Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.

What season is the wettest in Charleston?

Summer

In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?

thundershowers

What season is characterized as short in Charleston?

Winter

What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?

8.0 in (20 cm)

What season is considered short in Charleston?

Winter

What is the wettest season in Charleston?

Summer

Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?

thundershowers

How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?

6.0 in (15 cm

What season is the dryest in Charleston?

I'm not sure.

In what form does all of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?

I'm not sure.

What season is characterized as long in Charleston?

I'm not sure.

What is Charleston's seasonal record of windfall?

I'm not sure.

How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1998?

I'm not sure.


The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area – most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a category 4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 °F (20 to 22 °C).

What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?

104 °F

What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?

Hurricanes

What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?

Hurricane Hugo

What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?

7 °F (−14 °C)

What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?

January 21, 1985

What is coldest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?

I'm not sure.

What type of storm is a minor threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?

I'm not sure.

What hurricane hit Charleston in 1998?

I'm not sure.

What was the highest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?

I'm not sure.

What day did Charleston's airport hit the warmest day on record?

I'm not sure.


The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 712,239 people. North Charleston is the second-largest city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next-largest cities. These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010. The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with a 2000 population of 9,123).

How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2010?

What is the third largest city in South Carolina?

North Charleston

How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2000?

Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?

Dorchester

In which county is Moncks Corner located?

Berkeley County

How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What is the third largest city in North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2010?

I'm not sure.

Charleston and Berkeley isn't combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?

I'm not sure.

In which county is Moncks Corner not located?

I'm not sure.


The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.[citation needed] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.

What era brought counties to South Carolina?

Reconstruction Era

Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?

traditional parish system

What is the main use of the parish system nowadays?

public service districts

The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?

Parish of St. Philip

What other parish besides St. John's Parish is  mostly an incorporated rural parish?

St. Andrew's Parish

What era brought counties to North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Counties replaced what system in North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the main use of the parish system nowadays?

I'm not sure.

The city of Charleston isn't defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?

I'm not sure.

What other parish besides St. John's Parish is mostly an incorporated urban parish?

I'm not sure.


After Charles II of England (1630–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions. The first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670. Governance, settlement, and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke.

What year was Charles Town founded?

How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?

seven years

What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina?

the Grand Model

Who prepared the plan known as "the Grand Model"?

John Locke

When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?

What year was Charles Town abandoned?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of South Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the plan known as "the Grand Model"?

I'm not sure.

What was the plan to settle and develop the State of Carolina?

I'm not sure.

When was Charles I of England restored to the throne?

I'm not sure.


The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due east of South Carolina, although at 1,030 km or 640 mi, it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a "great port towne", a destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680, the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Not only was this location more defensible, but it also offered access to a fine natural harbor.

Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?

Bermuda

Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town?

Cape Hatteras

Who was the first governor of Charleston?

William Sayle

Who predicted Charleston would become a 'great port towne'?

Earl of Shaftesbury

The settlement was relocated east to what river?

Ashley River

Where did Charleston's original settlers not come from?

I'm not sure.

Bermuda is located near which South Carolina town?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last governor of Charleston?

I'm not sure.

Who predicted Charleston would become a 'weak port towne'?

I'm not sure.

The settlement was relocated west to what river?

I'm not sure.


The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English "royalty" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America—a status it held until about 1830.

What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?

Catholics

About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?

What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?

England

After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?

American Revolution

Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?

Barbados

What religious group was allowed to settle in South Carolina?

I'm not sure.

About what year did Charleston begin to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?

I'm not sure.

What European country did few of the first Charleston settlers come from?

I'm not sure.

After what war did the state ban on Catholics begin?

I'm not sure.

Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did few settlers come from?

I'm not sure.


The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.

Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?

Spain

Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?

Native Americans

Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?

Governor Johnson

The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?

Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?

pirates

Which country along with France accepted England's claim to the Charleston region?

I'm not sure.

Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from police?

I'm not sure.

Whose 1740 plan was used to fortified the city?

I'm not sure.

The minority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?

I'm not sure.

Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else protected the Charleston settlement?

I'm not sure.


Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as "servants", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a "hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds."

What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?

Toni Morrison

What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?

What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town?

Middle Passage

What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves?

Africans

Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from?

Windward Coast

What author stole the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of those sold as slaves in South America landed at Sullivan's Island?

I'm not sure.

What stage of the slave trade stole slaves from Charles Town?

I'm not sure.

What peoples weren't brought to Charles Town to be slaves?

I'm not sure.

Which African coast did no slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from?

I'm not sure.


Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700. With the coerced help of African slaves from the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750. Those and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry.

African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?

rice

Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry?

Britain

By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?

By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?

What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?

naval stores

African slaves had no knowledge of the cultivation of what product?

I'm not sure.

Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Highcountry?

I'm not sure.

By what year was indigo was a low export for the Lowcountry?

I'm not sure.

By what year was rice an unsuccessful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?

I'm not sure.

What products were imported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?

I'm not sure.


By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.

What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?

slave trade

When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?

Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?

slaves

People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?

the Great Migration

When did the Great Migration occur?

the early 20th century

What unlucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?

I'm not sure.

When did Charles Town become the fifth largest colonial port?

I'm not sure.

Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1780?

I'm not sure.

People of African descent were the minority in Charleston until what mass movement?

I'm not sure.

When didn't the Great Migration occur?

I'm not sure.


Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.

What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?

Creek nations

What is the  estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?

500,000 to 1,250,000

Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?

What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?

the deerskin trade

What was the average amount of deer skins  that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715?

What other North American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?

I'm not sure.

What is the estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1861?

I'm not sure.

Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were imported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?

I'm not sure.

What trade wasn't the basis of Charles Town's original economy?

I'm not sure.

What was the average amount of deer skins that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1815?

I'm not sure.


As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States.

What is the oldest college in South Carolina?

College of Charles Towne

Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?

What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established?

When was the College of Charles Towe founded?

What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood?

Dock Street Theatre

What is the newest college in South Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Charleston never supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Charles Towne Library Society unestablished?

I'm not sure.

When was the College of Charles Towe unfounded?

I'm not sure.

What is located where the last theatre building in Charles Town once stood?

I'm not sure.


On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they would do. Col. Moultrie's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander.

Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?

General Sir Henry Clinton

When did General Clinton attack South Carolina?

June 28, 1776

Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?

Col. Moultrie

What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town?

a simultaneous Loyalist uprising

Fort Sullivan was renamed  what after the battle?

Fort Moultrie

Which general tried to seize Charles Town before the American Revolution?

I'm not sure.

When did General Clinton attack North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Who was the commander of the American forces defending North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

What was the British hoping to inspire by their defense of Charles Town?

I'm not sure.


Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox"; and Andrew Pickens. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left, the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783.

What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?

Siege of Charles Towne

How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?

In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne?

Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne?

General Benjamin Lincoln

How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead?

What was the worst American defeat of the American Revolution?

I'm not sure.

How many soldiers didb't General Clinton return with?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't General Clinton return to Charles Towne?

I'm not sure.

Who was the leader of the American forces attacking Charles Towne?

I'm not sure.

How many soldiers didn't General Lincoln lead?

I'm not sure.


Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers.

What city became the state capital of South Carolina?

Columbia

Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?

In what year was the cotton gin invented?

What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793?

cotton

Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations?

Slaves

What city became the state capital of North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Charleston was the state capital of North Carolina until what year?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the cotton gin rejected?

I'm not sure.

What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1739?

I'm not sure.

Who made up little of the primary labor force of cotton plantations?

I'm not sure.


The city also had a large class of free people of color. By 1860, 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston, nearly 18% of the city's black population, and 8% of the total population. Free people of color were far more likely to be of mixed racial background than slaves. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some even owned substantial property, including slaves. In 1790, they established the Brown Fellowship Society for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued until 1945.

How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860?

What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color?

What percentage of Charleston's black population were free people of color?

In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created?

In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end?

How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1680?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Charleston's population were slave people of color?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Charleston's black population weren't free people of color?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society ended?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society start?

I'm not sure.


By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.

What was planned by Denmark Vesey?

slave revolt

When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?

May 1822

How was Vesey executed in 1822?

hanged

How many slaves were executed with Vesey?

five slaves

What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?

Haitian Revolution

What wasn't planned by Denmark Vesey?

I'm not sure.

When wasn't Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?

I'm not sure.

How was Vesey executed in 1820?

I'm not sure.

How many slaves were spared with Vesey?

I'm not sure.

What revolution made blacks fearful of retribution of slaves?

I'm not sure.


In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen "acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites".

How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?

How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?

Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?

Southern Baptist Church

AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?

the North

What  barred product ,along with dogs and guns ,  did the Freemen want after slavery ended?

liquor

How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1870?

I'm not sure.

How many African American lived in Charleston in 1890

I'm not sure.

Black left which religious denomination is low numbers after slavery?

I'm not sure.

AME Zion Churches were last established in what part of America?

I'm not sure.

What barred product ,along with dogs and guns , did the Freemen want after slavery began?

I'm not sure.


Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School.

What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?

the American Missionary Association

What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?

free secondary school

Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?

Charleston's African American population

What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?

William T. Sherman

Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?

war

What association never founded the Avery Normal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What type of school wasn't the Avery Normal Institute?

I'm not sure.

Who never attended the Avery Normal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What general supported the conversion of a UN Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?

I'm not sure.

oldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy weren't affected by what?

I'm not sure.


In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction. In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.

What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?

What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?

In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?

white Democrats

The second riot of 1876 happened when?

the day after the election in November

How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?

two

What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1857?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1857?

I'm not sure.

In 1867, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?

I'm not sure.

The second riot of 1867 happened when?

I'm not sure.

How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1867?

I'm not sure.


Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.

What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?

the Red Shirts

What granted Freeman were American citizenship?

federal constitutional amendments.

The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?

October 15

The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?

September 6

Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?

Wade Hampton

What weren't white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?

I'm not sure.

What granted Freeman weren't American citizenship?

I'm not sure.

