The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery. A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea, including hyperthyroidism, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, a number of medications, and irritable bowel syndrome. In most cases, stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause.

What is the most common cause of diarrhea?

an infection of the intestines

What can cause an infection in the intestines?

a virus, bacteria, or parasite

What are the three types of diarrhea?

short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea

What is it known as if blood is present?

dysentery

What is the most common cause of cholera?

I'm not sure.

What causes and infection by dysentery?

I'm not sure.

Name some examples of non-infectious causes of hyperthyroidism?

I'm not sure.

What are three types of inflammatory bowel disease?

I'm not sure.

What is acquired from food and water contaminated by cholera?

I'm not sure.


Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of choice. Zinc tablets are also recommended. These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years. When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed. If commercial ORS are not available, homemade solutions may be used. In those with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required. Most cases; however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth. Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool. Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movement but is not recommended in those with severe disease.

What are some ways to prevent diarrhea?

improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap

What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby?

Breastfeeding for at least six months

What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea?

Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar

What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics?

cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites

Name two examples when amounts of salts and sugar are recommended although rarely used?

I'm not sure.

What can a woman do to prevent high fever for her baby?

I'm not sure.

What are people who have rotovirus recommended to do?

I'm not sure.

What can be used if commercial antibiotics are not available?

I'm not sure.

How do you prevent infectious rotovirus?

I'm not sure.


About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.

HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?

1.7 to 5 billion cases

How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?

average three times a year

Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?

malnutrition

What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?

stunted growth and poor intellectual development

What do frequent episodes of stunted growth cause?

I'm not sure.

How many cases of malnutrition happen per year?

I'm not sure.

What long term issues can happen from frequent malnutrition?

I'm not sure.

How often do kids have malnutrition in developing countries?

I'm not sure.

What is the estimate of total deaths from stunted growth in 2013?

I'm not sure.


Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a charge balance in the lumen, sodium is carried with it, along with water. In this type of diarrhea intestinal fluid secretion is isotonic with plasma even during fasting. It continues even when there is no oral food intake.

What is secretory diarrhea?

an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption

What are the causes of secretory diarrhea?

cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions

Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea?

. There is little to no structural damage.

What means there is an increase in structural damage or absorption inhibition?

I'm not sure.

What causes inhibition of absorption?

I'm not sure.

Is there any structural damage associated with oral food intake?

I'm not sure.

What happens to fluid secretion when there is oral food intake?

I'm not sure.

What stimulates the secretion of chloride plasma?

I'm not sure.


Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), in which the nutrients are left in the lumen to pull in water. Or it can be caused by osmotic laxatives (which work to alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels). In healthy individuals, too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose can produce osmotic diarrhea and distention of the bowel. A person who has lactose intolerance can have difficulty absorbing lactose after an extraordinarily high intake of dairy products. In persons who have fructose malabsorption, excess fructose intake can also cause diarrhea. High-fructose foods that also have a high glucose content are more absorbable and less likely to cause diarrhea. Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol (often found in sugar-free foods) are difficult for the body to absorb and, in large amounts, may lead to osmotic diarrhea. In most of these cases, osmotic diarrhea stops when offending agent (e.g. milk, sorbitol) is stopped.

What occures with osmotic diarrhea?

s when too much water is drawn into the bowels

What causes osmotic diarrhea?

If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel

How do osmotic lazatives work?

alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels

What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people?

too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose

What causes osmotic intolerance?

I'm not sure.

What can cause excess fructose in healthy individuals?

I'm not sure.

How does fructose malabsorption work?

I'm not sure.

What does a person with Coeliac disease have difficulty absorbing after eating dairy products?

I'm not sure.

What foods that have a high dairy content are less likely to cause diarrhea?

I'm not sure.


Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases. It can also be caused by tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.[citation needed]

When does inflammatory diarrhea occur?

when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border

What happens with inflammatory diarrhea?

a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids

What can cause inflammatory diarrhea?

bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems

What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea?

tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.

What causes inflammatory tuberculosis?

I'm not sure.

What does enteritis lead to?

I'm not sure.

What other causes are there for parasitic infections?

I'm not sure.

Name other causes of viral infections?

I'm not sure.

What is damaged when color cancer occurs?

I'm not sure.


Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. "Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults," and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has significant impacts on mental development and health; it has been shown that, even when controlling for helminth infection and early breastfeeding, children who had experienced severe diarrhea had significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence.

Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person?

a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development

What can early childhood malnutrition cause?

reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults

What is the cause of childhood malnutrition?

diarrhea

Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect?

significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence

What causes children to have low scores on physical fitness tests?

I'm not sure.

What reduces mental development and productivity in adults?

I'm not sure.

What does evidence show that helminth disease impacts?

I'm not sure.

What disease has a negative impact on intelligence?

I'm not sure.

What are children who acquire helmenth infection are more likely to have?

I'm not sure.


Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications such as loperamide or codeine. About 30% of patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS have bile acid malabsorption diagnosed with an abnormal SeHCAT test.

What is IBS?

irritable bowel syndrome

What symptoms do you have with IBS?

abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months

How can symptoms be managed with IBS?

a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications

What is another possible cause of unusual stool?

