the reaction of the three powers to a German attack. The tripartite military talks, started in mid-August, hit a sticking point regarding the passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked, and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms. Polish officials refused to allow Soviet troops into Polish territory if Germany attacked; as Polish foreign minister Józef Beck pointed out, they feared that once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.

Why did Poland deny the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack?

once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.

In what city did the tripartite military talks occur during the month of August?

Moscow

Who did not want their country protected by the Soviet military?

Poland

Why did Poland accept the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack?

I'm not sure.

Why did Poland deny the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a English Attack?

I'm not sure.

In what city did the bipartite military talks occur during the month of August?

I'm not sure.

In what city did the tripartite military talks occur during the month of July?

I'm not sure.

Who wanted their country protected by the Soviet military?

I'm not sure.


On August 19, the 1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement was finally signed. On 21 August, the Soviets suspended Tripartite military talks, citing other reasons. That same day, Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland (border along the Vistula river), Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia in the Soviets' sphere of influence. That night, Stalin replied that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August.

What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland?

Vistula river

How many days after the German-Soviet agreement were the Tripartite discussions ceased?

What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?

Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia

What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to leaving Poland?

I'm not sure.

What was the Russian-Soviet dividing line in regards to leaving Poland?

I'm not sure.

What other countries didn't the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?

I'm not sure.

What other countries did the Soviet government disagree to annex through the agreement with Germany?

I'm not sure.

What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the disagreement with Germany?

I'm not sure.


On 22 August, one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain, Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. This happened while the Soviets were still negotiating with the British and French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret Nazi–Soviet pact. On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group "which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other".

Which Foreign Minister would agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement?

Ribbentrop

How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets?

Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when?

either went to war against a third power

Which Foreign Minister wouldn't agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement?

I'm not sure.

Which Foreign Minister would disagree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement?

I'm not sure.

How long was the public agreement between Germany and the Soviets?

I'm not sure.

Part of the public agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when?

I'm not sure.

Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets excluded a neutral diplomatic approach when?

I'm not sure.


Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius – its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow.

What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period?

Lithuania

What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius?

Lithuania

What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?

Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers

Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?

German

Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country?

Soviet Union

What country held the city Vilnius after to the inter-war period?

I'm not sure.

What country wouldn't reclaim the city of Vilnius?

I'm not sure.

What rivers wouldn't the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?

I'm not sure.

Who wouldn't claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?

I'm not sure.

Bessarabia eventually never became under the control of which country?

I'm not sure.


On 24 August, Pravda and Izvestia carried news of the non-secret portions of the Pact, complete with the now infamous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty, with a smiling Stalin looking on. The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware only of the British–French–Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was received with shock by Nazi Germany's allies, notably Japan, by the Comintern and foreign communist parties, and by Jewish communities all around the world. So, that day, German diplomat Hans von Herwarth, whose grandmother was Jewish, informed Guido Relli, an Italian diplomat, and American chargé d'affaires Charles Bohlen on the secret protocol regarding vital interests in the countries' allotted "spheres of influence", without revealing the annexation rights for "territorial and political rearrangement".

Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements?

Hans von Herwarth

Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the signing of the agreement?

Japan

How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?

place for months

Which diplomat never leaked information about the secret agreements?

I'm not sure.

Which diplomat leaked information about the public agreements?

I'm not sure.

Which ally of Germany was least surprised by the signing of the agreement?

I'm not sure.

Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the scrapping of the agreement?

I'm not sure.

How long hadn't the tripartite discussions been taking place?

I'm not sure.


Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact. Upon signing the pact, Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that "fascism is a matter of taste". For its part, Nazi Germany also did a public volte-face regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union, though Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as "inevitable".[citation needed]

Who downplayed the contrast and recent past history between German and the Soviets?

Molotov

How long did the anti-Nazi propaganda machine run before the pact-signing?

a decade

A war with the USSR was considered certain according to whom?

Hitler

Who up-played the contrast and recent past history between German and the Soviets?

I'm not sure.

Who downplayed the contrast and recent past history between England and the Soviets?

I'm not sure.

How long did the anti-Soviet propaganda machine run before the pact-signing?

I'm not sure.

A war with the USSR wasn't considered certain according to whom?

I'm not sure.

A war with the USSR was considered uncertain according to whom?

I'm not sure.


The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them "[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation." That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war, changing the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland.

What was the response of  Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France?

no useful purpose

Who should accept the annexation of Poland?

Britain

By accepting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?

facing a two front war

What was the response of Kliment Voroshilov in regards to no further conversations with Britain and France?

I'm not sure.

What was the response of Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations without Britain and France?

I'm not sure.

Who shouldn't accept the annexation of Poland?

I'm not sure.

Who should deny the annexation of Poland?

