The Montevideo Cabildo was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. It is located in front of Constitution Square, in Ciudad Vieja. Built between 1804 and 1869 in Neoclassical style, with a series of Doric and Ionic columns, it became a National Heritage Site in 1975. In 1958, the Municipal Historic Museum and Archive was inaugurated here. It features three permanent city museum exhibitions, as well as temporary art exhibitions, cultural events, seminars, symposiums and forums.

What was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata?

The Montevideo Cabildo

Where is the Montevideo Cabildo located?

front of Constitution Square

Between what years was the Montevideo Cabildo built?

between 1804 and 1869

What style was the Montevideo Cabildo?

Neoclassical style

When did the Montevideo Cabildo become a National Heritage Site?


The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of Ciudad Vieja. It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo's first theatre (of 1793), during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture. The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It passed to the city from the heirs of the Tarancos in 1943, along with its precious collection of Uruguayan furniture and draperies and was deemed by the city as an ideal place for a museum; in 1972 it became the Museum of Decorative Arts of Montevideo and in 1975 it became a National Heritage Site. The Decorative Arts Museum has an important collection of European paintings and decorative arts, ancient Greek and Roman art and Islamic ceramics of the 10th–18th century from the area of present-day Iran. The palace is often used as a meeting place by the Uruguayan government.

Where is the Palacio Taranco located?

the heart of Ciudad Vieja

When was the Palacio Taranco erected?

early 20th century

The Palacio Taranco was erected to be the residence for whom?

Ortiz Taranco brothers

Who designed the Palacio Taranco?

French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León


The National History Museum of Montevideo is located in the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera. It exhibits artifacts related to the history of Uruguay. In a process begun in 1998, the National Museum of Natural History (1837) and the National Museum of Anthropology (1981), merged in 2001, becoming the National Museum of Natural History and Anthropology. In July 2009, the two institutions again became independent. The Historical Museum has annexed eight historical houses in the city, five of which are located in the Ciudad Vieja. One of them, on the same block with the main building, is the historic residence of Antonio Montero, which houses the Museo Romantico.

The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where?

the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera

What houses the Museo Romantico?

Antonio Montero

How many houses has the Historical Museum annexed?

eight


The Museo Torres García is located in the Old Town, and exhibits Joaquín Torres García's unusual portraits of historical icons and cubist paintings akin to those of Picasso and Braque. The museum was established by Manolita Piña Torres, the widow of Torres Garcia, after his death in 1949. She also set up the García Torres Foundation, a private non-profit organization that organizes the paintings, drawings, original writings, archives, objects and furniture designed by the painter as well as the photographs, magazines and publications related to him.

The Museo Torres Garcia is located where?

the Old Town

The Museo Torres Garcia exhibits whose unusual portraits?

Joaquín Torres García

Who established The Museo Torres Garcia?

Manolita Piña Torres

Manolita Pina Torres was the widow of who?

Torres Garcia


There are several other important art museums in Montevideo. The National Museum of Visual Arts in Parque Rodó has Uruguay's largest collection of paintings. The Juan Manuel Blanes Museum was founded in 1930, the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay, significant with regard to the fact that Juan Manuel Blanes painted Uruguayan patriotic themes. In back of the museum is a beautiful Japanese Garden with a pond where there are over a hundred carp. The Museo de Historia del Arte, located in the Palacio Municipal, features replicas of ancient monuments and exhibits a varied collection of artifacts from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece, Rome and Native American cultures including local finds of the pre-Columbian period. The Museo Municipal Precolombino y Colonial, in the Ciudad Vieja, has preserved collections of the archaeological finds from excavations carried out by Uruguayan archaeologist Antonio Taddei. These antiquaries are exhibits of pre-Columbian art of Latin America, painting and sculpture from the 17th and 18th century mostly from Mexico, Peru and Brazil. The Museo de Arte Contempo has small but impressive exhibits of modern Uruguayan painting and sculpture.

Where is the National Museum of Visual Arts located?

Parque Rodó

What does the National Museum of Visual Arts have the largest collection of in Uruguay?

paintings

When was the Juan Manuel Blanes Museum founded?

Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes?

Juan Manuel Blanes

Where is the Museo de Historia del Arte located?

the Palacio Municipal


There are also other types of museums in the city. The Museo del Gaucho y de la Moneda, located in the Centro, has distinctive displays of the historical culture of Uruguay's gauchos, their horse gear, silver work and mate (tea), gourds, and bombillas (drinking straws) in odd designs. The Museo Naval, is located on the eastern waterfront in Buceo and offers exhibits depicting the maritime history of Uruguay. The Museo del Automóvil, belonging to the Automobile Club of Uruguay, has a rich collection of vintage cars which includes a 1910 Hupmobile. The Museo y Parque Fernando García in Carrasco, a transport and automobile museum, includes old horse carriages and some early automobiles. The Castillo Pittamiglio, with an unusual façade, highlights the eccentric legacy of Humberto Pittamiglio, local alchemist and architect.

Where is the Museo de Guacho y de la Moneda located?

the Centro

What are bombillas?

(drinking straws

Where is the Museo Naval located?

the eastern waterfront in Buceo

Where is the Museo y Parque Fernando Garcia located?

