According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Prime Minister. Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau "rather disappointing". Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office. In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats". She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state. Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by "the grace she displayed in public" and "the wisdom she showed in private".

About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?

Pierre Trudeau

What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980?

Canadian constitution

What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution?

British parliament

What was retained in the constitution?

monarchy

What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored?

reform

In what year did Pierre Trudeau become the Canadian prime minister?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the Canadians politicians sent to London in 1980?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Bill C-60 fail?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Pierre Trudeau cease to be Canada's prime minister?

I'm not sure.

Who was the prime minister of Britain in 1980?

I'm not sure.


In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.

What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?

her accession

What did Elizabeth call her past year?

annus horribilis

When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?

March

Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?

Captain Mark Phillips

What great house caught fire in November?

Windsor Castle

In what year did Prince Andrew and Sarah get divorced?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Princess Anne marry Captain Mark Phillips?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Prince Charles and Diana divorce?

I'm not sure.

How much in legal fees did the The Sun have to pay to the Queen?

I'm not sure.

How much did the Windsor Castle fire cost to repair?

I'm not sure.


In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph, citing unnamed sources, reported that the Queen was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair. She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland. On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales. At the invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.

Who, in 2007, frustrated Elizabeth?

Prime Minister, Tony Blair

What issue of Blair's did Elizabeth admire?

peace in Northern Ireland

When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm, in Ireland?

20 March 2008

What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?

Maundy

When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch?

May 2011.

In what year did Tony Blair become the British prime minister?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Mary McAleese become the Irish President?

I'm not sure.

Who was Ireland's first female president?

I'm not sure.

When was peace achieved in Northern Ireland?

I'm not sure.

Who was Ireland's president in 2007?

I'm not sure.


The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015. She was celebrated in Canada as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over part of Canada for longer.) She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history, the world's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.

Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?

Queen Victoria

What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?

great-great-grandmother

When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?

9 September 2015

In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?

world's oldest

What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?

King Bhumibol Adulyadej


At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.

When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?

What increased in the 1980s?

public criticism

What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?

royal family

What attribute of Elizabeth fell to  low in the 1990s?

popularity

What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?

income tax

What decade between now and the 1970s has been the high point for Elizabeth's popularity?

I'm not sure.

When was Elizabeth's Golden Jubilee?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Diana become the Princess of Wales?

I'm not sure.

What happened after Elizabeth started to pay income taxes?

I'm not sure.


Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.

What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?

similar formula

What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?

Crown dependencies

What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?

Duke of Normandy

What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?

Lord of Mann

Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?

Ma'am

What is one of Elizabeth's realms and territories besides Jamaica and Australia?

I'm not sure.

Besides the Channel Islands and Isle of Man which territory is a Crown Dependency?

I'm not sure.

When is Elizabeth referred to as the Defender of the Faith?

I'm not sure.

When does a person call Elizabeth the Duke of Lancaster?

I'm not sure.


Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation. Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation?

biologically-based

IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation?

no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role

What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?

exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?

Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation

What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?

genetic, hormonal, and environmental

Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation?

There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation

What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?

exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences?

Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation

What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation?

biologically-based theories

Do scientist's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation?

Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation

What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation?

they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.

What cannot be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence?

There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.

What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show?

has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation?

They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors


Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to "fantasies, attachments and longings." Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance. Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).

What is sexual identity defined as?

individual's conception of themselves

What is sexual behavior defined as?

actual sexual acts performed by the individual

What is sexual orientation defined as?

fantasies, attachments and longings

What does the term closeted mean?

People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity

What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?

concordance or discordance

What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour?

sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual

Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?

Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.

What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly?

closeted

What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?

discordance

Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?

concordance


Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.

What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?

religious ostracism

What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?

hide their respective orientations from their spouses

What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?

desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism

Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex?

others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages

What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?

Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children

Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?

some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses


No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?

have adopted policy statements

What do these policy statements suggest?

cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation

What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?

National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?

No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation

What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?

cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.

What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?

the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,


From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9.

Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?

Magnus Hirschfeld

What did the published scheme attempt to do?

measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire

How did the scheme measure desire?

on two independent 10-point scales

What were the two scales defined as?

A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)

How many points were on each scale?

When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?

From at least the late nineteenth century

Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?

Magnus Hirschfeld

What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire.

On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?

a homosexual individual may be A5, B0

On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?

an asexual would be A0, B0


A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.

What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?

it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality

How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?

as independent concepts on a separate scale

What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?

they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa

What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?

the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual

What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?

inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale

What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?

more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum

What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?

would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.

What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?

the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,


Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:

How does research identify sexual population groups?

scales of assessment

What is the understanding of the scales used?

to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation

Why might the scales fail?

due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation

How many components are used in assessment?

three components

What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?

scales of assessment

What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?

assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.