I'm not sure.

How can symptoms of bile acid malabsorption be managed?

I'm not sure.

What is SeHCAT syndrome?

I'm not sure.

How many patients with SeHCAT have bile acid malabsorption?

I'm not sure.

What is the diagnosis for patients with unusual stool?

I'm not sure.


Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population. This association does not stem from poverty itself, but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live. The absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to defend themselves against infectious diarrhea. "Poverty is associated with poor housing, crowding, dirt floors, lack of access to clean water or to sanitary disposal of fecal waste (sanitation), cohabitation with domestic animals that may carry human pathogens, and a lack of refrigerated storage for food, all of which increase the frequency of diarrhea... Poverty also restricts the ability to provide age-appropriate, nutritionally balanced diets or to modify diets when diarrhea develops so as to mitigate and repair nutrient losses. The impact is exacerbated by the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care."

What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea?

Poverty

Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea?

from the conditions under which impoverished people live

What causes this to be exacerbated?

the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care.

What indicates the rate of medical care?

I'm not sure.

Why does poverty raise your risk of nutrient losses?

I'm not sure.

What prevents poor people from defending against human pathogens?

I'm not sure.

What are some examples that the lack of affordable medical care is associated with?

I'm not sure.

What restricts the ability to provide sanitation?

I'm not sure.


Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system. Indeed, this relationship between zinc deficiency reduced immune functioning corresponds with an increased severity of infectious diarrhea. Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever. Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes, however there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease. While some argue that a relationship does not exist between the rate of disease and vitamin A status, others suggest an increase in the rate associated with deficiency. Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction.

Why is proper nutrition important?

for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea

What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?

greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever

What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?

cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes

What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?

127 million

Why is a fully developed immune system important?

I'm not sure.

Where is infectious diarrhea found in mild cases?

I'm not sure.

What do children with lower levels of disease contraction have?

I'm not sure.

How many preschool children worldwide are zinc deficient?

I'm not sure.

What do others suggest regarding the increase in nutrition causes?

I'm not sure.


According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotrope, Lomotil) caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated. The researchers indeed themselves observed that: "Lomotil may be contraindicated in shigellosis. Diarrhea may represent a defense mechanism".

What did Nesse and Williams learn?

diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism

If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?

there might be a delay in recovery.

What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?

caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.

What is the function of Shigella?

I'm not sure.

If research is stopped, what could happen?

I'm not sure.

What happened to people with Lomotil when treated with anti diarrheal medication?

I'm not sure.

What is contraindicated in support of the argument?

I'm not sure.

What did the researchers discover about shigellosis?

I'm not sure.


Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42–48%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised by poverty as acknowledged by the CDC: "Handwashing is integral to disease prevention in all parts of the world; however, access to soap and water is limited in a number of less developed countries. This lack of access is one of many challenges to proper hygiene in less developed countries." Solutions to this barrier require the implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours.

What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases?

Basic sanitation techniques

How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease?

approximately 42–48%

Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries?

access to soap and water is limited

What is a solution to help this problem?

implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours

What has a profound effect in developed countries?

I'm not sure.

By what percentage do educational programs reduce the chance of disease?

I'm not sure.

What is a solution to poverty?

I'm not sure.

Where is education integral to prevent disease?

I'm not sure.

What is a challenge to reduce disease in less developed countries?

I'm not sure.


Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from diarrheal disease as a result of improved water sanitation and hygiene. Similarly, a meta-analysis of numerous studies on improving water supply and sanitation shows a 22–27% reduction in disease incidence, and a 21–30% reduction in mortality rate associated with diarrheal disease.

What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease?

water contamination

What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents?

clean water supply and improved sanitation

What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation?

22–27% reduction in disease incidence

What is major way disease instance is spread?

I'm not sure.

By what percentage will diarrheal disease be reduced as a result of improved water and hygene?

I'm not sure.

What has cut the rate of mortality?

I'm not sure.

What is the reduction in mortality rate associated with disease instance?

I'm not sure.

What is a cause of child mortality?

I'm not sure.


Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries, use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while reducing overall mortality by 6-10%. Similarly, a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease. Since this time, more effective vaccines have been developed that have the potential to save many thousands of lives in developing nations, while reducing the overall cost of treatment, and the costs to society.

What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?

it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination

What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?

Rotavirus

What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?

What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?

(2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence

What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?

What is responsible for 6% of Cholera disease?

I'm not sure.

What requires targeting disease for vaccination?

I'm not sure.

What were the results of Cholera vaccine trials in 1985?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Cholera vaccine used?

I'm not sure.

What may be the result of developing effective ways to target new pathogens?

I'm not sure.


Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests that vitamin A supplementation is advantageous in reducing disease incidence. Development of a supplementation strategy should take into consideration the fact that vitamin A supplementation was less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence when compared to vitamin A and zinc supplementation, and that the latter strategy was estimated to be significantly more cost effective.

What can be done to combate dietary deficiences?

promoting better eating practices

What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease?

Zinc

WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective?

zinc supplementation

How can zinc deficiencies be combated?

