In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.

What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?

spill motion

What motion requires the head of State to step down in Australia?

I'm not sure.

Who sucefully stopped a spill motion in Australia?

I'm not sure.


In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).

What is the Russian term for prime minister?

Chairman of the government

What is the Israeli term for prime minister?

Rosh HaMemshalah

What is the term used in spain for prime minister?

President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)

What is the Irish term for prime minister?

Taoiseach

Who is Chairmen of the government in Ireland?

I'm not sure.

What is another termfor Rosh HaMemshalah in Russia?

I'm not sure.


Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.

What is the Italian term for the prime minister?

president of the council of ministers

What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?

statsminister

What does the title Satsminister refer to in Italy?

I'm not sure.

Who is nown as the prime minister in federations?

I'm not sure.


The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages.

What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?

premier

Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?

Germany and Austria

What is the head of Monaco's government called?

Minister of State

What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?

Secretary of State

What is the head of Iran's government called?

President

What is the secretary of State in Italy?

I'm not sure.

Who is head of state and government in Iran?

I'm not sure.


In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?

non-Commonwealth countries

What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?

Right Honourable

What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?

Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council

What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?

Canada

What is the prime minister entitled to in Commonwealth countries?

I'm not sure.

Who is called Honourable in non Commonwealth countries?

I'm not sure.

Who can not be part of the privy council?

I'm not sure.


In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier".

What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?

devolved

What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?

First Minister

What is the Indian term for Prime Minister?

Pradhan Mantri

What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?

Wazir-e-Azam

What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?

Grand Vizier

what is undeveloped in the UK?

I'm not sure.


The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia.

What is the head of government's office called in Canada?

Office of the Prime Minister

What is the head of government's office called in the UK?

Cabinet Office

What is the Cabinet in Canada?

I'm not sure.

What never includes the role of Cabinet?

I'm not sure.


The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government. In some places alternative titles such as "premier", "chief minister", "first minister of state", "president of the council" or "chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same.

What istitutions were prestiges in the 1900's

I'm not sure.

What empire expanded in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

Who avoided using the the British model o cabinet government?

I'm not sure.


Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.

What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?

IT


The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".

In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?

19th century

What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?

École Polytechnique

What language does the French word polytechnique come from?

Greek


While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]

What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?

polytechnic


The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.

What was the first institute of technology in the world?

the Berg-Schola

What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?

World War II

What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?

Collegium Carolinum

In what year was the École Polytechnique founded?


In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]

What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?

institutions of higher education


In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.

In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?

What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?

University of Westminster

What street is the University of Westminster on?

Regent Street


In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?

What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?

polytechnics


During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.

What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?

University of Technology

What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?

College of Advanced Education system


Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.

What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?

TAFE

What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?

Melbourne Polytechnic


In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au

TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?


In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):

In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?

seven


Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?

Fachhochschule

In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?

master's degrees


Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.

What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?

hogeschool


Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.

What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?

academization


In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.

How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?

four

How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?

three


In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?

Cambodia


In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?

Affiliate Schools


Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.

In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located?

Quebec

In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?

public funding


Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.

What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?

Polytechnics Canada

What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?

collaborative institute-industry projects


China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.

In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?

What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?

Capital University

What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?

half


In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.

What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?


EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute  monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.

What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?

The Geophysics Institute


One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.

What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?

Quito Astronomical Observatory

What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?

National Polytechnic School

When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?


The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.

EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?

one


Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.

If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?

the country's development


MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.

MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?


Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.

What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?

Instituts de technologie


Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.

How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?

How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?


Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.

In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?

Finland

What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?

ammattikorkeakoulus

What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?

yrkeshögskola


Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :

Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?

technology


In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.

What are an institute of technology called in France?

institut universitaire de technologie

What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?

IUT


In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).

What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?

Fachhochschule


Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).

In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?

Polytechnicum

What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?

What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?

Escola Politécnica


Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?

Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?

teaching

In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?

business


Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?

TU

What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?

research


The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).

Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?

medicine

How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?

nine


There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.

How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?

What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?

Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?

Saxony


Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are

What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?

Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule


In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).

What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?

Higher Education Reform Act


The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.

What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?

The Hong Kong Polytechnic

What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?

Hong Kong Technical College

In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?

What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?


The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.

What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?

copper

What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?

Who established the Berg-Schola?

