The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.

When was the Scottish Reformation?

The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?

France

Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?

John Knox

Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?

Mary of Guise

When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?


In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:

When was the German Peasants' War?

What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?

the Thirty Years' War

How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?

between 25% and 40%

What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?

the Peace of Westphalia

Where was the German Peasants' War?

the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities


The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.

What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?

The First Great Awakening

What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?

The First Great Awakening


The Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.

When did the Second Great Awakening start?

around 1790

Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?

Baptist and Methodist

When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?

by the late 1840s

What did the Second Great Awakening create?

the formation of new denominations

What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?

skepticism, deism, and rationalism


The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.

When was the Third Great Awakening?

the late 1850s to the early 20th century

What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect?

pietistic Protestant denominations

What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening?

the Social Gospel Movement

What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening?

the worldwide missionary movement

What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?

the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements


A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement. Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout the history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in Western Christianity.

What modern movement began in the 20th century?

the modern Pentecostal movement

What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement?

Methodist and Wesleyan

What movement did Pentecostalism create?

the Charismatic movement

In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?

Los Angeles

What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement?

urban


In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches. In the post–World War I era, Liberal Christianity was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post–World War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.

Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?

In the United States and elsewhere in the world

What type of churches have declined?

mainstream liberal churches

When did Liberal Christianity increase?

In the post–World War I era

When did conservative churches start to increase?

In the post–World War II era

What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?

those that are more exclusively evangelical


In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

What direction has Europe moved towards?

secularism

What caused the spread of secularism?

The Enlightenment

What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?

North America, South America and Australia

What country is more religious than other developed nations?

United States

When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?

the 20th and 21st centuries


In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the "new papists". Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.

Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?

the Magisterial Reformation

What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?

new papists

What is another name for magister?

teacher

What were reform movement leaders compared to?

Roman Popes

What has been linked with pacifism?

Anabaptism


Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others. Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.

What type of church do Protestants believe in?

the invisible church

Who comprises the invisible church?

all who profess faith in Jesus Christ

What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?

the five solas

What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?

non-denominational groups and organizations

What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?

it is the one true church


Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.

What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?

Various ecumenical

Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?

divisions

What beliefs do most denominations agree on?

common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith

What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?

secondary

What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?

idiosyncratic


Several countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland), the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007), Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tonga—in the Methodist tradition. The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

What do national churches bring together?

the ecclesiastical structure with the state

How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?

since 2007

Who has the only Reformed church?

Tuvalu

Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?

The Church of England

What type of church does Tonga have?

Methodist


Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.

What is another name for denominational families?

branches

What are the major branches of Protestantism?

Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal

What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?

Anabaptist

What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?

how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation

What do some branches share in common?

lineage


Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.

The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?

the whole Bible

What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?

Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups

What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?

the 28 Fundamental Beliefs

What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?

Biblical references

What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?

annihilation or eternal torment


The name Anabaptist, meaning "one who baptizes again", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics.[aa] While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.[ab] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are diveded into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden, Thomas Müntzer, Kaspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Menno Simons. Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck, Conrad Grebel, Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz.

What does the word Anabaptist describe?

one who baptizes again

Who named the Anabaptists?

their persecutors

What baptism do Anabaptists reject?

baptism of infants

Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century?

Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics

Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer?

Second Front Reformers


Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion, which has 80 million adherents.

What does Anglican mean?

the English Church

When did the word Anglican begin?

Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?

the Archbishop of Canterbury

How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?

80 million

What power does each national or regional church possess?

full autonomy


The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism. By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles.

Who did the Church of England split from?

the Catholic Church

At what time did the Church of England become independent?

the Elizabethan Religious Settlement

Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?

Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer

The Church of England's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions?

Lutheranism and Calvinism

What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants?

traditional


Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?

professing believers

What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?

complete immersion

What two offices do Baptists have?

pastors and deacons

What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?

Protestant

What is another term for soul competency?

liberty


Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?

Amsterdam

Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?

John Smyth

Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?

General Baptists

Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?

Roger Williams

Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?

Baptist missionaries


Today, this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things — in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity.

What is the most well-known summary of Calvin's teachings?

the five points of Calvinism

What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?

the Calvinist view on soteriology

What is a brief description of Calvinism?

the sovereignty or rule of God in all things

What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God?

predestination and total depravity

Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches?

Calvin


Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people. Additionally, there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches.

What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members?

Lutheranism

How popular is the branch of Lutheranism?

third

What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?

The Lutheran World Federation

How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation?

over 72 million people

Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.

International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference


Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley—an Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide. Originally it appealed especially to workers, agricultural workers, and slaves.

Who was the inspiration for Methodism?

John Wesley

Who did Methodism originally attract?

workers, agricultural workers, and slaves

What was John Wesley's occupation?

Anglican priest

How many Methodists are there in the world today?

approximately 80 million

How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?

vigorous missionary activity


Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism). Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, Charles, was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church, and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.

Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?

every human being

What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ's salvation?

exercise an act of the will

What is Methodism known for, as far as music goes?

its rich musical tradition

Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?