Carrasco


The center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo is the Mercado del Puerto ("Port Market"). A torta frita is a pan-fried cake consumed in Montevideo and throughout Uruguay. It is generally circular, with a small cut in the centre for cooking, and is made from wheat flour, yeast, water and sugar or salt. Beef is very important in Uruguayan cuisine and an essential part of many dishes. Montevideo has a variety of restaurants, from traditional Uruguayan cuisine to Japanese cuisine such as sushi. Notable restaurants in Montevideo include Arcadia atop the Plaza Victoria, widely regarded to be the finest restaurant in the city. Arcadia is set in a classic Italian-inspired dining room and serves lavish dishes such as terrine of pheasant marinated in cognac, grilled lamb glazed with mint and garlic, and duck confit on thin strudel pastry with red cabbage. El Fogon is more popular with the late-night diners of the city. Its interior is brightly lit and the walls covered with big mirrors. Officially a barbecue and seafood restaurant, it serves grilled meat dishes, as well as salmon, shrimp and calamari. Also of note is the Cru. Numerous restaurants are located along the Rambla of Montevideo. There is an Irish pub in the eastern part of the Old District named Shannon Irish pub, another testament to the European heritage of the city.

What is the center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo?

the Mercado del Puerto

What is a torta frita?

a pan-fried cake

Where is Arcadia located?

atop the Plaza Victoria

Where is Shannon Irish pub located?

the eastern part of the Old District


As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is home to a number of festivals and carnivals including a Gaucho festival when people ride through the streets on horseback in traditional gaucho gear. The major annual festival is the annual Montevideo Carnaval which is part of the national festival of Carnival Week, celebrated throughout Uruguay, with central activities in the capital, Montevideo. Officially, the public holiday lasts for two days on Carnival Monday and Shrove Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, but due to the prominence of the festival, most shops and businesses close for the entire week. During carnival there are many open-air stage performances and competitions and the streets and houses are vibrantly decorated. "Tablados" or popular scenes, both fixed and movable, are erected in the whole city. Notable displays include "Desfile de las Llamadas" ("Parade of the Calls"), which is a grand united parade held on the south part of downtown, where it used to be a common ritual back in the early 20th century. Due to the scale of the festival, preparation begins as early as December with an election of the "zonal beauty queens" to appear in the carnival.

What is the major annual festival in Montevideo?

the annual Montevideo Carnaval

What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of?

the national festival of Carnival Week

What does Tablados mean?

popular scenes

What does Desfile de las Llamadas mean?

Parade of the Calls


Church and state are officially separated since 1916 in Uruguay. The religion with most followers in Montevideo is Roman Catholicism and has been so since the foundation of the city. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830. The vicariate was promoted to the Diocese of Montevideo on 13 July 1878. Pope Leo XIII elevated it to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 14 April 1897. The new archdiocese became the Metropolitan of the suffragan sees of Canelones, Florida, Maldonado–Punta del Este, Melo, Mercedes, Minas, Salto, San José de Mayo, Tacuarembó.

Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year?

What religion has the most followers in Montevideo?

Roman Catholicism

When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?


Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón ("Our Lady of the Sacred Heart"), also known as Iglesia Punta Carretas ("Punta Carretas Church"), was built between 1917 and 1927 in the Romanesque Revival style. The church was originally part of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, but is presently in the parish of the Ecclesiastic Curia. Its location is at the corner of Solano García and José Ellauri. It has a nave and aisles. The roof has many vaults. During the construction of the Punta Carretas Shopping complex, major cracks developed in the structure of the church as a result of differential foundation settlement.

What does Nuestra Senora del Sagrado Corazon mean?

Our Lady of the Sacred Heart

What does Iglesia Punta Carretas mean?

Punta Carretas Church

Between what years was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built?

between 1917 and 1927

What stle was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built in?

Romanesque Revival style


The University of the Republic is the country's largest and most important university, with a student body of 81,774, according to the census of 2007. It was founded on 18 July 1849 in Montevideo, where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current Rector is Dr. Rodrigo Arocena. The university houses 14 faculties (departments) and various institutes and schools. Many eminent Uruguayans have graduated from this university, including Carlos Vaz Ferreira, José Luis Massera, Gabriel Paternain, Mario Wschebor, Roman Fresnedo Siri, Carlos Ott and Eladio Dieste

What is the country's largest university?

The University of the Republic

In 2007 the University of the Republic had a student body of how many people?

When was the University of the Republic founded?

18 July 1849

Who is the current rector of The University of the Republic?

Dr. Rodrigo Arocena


The process of founding the country's public university began on 11 June 1833 with the passage of a law proposed by Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga. It called for the creation of nine academic departments; the President of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them were in operation. In 1836, the House of General Studies was formed, housing the departments of Latin, philosophy, mathematics, theology and jurisprudence. On 27 May 1838, Manuel Oribe passed a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic. That decree had few practical effects, given the institutional instability of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay at that time.

When did the process of funding the country's public university begin?

11 June 1833

Who proposed the law that began the process of funding the country's public university?

Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga

When was the House of General Studies formed?

When did Manuel Oribe pass a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic?

27 May 1838


The largest private university in Uruguay, is also located in Montevideo. ORT Uruguay was first established as a non-profit organization in 1942, and was officially certified as a private university in September 1996, becoming the second private educational institution in the country to achieve that status.[citation needed] It is a member of World ORT, an international educational network founded in 1880 by the Jewish community in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The university has about 8,000 students, distributed among 5 faculties and institutes, mainly geared towards the sciences and technology/engineering. Its current rector as of 2010[update] is Dr. Jorge A. Grünberg.

What is the largest private university in Uruguay?

ORT Uruguay

When was ORT Uruguay established?

When was ORT Uruguay officially certified as a private university?