I'm not sure.

What strategy showed a decrease in the incidence of dietary deficiencies?

I'm not sure.

What dietary deficiency was found to be less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence?

I'm not sure.

What actions help combat diarrhea?

I'm not sure.

What control group was found to be more cost effective?

I'm not sure.


In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed. This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously. Diet restrictions such as the BRAT diet are no longer recommended. Research does not support the limiting of milk to children as doing so has no effect on duration of diarrhea. To the contrary, WHO recommends that children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain, and that continuing to eat also speeds up recovery of normal intestinal functioning. CDC recommends that children and adults with cholera also continue to eat.

What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need?

replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed

How is this treatment given?

This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously

What type of diet is no longer recommended?

BRAT diet

What does WHO recommend to do?

children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain

What treatment do people in oral rehydration therapy need?

I'm not sure.

What type of diet does the BRAT recommend?

I'm not sure.

What type of oral rehydration therapy is not recommended?

I'm not sure.

What has no effect on the duration of cholera?

I'm not sure.

What does continuing to replace lost fluid and salts intravenously speed up?

I'm not sure.


Oral rehydration solution (ORS) (a slightly sweetened and salty water) can be used to prevent dehydration. Standard home solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given. Home solutions such as water in which cereal has been cooked, unsalted soup, green coconut water, weak tea (unsweetened), and unsweetened fresh fruit juices can have from half a teaspoon to full teaspoon of salt (from one-and-a-half to three grams) added per liter. Clean plain water can also be one of several fluids given. There are commercial solutions such as Pedialyte, and relief agencies such as UNICEF widely distribute packets of salts and sugar. A WHO publication for physicians recommends a homemade ORS consisting of one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added (approximately the "taste of tears"). Rehydration Project recommends adding the same amount of sugar but only one-half a teaspoon of salt, stating that this more dilute approach is less risky with very little loss of effectiveness. Both agree that drinks with too much sugar or salt can make dehydration worse.

What can be used to prevent dehydration?

Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

What are some good standard home solutions?

salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt

What is a commercial solution that can also be used?

Pedialyte

What is the WHO's recipe for ORS?

one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added

What can make reyhdration worse?

I'm not sure.

What can WHO be used for in children?

I'm not sure.

Can you name some plain water solutions?

I'm not sure.

Who widely distributes Pedialyte?

I'm not sure.

How much chicken soup does the Rehydration Project recommend adding?

I'm not sure.


Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices, are not recommended in children under 5 years of age as they may increase dehydration. A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water. Plain water may be used if more specific and effective ORT preparations are unavailable or are not palatable. Additionally, a mix of both plain water and drinks perhaps too rich in sugar and salt can alternatively be given to the same person, with the goal of providing a medium amount of sodium overall. A nasogastric tube can be used in young children to administer fluids if warranted.

What are not recommended for younger kids because it can casue more dehydration?

Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices

Why are sodas and high sugar fruit juices not recommended?

A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water

What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink?

A nasogastric tube

What can be used to give fluids if drinks are too rich in sugar?

I'm not sure.

Who is plain water not recommended for?

I'm not sure.

Why are plain water and ORT preparations not recommended?

I'm not sure.

What can be given with the goal of providing specific ORT preparations?

I'm not sure.

What does plain water do in the gut?

I'm not sure.


WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states "Food should never be withheld and the child's usual foods should not be diluted. Breastfeeding should always be continued." And in the specific example of cholera, CDC also makes the same recommendation. In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery.

What does WHO recommend?

a child with diarrhea continue to be fed

What does continuing to eat do for your illness?

Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function

What happens when a childs food is restricted?

children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly

What happens if a child's breastfeeding is restricted?

I'm not sure.

What does the CDC state about a child's diet when they have diarrhea?

I'm not sure.

What speeds up recovery of food withholding?

I'm not sure.

What organization recommended that a lactose-free diet should always be continued?

I'm not sure.

Who made the same recommendation regarding intestinal function?

I'm not sure.


While antibiotics are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea, they are usually not used except in specific situations. There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. In resource-poor countries, treatment with antibiotics may be beneficial. However, some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance, particularly Shigella. Antibiotics can also cause diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea is the most common adverse effect of treatment with general antibiotics.

Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances?

they are usually not used except in specific situations

What are the concerns with anitbiotics?

may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7

What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well?

some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance

What are antibiotics doing that makes treatment not work well?

I'm not sure.

What are concerns with Escherichia coli O157:H7?

I'm not sure.

Where is treatment for antibiotic resistance beneficial?

I'm not sure.

Are antibiotics used in certain types of antibiotic resistance?

I'm not sure.

What resource-poor country is developing antibiotic resistance?

I'm not sure.


Madrasa (Arabic: مدرسة, madrasah, pl. مدارس, madāris, Turkish: Medrese) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion). The word is variously transliterated madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese, etc. In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only subject studied. Not all students in madaris are Muslims; there is also a modern curriculum.

What are the origins of the word madrasa?

Arabic

What type of educational institution does the term madrasa refer?

any type

In Western culture, the term madrasa widely refers to the practices of what religion?