John Wesley's brother, Charles

What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation?

monergism


This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit–filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.

Give two examples of spiritual gifts.

speaking in tongues and divine healing

What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?

Apostolic or Full Gospel

Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?

Apostolic

Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?

the Holy Spirit

What three things are Pentecostals committed to?

biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous


Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents.

How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?

hundreds

How many Pentecostals are there in the world?

over 279 million

What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?

Charismatic

Who can claim over 500 million members?

Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity

Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?

the global South


There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "born-again Christians". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves "non-denominational" or "evangelical". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.

What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?

"Christians" or "born-again Christians"

What denomination do these small groups belong to?

"non-denominational" or "evangelical"

How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?

little

Who has founded these small groups of Christians?

individual pastors


The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, evangelical movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism. Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes sola scriptura. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself—a stance that some of them still maintain—the title The Brethren, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren.

Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from?

Dublin, Ireland

What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren?

sola scriptura

Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name, what name is generally used for them?

The Brethren

When did the Plymouth Brethren originate?

late 1820s

What denomination do the Brethren originate from?

Anglicanism


Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.

What is another informal name for Quaker?

Friends

What is the Quakers unifying belief?

the priesthood of all believers

What have the Quakers tried to avoid?

creeds and hierarchical structures

What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?

the Religious Society of Friends

What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?

evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative


There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.

What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?

Evangelicalism

Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church?

Charismatic Movement

What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity?

Pentecostals

Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement.

Neo-charismatic churches

What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs?

Nondenominational churches


It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.

What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?

the 18th and 19th centuries

Methodism is part of what movement?

Evangelicalism

Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?

Britain and North America

What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?

Nicolaus Zinzendorf


In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.

What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?

Dennis Bennett

When was the Massey conference held?

The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars?

Life in the Spirit

Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement.

Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson

Where was the Massey conference held?

New Zealand


Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.

Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?

Larry Christenson

In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?

Minnesota

Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?

Huntington Beach

What was published in 1974?

Touched by the Spirit

Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?

Richard A. Jensen


In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.

Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?

Terry Virgo

Where is Every Nations Churches located?

USA

What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?

overemotional

What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?

charismata

Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional.

Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival


Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.

What group was very much hampered in England from making changes?

Puritans

What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?

the University of Cambridge

What movement influenced the Puritans?

millennialism

What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?

Sabbatarianism

When was the Synod of Dort?


They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.

What type of theology did Puritans accept?

Reformed

When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?

the 1640s

What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?

personal and group

Where was Calvin criticized?

Geneva

At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?

the Westminster Assembly


Although the Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts. Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry. Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries. Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. bishops), in most Protestant churches.

What religious movement affected education, politics, the economy, and marriage?

the Reformation

What churches let their clergy marry?

Protestant

When did women join the Protestant ministry?

What types of churches have women had leading positions?

Protestant

What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject?

celibate


As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning.

What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible?

education

In the middle of the eighteenth century, how many Swedes could read and write?

eight of ten men and women

Who founded Harvard College?

the Puritans

When was Yale founded?

What state became a hub of learning?

Pennsylvania


The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences. Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code. In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors. The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. This idea is also known as the "Protestant ethic thesis."

What is the heart of the Protestant moral code?

Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility

What did Calvin particular reject?

luxury

What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions?

economic success

What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution?

Protestant

What is another name for the Protestant work ethic?

Protestant ethic thesis


In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.

Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?

Arno Tausch

What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism?

Protestantism

Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data?

Arno Tausch

What university is Arno Tausch from?

Corvinus University of Budapest

What type of engagement is considered a World Value?

environmental activism


Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the Republican Party. Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families.

What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?

Episcopalians and Presbyterians

Affluent American families are what type of families?

Mainline Protestant

What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?

Episcopalians and Presbyterians

What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?

Republican Party

Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?

American business, law


Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world—his creation—and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?

early experimental science

What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?

English Puritanism and German Pietism

What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?

an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology

What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?

Puritans or other Protestants

What values were thought to have a significant synergy?

ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science


In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches.

What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?

doctrine of the two kingdoms

When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?

Who added the election of laymen to church government?

Calvin

Who added synods to church government?

The Huguenots

What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?

reason


Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

What political mixture did Calvin prefer?

aristocracy and democracy

What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?

separation of powers

Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?

Calvin

Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?

Hugo Grotius

What philosophers were given asylum?

Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle


Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract.

Whose democracies were created by Protestants?

the English and the American democracies

Other than the U.S., to what colonies did the British export their democratic beliefs?

Australia, New Zealand, and India

What democratic principles were followed by the Plymouth Colony?

self-rule and separation of powers

What group believed that democracy was the will of God?

Congregationalists

What other group in America practiced self-rule and separation of powers?

Massachusetts Bay Colony


Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person. The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practised separation of church and state. In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom. Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance. Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including Jews. The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework. The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition.

What group initiated the right to religious freedom?

Protestants

Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs?