I'm not sure.

By rejecting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?

I'm not sure.


On 1 September, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs. These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation. The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly "for urgent aeronautical experiments".

How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities?

signals broadcast by the Soviet radio

What day did German invade Poland?

1 September

How long did the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians?

month

How didn't the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities?

I'm not sure.

How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing soldiers trying to flee cities?

I'm not sure.

What day did German leave Poland?

I'm not sure.

What day did German invade France?

I'm not sure.

How long didn't the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians?

I'm not sure.


On 21 September, the Soviets and Germans signed a formal agreement coordinating military movements in Poland, including the "purging" of saboteurs. A joint German–Soviet parade was held in Lvov and Brest-Litovsk, while the countries commanders met in the latter location. Stalin had decided in August that he was going to liquidate the Polish state, and a German–Soviet meeting in September addressed the future structure of the "Polish region". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of Sovietization of the newly acquired areas. The Soviets organized staged elections, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland.

Why did Soviets create fake elections in Poland?

legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland

Where did the Nazi and Russian leaders meet to discuss what to do with Poland?

Brest-Litovsk

Where were cooperative military parades held?

Lvov and Brest-Litovsk

Why did Soviets create real elections in Poland?

I'm not sure.

Why didn't Soviets create fake elections in Poland?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Nazi and Russian leaders meet to discuss what not to do with Poland?

I'm not sure.

Where weren't cooperative military parades held?

I'm not sure.

Where were cooperative military parades not held?

I'm not sure.


Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy, the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation,) allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania's territory (with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe, the "Lithuanian Strip") from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared:

After amending the joint agreement, who received the larger portion of Lithuania?

Germany

What was the amended joint agreement called?

German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation

How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?

Eleven days

After amending the joint agreement, who received the smaller portion of Lithuania?

I'm not sure.

After amending the joint agreement, who never received the larger portion of Lithuania?

I'm not sure.

What was the amended joint agreement not called?

I'm not sure.

How long after the annexation of Kresy wasn't the amendment made?

I'm not sure.

How long before the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?

I'm not sure.


After the Baltic states were forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland, confident that Finnish capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, which Finland rejected. The Soviets staged the shelling of Mainila and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. The Red Army attacked in November 1939. Simultaneously, Stalin set up a puppet government in the Finnish Democratic Republic.[clarification needed] The leader of the Leningrad Military District Andrei Zhdanov commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich, entitled "Suite on Finnish Themes" to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki. After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months while inflicting stiff losses on Soviet forces, the Soviets settled for an interim peace. Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia (10% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes. Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000, although Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million.

The Soviets took over and setup a fake government in what country?

Finnish Democratic Republic

How long did the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets?

over three months

Although officially, the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000, who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million?

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev

How many Finnish people lost their homes?

The Soviets took over and setup a real government in what country?

I'm not sure.

How long did the Finnish military last before the invasion by the soviets?

I'm not sure.

How long didn't the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets?

I'm not sure.

Although unofficially, the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000, who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million?

I'm not sure.

How many Finnish people kept their homes?

I'm not sure.


In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union. The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the Scheschupe area, which was to be given to Germany.

Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia?

Soviet NKVD

What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?

Scheschupe area

Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?

Latvia

How did these countries become part of the USSR?

Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates

Who left the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia?

I'm not sure.

What region of Lithuania wasn't to be turned over to the Nazis?

I'm not sure.

What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the French?

I'm not sure.

Of the three countries invaded, which lost the most amount of people through deportation or loss of life?

I'm not sure.

How didn't these countries become part of the USSR?

I'm not sure.


Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent waves of deportations began in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.

How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?

What month did France sue for peace?

June

How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?

Two days

How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians reject the requests of the USSR?

I'm not sure.

What month didn't France sue for peace?

I'm not sure.

What month did France sue for war?

I'm not sure.

How many days didn't it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?

I'm not sure.

How many days did it take for the Romanians reject the Soviets requests?

I'm not sure.


Elimination of Polish elites and intelligentia was part of Generalplan Ost. The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940. As the result of this operation in 10 regional actions about 60,000 Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed. It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.

Who were the “intelligentia?”

Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists

How long did liquidation occur?

fall of 1939 till spring of 1940

How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?

16,000 members

Who weren't the “intelligentia?”

I'm not sure.

How long didn't liquidation occur?

I'm not sure.

How long did liquidation stop?

I'm not sure.

How many intelligentia were saved during operation AB-Akiton?

I'm not sure.

How many intelligentia were killed during operation BA-Akiton?

I'm not sure.


Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perform forced labour. While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich. In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland. They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto, where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone. Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In Auschwitz, which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1 million people died.

How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto?

How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?

Which group of people were considered inferior?