What can cause problems with these scales that are used?

ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation

How many components are used in an assessment?

there are three components of sexual orientation


Depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed and referenced, different conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence rate of homosexuality which has real world consequences. Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies. For example, if homosexual individuals constitute only 1% of the general population they are politically easier to ignore or than if they are known to be a constituency that surpasses most ethnic and ad minority groups. If the number is relatively minor then it is difficult to argue for community based same sex programs and services, mass media inclusion of gay role models, or Gay/Straight Alliances in schools. For this reason, in the 1970s Bruce Voeller, the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women. Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".

What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?

that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population

What were the calculations of this myth?

averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women

What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?

we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere

What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?

influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies

What does knowing the sexual population influence?

how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies

Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?

Bruce Voeller

What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?

that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women

What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?

used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".


Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).

Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?

men and women have different patterns of arousal

Are the patterns related to orientation?

independent of their sexual orientations

What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?

both human and nonhuman stimuli

What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?

to non-human visual stimuli

Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?

their specific sexual interest

What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?

confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations

Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?

become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual

Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?

x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,

Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?

, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).


Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.

What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?

Androphilia and gynephilia

These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?

to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization

What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?

a sex assignment or gender identity

What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?

pansexual and polysexual

What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?

queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual

Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?

Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia

What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?

homosexual and heterosexual

What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?

identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject

What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?

queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.


Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".

What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?

Translation

What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?

Language

Where are the meanings of words negotiated?

mass media

What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?

New words

What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?

Translation

Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?

English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.

What problems can arise due to translation issues?

can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation

What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?

Language


The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

Early writers linked orientation to what concept?

the subject's own sex

What theorists agreed with this concept?

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,

What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?

gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?

gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual

What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?

gender-nonconformity

What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?

it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.

What did gender idenity become to be seen as?

phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?

"gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"

Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?

Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker

In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?

during their childhood years.


In the United States, non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes, such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. There are a number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT individuals active in the United States. For example, "Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?

non-Caucasian LGBT

What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?

Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine

What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?

neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

What is an example of a culturally specific support network?

Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?

in a double minority,

What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?

they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?

racism

Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?

racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes

What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?

Ô-Môi


Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span..." "There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process)." Some studies report that "[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations."

Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?

Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span

Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?

longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.

What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?

. [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']

What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?

choice


In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to "cure" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these "therapies" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?

Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?

they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,

What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?

pathological condition

What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?

that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,

What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?

violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.


The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time. The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories. The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history, rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response. An individual can be assigned a position on the scale in accordance with the following definitions of the points of the scale:

What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?

sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time.

How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?

such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories

What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?

relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history

What positions does the KInsey scale not use?

the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response


The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation.

What does SASO stand for?

Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation

Why was SASO created?

to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid

What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?

measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately

What is one of SASO's main goals?

providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation

What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?

measurements of sexual orientation.


As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population. For example, if homosexual is defined by same sex behavior, gay virgins are omitted, heterosexuals engaging in same sex behavior for other reasons than preferred sexual arousal are miscounted, and those with same sex attraction who only have opposite-sex relations are excluded. Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings.

How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?

all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation

When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?

What issues to Savin address during this talk?

basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population

Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?

Because of the limited populations that each component captures

How should consumers of the research approach these findings?

should be cautious in generalizing these findings.


More recently, scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal, by using brain-scanning techniques. A study on how heterosexual and homosexual men's brains react to seeing pictures of naked men and women has found that both hetero- and homosexual men react positively to seeing their preferred sex, using the same brain regions. The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala, a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear.

What have scientists started spending the most time on?

measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal

How do scientiest measure brain activity?

by using brain-scanning techniques

How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?

positively

What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?

The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,

What does the amygdala region of the brain do?

known to be involved in regulating fear.


Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation".

What can affect how a person is treated?

Perceived sexual orientation

What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?

When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?

Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?

workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation


Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and professional understanding is that "the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.

What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?

psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component

What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?

focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s.

What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?

an individual's self-definition

When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?

typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence

What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?

sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.


In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey et al., people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Kinsey reported that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual — i.e., most people have some attraction to either sex, although usually one sex is preferred. According to Kinsey, only a minority (5–10%) can be considered fully heterosexual or homosexual.[citation needed] Conversely, only an even smaller minority can be considered fully bisexual (with an equal attraction to both sexes). Kinsey's methods have been criticized as flawed, particularly with regard to the randomness of his sample population, which included prison inmates, male prostitutes and those who willingly participated in discussion of previously taboo sexual topics. Nevertheless, Paul Gebhard, subsequent director of the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, reexamined the data in the Kinsey Reports and concluded that removing the prison inmates and prostitutes barely affected the results.

Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?