Worms

What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state?

Anabaptists and Huguenots

Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century?

John Smyth and Thomas Helwys

How many American Protestants supported independence in America?

The great majority


Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state – these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - had Protestant backgrounds. For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on "a set of Protestant Christian assumptions", derived the equality of all humans, including the equality of the genders ("Adam and Eve"), from Genesis 1, 26-28. As all persons were created equally free, all governments needed "the consent of the governed." These Lockean ideas were fundamental to the United States Declaration of Independence, which also deduced human rights from the biblical belief in creation: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."

What group popularized early Protestant teachings about separation of church and state?

Enlightenment thinkers

What did John Locke use as a basis for his political beliefs?

a set of Protestant Christian assumptions

Whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?

John Locke

What Rights do the Declaration of Independence consider unalienable?

Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness

What scripture did Locke use as a reference for equality?

Genesis 1, 26-28


Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740, slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (William Wilberforce, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants). Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law. The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist. He also founded the Red Cross.

When did Prussia stop torture?

When did Britain end slavery?

Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?

Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf

Who founded the Red Cross?

Henry Dunant

What international law was Henry Dunant mostly responsible for?

The Geneva Convention


Protestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies. In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage. As an answer to the "social question" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state (health insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, old-age pensions). To Bismarck this was "practical Christianity". These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.

Who first introduced social insurance programs?

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be?

practical Christianity

What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century?

the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage

What country started programs that led to the welfare state?

Germany

What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?

the Western world


World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser, John Milton, John Bunyan, John Donne, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Jonathan Swift, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allan Poe, Matthew Arnold, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Theodor Fontane, Washington Irving, Robert Browning, Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Thomas Stearns Eliot, John Galsworthy, Thomas Mann, William Faulkner, John Updike, and many others.

What did John Milton do for world literature?

enrich

Samuel Taylor is listed as enriching what?

World literature

What women writers were listed as contributors to world literature?

Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë

Edgar Allen Poe added value to literature in what area?

World


The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession. According to Bishop Hilarion (Alfeyev) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject.

The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?

ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities

What is lacking in Protestant priesthood, according to the Roman Catholic Church?

no sacramental ministerial priesthood

What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas?

ordinances and doctrines

What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches?

Eastern Orthodox

What is lacking in Protestantism, according to the Roman Catholic Church?

true apostolic succession


Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted. Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them. In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument, saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church—this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.

Who were Magisterial reformers?

Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli

What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming?

the Roman Catholic Church

Instead of a visible church, what did Protestants believe there was?

a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church

When did the idea of a hidden church begin?

in the early days of the Protestant Reformation

What church did the Reformers claim had left them?

the Roman Catholic Church


Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action.

The Reformed churches based their beliefs about ecclesiastical organization on what movement?

Conciliar

Who supported the Magisterial Reformation?

the ruling authorities

What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called?

the five solas

What ecumenical council did the Reformed churches reject?

the Council of Trent

What type of character became central to religious unity in Reformed churches?

invisible


The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the World Council of Churches has been influential, but ineffective in creating a united church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the Church of South India, the Church of North India, the US-based United Church of Christ, the United Church of Canada, the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships. There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement, though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine.

What group has been unsuccessful in creating a unified church since 1948?

the World Council of Churches

What conference was held in 1910?

the Edinburgh Missionary Conference

What churches have been strongly engaged in the ecumenical movement?

Orthodox

What have Orthodox churches condemned the perception of?

watering down Orthodox doctrine

What types of churches have had rapidly declining memberships?

united churches


A Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid. Therefore, Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized (although they are confirmed) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study.

If done properly, what Protestant practice does the Catholic Church recognize?

baptism

What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes?

marriage

Who can become ordained to the Catholic priesthood after a period of study?

Protestant ministers who become Catholics

Protestants who want full communion with the Catholic Church do not have to be what?

re-baptized

Why does the Catholic Church not recognize the ordination of Protestant ministers?

the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church


In 1999, the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement. This is understandable, since there is no compelling authority within them. On 18 July 2006, delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration.

What document was signed in 1999?

the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification

Who rejects the statement signed in 1999?

Confessional Lutherans

Who adopted the Joint Declaration in 2006?

delegates to the World Methodist Conference

The Joint Declaration supposedly resolves the conflict which originally led to what movement?

the Protestant Reformation

What two groups originally signed the Joint Declaration?

Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church


There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,[ad] among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.[ae] In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa. Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population. Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%, 36%, 36.7%, and 40%, while in relation to the world's population at 11.6% and 13%.

How many Protestants are there in the world?

more than 900 million

What is the total population of Christians in the world?

approximately 2.4 billion

Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)?

more than one tenth

What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010?

Middle East-North Africa

What area had the largest Protestant population in 2010?

Sub-Saharan Africa


In European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation, Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion. These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom. In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary, it remains one of the most popular religions. Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements, there are only few Protestant adherents; mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs, restrictions during the Communist rule, and also the ongoing secularization. Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased. According to a 2012 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Protestants made up 12% of the EU population. According to Pew Research Center, Protestants constituted nearly one fifth (or 17.8%) of the continent's Christian population in 2010. Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010.