Islamic

How many students enrolled in madaris are Muslim?

Not all

What does Madrasa mean in French?

I'm not sure.

What type of educational institution does the term madrasa not cover?

I'm not sure.

In Eastern culture, what religion does the term Madrasa refer to?

I'm not sure.

What school does Madrasa not refer to?

I'm not sure.

What is studied in Islamic religions?

I'm not sure.


The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root د-ر-س D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) مفعل(ة); mafʻal(ah), meaning "a place where something is done". Therefore, madrasah literally means "a place where learning and studying take place". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian. In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends. The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is جامعة (jāmiʻah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.

What are the root origins of the word madrasah?

triconsonantal Semitic

What is the literal translation of madrasah?

a place where learning and studying take place

In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?

same as school does in the English language

During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?

lower schools and specialised

What were the students in madaris called?

danişmends

What are not the root origins of the word madrasah?

I'm not sure.

What is the not literal translation of madrasah?

I'm not sure.

In French, what does madarasah mean?

I'm not sure.

During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were uncommon?

I'm not sure.

What were the teachers in madaris called?

I'm not sure.


However, in English, the term madrasah usually refers to the specifically Islamic institutions. A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a ḥifẓ course teaching memorization of the Qur'an (the person who commits the entire Qurʼan to memory is called a ḥāfiẓ); and an ʻālim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic, tafsir (Qur'anic interpretation), sharīʻah (Islamic law), hadiths (recorded sayings and deeds of Muhammad), mantiq (logic), and Muslim history. In the Ottoman Empire, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by Süleyman I. Depending on the educational demands, some madaris also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madaris along with religious teachings also taught "styles of writing, grammary, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette."

What is the English connotative understanding of the word madrash?

Islamic institutions

What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes?

memorization of the Qur'an

What is shariah?

Islamic law

What is the discipline taught in mantiq courses?

logic

What set of courses does someone need to take for preparation to be considered as a scholar?

ʻālim

What is the Spanish connotative understanding of the word madrash?

I'm not sure.

What is never taught through a hifz class or set of classes?

I'm not sure.

What is the opposite of shariah?

I'm not sure.

What is the discipline not taught in mantiq courses?

I'm not sure.

What set of beliefs does someone need to have to be considered as a scholar?

I'm not sure.


People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[citation needed] The certificate of an ʻālim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[citation needed] A good number of the ḥuffāẓ (plural of ḥāfiẓ) are the product of the madaris. The madaris also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.[citation needed]

What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?

all ages

How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?

approximately twelve years

In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?

people take evening classes and reside in dormitories

Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?

provide them with education and training

What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?

they study separately from the men

What age groups are never enrolled in madaris?

I'm not sure.

How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses before they can drop out?

I'm not sure.

In what ways are madaris similar to eastern colleges?

I'm not sure.

Why do madaris extend enrollment to rich children?

I'm not sure.

What is the format for co-education for adults in madaris?

I'm not sure.


The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read "A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy" written Tareq M Zayed  and "Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage ‘Self’ and ‘System’: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education" authored by Tareq M Zayed

What is the meaning of Islamic education?

education in the light of Islam itself

What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?

Quran

What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?

Muslim education

What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?

monotheism

What is the meaning of non-Islamic education?

I'm not sure.

What book is the basis for religion-free education in Islamic traditions?

I'm not sure.

What types of education is exactly the same as Islamic education?

I'm not sure.

What is Islamic religion in the modern sense considered as far as theology is concerned?

I'm not sure.


The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[citation needed] After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in Madina on the east side of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque. Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit was appointed there by Hazrat Muhammad as teacher and among the students.[citation needed] In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an,The Hadith, fara'iz, tajweed, genealogy, treatises of first aid, etc. There were also trainings of horse-riding, art of war, handwriting and calligraphy, athletics and martial arts. The first part of madrasa based education is estimated from the first day of "nabuwwat" to the first portion of the "Umaiya" caliphate.[citation needed]

Where was the first madrasa located?

the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam

Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?

Hazrat Muhammad

Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?

Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit

What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?

calligraphy

What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?

athletics and martial arts

Where was the second madrasa located?

I'm not sure.

Who was the teacher at the third madrasa?

I'm not sure.

Who was named as a teacher at the last madrasa?

I'm not sure.

What martial arts was taught in the early madaris?

I'm not sure.

What type of ball sports were taught in the early madaris?

I'm not sure.


During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Mamlūk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamlūk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status. Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Ḥasan in Cairo.

Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?

ruling elite

How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?

through a religious endowment

What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?

former slaves

What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?

Guaranteed positions within the new madaris

In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?

Cairo

Which class of people founded the madaris during the ancient period?

I'm not sure.

How were the madaris funded during the prehistoric period?

I'm not sure.

What class of people rejected status during the Mamluk Period?

I'm not sure.

What allowed the plebeians to maintain power during the Mamluk period?

I'm not sure.

What city rejected the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?

I'm not sure.


At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and dispersed them across the Islamic legal schools and Sufi orders. In addition to religious subjects, they also taught the "rational sciences," as varied as mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, alchemy, philosophy, magic, and occultism, depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madaris, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the patronage of royal courts. During this time,[when?] the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy, having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages, comparable to classical Athens' literacy in antiquity but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the maktab and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.

Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?

royal courts

What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?

Caliphate

What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?

maktab and madrasa institutions

How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?

several centuries

Who disapproved of scholars to study natural sciences?

I'm not sure.

What group of people had the lowest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What schools had the biggest impact on the declining literacy rates in the Caliphate?

I'm not sure.

When did madaris spread to larger cities?

I'm not sure.


In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children," as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.

When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?

10th century

What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?

maktab

Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?

Ibn Sīnā

What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?

classes

How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?

two

When were the last recorded Islamic elementary schools?

I'm not sure.

What term refers to non-Islamic elementary schools?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab students?

I'm not sure.

What did Ibn Sina prefer over public schools?

I'm not sure.

What's the third component of education from Ibn Sina?

I'm not sure.


Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, medicine, geometry, trade and commerce, craftsmanship, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.

What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education?

manual skills

According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education?

According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education?

flexibility

What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school?

future career

What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in primary education?

I'm not sure.

According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children drop out of school?

I'm not sure.

According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the primary stage of education?

I'm not sure.

What should secondary training provide a teacher in the secondary stage of school?

I'm not sure.

What besides emotional development do parents need to take into account?

I'm not sure.


During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and the "secular sciences", such as logic, mathematics and philosophy. Some madaris further extended their curriculum to history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry. The curriculum of a madrasah was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madaris were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the 9th century University of al-Qarawiyyin, the 10th century al-Azhar University (the most famous), the 11th century Niẓāmīyah, as well as 75 madaris in Cairo, 51 in Damascus and up to 44 in Aleppo between 1155 and 1260. Many more were also established in the Andalusian cities of Córdoba, Seville, Toledo, Granada (Madrasah of Granada), Murcia, Almería, Valencia and Cádiz during the Caliphate of Córdoba.

What discipline was studied in traditional madrasah?

religious sciences

What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?

philosophy and the secular sciences

Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah?

its founder

What is the most widely known madrasah?

al-Azhar University

How many madaris have been founded in Cairo?

What discipline was rejected in traditional madrasah?

I'm not sure.

What was recently rejected in madrasah?

I'm not sure.

Who decided the content that would be rejected in a particular madrasah?

I'm not sure.

What is the least widely known madrasah?

I'm not sure.

How many madaris have been founded outside of Cairo?

I'm not sure.


Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madhāhib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the ijāzah to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the ijāzah to be of "fundamental difference" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an ijāzah, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a post-graduate course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's "career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded ijazas giving them the status of faqīh 'scholar of jurisprudence', muftī 'scholar competent in issuing fatwās', and mudarris 'teacher'.

What term refers to Islamic law?

fiqh

When did Islamic law school begin?

9th century

How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate?

ten or more years

What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools?

European doctorate

What term refers to non-Islamic law?

I'm not sure.

When did Islamic law school end?

I'm not sure.

How long did a student have to study law in order to drop out?

I'm not sure.

What modern schooling has been considered modeled after the non-Islamic graduate schools?

I'm not sure.


The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.

What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?

licence to teach

Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?

individual scholar-teacher

Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?

chief official of the university

What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?

licentia docendi

What did earning the ijazat al-tadris discipline students?

I'm not sure.

Who awarded a teaching license in non-Islamic schools?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected a teaching license in European schools?

I'm not sure.

What type of license is very different from the ijazat al-tadris?

I'm not sure.

Who was not the chief official of the university?

I'm not sure.


Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaftī, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, called fatwa, a legal opinion (the religious law of Islam covers civil as well as religious matters). The mufti (professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called ijtihād, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit."

What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?

whether certain opinions of law were orthodox

What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?

fatwa

What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?

civil as well as religious

What is ijtihad?

process of scholarly research

What determination of the study of law was never scrutinized?

I'm not sure.

What is the non-Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?

I'm not sure.

What type of matters are covered through non-Islamic law?

I'm not sure.

What is the opposite of ijtihad?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the translation of ijtihad?

I'm not sure.


There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madaris and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.

When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges?

10th century

What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris

princely patrons

What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris?

further the rulers' agenda

Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?

George Makdisi

When did some madaris become considered unlike traditional colleges?

I'm not sure.

What class of people founded only European universities?

I'm not sure.

What class of people founded only Islamic madaris?

I'm not sure.

What was considered to be the overt purpose of madaris?

I'm not sure.

Who agreed that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?

I'm not sure.


al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madaris, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university".

When was al-Qarawiyin University founded?

Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?

Fatima al-Fihri

What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?

all levels

What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?

mosques

What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?

individual faculties for different subjects


Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after "an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." ‘Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī also delivered lectures on Islamic medicine at al-Azhar, while Maimonides delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of Saladin. Another early jāmiʻah was the Niẓāmīyah of Baghdād (founded 1091), which has been called the "largest university of the Medieval world." Mustansiriya University, established by the ʻAbbāsid caliph al-Mustanṣir in 1233, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the natural sciences.

When was Al-Azhar University founded?

Where is Al-Azhar University located?