In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953

What where people asked to do in these research studies?

people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual.

What did KInsey find during these studies ?

that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual

In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?

Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?

the randomness of his sample population,


Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.

What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?

Innate bisexuality

What does Sigmunds idea theorize?

all humans are born bisexual

Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?

this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality

What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?

both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures

Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?

that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders


These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice.

Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?

pansexual or polysexual,

What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?

a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions

What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?

Androphilia and gynephilia

What is androphilia used to describe?

sexual attraction to masculinity

What is gynephilia used to describe?

the sexual attraction to femininity


The American Psychological Association states that "[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes" and that "[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all". They additionally state that sexual orientation "is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person’s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.

What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?

an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes

What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?

identity labels

What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?

lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).

What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?

a person’s choice of sexual partners


The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality," disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality, or as a disease, but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.

What does NARTH stand for?

The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality

What does NARTH consider itself to be?

a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,

What does NARTH disagree with?

the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy

What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?

its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality

What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?

that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish


Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?

confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people

Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?

the affected s

What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?

confusion

What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?

are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.

What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?

when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals


The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each.

What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?

dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.

What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?

because it is still not a true continuum

How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?

seven

In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?

to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale

What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?

a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences


The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.

How many questions does the SASO contain?

What do six of the questions asses?

sexual attraction

What do the other six questions asses?

four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity

What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?

heterosexuality

How are the results simplified when using the SASO?

into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.


The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?

The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established

What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?

that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it

What was once thought to cause homosexuality?

the result of faulty psychological development

What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?

this was based on prejudice and misinformation.


One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:

What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?

determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population

What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?

which component of sexual orientation is being assessed

Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?

Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population


As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair, the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life.

Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?

chromosome Y

What is the differentiation process driven by?

androgen hormones,

What results in sexual differences in males and females?

secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain

What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?

the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life


One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:

Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?

in the 1860s

Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?

meant only to describe males

What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?

dionings, urnings and uranodionings

What did these three categories correspond with?

the categories of sexual orientation used today:


Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.

What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?

lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.

What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?

collapsing the two values into one final score

Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?

A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience

How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?

to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information

Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?

one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle


Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior. Identity and behavior are measured as supplemental information because they are both closely tied to sexual attraction and sexual orientation. Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established, but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.

What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?

those assessing sexual attraction

Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?

sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation

Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?

extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither

What is a huge concern for SASO?

the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.


The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.

What reflects the prevalence rates varying?

people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time

What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?

such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.

What did Diamond find about the women?

over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,

What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?

the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour

What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?

individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed


Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."

Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?

Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional

Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?

Michel Foucault

In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?

What did he state was an invention of the modern state?

'Sexuality

What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?

Sodomy


Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli.

What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?

the concept may not apply similarly to men and women

What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?

female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match

What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?

men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,


Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.

What does research show about sexual orientation?

is independent of cultural and other social influences

What can being openly gay be hindered by?

homophobic/hetereosexist settings.

What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?

religion, language and ethnic traditions

What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?

white, middle-class, well-educated

What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?

individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.


Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.

What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?

according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)

When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?

femininity and/or inferiority

When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?

masculinity and/or superiority

How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?

Little


Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.

What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?

a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences

What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?

a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause

What do they believe about sexual orientation?

not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.

What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?

statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals

What can these results be caused from?

the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself


Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society).

What concept is sexual orientation argued as?

a concept that evolved in the industrialized West

What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?

the universality of its application in other societies or cultures

What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?

as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period


Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels "heterosexual" and "homosexual" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, "...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.

What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?

confusing and degrading

What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?

. These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around

What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?

it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.


Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).

What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?

sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished

What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?

sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,

What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?

sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).


Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism. However, research suggests that this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy, which becomes increasingly likely after every male gestation. As a result of this immune effect, alterations in later-born males' prenatal development have been thought to occur. This process, known as the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH), would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth. These Y-linked proteins would not be recognized in the mother's immune system because she is female, causing her to develop antibodies which would travel through the placental barrier into the fetal compartment. From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation, causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women.

What does the FBO effect stand for?

fraternal birth order

What does this theory entail?

prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism

What does research show about the FBO effect?

this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,

What does MIH stand for?

maternal immunization hypothesis

What does BBB stand for?

blood/brain barrier


The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world. Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses, Kinsey et al., stated:

What other name does the KInsey scale go by?

Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale

When was the KInsey scale first published?

Why was the KInsey scale developed?

to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual

What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?

Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior

Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?

Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin


In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation, Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG), a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation. Introduced in Klein's book The Bisexual Option, the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).

What does KSOG stand for?

Klein sexual orientation grid

Who invented the KSOG?

Fritz Klein

Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?

response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation

What kind of scale does the KSOG use?

a 7-point scale

What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?

past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).