In what European areas is Protestantism still the most practiced religion?

the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom

In 2012, what percentage of the EU was thought to be Protestant?

In what countries is Protestantism one of the most popular (but not THE most popular) religions?

Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary

The Pew Research Center estimated Protestants to be what percentage of Europe's Christian population in 2010?

What area was once the site of a significant pre-reformation movement, but now only has a small number of Protestants?

Czech Republic


Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant. Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion. Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians. In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively. According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth. By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa. In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined. Almost as many lived in each of Nigeria and China as in all of Europe. China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.[af]

Where has Protestantism spread quickly since the 1900's?

Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America

When did much of the spread of Protestantism occur in the 20th century?

after World War II

What percentage of Anglicans were in the UK in 1910?

In 2010, what percentage of Anglicans were said to be in Africa?

In 2010, what country had more Protestants than both the UK and Germany together?

Brazil


Brasília (Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾaˈziljɐ]) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located atop the Brazilian highlands in the country's center-western region. It was founded on April 21, 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Brasília and its metro (encompassing the whole of the Federal District) had a population of 2,556,149 in 2011, making it the 4th most populous city in Brazil. Among major Latin American cities, Brasília has the highest GDP per capita at R$61,915 (US$36,175).

What is Brazil's capital?

Brasília

What region of Brazil is Brasilia in?

center-western

What is Brasilia's GDP per capita in US dollars?

What is the population of Brasilia's metro area?

When was Brasilia founded?

April 21, 1960

What Portugese District is the capital of Brazil?

I'm not sure.

Where is Brasilia's metro located?

I'm not sure.

When was Brasilia founded to serve as the metro?

I'm not sure.

What is the population of Brasilia's Federal District?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of Brasilia and its metro in 1960?

I'm not sure.


The city has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like other cities in Brazil. The name 'Brasília' is commonly used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche; However, the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative regions, only one of which is Brasília proper, with a population of 209,926 in a 2011 survey; Demographic publications generally do not make this distinction and list the population of Brasília as synonymous with the population of the Federal District, considering the whole of it as its metropolitan area. The city was one of the main host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Additionally, Brasília hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

How many administrative regions does the Federal District have?

What is Brasilia's proper city population?

What does Brasilia's metro area consist of?

the Federal District

Which World Cup did Brasilia host?

Which Confederations Cup did Brasilia host?

What did Brasilia host in 2011?

I'm not sure.

What unique status does the Federal District have in Brazil?

I'm not sure.

How many synedoche are in Brazil?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of Brazil in 2013?

I'm not sure.

What was Brasil a main administrative division of in 2014?

I'm not sure.


Juscelino Kubitschek, President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction of Brasília, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasília was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.

When did Kubitschek become President of Brazil?

When did Kubitschek leave office?

Who ordered Brasilia be built?

Juscelino Kubitschek

How many people competed to be Brasilia's urban planner?

When was Brasilia inaugurated?

April 21, 1960

During what time period was Lucio Costa President of Brazil?

I'm not sure.

What did Oscar Niemeyer cause to be constructed in Brazil?

I'm not sure.

How many people competed in a contest to help build the city in 1956?

I'm not sure.

When was Brasilia's Constitution made official?

I'm not sure.

What was Lucio Costa's plan to build Brasilia called?

I'm not sure.


Until the 1980s, the governor of the Federal District was appointed by the Federal Government, and the laws of Brasília were issued by the Brazilian Federal Senate. With the Constitution of 1988 Brasília gained the right to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly (Câmara Legislativa) was elected to exercise legislative power. The Federal District does not have a Judicial Power of its own. The Judicial Power which serves the Federal District also serves federal territories. Currently, Brazil does not have any territories, therefore, for now the courts serve only cases from the Federal District.

When did Brazil pass a new Constitution?

What rights did Brasilia gain in 1988?

to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly

What is Brasilia's District Assembly called?

Câmara Legislativa

Until 1988 who was the governor of the Federal District appointed by?

I'm not sure.

What does the Federal Government not have?

I'm not sure.

What does the Brazilian Federal Senate also serve besides the Federal District?

I'm not sure.

What does the District Assembly not have currently?

I'm not sure.

For now what kind of cases does the District Assembly serve?

I'm not sure.


Brasília has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the Köppen system, with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from October to April, and a dry season, from May to September. The average temperature is 20.6 °C (69.1 °F). September, at the end of the dry season, has the highest average maximum temperature, 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), has major and minor lower maximum average temperature, of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) and 12.9 °C (55.2 °F), respectively. Average temperatures from September through March are a consistent 22 °C (72 °F). With 247.4 mm (9.7 in), January is the month with the highest rainfall of the year, while June is the lowest, with only 8.7 mm (0.3 in).