Poles and other Slavs

How many Polish people were used in labor camps?

Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens

How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?

1.1 million people

How many Jews were forced to live outside of the Warsaw Ghetto?

I'm not sure.

How many Jews survived in the Warsa Ghetto?

I'm not sure.

Which group of people were considered superior?

I'm not sure.

How many Polish people weren't used in labor camps?

I'm not sure.

How many people are believed to have lived in Auschwitz?

I'm not sure.


On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement settling several ongoing issues. Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the "Secret Additional Protocols" of the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for 7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark). The agreement formally set the border between Germany and the Soviet Union between the Igorka river and the Baltic Sea. It also extended trade regulation of the 1940 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement until August 1, 1942, increased deliveries above the levels of year one of that agreement, settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia, calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic States now occupied by the Soviets and other issues. It also covered the migration to Germany within two and a half months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories, and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and "White Russian" "nationals" in German-held territories.

How much did the transfer of the Lithuanian Strip cost the Soviet Union?

7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark)

How long did germans have to relocate from the baltic states after the amendment of secret protocols?

two and a half months

How long did the Russians have to relocate from the german occupied regions?

two and a half months

How long did the amendment extend the trade agreements?

until August 1, 1942

How much didn't the transfer of the Lithuanian Strip cost the Soviet Union?

I'm not sure.

How long didn't germans have to relocate from the baltic states after the amendment of secret protocols?

I'm not sure.

How long did germans have to relocate from the baltic states before the amendment of secret protocols?

I'm not sure.

How long didn't the Russians have to relocate from the german occupied regions?

I'm not sure.

How long did the amendment reject the trade agreements?

I'm not sure.


Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as "Fascist propaganda". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce." Beginning in September 1939, the Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda, explaining that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes. Western Communists acted accordingly; while before they supported protecting collective security, now they denounced Britain and France going to war.

Who was part of Hollywood Ten?

Herbert Biberman

Who was the leader of the American communist party?

Earl Browder

Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?

Western Communists

Who wasn't part of Hollywood Ten?

I'm not sure.

Who was part of Hollywood Nine?

I'm not sure.

Who was the follower of the American communist party?

I'm not sure.

Who accepted the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?

I'm not sure.

Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a treaty with Germany?

I'm not sure.


When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze "chauvinist elements." Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dimitrov,[clarification needed] and the latter sketched a new Comintern line on the war. The new line—which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist—was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September. Thus, the various western Communist parties now had to oppose the war, and to vote against war credits. Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their "unshakeable will" to defend the country, on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist. By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other Communists also deserted from the army.

The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was?

the war was unjust and imperialist

The western communists claimed the war was what?

the war was unjust and imperialist

French communists voted for what?

war credits

Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?

fled to Russia

The eastern communists new rhetoric was that the war was?

I'm not sure.

The western communists old rhetoric was that the war was?

I'm not sure.

French communists voted against what?

I'm not sure.

Where didn't Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?

I'm not sure.

Where did Maurice Thorez go after joining the Army?

I'm not sure.


The Communist Party of Germany featured similar attitudes. In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm[e] the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies (Britain representing "the most reactionary force in the world") and argued: "The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English–French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union. The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan."

Who wanted war with the Soviet Union?

English–French war bloc

Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union

German government

The British army was considered to be what by Walter Ulbricbht?

the most reactionary force in the world

Who rejected war with the Soviet Union?

I'm not sure.

Who wanted war with the Nazis?

I'm not sure.

Who privately wanted peace with Soviet Union

I'm not sure.

Who publicly wanted war with Soviet Union

I'm not sure.

The British army wasn't considered to be what by Walter Ulbricbht?

I'm not sure.


When a joint German–Soviet peace initiative was rejected by Britain and France on 28 September 1939, Soviet foreign policy became critical of the Allies and more pro-German in turn. During the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 October 1939 Molotov analysed the international situation thus giving the direction for Communist propaganda. According to Molotov Germany had a legitimate interest in regaining its position as a great power and the Allies had started an aggressive war in order to maintain the Versailles system.

Who refused a German-Soviet peace plan?

Britain and France

Why was the west creating a war?

to maintain the Versailles system.

Who provides rhetoric points for the Soviet propaganda?

Molotov

Who refused a German-Soviet war plan?

I'm not sure.

Who accepted a German-Soviet peace plan?

I'm not sure.

Why was the east creating a war?

I'm not sure.

Why was the west creating peace?

I'm not sure.

Who provides rhetoric points against the Soviet propaganda?

I'm not sure.


Molotov declared in his report entitled "On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union" (31 October 1939) held on the fifth (extraordinary) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western "ruling circles" disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring "their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism. [...] There is absolutely no justification for this kind of war. The ideology of Hitlerism, just like any other ideological system, can be accepted or rejected, this is a matter of political views. But everyone grasps, that an ideology can not be exterminated by force, must not be finished off with a war."