September 1996

How many students does the ORT Uruguay university have?

about 8,000


The Montevideo Crandon Institute is an American School of missionary origin and the main Methodist educational institution in Uruguay. Founded in 1879 and supported by the Women's Society of the Methodist Church of the United States, it is one of the most traditional and emblematic institutions in the city inculcating John Wesley's values. Its alumni include presidents, senators, ambassadors and Nobel Prize winners, along with musicians, scientists, and others. The Montevideo Crandon Institute boasts of being the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught.

What is the main methodist educational institution in Uruguay?

The Montevideo Crandon Institute

When was the Montevideo Crandon Institute founded?

What is the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught?

The Montevideo Crandon Institute


The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College is a private, co-educational, not-for-profit Catholic school located in the wealthy residential southeastern neighbourhood of Carrasco. Established in 1955, it is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country, blending a rigorous curriculum with strong extracurricular activities. The school's headmaster, history professor Juan Pedro Toni, is a member of the Stella Maris Board of Governors and the school is a member of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO). Its long list of distinguished former pupils includes economists, engineers, architects, lawyers, politicians and even F1 champions. The school has also played an important part in the development of rugby union in Uruguay, with the creation of Old Christians Club, the school's alumni club.

Where is the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College located?

Carrasco

When was the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College established?

What is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country?

The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College

Who is the headmaster of the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College?

professor Juan Pedro Toni


Also in Carrasco is The British Schools of Montevideo, one of the oldest educational institutions in the country, established in 1908.[citation needed] Its original purpose was to give Uruguayan children a complete education, on par with the best schools of the United Kingdom and to establish strong bonds between the British and Uruguayan children living in the country. The School is governed by the Board of Governors, elected by the British Schools Society in Uruguay, whose honorary president is the British Ambassador to Uruguay. Prominent alumni include former government ministers Pedro Bordaberry Herrán and Gabriel Gurméndez Armand-Ugon.

Where is the British Schools of Montevideo located?

Carrasco

When was the British Schools of Montevideo established?

What was the British Schools of Montevideo original purpose?

to give Uruguayan children a complete education


Located in Cordon, St.Brendan´s school, before named St.Catherine´s is a non-profit civil association, which has a solid institutional culture with a clear vision of the future. It is knowned for being one of the best schools in the country, joining students from the wealthiest parts of Montevideo, such us, Punta Carretas, Pocitos, Malvin and Carrasco. St. Brendan’s School is a bilingual, non-denominational school that promotes a pedagogical constructivist approach focused on the child as a whole. In this approach, understanding is built from the connections children make between their own prior knowledge and the learning experiences, thus developing critical thinking skills. It is also the only school in the country implementing the three International Baccalaureate Programmes. These are:

Where is St. Brendan's school located?

Cordon

What was St. Brendan's school previously named?

St.Catherine´s

What is the only school in the country implementing three international Baccalaureate Programmes?

St.Brendan´s school


Estadio Centenario, the national football stadium in Parque Batlle, was opened in 1930 for the first World Cup, as well as to commemorate the centennial of Uruguay's first constitution. In this World Cup, Uruguay won the title game against Argentina by 4 goals to 2. The stadium has 70,000 seats. It is listed by FIFA as one of the football world's classic stadiums, along with Maracanã, Wembley Stadium, San Siro, Estadio Azteca, and Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. A museum located within the football stadium has exhibits of memorabilia from Uruguay's 1930 and 1950 World Cup championships. Museum tickets give access to the stadium, stands, locker rooms and playing field.

What is the national football stadium in Parque Batlle?

Estadio Centenario

When was Estadio Centenario opened?

How many seats does the Estadio Centenario have?


The Uruguayan Basketball League is headquartered in Montevideo and most of its teams are from the city, including Defensor Sporting, Biguá, Aguada, Goes, Malvín, Unión Atlética, and Trouville. Montevideo is also a centre of rugby; equestrianism, which regained importance in Montevideo after the Maroñas Racecourse reopened; golf, with the Club de Punta Carretas; and yachting, with the Puerto del Buceo, an ideal place to moor yachts. The Golf Club of Punta Carretas was founded in 1894 covers all the area encircled by the west side of Bulevar Artigas, the Rambla (Montevideo's promenade) and the Parque Rodó (Fun Fair).

Where is the Uruguayan Basketball League headquartered?

Montevideo

When was the Golf Club of Punta Carretas founded?

Equestrianism regained importance in Montevideo after what?

the Maroñas Racecourse reopened


The Dirección Nacional de Transporte (DNT), part of the national Ministry of Transport and Public Works, is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure. A bus service network covers the entire city. An international bus station, the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal, is located on the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center, on the side of Artigas Boulevard. This terminal, along with the Baltazar Brum Bus Terminal (or Rio Branco Terminal) by the Port of Montevideo, handles the long distance and intercity bus routes connecting to destinations within Uruguay.

What does DNT stand for?

Dirección Nacional de Transporte

Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure?

Dirección Nacional de Transporte

Where is the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal located?

the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center


The State Railways Administration of Uruguay (AFE) operates three commuter rail lines, namely the Empalme Olmos, San Jose and Florida. These lines operate to major suburban areas of Canelones, San José and Florida. Within the Montevideo city limits, local trains stop at Lorenzo Carnelli, Yatai (Step Mill), Sayago, Columbus (line to San Jose and Florida), Peñarol and Manga (line Empalme Olmos) stations. The historic 19th century General Artigas Central Station located in the neighbourhood of Aguada, six blocks from the central business district, was abandoned 1 March 2003 and remains closed. A new station, 500 metres (1,600 ft) north of the old one and part of the Tower of Communications modern complex, has taken over the rail traffic.