Court Chamber of Vienna


There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.

How many private institutes of technology are there in India?

How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?

What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?

AICTE


In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.

What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?

Diploma in Engineering


There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.

How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?

four


However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.

Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?

three


Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.

What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?

Regional Technical College


Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.

What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?

Dublin Institute of Technology


In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:

What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?

Politecnico

Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?

two


In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.

What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?

Genoa


In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.

What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?

Imperial College of Engineering

What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?

sciences


Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?

Malaysia

What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?

UNESCO

In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?

Ipoh


At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.

How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?

How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?

How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?


The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.

What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?

University of Technology, Mauritius

What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?

technology


New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.

What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?

New Zealand

What does UCOL stand for?

Universal College of Learning

In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?


Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)

What school did Massey University combine with?

Wellington Polytechnic

In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?

What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?

Central Institute of Technology

What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?

North Island


The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.

What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?

Auckland University of Technology


The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.

In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?

What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?

trades

How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?

three


After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.

What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?

BE


University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.

What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?

F.Sc


Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:

What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?

Politechnika


The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.

What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?

bacharelatos

What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?

Bologna Process


Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.

What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?

Millennia Institute


Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:

How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?

How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?

three


The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.

What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?

queen Maria Theresa

What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?

The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?

silver and gold

What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?

What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?

teaching


South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.

What are polytechnics called in South Africa?

Technikons

What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?


Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).

When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?


Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).

Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?

technical colleges

What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?

bachelor's degrees

What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?

Pathumwan Institute of Technology


There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).

What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?

King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi

What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?

Institute of Technology and Vocational Education


Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.

What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology

What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?

Suranaree University of Technology

What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?

What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?

Mahanakorn University of Technology


In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.

What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?

Bursa Technical University

When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?

six

What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?

Ankara and Trabzon


Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.

What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?

What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?

the UK Council for National Academic Awards

What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?

Central Institutions

What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?

Royal Polytechnic Institution


In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two "Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.

How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?

two

What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?

Loughborough University of Technology

In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?


Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.

What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?

the Further and Higher Education Act 1992

The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?

CNAA


Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.

If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?

university colleges

What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?

20th century

A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?

high school


Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.

In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?

Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?

Massachusetts Institute of Technology


Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.

What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?

middle class

When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?


Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.

What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?

Caracas

Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?

Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio


The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."

Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?

World Wide Web

Which company made the Wayback Machine?

Internet Archive

Where is Internet Archive headquartered?

San Francisco

What individuals founded Internet Archive?

Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat

What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?

three dimensional index

Where does the information stored on the Internet Archive come from?

I'm not sure.

Which company made the World Wide Web?

I'm not sure.

Where is Bruce Gillat headquartered?

I'm not sure.

What individuals founded the World Wide Web?

I'm not sure.

What is the term used by the World Wide Web to describe the Wayback Machine?

I'm not sure.


Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.

What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?

Linux

When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?

if the content has changed

What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?

to archive the entire Internet

What operating system is used on the internet's servers?

I'm not sure.

When does the internet save a copy of a website?

I'm not sure.

What is the ultimate aim of the visitors?

I'm not sure.

Where can sites be captured by Linux clusters?

I'm not sure.

What Linux nodes are hoped to be captured?

I'm not sure.


The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.

What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?

The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show

Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?

Mr. Peabody and Sherman

What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?

WABAC machine

What TV show served as inspiration for WABAC's name?

I'm not sure.

Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed the to travel through WABAC?

I'm not sure.

What was the machine used by Rocky named?

I'm not sure.

What was used to alter events in a plot?

I'm not sure.

What was chosen as a droll reference to alter Mr. Peabody?

I'm not sure.


In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.

When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?

What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?

crawlers

What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?

robots exclusion standard

What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?

Archive-It.org

When was the program necessary to include all information available on the interet created?

I'm not sure.

What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the board system they find?

I'm not sure.

What rule do web sites abide by when determining sites to record?

I'm not sure.

What site was created to mitigate issues with Bruce Gilliat?

I'm not sure.

When did Brewster Kate and Bruce Gilliat develop software to download crawlwers?

I'm not sure.


Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.

What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?

digital tape

Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?

researchers and scientists

At what milestone was the archive made public?

fifth anniversary

Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?

University of California, Berkeley

What medium was originally used to keep California's data?

I'm not sure.

Who were sometimes permitted to attend the Archive's public ceremony?