Though sexual attraction, behavior, and identity are all components of sexual orientation, if a person defined by one of these dimensions were congruent with those defined by another dimension it would not matter which was used in assessing orientation, but this is not the case. There is "little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual". Individuals typically experience diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure and is not necessarily indicative of an underlying sexual orientation. For example, a woman may have fantasies or thoughts about sex with other women but never act on these thoughts and only have sex with opposite gender partners. If sexual orientation was being assessed based on one's sexual attraction then this individual would be considered homosexual, but her behavior indicates heterosexuality.

What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?

sexual orientation

What do individuals typically experience?

diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure

What is there little coherent relationships between?

the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself


In the paper "Who's Gay? Does It Matter?", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:

Who wrote the paper "Whos Gay? Does It Matter?

Ritch Savin-Williams

What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?

suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction

What did he propose to measure attraction?

that biological measures should be developed and used.

What else does Savin-Williams suggest?

researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether

What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?

assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated


These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex.

What do these studies suggest?

that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns

How is this reflected in the studies?

in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.

What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?

attractions, behavior, identity

What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?

physical component of attractions

What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?

emotional attachment


One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance. 2015 research suggests that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation.

What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?

perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people

What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?

gaydar

What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses "gaydar"?

that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance

What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?

using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation

What did this research also show about face-shape?

not an accurate indication of orientation.


Estimates for the percentage of the population that are bisexual vary widely, at least in part due to differing definitions of bisexuality. Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes, and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons). A small percentage of people are not sexually attracted to anyone (asexuality). A study in 2004 placed the prevalence of asexuality at 1%.

What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population?

due to differing definitions of bisexuality.

What is one way a study can view bisexuality?

if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,

What is another way studies can view bisexuality?

they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons)

What is the percentage of asexuals?


Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly between men, is a sign of homosexuality, whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations. Also, many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends, even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures.

What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?

activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries.

What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?

is a sign of homosexuality

What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?

expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends


Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas – behind AT&T – and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013.

What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014?

When did Dell go private?

Dell is currently the #1 shipper of what?

PC monitors

In which state is Dell the sixth largest company?

Texas

What PC vendor rank did Dell hold?

third largest

What number was dell on the Fortune 600 list until 2014?

I'm not sure.

When did Dell go public?

I'm not sure.

Dell is currently the #2 shipper of what?

I'm not sure.

In which state is Dell the sixth smallest company?

I'm not sure.

What PC vendor rank did IBM hold?

I'm not sure.


Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company’s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997. While the industry’s average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell. Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days. In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users.

What market did Dell ignore at first?

consumer market

When did Dell's internet site gain popularity?

What was happening to Dell's average sale to individuals?

going up

When did Dell create their internal marketing group?

What market did Dell appease at first?

I'm not sure.

What market did IBM ignore at first?

I'm not sure.

When did Dell's internet site lose popularity?

I'm not sure.

What was happening to IBM's average sale to individuals?

I'm not sure.

When did Dell end their internal marketing group?

I'm not sure.


Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model. Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first. Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift. The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players. Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York.

What sales model did Dell use for a long time?

direct

Who were the main driving force behind PC sales?

Consumers

Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online?

consumer electronics retail stores

What market presence did Dell lack?

retail

What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?

Texas

What sales model did Dell not use for a long time?

I'm not sure.

Who were the minor driving force behind PC sales?

I'm not sure.

Where were consumers going to buy devices other than offline?

I'm not sure.

What market presence did Dell have?

I'm not sure.

What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?

I'm not sure.


In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer.

What industry was getting smaller?

PC

When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?

What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?

Hewlett Packard

What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell?

ThinkPad

What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012?

Apple Inc.

What industry was getting bigger?

I'm not sure.

When did Dell fall behind IBM?

I'm not sure.

What other Canadian company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?

I'm not sure.

What PC was taking home customers from Dell?

I'm not sure.

What company was Dell behind in profits in 2014?

I'm not sure.


Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including "burn-in"), and quality control. Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house. The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, "We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships." The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that "Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell" their plants. By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities.

Which of Dell's processes handles PC assembly, testing, and quality control?

manufacturing

Where did Dell configure their notebooks?

in-house

When did Dell describe their changing approach to manufacturing?

Who reported that Dell was offering to sell their manufacturing plants?

The Wall Street Journal

What manufacturers was Dell losing to efficiency-wise?

Asian

Which of Dell's processes handles CP assembly, testing, and quality control?

I'm not sure.

Where did Dell scrap their notebooks?

I'm not sure.

When did Dell describe their changing approach to sales?

I'm not sure.

Who reported that Dell was offering to buy their manufacturing plants?

I'm not sure.

What manufacturers was Dell gaining efficiency-wise?

I'm not sure.