What does the AFE stand for?

The State Railways Administration of Uruguay

What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located?

Aguada

When was the General Artigas Central Station abandoned?

1 March 2003


The port on Montevideo Bay is one of the reasons the city was founded. It gives natural protection to ships, although two jetties now further protect the harbour entrance from waves. This natural port is competitive with the other great port of Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires. The main engineering work on the port occurred between the years 1870 and 1930. These six decades saw the construction of the port's first wooden pier, several warehouses in La Aguada, the north and south Rambla, a river port, a new pier, the dredged river basin and the La Teja refinery. A major storm in 1923 necessitated repairs to many of the city's engineering works. Since the second half of the 20th century, physical changes have ceased, and since that time the area has degraded due to national economic stagnation.

What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo?

The port on Montevideo Bay

Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place?

1870 and 1930

What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city's engineering works?

A major storm


Hospital Maciel is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay and stands on the block bounded by the streets Maciel, 25 de Mayo, Guaraní and Washington, with the main entrance at 25 de Mayo, 172. The land was originally donated in Spanish colonial times by philanthropist Francisco Antonio Maciel, who teamed up with Mateo Vidal to establish a hospital and charity. The first building was constructed between 1781 and 1788 and later expanded upon. The present building stems from the 1825 plans of José Toribio (son of Tomás Toribio) and later Bernardo Poncini (wing on the Guaraní street, 1859), Eduardo Canstatt (corner of Guaraní and 25 de Mayo) and Julián Masquelez (1889). The hospital has a chapel built in Greek style by Miguel Estévez in 1798.

What is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay?

Hospital Maciel

Who originally donated the land for Hospital Macie?

Francisco Antonio Maciel

When was the first building of the Hospital Maciel established?

between 1781 and 1788


Hospital Vilardebó is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo. Named after the physician and naturalist Teodoro Vilardebó Matuliche, it opened 21 May 1880. The hospital was originally one of the best of Latin America and in 1915 grew to 1,500 inpatients. Today the hospital is very deteriorated, with broken walls and floors, lack of medicines, beds, and rooms for the personnel. It has an emergency service, outpatient, clinic and inpatient rooms and employs approximately 610 staff, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, administrators, guards, among others. The average patient age is 30 years; more than half of the patients arrive by court order; 42% suffer from schizophrenia, 18% from depression and mania, and there are also a high percentage of drug addicted patients.

What is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo?

Hospital Vilardebó

Who is Hospital Vilardebo named after?

Teodoro Vilardebó Matuliche

When did the Hospital Vilardebo open?

21 May 1880

How many inpatients did the the Hospital Vilardebo have in 1915?

1,500 inpatients


Poultry (/ˌpoʊltriː/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae, in order Anseriformes, commonly known as "waterfowl" and including domestic ducks and domestic geese. Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. The word "poultry" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.

What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans?

kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.

Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry  ?

but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.

What types of  birds are most commonly considered poultry?

chickens, quails and turkeys

Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty?

from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.

Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry?

domestic ducks and domestic geese.

What are domesticated birds kept by humans for the meat they produce?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of the French word "pullus?"

I'm not sure.

What is the French term for "fowl?"

I'm not sure.

What is the Norman term for "waterfowl?"

I'm not sure.

What is the Latin word for pigeons?

I'm not sure.

What is the significance of poultry in the lives of aliens?

I'm not sure.

What types of birds are rarely considered poultry?

I'm not sure.

What word means to eat small animals in Latin?

I'm not sure.

What birds are no longer considered as poultry?

I'm not sure.

What language was the word "poultry" banned from?

I'm not sure.


The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.

How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?

domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago

What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?

cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs

Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty?

Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place

Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?

modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.

How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?

Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally

What is the second most widely eaten type of food domestically?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take to domesticate poultry?

I'm not sure.

What were wild chickens used for at first?

I'm not sure.

What were wild quail kept for at first?

I'm not sure.

How long have humans avoided domesticated poultry?

I'm not sure.

What have people use domesticated poultry for aside from medicine?

I'm not sure.

Why did humans feel that additional breeding tactics were unnecessary in poultry?

I'm not sure.

How popular is pottery consumption among humans?

I'm not sure.

Why do modern breeds look the same as their wild ancestors?

I'm not sure.


"Poultry" is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird, captive-raised for its utility, and traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (Galliformes) and waterfowl (Anseriformes). "Poultry" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food. The Encyclopædia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons). In R. D. Crawford's Poultry breeding and genetics, squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list, the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild. In his 1848 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management, Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams. In colloquial speech, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "domesticated chicken" (Gallus gallus), or with "poultry" or even just "bird", and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Both words are also used for the flesh of these birds. Poultry can be distinguished from "game", defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport, a word also used to describe the flesh of these when eaten.

What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry?

guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons)

Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?

R. D. Crawford

What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?

frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild.

Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?

peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams

Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls?

many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl

What is the Japanese term for young pigeons?

I'm not sure.

What book did D. R. Crawford write?

I'm not sure.

What book was written in 1884?

I'm not sure.

What is the Japanese term for "domesticated chicken?"

I'm not sure.

What is the only type of bird listed in the Encyclopedia Britannica as poultry?

I'm not sure.

Who is the jailed author of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?

I'm not sure.