The Cainboy Incident occurred on what day?

I'm not sure.

The violent 1867 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?

I'm not sure.

Who won the 1867 election as a result of voter intimidation?

I'm not sure.


On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($133 million in 2006 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($531 million in 2006 dollars).

What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886?

an earthquake

What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886?

August 31, 1886

How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston?

2,000 buildings

What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston?

$6 million

What was the total value of all of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?

$24 million

What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1868?

I'm not sure.

What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1868?

I'm not sure.

How many buildings were damaged by the 1868 earthquake in Charleston?

I'm not sure.

What was the cost of the damage of the 1868 earthquake to the city of Charleston?

I'm not sure.

What was the total value of some of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?

I'm not sure.


Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process, a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930.

Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?

Democrat

What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?

The William Enston Home was built in what year?

Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?

A large post office and courthouse was built in what year?

Which party dominated North Carolina's state legislature?

I'm not sure.

What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against whites were passed?

I'm not sure.

The William Enston Home was destroyed in what year?

I'm not sure.

Blacks were the minority in South Carolina until what year?

I'm not sure.

A small post office and courthouse was built in what year?

I'm not sure.


On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26. The attack garnered national attention, and sparked a debate on historical racism, Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence. On July 10, 2015, the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House. A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Speaker of the House John Boehner.

On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?

June 17, 2015

What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?

Dylann Roof

Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina?

state senator

On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House?

July 10, 2015

A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?

College of Charleston

On what day were six people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of 22 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

On what day was the Confederate flag added from South Carolina State House?

I'm not sure.

A memorial service for the six victims was held on which college's campus?

I'm not sure.


Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.

What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?

spring

What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?

What  the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?

composer

Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?

Festival dei Due Mondi

What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?

Pulitzer Prize

What season isn't Spoleto Festival USA held?

I'm not sure.

What year was Spoleto Festival UK founded?

I'm not sure.

Spoleto Festival Uk is a counterpart to what Italian festival?

I'm not sure.

What minor award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?

I'm not sure.


Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.

What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?

the Footlight Players

The Footlight Players  started creating theatrical productions in what year?

Where is the  annual Charleston Fashion week held?

Marion Square

Charleston is known for what type of food?

seafood

Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?

British and French

What is Charleston's newest community theater group?

I'm not sure.

The Footlight Players stopped creating theatrical productions in what year?

I'm not sure.

Where is the annual Charleston Fashion month held?

I'm not sure.

Charleston is unknown for what type of food?

I'm not sure.

Charleston cuisine is uninfluenced by what two cultures?

I'm not sure.


The traditional Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South. It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887)  and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing "Charleston accent" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chah-l-ston". Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers from London), both of whom played influential roles in Charleston's early development and history.[citation needed]

"Charleston's Provincialisms" was published in what year?

Who was the author of the work entitled, "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms"?

Sylvester Primer

To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?

College of Charleston

To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?

French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews

What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?

German journal

"Charleston's Provincialisms" wasn't published in what year?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't the author of the work entitled, "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms"?

I'm not sure.

To which college didn't Sylvester Primer belong?

I'm not sure.

To which three early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?

I'm not sure.

What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent unpublished?

I'm not sure.


Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.

How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?

What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?

art festival

The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?

James Island County Park

About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?

over 100 performances

Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?

Gian Carlo Menotti

How many days does the Spoleto Festival UK run each year?

I'm not sure.

What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival UK?

I'm not sure.

The Holiday Festival of Lights aren't held where?

I'm not sure.

About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival UK?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Spoleto Festival UK?

I'm not sure.


As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake's "Charleston Rag" and later James P. Johnson's "The Charleston", as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before "The Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith.

Who wrote the "Charleston"?

Chris Smith

What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?

Who created the song "Charleston Rag"?

Eubie Blake

Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?

the Gullah community

Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?

dock workers

Who never wrote the "Charleston"?

I'm not sure.

What decade wasn't the Charleston dance popular nationally?

I'm not sure.

Who hated the song "Charleston Rag"?

I'm not sure.

Which Charleston community had a small influence on jazz music?

I'm not sure.

Geechee dances aren't associated with the music of what type of worker?

I'm not sure.


The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success. At the Colored Waif's Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention.

What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?

What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?

Daniel J. Jenkins

What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?

donations of musical instruments

Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?

Avery Institute Graduates

What city was Louis Armstrong from?

New Orleans

What year was the Jenkins Orphanage closed?

I'm not sure.

What Charleston Reverend closed the Jenkins Orphanage?

I'm not sure.

What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage reject?

I'm not sure.

Whose graduates tutored many girls from the Jenkins Orphanage?

I'm not sure.

What city wasn't Louis Armstrong from?

I'm not sure.


As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.

What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?

Theodore Roosevelt

What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?

Porgy

What was the name of the "folk opera" based on 'Porgy'?

Porgy and Bess

Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?

Folly Beach outside of Charleston

When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?

summer of 1934

What other president didn't the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?

I'm not sure.

What play didn't the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the name of the "folk opera" based on 'Porgy'?

I'm not sure.