I'm not sure.

At what milestone was the archive made clunky?

I'm not sure.

Where was the event launching the digital tape held?

I'm not sure.

Who allowed researchers and scientists to tap into Berkeley?

I'm not sure.


Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.

What are the saved versions of a site called?

Snapshots

What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?

six months

What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?

variable

What are the saved versions of an update called?

I'm not sure.

What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for recording?

I'm not sure.

What term characterizes the rate at which intervals of websites are made?

I'm not sure.

How many months can it take for intervals to become available?

I'm not sure.

How long are intervals between cases?

I'm not sure.


After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.

When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?

After August 2008

Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?

Jeff Kaplan

When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?

November 2010

When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in Kaplan?

I'm not sure.

Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Kaplan was reindexed?

I'm not sure.

When did Kaplan make comments about the status of Open Directory sites?

I'm not sure.

Why were sites listed on the Internet Archive after August 2008?

I'm not sure.

When did Kaplan make comments about the Open Directory?

I'm not sure.


As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.

In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?

three petabytes

As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?

12 terabytes/month

Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?

PetaBox rack systems

Who makes PetaBox rack systems?

Capricorn Technologies

In 2009, what size did the data saved by rate systems reach?

I'm not sure.

As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by rate systems?

I'm not sure.

Where does Wayback Machine keep its technologies stored?

I'm not sure.

Who makes rate systems?

I'm not sure.

What is stored on Petabox petabyte systems?

I'm not sure.


In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.

When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?

Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?

Sun Open Storage

Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?

Sun Microsystems' California campus

When did Internet Archive chance its platform for California?

I'm not sure.

Which campus did Internet Archive adopt 2009?

I'm not sure.

Where does Internet archive run a sun storage center?

I'm not sure.

When did the Internet Archive leave California?

I'm not sure.

What state is home to the first data center?

I'm not sure.


In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.

When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?

When was an upgrade of the game released for testing?

I'm not sure.

What did the Wayback Machine keep the same?

I'm not sure.

What was closed for testing?

I'm not sure.

What used the same index of archived content?

I'm not sure.

When was the Wayback Machine retired?

I'm not sure.


In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year".

When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?

March 2011

The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?

The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?

When were details of the final version of the released?

I'm not sure.

Past what year did the older version of Wayback Machine had  much new data?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the oldest version of the Wayback Machine?

I'm not sure.

When did the Wayback Forum talk about the predecessor to the Wayback Machine?

I'm not sure.

What only has a little bit of material past 2007?

I'm not sure.


In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.

What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?

Save a Page

When was Save a Page made available?

October 2013

What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a URL of a site?

I'm not sure.

When was a URL available?

I'm not sure.

What became a threat of theft?

I'm not sure.

When did the company announce "Save a Binary"?

I'm not sure.

What did "Save a Company" host?

I'm not sure.


In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.

What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?

Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.

Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?

Chordiant

What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?

the robots.txt file

What 2009 court battle involved Netbula's robots?

I'm not sure.

Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for robots?

I'm not sure.

What did the Wayback Machine request that the court deactivate on Netbulas website?

I'm not sure.

What did the Wayback Machine believe would support its case?

I'm not sure.

Who filed a motion to compel the Wayback Machine to disable the robots.txt file?

I'm not sure.


Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."

Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?

Internet Archive

Which party did Internet Archive side with?

Chordiant

Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its expenses?

I'm not sure.

Which party did Netbula side with?

I'm not sure.

Who objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Chordiant's web site?

I'm not sure.

What would producing web pages have caused Netbula?

I'm not sure.

Who filed a sworn statement supporting Netubla's motion?

I'm not sure.


Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.

Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?

Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd

In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?

Northern District of California, San Jose Division

Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?

Chordiant

Which judge presided over the California v. Chordiant case?

I'm not sure.

In what jurisdiction was the California v. Chordiant case tried?

I'm not sure.

Which party won its argument regarding California's robots.txt file?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected California's arguments?

I'm not sure.

Why was California allowed to disable the robots.txt blockage?

I'm not sure.


In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]

What does Telewizja Polska operate?

TVP Polonia

What is EchoStar's platform?

the Dish Network

Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?

Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys

Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?

district Court Judge Ronald Guzman

What does Telewizja Polska intend to offer?

I'm not sure.

What is Romand Guzmans platform?