What was the title of Molotov’s report called?

On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union

According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?

extermination of Hitlerism

Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?

defending democracy

What wasn't the title of Molotov’s report called?

I'm not sure.

What was the title of Stalin’s report called?

I'm not sure.

According to Molotov, what wasn't the goal of the west?

I'm not sure.

According to Molotov, what was the goal of the east?

I'm not sure.

Under what guise does the east perform their international policing?

I'm not sure.


Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.[citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.

How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?

was over four times larger

What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?

occupied Polish territories

Where were the soybeans coming from?

Manchuria

What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?

the battleship Bismarck

How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?

thirty

How much more expansive was the oldest trade agreement?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the trade route between german and the soviet union?

I'm not sure.

Where weren't the soybeans coming from?

I'm not sure.

What unknown ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?

I'm not sure.

How many old airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?

I'm not sure.


The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base, Basis Nord, in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk. This also provided a refueling and maintenance location, and a takeoff point for raids and attacks on shipping. In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders (though only the commerce raider Komet used the route before the German invasion), which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.

What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades?

a submarine base

Where was the sub base located?

northern Soviet Union near Murmansk

Which oceans did the sub base provide access to?

both the Atlantic and the Pacific

What didn't the Germans use to avoid British blockades?

I'm not sure.

Where wasn't the sub base located?

I'm not sure.

Where was the plane base located?

I'm not sure.

Which oceans didn't the sub base provide access to?

I'm not sure.

Which oceans did the sub base restrict access to?

I'm not sure.


The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff "to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc."

Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?

Ribbentrop

Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?

Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant

What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?

Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin

Who wanted to know the moment an pro-german bloc was to form?

I'm not sure.

Who never wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?

I'm not sure.

Why didn't the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Germans trust the soviet agenda?

I'm not sure.

What brought trust between the German and Soviet governments?

I'm not sure.


In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?

Soviet Union

What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?

Hungarian and Romanian borders

Who started refining Romanian oil?

Germany

Who started the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?

I'm not sure.

Who stopped the trade because of an agreement involving Romania?

I'm not sure.

What regions weren't redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?

I'm not sure.

What regions were redrawn in effort to deteriorate relations between Germany and the Soviets?

I'm not sure.

Who ended refining Romanian oil?

I'm not sure.


After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.

What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?

Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy

Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?

Ribbentrop

Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?

Britain and the USA

What countries disagreed to a tripartisan agreement?

I'm not sure.

What countries agreed to a bipartisan agreement?

I'm not sure.

Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should reject this agreement of axis powers?

I'm not sure.

Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this disagreement of axis powers?

I'm not sure.

Who would the axis powers approve in the new agreement?

I'm not sure.


In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.

Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?

Hitler

Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?

Japan

Why did Stalin sign the pact?

reinforce a public affection for Germany

Who wasn't planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?

I'm not sure.

Who was openly planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Soviet Union disagree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they rejected a treaty on the 13th of April?

I'm not sure.

Why didn't Stalin sign the pact?

I'm not sure.


Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.

Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?

Soviet positions in eastern Poland

How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?

4.3 million casualties

How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?

three million Soviet prisoners

How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?

matter of weeks

Where did the German attack on Soviet forces not occur?

I'm not sure.

Where did the German attack on British forces occur?

I'm not sure.

How many Soviet military members died within the first nine months of the war between the two countries?

I'm not sure.

How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first nine months of war between the two countries?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the final attack occurred?

I'm not sure.


The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on, amounting to some 9,800 pages, be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with these microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lt. Col. Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, head of a special unit called "Exploitation German Archives" (EGA).

How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?

9,800 pages

Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?

Thuringia

What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?

Exploitation German Archives

Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?

personal insurance for his future well-being

Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he turned over the documents?

the American zone

How many pages of public documents were microfilmed?

I'm not sure.

Near the start of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?

I'm not sure.

What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the start of the war?

I'm not sure.

Why did Karl von Loesch destroy the microfilm?

I'm not sure.

Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he destoyed over the documents?

I'm not sure.


The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German–Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: "The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war."

Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?

the Manchester Guardian

Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?

President Truman

What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?

flat-footed

Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?

London

Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?

Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie

Who printed the public German-Soviet treaty in Britain?

I'm not sure.

Which world leader hated the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?

I'm not sure.

Where wasn't the Foreign Ministers conference held?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication?

I'm not sure.


In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?

What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication

Falsifiers of History

How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?

until the Soviet Union's dissolution

What year wasn't Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?

I'm not sure.

What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact unpublished?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication

I'm not sure.

How long didn't Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?

I'm not sure.

How long did Stalins version of what happened between the British and the Soviets last?

I'm not sure.