What country has no birds that are considered poultry?

I'm not sure.

What word means the opposite of poultry?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote the 1842 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management?

I'm not sure.


Chickens are medium-sized, chunky birds with an upright stance and characterised by fleshy red combs and wattles on their heads. Males, known as cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens). Chickens are gregarious, omnivorous, ground-dwelling birds that in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals. They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached. Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia, with some additional input from grey junglefowl. Domestication is believed to have taken place between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, and what are thought to be fossilized chicken bones have been found in northeastern China dated to around 5,400 BC. Archaeologists believe domestication was originally for the purpose of cockfighting, the male bird being a doughty fighter. By 4,000 years ago, chickens seem to have reached the Indus Valley and 250 years later, they arrived in Egypt. They were still used for fighting and were regarded as symbols of fertility. The Romans used them in divination, and the Egyptians made a breakthrough when they learned the difficult technique of artificial incubation. Since then, the keeping of chickens has spread around the world for the production of food with the domestic fowl being a valuable source of both eggs and meat.

What are male chickens called ?

cocks

How are male chickens able to be identified ?

cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens).

What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment?

in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals.

Do chickens fly like other birds?

They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached.

From what birds are chickens decended from ?

Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia

What are characterized by red wattles on their heads?

I'm not sure.

What do hens have more exaggerated plumage than?

I'm not sure.

What is thought to have taken place 1,000 to 17,000 years ago?

I'm not sure.

What has been found in China dating back to 4500 BC?

I'm not sure.

Where did chickens reach by 4250 years ago?

I'm not sure.

What are male chickens never allowed to be called?

I'm not sure.

What do chickens always consume when in artificial environments?

I'm not sure.

Why are chickens unable to fly?

I'm not sure.

What birds are chickens superior to?

I'm not sure.

When did the domestication of chickens fail?

I'm not sure.


Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the Second World War. By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry. Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs; light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age, and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase. Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling. In meat breeds, these birds are sometimes castrated (often chemically) to prevent aggression. The resulting bird, called a capon, has more tender and flavorful meat, as well.

Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?

with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin.

When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?

By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry

How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?

light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption

How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?

can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling

What began in 1820?

I'm not sure.

What became present in the United Kingdom in 1900?

I'm not sure.

What was of greater importance than the poultry meat-producing industry in the mid-20th century?

I'm not sure.

How many eggs can male birds produce in a year?

I'm not sure.

What year did modern high-output poultry farms become established in the United States?

I'm not sure.

Why does no breeding for poultry exist today?

I'm not sure.

When did the poultry business end permanently in the United States?

I'm not sure.

How has breeding destroyed the poultry industry?

I'm not sure.

How can you normally identify a cock when it doesn't hatch?

I'm not sure.

What birds are castrated to increase aggression?

I'm not sure.


A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.

What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?

A bantam

How are bantams different from other chickens?

A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart

Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?

Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs

Where are bantams kept?

kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.

What is the name for a small variety of European chicken?

I'm not sure.

What country is the town of Java located in?

I'm not sure.

Domestic sailors bought small chickens for what?

I'm not sure.

What breed of worm is named after a town in Java?

I'm not sure.

Why are bantams not considered an animal?

I'm not sure.

What bird is unable to lay eggs due to the small size?

I'm not sure.

Where are bantams usually hidden?

I'm not sure.

What sailors disliked small chickens?

I'm not sure.


Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago. Two mature males (cocks or roosters) are set to fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour. The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter. Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals.

How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?

Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago.

What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?

Cockfighting

Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?

fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed.

Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?

Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour

Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?

large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter.

What breed of rooster was developed in the Chinese subcontinent?

I'm not sure.

What is said to be Persia's oldest spectator sport?

I'm not sure.

Why has cockfighting has been banned in many cultures during the last century?

I'm not sure.

When was the sport of fighting chickens stopped?

I'm not sure.

What is the term used to define the game of breeding chickens called?

I'm not sure.

What are chickens not going to do during a cockfight?

I'm not sure.

Have there been any types of kittens who were really good at cockfighting?

I'm not sure.

Why is cockfighting no longer something people want to be involved with?

I'm not sure.


Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers.

How can you identify a duck from other poultry?

medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.

What do you call a male duck?

drakes

How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?

larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds

What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?

aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.

Do all ducks fly south for the winter?

Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly

Why can't you identify a duck from other poultry?

I'm not sure.

What can you never call a male duck?

I'm not sure.

What does the diet of cultivated ducks not include?

I'm not sure.

How many ducks hibernate during the winter?

I'm not sure.

What makes it impossible for ducks to eat animals?

I'm not sure.


Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture. Even if this is not the case, domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West. Lucius Columella, writing in the first century BC, advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen, because when raised in this way, the ducks "lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen". Despite this, ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD, when they began to be mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.

How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans?

Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture

How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks?

domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West

How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks.?

collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,

When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?

ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD

Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world?

mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.

How long have ducks continued to avoid humans?

I'm not sure.

How far behind the east society was the western culture in banning ducks?

I'm not sure.

How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go about the business of domesticating felines?

I'm not sure.

When did ducks begin to disappear from the books of Western European Society?

I'm not sure.


It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments.

What breed of duck is considered the first?

mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck

What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?

various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.

What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.

Pekin duck

Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?

can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days

Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??

Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in

What breed of duck is considered the worst?

I'm not sure.

What are the outcomes of breeding ducks with humans?

I'm not sure.

What variety of duck is no longer found in the US and the UK?