What climate type does Brasilia have?

tropical savanna climate (Aw)

When is Brasilia's rainy season?

October to April

When is Brasilia's dry season?

May to September

What is the average maximum temperature in Brasilia in September?

28.3 °C (82.9 °F)

Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall?

January

How high is the rainfall in Brasilia in September?

I'm not sure.

How low is the rainfall in Brasilia in April?

I'm not sure.

What climate type does Koppen have?

I'm not sure.

What are average temperatures like from May to September?

I'm not sure.

How much rain is there during the highest rainfall of the year in October?

I'm not sure.


The Portuguese language is the official national language and the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum. The city has six international schools: American School of Brasília, Brasília International School (BIS), Escola das Nações, Swiss International School (SIS), Lycée français François-Mitterrand (LfFM) and Maple Bear Canadian School. August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school - The British School of Brasilia. Brasília has two universities, three university centers, and many private colleges.

What is Brazil's official language?

Portuguese

What languages besides Portuguese are taught in Brasilia's schools?

English and Spanish

How many international schools are in Brasilia?

six

When will a new international school open in Brasilia?

August 2016

What nationality will the new international school in Brasilia be?

British

Where is English the primary language taught in Brasilia?

I'm not sure.

How many private colleges are in Brasilia?

I'm not sure.

In what year will the official curriculum start?

I'm not sure.

What school will the official curriculum be taught in?

I'm not sure.

What is the Maple Bear Canadian School's official language?

I'm not sure.


The Cathedral of Brasília in the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil, is an expression of the architect Oscar Niemeyer. This concrete-framed hyperboloid structure, seems with its glass roof reaching up, open, to the heavens. On 31 May 1970, the Cathedral’s structure was finished, and only the 70 m (229.66 ft) diameter of the circular area were visible. Niemeyer's project of Cathedral of Brasília is based in the hyperboloid of revolution which sections are asymmetric. The hyperboloid structure itself is a result of 16 identical assembled concrete columns. These columns, having hyperbolic section and weighing 90 t, represent two hands moving upwards to heaven. The Cathedral was dedicated on 31 May 1970.

Who designed the Cathedral of Brasília?

Oscar Niemeyer

What type of structure is the Cathedral of Brasília?

concrete-framed hyperboloid

When was the Cathedral of Brasília dedicated?

31 May 1970

How many identical columns are used in the Cathedral of Brasília?

How much do the Cathedral of Brasília's columns weigh?

90 t

When was the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil created?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the capital of Brazil?

I'm not sure.

How many parts of the capital were reaching up to heaven?

I'm not sure.

When was Brasilia dedicated?

I'm not sure.

How much does the glass weigh?

I'm not sure.


A series of low-lying annexes (largely hidden) flank both ends. Also in the square are the glass-faced Planalto Palace housing the presidential offices, and the Palace of the Supreme Court. Farther east, on a triangle of land jutting into the lake, is the Palace of the Dawn (Palácio da Alvorada; the presidential residence). Between the federal and civic buildings on the Monumental Axis is the city's cathedral, considered by many to be Niemeyer's finest achievement (see photographs of the interior). The parabolically shaped structure is characterized by its 16 gracefully curving supports, which join in a circle 115 feet (35 meters) above the floor of the nave; stretched between the supports are translucent walls of tinted glass. The nave is entered via a subterranean passage rather than conventional doorways. Other notable buildings are Buriti Palace, Itamaraty Palace, the National Theater, and several foreign embassies that creatively embody features of their national architecture. The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings.

What is in the Planalto Palace?

presidential offices

Where does Brazil's president live, in Portuguese?

Palácio da Alvorada

What does 'Palácio da Alvorada' mean?

Palace of the Dawn

Who designed gardens for some of Brasilia's major buildings?

Roberto Burle Marx

What style of gardens did Marx design?

modernist

What did Planalto design?

I'm not sure.

What did Planalto create his designs for?

I'm not sure.

What supports the modernest gardens?

I'm not sure.

Where do you enter the presidential offices instead of a doorway?

I'm not sure.

Where does Roberto Burle Marx live?

I'm not sure.


Both low-cost and luxury housing were built by the government in the Brasília. The residential zones of the inner city are arranged into superquadras ("superblocks"): groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces. At the northern end of Lake Paranoá, separated from the inner city, is a peninsula with many fashionable homes, and a similar city exists on the southern lakeshore. Originally the city planners envisioned extensive public areas along the shores of the artificial lake, but during early development private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants gained footholds around the water. Set well apart from the city are satellite cities, including Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina. These cities, with the exception of Gama and Sobradinho were not planned.

What are 'superquadras' or superblocks?

groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces

Where is there a peninsula with luxury homes?

the northern end of Lake Paranoá

What did the planners want to have around Lake Paranoa?

extensive public areas

What took over Lake Paranoa's shores contrary to the plan?

private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants

What mostly-unplanned cities are around Brasilia?

Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina

What type of private clubs were built by the Brasilian government?

I'm not sure.