Cairo, Egypt

What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University?

an oral examination

Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University?

Maimonides

What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for?

largest university of the Medieval world


However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated "ancillary" to the study of the Sharia. For example, a natural science like astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why Ptolemaic astronomy was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madaris. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a "personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one".

What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?

Islamic religious law of sharīʻah

What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?

supply religious needs

Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?

the teacher

What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?

Ptolemaic astronomy

What is considered the most famous madrasa?

al-Azhar

What field does the ijazah signify having no expertise in?

I'm not sure.

What was the purpose of not studying natural sciences in madaris?

I'm not sure.

Who disallowed when a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?

I'm not sure.

What scientific discipline is no longer taught in modern madaris?

I'm not sure.

What is considered the least famous madrasa?

I'm not sure.


Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like the madrasa and jāmiʻah. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and jāmiʻah to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a university college in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:

What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?

corporate element

What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?

Islamic college

Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?

Medievalist specialists

What are two examples of waqfs?

madrasa and jāmiʻah

What do scholars believe is included from madaris that guarantees them being considered universities?

I'm not sure.

What do scholars that don't specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?

I'm not sure.

What is the third example of waqfs?

I'm not sure.

Who agrees that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?

I'm not sure.


As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the Maliki views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madaris were not as popular. Unlike the corporate designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madaris that predate the founding of the earliest medieval universities and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. It should also be noted that many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools prior to their formal establishment as universitas scholarium; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the 6th century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madaris. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions:

When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?

11th and 12th centuries

Where are madaris considered less desirable?

Western Islamic lands

When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?

When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?

the donor

What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?

economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture

When did more madaris begin to form more slowly?

I'm not sure.

Where are madaris considered more desirable?

I'm not sure.

When did the al-Qarawiyin officially stop being a university?

I'm not sure.

When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the students?

I'm not sure.

What disciplines were destroyed at al-Azhar in 1961?

I'm not sure.


Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, including "the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'Chair' of their subject" being based on the "traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him", the term 'academic circles' being derived from the way in which Islamic students "sat in a circle around their professor", and terms such as "having 'fellows', 'reading' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back" to the Islamic concepts of aṣḥāb ('companions, as of Muhammad'), qirāʼah ('reading aloud the Qur'an') and ijāzah ('licence [to teach]') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of academic freedom are also modelled on Islamic custom." The Islamic scholarly system of fatwá and ijmāʻ, meaning opinion and consensus respectively, formed the basis of the "scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day." According to Makdisi and Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was also "modelled on Islamic custom" as practised in the medieval Madrasa system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university" in Europe, the University of Naples Federico II founded by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1224.

What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris?

European university

What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris?

degree and doctorate

How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices?

eighteen

What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions?

academic

What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris?

wearing academic robes

What institutions have been considered to get no its ideas from madaris?

I'm not sure.

What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be not adapted from madaris?

I'm not sure.

How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between non-Islamic language and non-European educational practices?

I'm not sure.

What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe non-European schools learned from non-Islamic traditions?

I'm not sure.

What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools did not learn from madaris?

I'm not sure.


However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels", but all the while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Norman Daniel points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the taliqa, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic fiqh and medieval European civil law were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. In fact, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek Organon which set the scholastic sic et non in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of Greek philosophy"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy.

What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?

Christian

What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?

overstating his case

What is the European version of fiqh?

civil law

What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?

parallel occurrence

What other religion was considered to be opposite in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?

I'm not sure.

What was Makdisi not accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?

I'm not sure.

What is the non-European version of fiqh?

I'm not sure.

What do scholars believe is the reason for differences between Islamic and European schools?

I'm not sure.


Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world’s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, has written 40 volumes on the muḥaddithāt (the women scholars of ḥadīth), and found at least 8,000 of them.

What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s?

less than one percent

How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s?

over 8,000

In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students?

al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ

How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?

What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 2000s?

I'm not sure.

How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1600s?

I'm not sure.

In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic male students?

I'm not sure.

How many male students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?

I'm not sure.


From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud, "a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by Hārūn al-Rashīd because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent scholars in astronomy, medicine, law, philosophy, music, history, Arabic grammar, literature, theology and chess". Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as "the Scholar" or "the Pride of Women" during the 12th century in Baghdad. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in Iraq with the sack of Baghdad in 1258.

What disciplines were women trained in during the first century?

music, dancing and poetry

Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools?

Shuhda

Where did Shuhda attend school?

Baghdad

When was formal education for Islamic women halted?

During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school?

Abbasid

What disciplines were women trained in during the second century?

I'm not sure.

Who was the least well known female scholar in Islamic schools?

I'm not sure.

Where did Shuhda work?

I'm not sure.

When was formal education for Islamic women encouraged?

I'm not sure.

During which Caliphate did Islamic women stop going to formal school?

I'm not sure.


According to the Sunni scholar Ibn ʻAsākir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn ʻAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by Muhammad's wives, such as Khadijah, a successful businesswoman. According to a hadith attributed to Muhammad, he praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge:

What titles could women earn by going to Islamic schools?

scholars and teachers

Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools?

learned and scholarly families

Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina?

their desire for religious knowledge

Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world?