I'm not sure.

Which judge denied Echostar's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?

I'm not sure.

Which judge overturned Polska's ruling?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected Echostar's assertion of hearsay?

I'm not sure.


Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.

When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?

in examining a patent application

What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?

authoritative statement of the archivist

When are Internet Archive timestamps harmful for patent offices?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices on the Web?

I'm not sure.

What are used to determine if a patent is available?

I'm not sure.

What will accept date stamps from the public?

I'm not sure.

What does the patent offices require before they accept applications for employment?

I'm not sure.


There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.

What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?

technical

The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?

underlying links

What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?

forms

What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?

e-commerce

What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of the Wayback Machine?

I'm not sure.

The omission of what element in Wayback Machines can make them unreliable as evidence?

I'm not sure.

What elements of webpages are not used by site archives?

I'm not sure.

What kind of sites contain information that the screen shots do not record?

I'm not sure.

When is it possible for opposing parties to misuse e-commerce?

I'm not sure.


In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.

What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?

copyright laws

What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?

delete pages from its system

In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?

FAQ

What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in the FAQ?

I'm not sure.

What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on robots.txt files?

I'm not sure.

In what part of Europe are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?

I'm not sure.

What may be found in the robots.txt files section of the site?

I'm not sure.

Who can decide when pages are deleted from Europe?

I'm not sure.


In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.

Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?

Scientology

Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?

the site owner

Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?

Church of Scientology

Web pages that contained content critical of what religious movement were taken off of the Wayback Machine in 2002?

I'm not sure.

Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Wayback Machine?

I'm not sure.

Who was the actual party that requested the Wayback Machine to be taken down?

I'm not sure.

When did the Church of Scientology remove files?

I'm not sure.

Who did not want the Wayback Machine removed?

I'm not sure.


In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court.

Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?

Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey

Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?

Healthcare Advocates

Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?

Internet Archive

What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?

the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

Which law firm leveaged the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to protect their client in 2003?

I'm not sure.

Which company filed suit against Harding Early Follmer & Frailey?

I'm not sure.

Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a plaintiff?

I'm not sure.

What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Early Follmer & Frailey of having broken?

I'm not sure.

What should Early Follmer & Frailey have removed?

I'm not sure.


Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.

What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?

voluntary

What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?

Robots.txt

If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?

Robots.txt

What kind of protocol is the Internet Archive?

I'm not sure.

What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Internet Archive?

I'm not sure.

If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is rendered unavailable?

I'm not sure.

What does the Healthcare Advocates respect?

I'm not sure.


The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."

Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?

Internet Archive

Who asserts that they will respond to direct contracts requesting material be removed from Web sites?

I'm not sure.

What are owners not interested in?

I'm not sure.

What do Web site owners do with requests?

I'm not sure.

How does the Internet Archives contact owners?

I'm not sure.

Who is interested in preserving Web sites of persons who do not want their materials in the collection?

I'm not sure.


In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.

Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?

Suzanne Shell

What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?

profane-justice.org

In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?

Northern District of California

In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?

District of Colorado

Who sued Internet Archive in 2004?

I'm not sure.

What was the URL owned by the Internet Archive?

I'm not sure.

In what jurisdiction was Suzanne Shell's counterclaims filed?

I'm not sure.

In what jurisdiction were claims nullified by the court?

I'm not sure.

When did Suzanne Shell file a declaratory judgment action?

I'm not sure.


On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."

When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?

April 25, 2007

Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?

Internet Archive

Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?

Suzanne Shell

When did Wayback Machine's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?

I'm not sure.

Who stated that they had no wish to violate the values of Suzanne Shell?

I'm not sure.

Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Wayback Machine?

I'm not sure.

Who regretted the inclusion of Wayback Mountain's Web site?

I'm not sure.

Who never intended to interfere with Suzanne Shell's goal?

I'm not sure.


In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.

What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?

DMCA requests

What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?

Federal Court of Canada

What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get the DMCA taken down?

I'm not sure.

What legal actions did the actor use after filing pornographic images?

I'm not sure.

When did a pornographic actor send multiple requests to DMCA?

I'm not sure.

What was the DMCA trying to remove?

I'm not sure.

When was the DMCA trying to remove archived images?

I'm not sure.


The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).

What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?

the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)

The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?

from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795

What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?

Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands

What is also known as the Republic of the seventeen United Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

When did part of Spain separate from the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

The Batavian Repulic preceded what other Republic?

I'm not sure.

What was the Kingdom of the Netherlands later known as?

I'm not sure.

What year marked the beginning of the existence of the Spanish Republic?

I'm not sure.

What republics did the Spanish kingdom come before?

I'm not sure.

What are some other names the Batvian Republic is known by?

I'm not sure.

During what period was the Kingdom of Holland a republic of Europe?

I'm not sure.

Name one name the Batvian Republic is also known as?

I'm not sure.


Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.

The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?

Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?

Flanders

What countries were considered part of the low countries after the sixteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What were ruled by the Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.

Which Empire ruled the county of Flanders?

I'm not sure.

What kingdom was a holy Roman empire under?

I'm not sure.

What three countries were under the Kingdom of France?

I'm not sure.

What did the Low Countries under the Kingdom of France consist of?

I'm not sure.

What county was under the Holy Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.

Until what century was the county of Flanders part of the Low Countries?

I'm not sure.

Name one type of government the county of Flanders had when under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.


Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.

The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?

the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg

Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?

Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?

high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces

The low countries ruled most of what two houses?

I'm not sure.

What did Charles V block in 1549?

I'm not sure.

What further fragment of the seventeen provinces?

I'm not sure.

When did Philip II conquer the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

What war ended with a revolt led by William I

I'm not sure.

When did the House of Burgundy issue the Pragmatic Sanction?

I'm not sure.

What did modernizing the government structures do to the Low Countries status?

I'm not sure.

When did the House of Burgundy revolt against Philip II?

I'm not sure.

Name two reasons why the Low Countries turned against Philip II?

I'm not sure.

What event started after the revolt let by King Philip II of Spain?

I'm not sure.


In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.

In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?

Who signed the Union of Utrecht?

a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries

What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?

the Act of Abjuration

In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?

What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?

to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army

In what year did the provinces of the low countries sign the Union of Utrecht?

I'm not sure.

Who promised to help each other attack the Spanish army?

I'm not sure.

Who declared their independence from Philip II in 1579?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Union of Utrecht declare independence from?

I'm not sure.

Who did the provinces promise to support with the Act of Abjuration?

I'm not sure.

In 1581 who signed the Union of Utrecht?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the declaration of independence from the Low Countries?

I'm not sure.

What did Low Country provinces sign promising to support each other against Philip II?

I'm not sure.

During what year was the declaration of independence from the Spanish signed?

I'm not sure.

Who promised to support each other while defending against Philip II?

I'm not sure.


In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?

In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?

When was William of Orange assassinated?

10 July 1584

Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?

Elizabeth I

In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?

In what year did the Duke of Anjou conquered the United provinces?

I'm not sure.

Who talk Antwerp in 1583?

I'm not sure.

What two rulers fought over the provinces after the assassination of William of Orange?

I'm not sure.

What treaty gave England sovereignty over the United provinces?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Spanish Empire stopped recognizing the Republic of the Seven United Provinces?

I'm not sure.

When was the Duke of Anjou assassinated?

I'm not sure.

When did Henry III leave the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

When did the Duke of Anjou decline an offer of soverignty?

I'm not sure.

Who was sent as governer-general to the Spanish Empire?

I'm not sure.

What did Henry III do with the United Provinces  after William of Orange was assassinated?

I'm not sure.


The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

What events created the Batavian Republic?

a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795

The republican forces fled to which country?

France

The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?

the Batavian Republic

What republic began with a series of republican revolutions?

I'm not sure.

What did the Batavian Republic take part in from 1783 to 1795?

I'm not sure.

During what period did Republican forces loose several major cities of the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

What Republic replaced the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland?

I'm not sure.

Who fled from France to the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

What happened that led to the creation of the French Republic?

I'm not sure.

Who came back to retake the Batavian Republic?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Prussian forces flee to?

I'm not sure.

What did the French Republic become under the British?

I'm not sure.

What Kingdom replaced the monarchist forces under Napoleon?

I'm not sure.


The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?

What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

"United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?

Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège

When did Belgium regain independence from France?

I'm not sure.

What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

I'm not sure.

What kingdom created a buffer state north of Belgium?

I'm not sure.

What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?

I'm not sure.

What did the Southern provinces treaty accomplish for the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.