I'm not sure.

Why is the Pekin duck unfavorable in the western world?

I'm not sure.

What common variety of poultry in the west is not found in the east?

I'm not sure.


The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later, is known as a Chinese goose. The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose, is present to a varying extent in these hybrids. The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds. Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.

When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?

The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago

What other name is the swan goose know by ?

Chinese goose

Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld?

Siberia

Are geese an important part of the poultry industry?

Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.

When was the greylag goose domesticated by the Romans?

I'm not sure.

What other name is the swan goose no longer known by?

I'm not sure.

Where is it believed that the greylag goose was never domesticated?

I'm not sure.

What is no longer an important part of the poultry industry?

I'm not sure.


Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends. The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat, while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production. The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments. They forage on grass and weeds, supplementing this with small invertebrates, and one of the attractions of rearing geese is their ability to grow and thrive on a grass-based system. They are very gregarious and have good memories and can be allowed to roam widely in the knowledge that they will return home by dusk. The Chinese goose is more aggressive and noisy than other geese and can be used as a guard animal to warn of intruders. The flesh of meat geese is dark-coloured and high in protein, but they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids. The birds are killed either around 10 or about 24 weeks. Between these ages, problems with dressing the carcase occur because of the presence of developing pin feathers.

do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?

Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends

What types of geese are used for human consumption?

The greylag-derived birds

What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production?

Chinese geese

What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?

use in pillows and padded garments

Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?

they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids

What goose is unable to make any sound?

I'm not sure.

What is the down feathers of geese never used for?

I'm not sure.

Why is the meat of geese considered lean?

I'm not sure.

What is the only type of goose not used for human consumption?

I'm not sure.


The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC. They used the feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes. More than 1,000 years later, they became an important food source. The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl, a bird known as a "turkey fowl" at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey.

How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?

descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey

When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?

Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC

What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?

feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes

When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?

Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC.

How many species is the recent day Bigfoot suspected to have embarked from?

I'm not sure.

When were turkeys first used in a hostile setting?

I'm not sure.

What other purposes have the endangered turkeys been used for aside from food?

I'm not sure.

When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the ocean?

I'm not sure.


Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions. These are often large buildings, purpose-built to provide ventilation and low light intensities (this reduces the birds' activity and thereby increases the rate of weight gain). The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly. Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19. Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts. Many different breeds have been developed, but the majority of commercial birds are white, as this improves the appearance of the dressed carcass, the pin feathers being less visible. Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as Christmas (10 million birds in the United Kingdom) or Thanksgiving (60 million birds in the United States). However, they are increasingly becoming part of the everyday diet in many parts of the world.

What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?

Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions

What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?

The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly

At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?

Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19

How much more does a average commercial  turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?

Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts

What the average for the amount of  turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?

60 million birds in the United States

What are domesticated turkeys no longer grown in?

I'm not sure.

What age is the moose considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?

I'm not sure.

What is the average for the amount of parrots that are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?

I'm not sure.

What type of conditions are used to decrease the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?

I'm not sure.

How much more does a average commercial feather weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?

I'm not sure.


The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?

They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

Where can quails typically be found in the wild?

it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.

What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?

seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.

From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?

modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Why are quails always silent?

I'm not sure.

Where are quails typically invisible in the wild?

I'm not sure.

What does a rare diet always consist of for quails?

I'm not sure.

What country do all domesticated quails descend from?

I'm not sure.


In the early 20th century, Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production. By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing, but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production. After the war, the few surviving domesticated quail were used to rebuild the industry, and all current commercial and laboratory lines are considered to have originated from this population. Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan, India, China, Italy, Russia, and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries. Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies. These quail are closely related to the common quail, and many young hybrid birds are released into the wild each year to replenish dwindling wild populations.

Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century?

Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production.

When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry?

By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,

What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?

the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production

How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?

Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year

Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?

Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies

Why did the Japanese begin to breed quails in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

When did the quail egg business fail to become an economic driven industry?

I'm not sure.

What caused a marked euphoria in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?

I'm not sure.

What fields are Japanese quail forbidden to be used?

I'm not sure.

What is the only country with a Japanese quail farming industry?

I'm not sure.


Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa, and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top, and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Guinea fowl are hardy, sociable birds that subsist mainly on insects, but also consume grasses and seeds. They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease. They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators. Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months.

What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?

Africa

Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?

ancient Greeks and Romans.

Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl  useful to humans.

They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease.

What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?

roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators.

What part of the moon did Guinea fowl originate from?

I'm not sure.

Who were the only groups to domesticate a guinea fowl?

I'm not sure.

Why are Guinea fowl useless to humans?

I'm not sure.

What are Guinea fowl also praised for accomplishing for Martians?

I'm not sure.


A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.

What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?

A squab

From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?

rock pigeon (Columba livia)

Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?

When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop

How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?

a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months

What is the gourmet title that was taken away from pigeons?

I'm not sure.

What variety of pigeon does the squab avoid?

I'm not sure.

Why does the breeding season only last a few days?

I'm not sure.

How many squabs do most pigeon pairs make in their lifetime?

I'm not sure.


Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production.

What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?

Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry

How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?

50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs.

How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?

High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production

Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?

birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night.

What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?

the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry

What is the worst type of poultry that is farmed?

I'm not sure.

How many birds are ritualistically sacrificed in the world for the consumption process?

I'm not sure.

How is the cost of the price for animal feed unrelated to the poultry cost for consumers?

I'm not sure.

What is the major danger of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?