Where did Gershwin and Heyward read their folk opera?

I'm not sure.

When did Gershwin and Heyward read their folk opera?

I'm not sure.


The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of 19 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, and one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the department. The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and had a Class 1 ISO rating until late 2008, when ISO officially lowered it to Class 3. Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008.

How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?

How many full time firefighters do Charleston have?

Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008?

Russell (Rusty) Thomas

Who became the Fire Chief in November 2008?

Chief Thomas Carr

How many tower companies does the fire department have?

two

How many companies aren't there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?

I'm not sure.

How many part time firefighters do Charleston have?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Fire Chief until June 2009?

I'm not sure.

Who became the Fire Chief in November 2009?

I'm not sure.

How many tower companies doesn't the fire department have?

I'm not sure.


The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians, and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department. Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same.[citation needed] According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national average in almost every major category. Greg Mullen, the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach, Virginia Police Department, serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department. The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg, who resigned August 12, 2005. Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept police brutality well in check, even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reduction in crime rates.

What is the largest police department of South Carolina?

The City of Charleston Police Department

How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have?

How many civilians serve on the Charleston Police Department?

Who is the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department?

Greg Mullen

What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department?

What is the smallest police department of South Carolina?

I'm not sure.

How many reserve police officers don't the Charleston Police Department have?

I'm not sure.

How many civilians don't serve on the Charleston Police Department?

I'm not sure.

Who is the former Chief of the Charleston Police Department?

I'm not sure.

What year did Reuben Greenberg unretire as Chief of Charleston Police Department?

I'm not sure.


Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital. The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston.

What is the state's first school of medicine?

Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center

Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?

Mount Pleasant

Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located?

City of North Charleston

Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city?

West Ashley portion

What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?

The downtown medical district

What is the state's last school of medicine?

I'm not sure.

Where is West Cooper Regional Medical Center?

I'm not sure.

Where isn't the Trident Regional Medical Center located?

I'm not sure.

Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital isn't located at what portion of the city?

I'm not sure.

What medical district is experiencing decline in biotechnology and medical research field?

I'm not sure.


The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS). The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base. Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in the John's Island section of the city of Charleston and is used by noncommercial aircraft. Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority.

What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?

Charleston International Airport

The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?

North Charleston

How far is the airport from downtown Charleston?

12 miles (20 km)

Charleston Executive Airport is located where?

the John's Island section of the city of Charleston

What military base is located near the airport?

Charleston Air Force Base

What airport provides no service to the City to Charleston?

I'm not sure.

The Charleston International Airport isn't located in what city?

I'm not sure.

How far is the airport from uptown Charleston?

I'm not sure.

Charleston Executive Airport isn't located where?

I'm not sure.

What military base is located nowhere near the airport?

I'm not sure.


Interstate 26 begins in downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. Heading northwest, it connects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston International Airport, Interstate 95, and Columbia. The Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of U.S. Highway 17, which travels east-west through the cities of Charleston and Mount Pleasant. The Mark Clark Expressway, or Interstate 526, is the bypass around the city and begins and ends at U.S. Highway 17. U.S. Highway 52 is Meeting Street and its spur is East Bay Street, which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the east side. This highway merges with King Street in the city's Neck area (industrial district). U.S. Highway 78 is King Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with Meeting Street.

What area in Charleston is considered the 'industrial area'?

the city's Neck area

What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston?

U.S. Highway 78

U.S. Highway 78 merges with what street?

Meeting Street

Interstate 526 begins and ends at what Highway?

U.S. Highway 17

Interstate 26 begins on what part of Charleston?

downtown Charleston

What area in Charleston isn't considered the 'industrial area'?

I'm not sure.

What highways is King Street in uptown Charleston?

I'm not sure.

U.S. Highway 87 merges with what street?

I'm not sure.

Interstate 562 begins and ends at what Highway?

I'm not sure.

Interstate 62 begins on what part of Charleston?

I'm not sure.


The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction.[citation needed] The bridge links Mount Pleasant with downtown Charleston, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles. It replaced the Grace Memorial Bridge (built in 1929) and the Silas N. Pearman Bridge (built in 1966). They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened.

What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge open?

What is linked to downtown Charleston by the bridge?

Mount Pleasant

What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge built?

What year was the Silas N. Pearman Bridge built?

The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge crosses what river?

Cooper River

What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge close?

I'm not sure.

What is linked to uptown Charleston by the bridge?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge closed?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Silas N. Pearman Bridge destroyed?

I'm not sure.

The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge never crosses what river?

I'm not sure.


The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into Bishop England High School, a diocesan high school within the city. Bishop England, Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools, and are a significant part of Charleston history, dating back some 150 years.

Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?

150 years

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?

K-8 parochial schools

How old are some of Charleston's private school?

150 years

Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?

Bishop England High School

Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools?

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education

Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston's most prominent private schools?

Ashley Hall

Some of the oldest public schools in Charleston date back how long?

I'm not sure.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of hospitals?

I'm not sure.

How old are some of Charleston's public school?

I'm not sure.

Which school isn't Charleston's diocesan high school?