Muhammad's wives

Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education?

Khadijah

What titles could men earn by going to Islamic schools?

I'm not sure.

Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were not educated in Islamic schools?

I'm not sure.

Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem men in Medina?

I'm not sure.

Which one of Muhammad's sons had a particular impact on his view of women and education?

I'm not sure.


"The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through globalization is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: "Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity." İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of "schooling" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madaris are the ones built by Mehmed the Conqueror. He built eight madaris that were built "on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madaris for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these." The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madaris and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning.

Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?

Ottomans

How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror?

eight

How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?

complete the classes in the lower one

Where were Ottoman madaris built?

near mosques

When was the first Ottoman madrasa built?

Who didn't traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?

I'm not sure.

How many madaris were not started by Mehmed the Conqueror?

I'm not sure.

How would a teacher matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?

I'm not sure.

Where were Ottoman madaris torn down?

I'm not sure.

When was the first Ottoman madrasa torn down?

I'm not sure.


Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all centred around religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madaris – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but centred around Islam. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madaris were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.

What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?

spiritual learning

Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?

confirm the doctrines of Islam

What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?

pluralistic

What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?

Islam

What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?

wide range of studies

What was the essential mission of non-Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?

I'm not sure.

Why wasn't philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?

I'm not sure.

What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire not have?

I'm not sure.

What religion was not at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?

I'm not sure.

What did Ottoman madaris have that was different to modern American schools?

I'm not sure.


As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. "The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in Ottoman cities." Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: "Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well." Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy." Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.

What kind of social service was provided through the madaris?

aid to the poor through soup kitchens

What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures?

religion

Where did students learn about religious and social norms?

medreses

What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?

Islamic orthodoxy

What kind of social service was not provided through the madaris?

I'm not sure.

What had a hold over social life in only the Ottoman Empire, not other cultures?

I'm not sure.

Where did teachers learn about religious and social norms?

I'm not sure.

What practice was never desired through connecting religion and schools?

I'm not sure.


In India the majority of these schools follow the Hanafi school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the Darul Uloom Deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris) and the Barelvis, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include: Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR[clarification needed] ministry of the government of India has recently[when?] declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madaris in India. Though the madaris impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum. In July 2015, the state government of Maharashtra created a stir de-recognised madrasa education, receiving critisicm from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was "ill-designed"

What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India?

Deobandis

What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India?

Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad

What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris?

Mathematics, Computers and science

In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools?

What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools?

Hindu-Muslim friction

What group makes up a smaller percentage of people in India?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest school for Barelvis people outside of India?

I'm not sure.

What disciplines does India want to keep away from madaris?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Indian government begin recognize madaris as schools?

I'm not sure.

What problems are not arising due to the social conflicts over schools?

I'm not sure.


Today, the system of Arabic and Islamic education has grown and further integrated with Kerala government administration. In 2005, an estimated 6,000 Muslim Arabic teachers taught in Kerala government schools, with over 500,000 Muslim students. State-appointed committees, not private mosques or religious scholars outside the government, determine the curriculum and accreditation of new schools and colleges. Primary education in Arabic and Islamic studies is available to Kerala Muslims almost entirely in after-school madrasa programs - sharply unlike full-time madaris common in north India, which may replace formal schooling. Arabic colleges (over eleven of which exist within the state-run University of Calicut and the Kannur University) provide B.A. and Masters' level degrees. At all levels, instruction is co-educational, with many women instructors and professors. Islamic education boards are independently run by the following organizations, accredited by the Kerala state government: Samastha Kerala Islamic Education Board, Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, and Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.

How many Muslim students are there in Kerala?

over 500,000

How many Muslim teachers are there in Kerala?

Who determines the content taught in Arabic public schools?

State-appointed committees

What types of programs provide traditional Islamic teaching?

after-school

What is the format of school for girls and boys?

co-educational

How many non-Muslim students are there in Kerala?

I'm not sure.

Who does not determine the content taught in Arabic public schools?

I'm not sure.

What types of programs provide non-traditional Islamic teaching?

I'm not sure.

What is the format of school for adults?

I'm not sure.


In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madaris or Islamic schools are known as Sekolah Agama (Malay: religious school) in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม (Thai: school of Islam) in Thailand and madaris in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in Mindanao, where a significant Muslim population can be found.

Who decides if Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?

students

What are madaris referred to as in Indonesia and Malaysia?

Sekolah Agama

What region of the Philippines has a large Muslim population?

Mindanao

What region of Thailand has madaris?

southern

Who decides if non-Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?

I'm not sure.

What are madaris referred to as outside of Indonesia and Malaysia?

I'm not sure.

What region of the Philippines has a large non-Muslim population?

I'm not sure.

What region of Thailand does not have madaris?

I'm not sure.


In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the "Joint Madrasah System" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time.

How many madrasahs are in Sinagapore?

six

What program is being installed in madrasahs in Singapore?

International Baccalaureate

What year is it planned for IB programs to be in place at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?

What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?

the songkok for boys and tudong for girls

How many madrasahs are outside of Sinagapore?

I'm not sure.

What program is being installed in madrasahs outside of Singapore?