I'm not sure.


In free-range husbandry, the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day. Often, this is in large enclosures, but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours. A more intensive system is yarding, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate. Poultry can also be kept in a barn system, with no access to the open air, but with the ability to move around freely inside the building. The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is battery cages, often set in multiple tiers. In these, several birds share a small cage which restricts their ability to move around and behave in a normal manner. The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection. Battery cages for hens have been illegal in the EU since January 1, 2012.

What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?

the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours

What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?

birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate

What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?

battery cages, often set in multiple tiers

How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?

The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection

What is the benefit to chickens of being in a caged location?

I'm not sure.

What is yarding in relation to the pottery industry?

I'm not sure.

What is the only type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?

I'm not sure.

How are eggs destroyed in the battery cage system?

I'm not sure.

When did battery cages become the only way to house hens?

I'm not sure.


Chickens raised intensively for their meat are known as "broilers". Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb)) in six weeks or less. Broilers grow so fast, their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles. Mortality rates at 1% are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights. Processing the birds is done automatically with conveyor-belt efficiency. They are hung by their feet, stunned, killed, bled, scalded, plucked, have their heads and feet removed, eviscerated, washed, chilled, drained, weighed, and packed, all within the course of little over two hours.

What is the average size of chickens used extensively for it's meat production raised in an intensive environment?

carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb))

How long does it take for an broiler raisedin an intensive environment very to reach optimum size?

six weeks or less

What is the death rate among chickens who are intensivley breed to be broilers?

Mortality rates at 1%

Do chicken raised in the intensive broiler method suffer from health condions?

their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles.

How long does it take for a chicken raised in a less intensive envionment to reach optimal broiler size?

18 weeks to reach similar weights

What are chickens raised only for their fashion sense known as?

I'm not sure.

How long does it take a broiler to reach gargantuan size?

I'm not sure.

What is the death rate among chickens who are intensively bred to be fried chicken?

I'm not sure.

Why are broilers considered to be very healthy chickens?

I'm not sure.

How do chickens like to spend their vacations?

I'm not sure.


Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. In intensive systems, cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure. Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock. In extensive systems, the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.

What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs?

cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common

What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others?

some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure

What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?

the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds.

How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept?

In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.

What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in?

Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare.

What are some of the minor concerns with intensive breeding programs?

I'm not sure.

What harsh measures do farmers use to encourage chickens to harm themselves or others?

I'm not sure.

What are typically slow to spread through the flock?

I'm not sure.

What is the only type of farming that has animal welfare concerns?

I'm not sure.


In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards. The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry. Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity. Sometimes, poultry shows are part of general livestock shows, and sometimes they are separate events such as the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.

Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?

In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds

In such competitions what are the chickens juged on? What attibutes are considered viable?

birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards

Are there breed standards used for the competitions?

Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity

What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments?

the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.

From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate?

The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry

Where are national and regional poultry shows banned?

I'm not sure.

What was never made illegal that involves birds fighting?

I'm not sure.

What are never part of general livestock shows?

I'm not sure.

What are the unknown poultry tournaments?

I'm not sure.

Why are poultry shows not allowed in most countries?

I'm not sure.


Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38%. Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption, more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units. Global broiler meat production rose to 84.6 million tonnes in 2013. The largest producers were the United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) and the European Union (11.3%). There are two distinct models of production; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin. This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements, welfare issues and environmental regulations. In contrast, the United States model turns the product into a commodity.

Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?

Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide

How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?

Sixteen billion birds are raised annually

What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?

more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units

How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?

There are two distinct models of production;

What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?

the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin

What is the only type of meat that is eaten in the world?

I'm not sure.

What type of environment is poultry always raised in?

I'm not sure.

How many industry models are not followed for the production process of poultry?

I'm not sure.

What country has never had poultry before?

I'm not sure.


World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market.

How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?

China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds

What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?

Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)

Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?

France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,

What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat

94% share

How many ducks did China produce for cartoons in 2011?

I'm not sure.

What country only eats goose and guinea fowl meat?

I'm not sure.

Where is eating duck forbidden?

I'm not sure.

Who is the only producer of duck meat among the western nations?

I'm not sure.


Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick". The wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments, the meatier "drumette", the "wingette" (also called the "flat"), and the wing tip (also called the "flapper"). In Japan, the wing is frequently separated, and these parts are referred to as 手羽元 (teba-moto "wing base") and 手羽先 (teba-saki "wing tip").

Is poultry available in various forms?

fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked.

What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?

The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick"

Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?

wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,

What liquid form is poultry normally kept in?

I'm not sure.

What kind of food can never be deboned?

I'm not sure.

What part of the bird is considered poison?

I'm not sure.

What kind of wings are no longer eaten in the US?

I'm not sure.


Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as "red muscle", is used for sustained activity—chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration.

Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?

The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells

What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?

White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying

What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?

the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours

Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?

birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout

What is the only kind of meat available in birds?

I'm not sure.

Why is white meat of chicken never actually used by the animal?

I'm not sure.

What birds have no breast muscle?

I'm not sure.

What kind of meat is considered dangerous to eat?

I'm not sure.


A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled.

When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?

Translational Genomics Research

What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?

Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?

Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,

What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??

a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present

Why can't bacteria enter poultry?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of medicine is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?

I'm not sure.

What bacterial infections are not possible as of today?

I'm not sure.

What is a common myth about poultry and bacteria?

I'm not sure.


In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.

Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?

people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus

What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?

areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected

What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?