How are open spaces arranged in Brasilia?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of a Nucleo?

I'm not sure.

What is located at the northern end of Bandeirante?

I'm not sure.

What did the cuperquadras plan to build near the lake shore?

I'm not sure.


After a visit to Brasília, the French writer Simone de Beauvoir complained that all of its superquadras exuded "the same air of elegant monotony," and other observers have equated the city's large open lawns, plazas, and fields to wastelands. As the city has matured, some of these have gained adornments, and many have been improved by landscaping, giving some observers a sense of "humanized" spaciousness. Although not fully accomplished, the "Brasília utopia" has produced a city of relatively high quality of life, in which the citizens live in forested areas with sporting and leisure structure (the superquadras) flanked by small commercial areas, bookstores and cafes; the city is famous for its cuisine and efficiency of transit.

Who complained that Brasilia was monotonous?

Simone de Beauvoir

What nationality was de Beauvoir?

French

What was de Beauvoir's career?

writer

What is Brasilia famous for?

its cuisine and efficiency of transit

What did the citizens complain after visiting Brasilia?

I'm not sure.

What are superquadras famous for?

I'm not sure.

What have other observers compared forested areas to?

I'm not sure.

What is located on either side of the plazas?

I'm not sure.

How have the bookstores and cafes been improved?

I'm not sure.


The major roles of construction and of services (government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services) in Brasília's economy reflect the city's status as a governmental rather than an industrial center. Industries connected with construction, food processing, and furnishings are important, as are those associated with publishing, printing, and computer software. GDP is divided in Public Administration 54.8%, Services 28.7%, Industry 10.2%, Commerce 6.1%, Agribusiness 0.2%.

What services are central to Brasilia's economy?

government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services

What is Brasilia's most important non-service industry?

construction

How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Public Administration?

How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Services?

How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Agribusiness?

What shows the city's status as an industrial center?

I'm not sure.

What Public Administration roles are important?

I'm not sure.

How is government divided according to percentage?

I'm not sure.

What other parts of finance are important?

I'm not sure.

What major roles of Public Administration and Commerce show Brasilia as governmental rather than industrial?

I'm not sure.


Besides being the political center, Brasília is an important economic center. Brasília has the highest city gross domestic product (GDP) of 99.5 billion reais representing 3.76% of the total Brazilian GDP. The main economic activity of the federal capital results from its administrative function. Its industrial planning is studied carefully by the Government of the Federal District. Being a city registered by UNESCO, the government in Brasília has opted to encourage the development of non-polluting industries such as software, film, video, and gemology among others, with emphasis on environmental preservation and maintaining ecological balance, preserving the city property.

What is Brasilia's GDP?

99.5 billion reais

How much of Brazil's GDP comes from Brasilia?

What industries is Brasilia trying to encourage?

software, film, video, and gemology

What city is an important Federal District?

I'm not sure.

Where does the main economic activity of UNESCO come from?

I'm not sure.

What is the non-polluting industry registered by?

I'm not sure.

What does UNESCO encorage in Brasilia?

I'm not sure.

What does the film industry put emphasis on in Brasilia?

I'm not sure.


The city's planned design included specific areas for almost everything, including accommodation, Hotels Sectors North and South. New hotel facilities are being developed elsewhere, such as the hotels and tourism Sector North, located on the shores of Lake Paranoá. Brasília has a range of tourist accommodation from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels. The city's restaurants cater to a wide range of foods from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine.

Where did Brasilia place hotels?

Hotels Sectors North and South

What kinds of hotels does Brasilia have?

from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels

What kinds of restaurants does Brasilia have?

from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine

What lake has some hotels around it?

Lake Paranoá

What do Hotel Sectors cater to?

I'm not sure.

What did the design of hostels include?

I'm not sure.

Where are restaurants and pensions placed in Brasilia?

I'm not sure.

Near what lake is the Sector South located?

I'm not sure.

Where are new restaurants being developed?

I'm not sure.


Brasília has also been the focus of modern-day literature. Published in 2008, The World In Grey: Dom Bosco's Prophecy, by author Ryan J. Lucero, tells an apocalypticle story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco. According to Don Bosco's prophecy: "Between parallels 15 and 20, around a lake which shall be formed; A great civilization will thrive, and that will be the Promised Land." Brasília lies between the parallels 15° S and 20° S, where an artificial lake (Paranoá Lake) was formed. Don Bosco is Brasília's patron saint.

When was 'The World In Grey' published?

Who wrote 'The World In Grey'?

Ryan J. Lucero

Whose prophecy is 'The World In Grey' based on?

Don Bosco

Who is Brasilia's patron saint?

Don Bosco

What lake did Don Bosco predict?

Paranoá Lake

What has Ryan J. Lucero been the focus of recently?

I'm not sure.

When was the Promised Land published?

I'm not sure.

What was the prophecy of Ryan J. Lucero?

I'm not sure.

Who is  the patron saint of Italy?

I'm not sure.

Where was World In Grey created?