I'm not sure.

Which organization oversees several K-9 Parochial Schools?

I'm not sure.


Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation's 13th-oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including the Charleston School of Law . Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street, opened in 2007.

What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?

College of Charleston

Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?

downtown on North Market Street

What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?

What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?

The American College of the Building Arts

What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?

Trident Technical College

What is the nation's 12th-oldest university?

I'm not sure.

Where isn't the Art Institute of Charleston located?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Art institute of Charleston close?

I'm not sure.

What Charleston College offers no degree in Building Arts?

I'm not sure.

What Technical college have a campus at uptown Charleston?

I'm not sure.


Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."

What is the name of Charleston's sister city?

Spoleto

In what country is Spoleto located?

Italy

Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?

Gian Carlo Menotti

What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?

Festival of Two Worlds

What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?

composer

What is the name of Charleston's brother city?

I'm not sure.

In what country isn't Spoleto located?

I'm not sure.

Who selected Charleston not to host an American version of a festival?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the name of festival held in Spoleto?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?

I'm not sure.


During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN "Boomer" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base. At the 1996 closure of the station's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic (POMFLANT), over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles (SLBM) were stored and maintained, guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.

What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?

How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?

2,500 nuclear warheads

How many SSBN "Boomer" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?

Two

Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?

Naval Base

What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads?

a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.

What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station opened?

I'm not sure.

How many nuclear warheads weren't stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?

I'm not sure.

How many SSNB "Boomer" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?

I'm not sure.

Submarine Squadron 3 is homeported at what type of military base?

I'm not sure.

What type of security force guards the 2600 nuclear warheads?

I'm not sure.


In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.

What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?

After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?

federal soldiers

After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?

five United States Coast Guard cutters

The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?

the Charleston incident

A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?

in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs

What year did North Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?

I'm not sure.

After North Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?

I'm not sure.

After North Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?

I'm not sure.

The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1823 is known as what?

I'm not sure.

A compromise law from the state politicans never achieved what?

I'm not sure.


By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

What industry depended on the port of Charleston?

The slave trade

Where was  fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?

the Market Hall and Sheds

What year did the legal importation of slaves end?

The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?

Black Belt

In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?

in the antebellum years

What industry never depended on the port of Charleston?

I'm not sure.

Where was fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1804?

I'm not sure.

What year did the legal importation of slaves start?

I'm not sure.

The region where cotton plantations weren't developed was known as what?

I'm not sure.

In what era did two million slaves get trade throughout the South?

I'm not sure.


After the defeat of the Confederacy, federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction. The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination, but a large community of free people of color had been well-established in the city before the war and became the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its legislators. Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26% of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.

What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen?

Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston?

postwar Republican Party

What else did freed slaves face in postwar Charleston besides discrimination?

poverty

For what did the Federal forces remain in Charleston?

city's reconstruction

Which side was defeated in the war before Reconstruction?

Confederacy

What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1886 were Freemen?

I'm not sure.

Freeman never became the leaders of what party in Charleston?

I'm not sure.

What else did freed slaves face in prewar Charleston besides discrimination?

I'm not sure.

For what did the Federal forces leave Charleston?

I'm not sure.

Which side was defeated in the war after Reconstruction?

I'm not sure.


Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941, 16 British cities suffered aerial raids with at least 100 long tons of high explosives. Over a period of 267 days, London was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times, Bristol six, Glasgow five, Southampton four, Portsmouth and Hull three and a minimum of one large raid on eight other cities. This was a result of a rapid escalation starting on 24 August 1940, when night bombers aiming for RAF airfields drifted off course and accidentally destroyed several London homes, killing civilians, combined with the UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill's retaliatory bombing of Berlin on the following night.[clarification needed]

What was the beginning date of the aerial raids on Great Britain?

7 September 1940

How many days did the aerial raids on Great Britain last?

267 days

How many times was London attacked?

71 times

Who was the UK Prime Minster at the time of the aerial raids?

Winston Churchill

What city did Winston Churchill bomb in retaliation for the killing of civilians?

Berlin


From 7 September 1940, one year into the war, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights. More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London. Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked. The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed, causing nearly 4,000 deaths within the Merseyside area during the war. The North Sea port of Hull, a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets, was subjected to 86 raids in the Hull Blitz during the war, with a conservative estimate of 1,200 civilians killed and 95 percent of its housing stock destroyed or damaged. Other ports including Bristol, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton and Swansea were also bombed, as were the industrial cities of Birmingham, Belfast, Coventry, Glasgow, Manchester and Sheffield. Birmingham and Coventry were chosen because of the Spitfire and tank factories in Birmingham and the many munitions factories in Coventry. The city centre of Coventry was almost destroyed, as was Coventry Cathedral.

How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London?

57 consecutive nights

What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?

Sea port of Hull

How many homes in London were destroyed in London?

More than one million

How many people were killed in Liverpool?

nearly 4,000 deaths

Which city centre was destroyed?

Coventry


The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion, the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East. In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths, about the same as the entire Blitz.

What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?

Operation Sea Lion

How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?