I'm not sure.

What year is it planned for IB programs to be in taken out of Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?

I'm not sure.

What will not be included in the uniform at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?

I'm not sure.


In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 Regions nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao under the auspices of the Department of Education (DepEd). The DepEd adopted Department Order No. 51, which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madaris. While there are state-recognised Islamic schools, such as Ibn Siena Integrated School in the Islamic City of Marawi, Sarang Bangun LC in Zamboanga and SMIE in Jolo, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content.

How many regions in Singapore have widely accepted madaris?

What law protects the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?

Department Order No. 51

What religion do most people practice in Mindanao?

Muslim

What curriculum is used in non public madaris in Mindanao?

Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC)

When did madaris become more accepted in Mindanao?

How many regions outside of Singapore have widely accepted madaris?

I'm not sure.

What law does not protect the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?

I'm not sure.

What religion does nobody practice in Mindanao?

I'm not sure.

What curriculum is used in public madaris in Mindanao?

I'm not sure.

When did madaris become less accepted in Mindanao?

I'm not sure.


The first Madressa established in North America, Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are Hafiz (Quran) and Ulama. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the traditional Hanafi school of thought and shuns Salafist / Wahabi teachings. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to deviate from his traditional roots and form the Salafist organization the AlMaghrib Institute.

When was the first madrasa started in North America?

What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?

US

Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?

Cornwall, Ontario

What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start?

AlMaghrib Institute

When was the last madrasa started in North America?

I'm not sure.

What country has many students that don't attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?

I'm not sure.

Where is Al-Rashid Muslim Institute?

I'm not sure.

What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef tear down?

I'm not sure.


Western commentators post-9/11 often perceive madaris as places of radical revivalism with a connotation of anti-Americanism and radical extremism, frequently associated in the Western press with Wahhabi attitudes toward non-Muslims. In Arabic the word madrasa simply means "school" and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, radical or otherwise. Madaris have varied curricula, and are not all religious. Some madaris in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madaris were founded primarily to gain "knowledge of God" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the Ottoman Empire, "Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic." This is similar to the Western world, in which universities began as institutions of the Catholic church.

What is the common western perception of the teaching received at madaris?

anti-Americanism and radical extremism

What type of content is delivered at madaris?

varied curricula

What type of teaching is provided at Indian madaris?

secularised

What are the origins of western schools?

institutions of the Catholic church

How many science disciplines were taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?

seven

What is the common northern perception of the teaching received at madaris?

I'm not sure.

What type of content is not delivered at madaris?

I'm not sure.

What type of teaching is rejected at Indian madaris?

I'm not sure.

What are the origins of southern schools?

I'm not sure.

How many science disciplines were banned from being taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?

I'm not sure.


Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.

What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?

5.5 million

In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?

southeastern

What county is Miami located in?

Miami-Dade County

Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?

How many people live in Miami?

On which coast of Florida is Miami not located?

I'm not sure.

Miami isn't located in which Florida county?

I'm not sure.

Where does Miami fall among the least populous urban areas in the United States?

I'm not sure.

Which city is the only one with a smaller population than Miami in the southeastern United States?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the approximate population of Miami's metro area?

I'm not sure.


Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.

What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?

Alpha−World City

Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?

What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?

America's Cleanest City

What is a nickname given to Miami?

Capital of Latin America

Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations?

second

What classification didn't the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?

I'm not sure.

Where didn't Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?

I'm not sure.

What did Forbes call Miami in 2018?

I'm not sure.

What is a nickname not given to Miami?

I'm not sure.

Where does Miami rank in terms of UN Spanish-speaking populations?

I'm not sure.


Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the "Cruise Capital of the World", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.

What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?

international banks

What is called the "Cruise Capital of the World"?

Port of Miami

Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?

passenger

Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably present in the Civic Center?

research institutes

How long has Miami been the world's top cruise passenger port?

two decades

What does downtown Miami possess less of than any other US city?

I'm not sure.

What isn't called the "Cruise Capital of the World"?

I'm not sure.

Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank last?

I'm not sure.

Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably absent in the Civic Center?

I'm not sure.

How long has Miami been the world's bottom cruise passenger port?

I'm not sure.


Miami is noted as "the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as "Biscayne Bay Country" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness. The area was also characterized as "one of the finest building sites in Florida." The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami." Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee.

Where was Julia Tuttle born?

Cleveland

Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?

Biscayne Bay Country

When did the Great Freeze occur?

What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?

Florida East Coast Railway

Who was "the mother of Miami"?

Julia Tuttle

Where wasn't Julia Tuttle born?

I'm not sure.

Prior to the naming of Miami, what wasn't the area around Miami called?

I'm not sure.

When did the Great Thaw occur?

I'm not sure.

What railroad was disowned by Henry Flagler?

I'm not sure.

Who was "the father of Miami"?

I'm not sure.


Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.

In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?

What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?

Avenue J

Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?

Bahamas

In the early 1800s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?

I'm not sure.

In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of Indian origin?

I'm not sure.

What was NW Fourth Avenue previously called?

I'm not sure.

What was SW Fifth Avenue previously called?

I'm not sure.

Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1800s?

I'm not sure.