I'm not sure.


Praça dos Três Poderes (Portuguese for Square of the Three Powers) is a plaza in Brasília. The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza: the Executive, represented by the Palácio do Planalto (presidential office); the Legislative, represented by the National Congress (Congresso Nacional); and the Judicial branch, represented by the Supreme Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal). It is a tourist attraction in Brasília, designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously.

What does 'Praça dos Três Poderes' mean?

Square of the Three Powers

What does the name 'Praça dos Três Poderes' come from?

the three federal branches around the plaza

What is Brazil's Supreme Court called?

Supremo Tribunal Federal

Who designed the Praça dos Três Poderes?

Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer

What is Brazil's Congress called?

Congresso Nacional

What is a court in the National Congress?

I'm not sure.

What is a tourist attraction in Lucio?

I'm not sure.

Where does the name Lucio Costa come from?

I'm not sure.

Who designed the Supreme Federal Court?

I'm not sure.

What is the presidential office designed by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer called?

I'm not sure.


The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed, along with the rest of the city of Brasília, by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic's new capital city, the "Alvorada" lies on a peninsula at the margins of Lake Paranoá. The principles of simplicity and modernity, that in the past characterized the great works of architecture, motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an impression of looking at a glass box, softly landed on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The building has an area of 7,000 m2 with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor. The auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in adjacent buildings.

Where does Brazil's president live?

Palácio da Alvorada

When did Brasilia's presidential residence open?

What principles of architecture was the Alvorada designed with?

simplicity and modernity

How large is the Alvorada?

7,000 m2

How many floors does the Alvorada have?

three

What is the area of the city of Brasilia?

I'm not sure.

When was the President of Brazil inaugurated?

I'm not sure.

How many floors are in the chapel?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of one of the first Olympic-sized swimming pools built in the capital city?

I'm not sure.

What principles motivated the President of Brazil?

I'm not sure.


The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília. As the seat of government, the term "Planalto" is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of government. The main working office of the President of the Republic is in the Palácio do Planalto. The President and his or her family do not live in it, rather in the official residence, the Palácio da Alvorada. Besides the President, senior advisors also have offices in the "Planalto," including the Vice-President of Brazil and the Chief of Staff. The other Ministries are along the Esplanada dos Ministérios. The architect of the Palácio do Planalto was Oscar Niemeyer, creator of most of the important buildings in Brasília. The idea was to project an image of simplicity and modernity using fine lines and waves to compose the columns and exterior structures. The Palace is four stories high, and has an area of 36,000 m2. Four other adjacent buildings are also part of the complex.

How many floors does the Planalto have?

four

How large is the Planalto?

36,000 m2

Where are the President's offices?

Palácio do Planalto

Who designed the Planalto?

Oscar Niemeyer

Where are the VP's offices?

Palácio do Planalto

How many floors are in the Palacio da Alvoarada?

I'm not sure.

What is the area of the Palacio de Alvorada?

I'm not sure.

Who also has offices in the Alvorada?

I'm not sure.

What is the official workplace of Oscar Niemeyer?

I'm not sure.

What is used as a metonym for the chief of staff of government?

I'm not sure.


This makes for a large number of takeoffs and landings and it is not unusual for flights to be delayed in the holding pattern before landing. Following the airport's master plan, Infraero built a second runway, which was finished in 2006. In 2007, the airport handled 11,119,872 passengers. The main building's third floor, with 12 thousand square meters, has a panoramic deck, a food court, shops, four movie theatres with total capacity of 500 people, and space for exhibitions. Brasília Airport has 136 vendor spaces. The airport is located about 11 km (6.8 mi) from the central area of Brasília, outside the metro system. The area outside the airport's main gate is lined with taxis as well as several bus line services which connect the airport to Brasília's central district. The parking lot accommodates 1,200 cars. The airport is serviced by domestic and regional airlines (TAM, GOL, Azul, WebJET, Trip and Avianca), in addition to a number of international carriers. In 2012, Brasília's International Airport was won by the InfrAmerica consortium, formed by the Brazilian engineering company ENGEVIX and the Argentine Corporacion America holding company, with a 50% stake each. During the 25-year concession, the airport may be expanded to up to 40 million passengers a year.

When did Brasilia's airport add a second runway?

How many passengers came through Brasilia's airport in 2007?

How many movie theaters are in Brasilia's airport?

four

How many vendor spaces are in Brasilia's airport?

How many parking spaces are there at Brasilia's airport?

What did Avianca build by following the airport master plan?

I'm not sure.

When did WebJET add a second runway?

I'm not sure.

How many passengers did the airport handle in 2006?

I'm not sure.

How many vendor spaces does ENGEVIX have?

I'm not sure.

In 2007 by how much was the airport expanded to handle?

I'm not sure.