What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?

July 1943

Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe?

Hitler


In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry.

In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?

Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell

Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?

collapse of civilian will

What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?

Democracies

What does USAAC stand for?

United States Army Air Corps

What kind of bombing raids were most favored?

night


Within the Luftwaffe, there was a more muted view of strategic bombing. The OKL did not oppose the strategic bombardment of enemy industries and or cities, and believed it could greatly affect the balance of power on the battlefield in Germany's favour by disrupting production and damaging civilian morale, but they did not believe that air power alone could be decisive. Contrary to popular belief, the Luftwaffe did not have a systematic policy of what became known as "terror bombing". Evidence suggests that the Luftwaffe did not adopt an official bombing policy in which civilians became the primary target until 1942.

Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?

Luftwaffe

What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?

terror bombing

What year did the terror bombing policy become official?


Wever argued that the Luftwaffe General Staff should not be solely educated in tactical and operational matters. He argued they should be educated in grand strategy, war economics, armament production, and the mentality of potential opponents (also known as mirror imaging). Wever's vision was not realised; the General Staff studies in those subjects fell by the wayside, and the Air Academies focused on tactics, technology, and operational planning, rather than on independent strategic air offensives.

Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy?

Wever

What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as?

mirror imaging

What did the Air Academies not focus on?

independent strategic air offensives

What army does the general staff belong to?

the Luftwaffe


In 1936, Wever was killed in an air crash. The failure to implement his vision for the new Luftwaffe was largely attributable to his immediate successors. Ex-Army personnel Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for the turning away from strategic planning and focusing on close air support. However, it would seem the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground-support operations (direct or indirect) were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek. These men were long-time professional airmen involved in German air services since early in their careers. The Luftwaffe was not pressured into ground support operations because of pressure from the army, or because it was led by ex-army personnel. It was instead a mission that suited the Luftwaffe's existing approach to warfare; a culture of joint inter-service operations, rather than independent strategic air campaigns.

How did Wever die?

air crash

What year did Wever die?

Who took over for Wever after his death?

Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff

What two men were the most important in ground support?

Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek

What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in?

German air services


Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing, although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes. He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the Luftwaffe against the heart of the British will to resist could and would follow when the moment was right; however, he quickly developed a lively scepticism toward strategic bombing, confirmed by the results of the Blitz. He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, "The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit".

What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?

Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing?

Adolf Hitler

Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?

inability to damage industries

In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when?

the moment was right

Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?

prescribed targets are not hit


Ultimately, Hitler was trapped within his own vision of bombing as a terror weapon, formed in the 1930s when he threatened smaller nations into accepting German rule rather than submit to air bombardment. This fact had important implications. It showed the extent to which Hitler personally mistook Allied strategy for one of morale breaking instead of one of economic warfare, with the collapse of morale as an additional bonus. Hitler was much more attracted to the political aspects of bombing. As the mere threat of it had produced diplomatic results in the 1930s, he expected that the threat of German retaliation would persuade the Allies to adopt a policy of moderation and not to begin a policy of unrestricted bombing. His hope was — for reasons of political prestige within Germany itself — that the German population would be protected from the Allied bombings. When this proved impossible, he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime, and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar "terror offensive" against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all.

How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?

air bombardment

What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause?

policy of moderation

What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for?

political

Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain?

to produce a stalemate


A major problem in the managing of the Luftwaffe was Hermann Göring. Hitler believed the Luftwaffe was "the most effective strategic weapon", and in reply to repeated requests from the Kriegsmarine for control over aircraft insisted, "We should never have been able to hold our own in this war if we had not had an undivided Luftwaffe". Such principles made it much harder to integrate the air force into the overall strategy and produced in Göring a jealous and damaging defence of his "empire" while removing Hitler voluntarily from the systematic direction of the Luftwaffe at either the strategic or operational level. When Hitler tried to intervene more in the running of the air force later in the war, he was faced with a political conflict of his own making between himself and Göring, which was not fully resolved until the war was almost over. In 1940 and 1941, Göring's refusal to cooperate with the Kriegsmarine denied the entire Wehrmacht military forces of the Reich the chance to strangle British sea communications, which might have had strategic or decisive effect in the war against the British Empire.

Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?

Hermann Göring

What strategy could have worked against the British Empire?

strangle British sea communications

Who did Goring refuse to work with in 1940 and 1941?

the Kriegsmarine

What did the Kriegsmarine try to gain control over?

aircraft


The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major "communications gap" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, Göring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When Göring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case.

What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?

communications gap

What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?

misrepresent what information

What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?

In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?

Rechlin

Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939?

Wever


Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven. Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops. Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties. From 15 May 1940 – the day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam – the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets. Operations were carried out every night thereafter.

Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?

UK and France

The RAF bombed what Germany coast?

Wilhelmshaven

What kind of leaflets were dropped?

propaganda

What were the RAF operations trying to lessen?

civilian casualties

What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center?