The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.

Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?

the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected.

Why is the Avian flu only a risk to animals?

I'm not sure.

What portion of the world is immune to the flu?

I'm not sure.

Why is the avian influenza considered to be completely safe?

I'm not sure.

What kind of poultry are immune to avian influenza?

I'm not sure.

What is most commonly found in people compared to birds?

I'm not sure.


Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.

What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?

Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs.

What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?

egg allergies are unable to be immunised

How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?

process that takes about six months

In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?

viruses need living cells in which to replicate

What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?

. Cell-based culture

Why are poultry eggs useless aside from consumption?

I'm not sure.

Why is there no difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?

I'm not sure.

What do viruses need in order to replicate in the laboratory?

I'm not sure.

What is a simple process that takes about one month to prepare?

I'm not sure.

What food is least commonly associated with allergy?

I'm not sure.


Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality. This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids. Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight. However, for boneless, skinless chicken breast, the amount is much lower. A 100-g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein, compared to 10 g of fat and 27 g of protein for the same portion of broiled, lean skirt steak.

What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?

protein of high quality

What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?

4 g of fat and 31 g of protein

How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry?

two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat

Does chicken contain fat?

low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids

What meat has no nutritional value to humans?

I'm not sure.

What meat's protein is the lowest quality?

I'm not sure.

How many full pounds of fat are found in an average chicken breast?

I'm not sure.

What food is considered toxic when mixed with poultry?

I'm not sure.

Why does chicken have the lowest fat content of any meat?

I'm not sure.


Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]

In what place with the word "name" in it do most people speak Dutch?

Suriname

Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?

Aruba

It's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia, the U.S., and Canada?

half a million

In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?

Afrikaans

What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans?

16 million


Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English[n 5] and is said to be roughly in between them.[n 6] Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive, and has levelled much of its morphology, including the case system.[n 7] Features shared with German include the survival of three grammatical genders—albeit with few grammatical consequences[n 8]—as well as the use of modal particles, final-obstruent devoicing, and a similar word order.[n 9] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but fewer than English.[n 10]

Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble?

German and English

Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use?

umlaut

Unlike English, both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar?

three

Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of?

subjunctive

Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German?

more


While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands "Hollandish", West-Vlaams "Western Flemish", Brabants "Brabantian". The use of the word Vlaams ("Flemish") to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands and Belgium.

What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?

Flemish

What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?

Nederlands

What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?

Vlaams

What is the Dutch name for the "Hollandish" dialect of the language?

Hollands

If "Vlaams" is "Flemish," what would English speakers call "West-Vlaams"?

Western Flemish


The Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. In Middle Dutch, which was a collection of dialects, dietsc was used in Flanders and Brabant, while diets or duutsc was in use in the Northern Netherlands. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe, meaning (pertaining to the language) of the people, that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain. In the Oaths of Strasbourg (842) it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic (Rhenish Franconian) portion of the oath.

What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?

theudisk

What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language "of the people"?

Latin

The word "theudisk" was first found in a text from what year?

What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?

What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?

teudisca


Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.

In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?

What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?

Pennsylvania Dutch

What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?

Deitsch

In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?


In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for "Dutch", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits, "Low Dutch", for several reasons. One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, "High Dutch", meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language.

Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the "Dutch" language until what century?

What word meaning "Low Dutch" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?

Nederduits

Instead of "German," what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?

Hoogduits

What does "Hoogduits" translate to in English?

High Dutch

Now that "Nederlands" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?

Duits


The term Nederduits, however introduced new confusion, since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well, and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped, leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language. The repeated use of Neder (or "low") to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands' downriver location at the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta near the North Sea, harking back to Latin nomenclature, e.g. Germania Inferior. See also: Netherlands (toponymy).

What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?

Nederduits

What does the word "Neder" translate to in English?

low

The Netherlands are "low" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?

Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta

What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as "Germania Inferior"?

Latin

"Nederduits" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany?

north


Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:

How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?

Three

Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?

Saxon

Which dialects are referred to as "Old Dutch"?

Franconian

Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?

gradual

Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries?

Frisian


Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe.

Which language tree groups Dutch with English?

Indo-European

What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?

Germanic

In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?

Iron Age

Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?

Verner's law

What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?

common ancestor


The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch.

Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?

three

In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?

the Migration Period

What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?

West Germanic

What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?

Ingvaeonic

Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?

Istvaeonic


A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest "Dutch" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: "mudflat"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.

What's another term for "Frankish"?

Franconian

What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?

Tiel

To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?

What word found in Roman writings became "wad" in modern Dutch?

vadam

What does the Dutch word "wad" mean in English?

mudflat


Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period.

What's another name for Old Frisian?

Anglo-Frisian

What's another name for Old English?

Anglo-Saxon

What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?

Old Dutch

What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?

Old Frankish

What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?

Old Low Franconian


Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law. From this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest sentence has been identified as Dutch: Maltho thi afrio lito (I say to you, I free you, serf) used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (A fish was swimming in the water). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow (776-800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Do you forsake the devil? [...] I forsake the devil). Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for), is dated around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.

Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?

rare

What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?

the Salic law

What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare"?

fish

Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?

Rochester, England

What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase "Forsachistu diobolae"?

the Utrecht baptismal vow


Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed. There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. But they were all mutually intelligible. In fact, since Dutch is a rather conservative language, the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers.

What language did Middle Dutch come from?

Old Dutch

What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?

Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term "Middle Dutch" refer to?

closely related dialects

Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?

readable