In 2014, the airport received 15 new boarding bridges, totalling 28 in all. This was the main requirement made by the federal government, which transferred the operation of the terminal to the Inframerica Group after an auction. The group invested R$750 million in the project. In the same year, the number of parking spaces doubled, reaching three thousand. The airport's entrance have a new rooftop cover and a new access road. Furthermore, a VIP room was created on Terminal 1's third floor. The investments resulted an increase the capacity of Brasília's airport from approximately 15 million passengers per year to 21 million by 2014. Brasília has direct flights to all states of Brazil and direct international flights to Atlanta, Buenos Aires, Lisbon, Miami, Panama City, and Paris.

How many boarding bridges does Brasilia's airport have?

When did the number of boarding bridges at Brasilia's airport nearly double?

What company now runs Brasilia's airport?

Inframerica Group

Besides boarding bridges, what also doubled in 2014 at Brasilia's airport?

the number of parking spaces

What is Brasilia's airport's annual passenger capacity after 2014's improvements?

21 million

How many boarding bridges did Miami recieve in 2014?

I'm not sure.

What did the boarding bridges increase to in Buenos Aires in 2014?

I'm not sure.

What was transferred to Paris after an auction?

I'm not sure.

What did the amount of passengers double to in 2014?

I'm not sure.

What company runs the VIP room?

I'm not sure.


The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, also known as the 'President JK Bridge' or the 'JK Bridge', crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasília. It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, former president of Brazil. It was designed by architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde. Chan won the Gustav Lindenthal Medal for this project at the 2003 International Bridge Conference in Pittsburgh due to "...outstanding achievement demonstrating harmony with the environment, aesthetic merit and successful community participation".

What is the JK Bridge a nickname for?

The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge

What does the JK Bridge cross?

Lake Paranoá

Who was the JK Bridge named for?

Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira

Who was de Oliveira?

former president of Brazil

Who designed the JK Bridge?

architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde

What did Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira design?

I'm not sure.

What was Alexandre Chan former president of?

I'm not sure.

What did Mario Vila Verde win in 2003?

I'm not sure.

What does the Mario Vila Verde bridge cross?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Gustav Lindenthal Conference located?

I'm not sure.


The metro leaves the Rodoviária (bus station) and goes south, avoiding most of the political and tourist areas. The main purpose of the metro is to serve cities, such as Samambaia, Taguatinga and Ceilândia, as well as Guará and Águas Claras. The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto itself (the census of 2000 indicated that Ceilândia had 344,039 inhabitants, Taguatinga had 243,575, whereas the Plano Piloto had approximately 400,000 inhabitants), and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation.

What is the Rodoviária?

bus station

As of 2000, how many people lived in Ceilândia?

As of 2000, how many people lived in Taguatinga?

As of 2000, how many people lived in the Plano Piloto?

approximately 400,000

What areas does Brasilia's public transit avoid?

most of the political and tourist areas

Where does the metro go after leaving the satellite cities?

I'm not sure.

What do most residents of the Rodoviaria depend on?

I'm not sure.

What tourist areas does the metro serve?

I'm not sure.

What areas served are more populated than the political areas?

I'm not sure.

According to the 2000 census, how  many people lived in Guara?

I'm not sure.


In the original city plan, the interstate buses should also stop at the Central Station. Because of the growth of Brasília (and corresponding growth in the bus fleet), today the interstate buses leave from the older interstate station (called Rodoferroviária), located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental. The Central Bus Station also contains a main metro station. A new bus station was opened in July 2010. It is on Saída Sul (South Exit) near Parkshopping Mall and with its metro station, and it's also an inter-state bus station, used only to leave the Federal District.

Where did Brasilia's plan want interstate buses to stop?

Central Station

What is the older interstate bus station called?

Rodoferroviária

Where is the older interstate bus station?

the western end of the Eixo Monumental

What mall is Brasilia's newest bus station near?

Parkshopping Mall

What street is Brasilia's newest bus station on?

Saída Sul

In the original plan where should western end buses stop?

I'm not sure.

Because of the location of the Parkshopping Mall, where do buses leave from today?

I'm not sure.

When was the Rodoferroviaria opened?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Central Station located that opened in July 2010?

I'm not sure.

What is only used to leave the Eixo Monumental?

I'm not sure.


Brasília is known as a departing point for the practice of unpowered air sports, sports that may be practiced with hang gliding or paragliding wings. Practitioners of such sports reveal that, because of the city's dry weather, the city offers strong thermal winds and great "cloud-streets", which is also the name for a manoeuvre quite appreciated by practitioners. In 2003, Brasília hosted the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship, one of the categories of free flying. In August 2005, the city hosted the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship.

What type of sports are popular in Brasilia?

unpowered air sports

What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2003?

the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship

What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2005?

the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship

Why is Brasilia a good place for air sports?

strong thermal winds and great "cloud-streets"

What category of free flying did Brasilia host in August 2005?

I'm not sure.

What is the name for paragliding in Brasilia?

I'm not sure.

What does the city have to offer because of its categories of free flying?

I'm not sure.

What is thermal wind known as?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of a manoeuvre appreciated by hanggliding?

I'm not sure.