Although not specifically prepared to conduct independent strategic air operations against an opponent, the Luftwaffe was expected to do so over Britain. From July until September 1940 the Luftwaffe attacked RAF Fighter Command to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion. This involved the bombing of English Channel convoys, ports, and RAF airfields and supporting industries. Destroying RAF Fighter Command would allow the Germans to gain control of the skies over the invasion area. It was supposed that Bomber Command, RAF Coastal Command and the Royal Navy could not operate under conditions of German air superiority.

Which tactics were the Luftwaffe excepted to use against Britain?

air operations

Why did the Luftwaffe bomb the RAF Fighter Command?

to gain air superiority

What was the name of the Channel the Luftwaffe bomb to try to gain air superiority?

English

Which Navy was assumed not to be able to operate under German air superiority?

Royal


The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets, and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany's by 2 to 1. The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 1940, in comparison to Germany's 8,000. The replacement of pilots and aircrew was more difficult. Both the RAF and Luftwaffe struggled to replace manpower losses, though the Germans had larger reserves of trained aircrew. The circumstances affected the Germans more than the British. Operating over home territory, British flyers could fly again if they survived being shot down. German crews, even if they survived, faced capture. Moreover, bombers had four to five crewmen on board, representing a greater loss of manpower. On 7 September, the Germans shifted away from the destruction of the RAF's supporting structures. German intelligence suggested Fighter Command was weakening, and an attack on London would force it into a final battle of annihilation while compelling the British Government to surrender.

Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?

poor intelligence

Britain's  fabrication  of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin?

2 to 1

How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940?

What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?

capture

How big was the crew of a bomber?

four to five crewmen


The decision to change strategy is sometimes claimed as a major mistake by the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL). It is argued that persisting with attacks on RAF airfields might have won air superiority for the Luftwaffe. Others argue that the Luftwaffe made little impression on Fighter Command in the last week of August and first week of September and that the shift in strategy was not decisive. It has also been argued that it was doubtful the Luftwaffe could have won air superiority before the "weather window" began to deteriorate in October. It was also possible, if RAF losses became severe, that they could pull out to the north, wait for the German invasion, then redeploy southward again. Other historians argue that the outcome of the air battle was irrelevant; the massive numerical superiority of British naval forces and the inherent weakness of the Kriegsmarine would have made the projected German invasion, Unternehmen Seelöwe (Operation Sea Lion), a disaster with or without German air superiority.

What does OKL stand for?

Oberkommando der Luftwaffe

What month would the weather window begin to decline?

October

If serious loss had happened to the RAF where might they have pulled out of?

the north

What is the German name of Operation Sea Lion?

Unternehmen Seelöwe

Who had exponential larger naval forces?

British naval forces


Regardless of the ability of the Luftwaffe to win air superiority, Adolf Hitler was frustrated that it was not happening quickly enough. With no sign of the RAF weakening, and Luftwaffe air fleets (Luftflotten) taking punishing losses, the OKL was keen for a change in strategy. To reduce losses further, a change in strategy was also favoured to take place at night, to give the bombers greater protection under cover of darkness.[b] On 4 September 1940, in a long address at the Sportspalast, Hitler declared: "And should the Royal Air Force drop two thousand, or three thousand [kilograms ...] then we will now drop [...] 300,000, 400,000, yes one million kilograms in a single night. And should they declare they will greatly increase their attacks on our cities, then we will erase their cities."

The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses?

punishing

What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do?

change in strategy

What kind of strategy did the Luftwaffe use to give their bombers better protection?

cover of darkness

What city did Hitler give a speech where he said he would erase British cities?

Sportspalast

In what year did Hitler give the speech at Sportspalast?


It was decided to focus on bombing Britain's industrial cities in daylight to begin with. The main focus of the bombing operations was against the city of London. The first major raid in this regard took place on 7 September. On 15 September, on a date known as the Battle of Britain Day, a large-scale raid was launched in daylight, but suffered significant loss for no lasting gain. Although there were a few large air battles fought in daylight later in the month and into October, the Luftwaffe switched its main effort to night attacks in order to reduce losses. This became official policy on 7 October. The air campaign soon got underway against London and other British cities. However, the Luftwaffe faced limitations. Its aircraft—Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, and Heinkel He 111s—were capable of carrying out strategic missions, but were incapable of doing greater damage because of bomb-load limitations. The Luftwaffe's decision in the interwar period to concentrate on medium bombers can be attributed to several reasons: Hitler did not intend or foresee a war with Britain in 1939; the OKL believed a medium bomber could carry out strategic missions just as well as a heavy bomber force; and Germany did not possess the resources or technical ability to produce four-engined bombers before the war.

Which British city did the Luftwaffe focus its bombing on?

London

What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain?

Battle of Britain Day

What was the main reason the Luftwaffe was not able to cause extensive damage with their missions?

bomb-load limitations

What kind of bombers was Germany not able to build?

four-engined bombers


Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OKL could not settle on an appropriate strategy. German planners had to decide whether the Luftwaffe should deliver the weight of its attacks against a specific segment of British industry such as aircraft factories, or against a system of interrelated industries such as Britain's import and distribution network, or even in a blow aimed at breaking the morale of the British population. The Luftwaffe's strategy became increasingly aimless over the winter of 1940–1941. Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy. This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began.

Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?

unclear strategy

What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?

early 1938

What disagreements did the  Luftwaffe staff center around?

tactics

What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?

failure before it began


In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.

Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?

limitations in weapons technology

What was an important fuel in the Second World War?

coal

What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?

delayed-action bombs

What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective?

dispersed its production facilities

Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?

Regional commissioners


Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties— with about one third killed— would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war.

How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped?

As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day?

What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths?

Imperial Defence

How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war?

Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian?

Basil Liddell-Hart


In addition to the dead and wounded, government leaders feared mass psychological trauma from aerial attack and a resulting collapse of civil society. A committee of psychiatrists reported to the government in 1938 that there would be three times as many mental as physical casualties from aerial bombing, implying three to four million psychiatric patients. Winston Churchill told Parliament in 1934, "We must expect that, under the pressure of continuous attack upon London, at least three or four million people would be driven out into the open country around the metropolis." Panicked reactions during the Munich crisis, such as the migration by 150,000 to Wales, contributed to fear of societal chaos.

What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded?

psychological trauma

Psychiatrists believe in 1938  that mental trauma could reach how many millions?

three to four

Where did 150,000 migrate during the Munich crisis?

Wales

Who told Parliament that after long periods of attacks people would leave the cities for the country?

Winston Churchill


The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people—mostly women and children—from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were developed. A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939, and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September a blackout began at sunset. Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years, and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians, more than rationing.:51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned, but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale.:33

The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?

London

What trial took place on August 10 1939?

a blackout

How long were lights not allowed on after dark?

almost six years

What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?

the blackout

Why did the government  and civil service not want to relocate during the war?

damage civilian morale


Much civil-defence preparation in the form of shelters was left in the hands of local authorities, and many areas such as Birmingham, Coventry, Belfast and the East End of London did not have enough shelters. The Phoney War, however, and the unexpected delay of civilian bombing permitted the shelter programme to finish in June 1940.:35 The programme favoured backyard Anderson shelters and small brick surface shelters; many of the latter were soon abandoned in 1940 as unsafe. In addition, authorities expected that the raids would be brief and during the day. Few predicted that attacks by night would force Londoners to sleep in shelters.

What civil-defense efforts were left to local authorities to handle?

shelters

What year did the shelter program finish?

Why were the shelters soon abandoned in 1940?

unsafe

Why were Londoners forced to sleep in shelters?

attacks by night


Very deeply buried shelters provided the most protection against a direct hit. The government did not build them for large populations before the war because of cost, time to build, and fears that their very safety would cause occupants to refuse to leave to return to work, or that anti-war sentiment would develop in large groups. The government saw the Communist Party's leading role in advocating for building deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale, especially after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939.:34

What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters?

anti-war

Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?

the Communist Party's

What was the name of the Pact of August 1939?

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact


The most important existing communal shelters were the London Underground stations. Although many civilians had used them as such during the First World War, the government in 1939 refused to allow the stations to be used as shelters so as not to interfere with commuter and troop travel, and the fears that occupants might refuse to leave. Underground officials were ordered to lock station entrances during raids; but by the second week of heavy bombing the government relented and ordered the stations to be opened. Each day orderly lines of people queued until 4 pm, when they were allowed to enter the stations. In mid-September 1940 about 150,000 a night slept in the Underground, although by the winter and spring months the numbers had declined to 100,000 or less. Noises of battle were muffled and sleep was easier in the deepest stations, but many were killed from direct hits on several stations.

Why did the government refuse to allow the London Underground stations to be used as shelters?

interfere with commuter and troop travel

Underground officials were ordered to lock the stations during raids but opened how long after the orders?

by the second week

In 1940 how many people were sleeping in the Underground stations?

150,000 a night

Muffling the sound of batter made what easier in the Underground Stations?

sleep

Why were many killed in Underground Stations?

direct hits


Communal shelters never housed more than one seventh of Greater London residents, however. Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940, and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4% of residents used the Tube and other large shelters; 9% in public surface shelters; and 27% in private home shelters, implying that the remaining 60% of the city likely stayed at home. The government distributed Anderson shelters until 1941 and that year began distributing the Morrison shelter, which could be used inside homes.:190

What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September  27, 1940?

In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?

Where did 60% of populations stay?

at home

What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters?

Where could the Morrison shelters be used?

inside homes


Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters:189–190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed. By the end of 1940 significant improvements had been made in the Underground and in many other large shelters. Authorities provided stoves and bathrooms and canteen trains provided food. Tickets were issued for bunks in large shelters to reduce the amount of time spent queuing. Committees quickly formed within shelters as informal governments, and organisations such as the British Red Cross and the Salvation Army worked to improve conditions. Entertainment included concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries.

What year did the government start to build new deep shelters?

How many people were the new shelters going to hold?

What helped cut down time standing in the queue for shelters?

Tickets

Which two groups help improve life in the shelters?

British Red Cross and the Salvation Army

What kind of trains provided food in the shelters?

canteen