The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.

What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?

31 Days of Oscar

When does TCM's programming season begin?

February

On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?

letterboxed

Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?

Humphrey Bogart

What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on letterbox?

I'm not sure.

When does the letterbox's programming season begin?

I'm not sure.

ON its standard definition broadcast, what format does Bogart use to preserve the original aspect ratio?

I'm not sure.

Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on Grant?

I'm not sure.

When is a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated actors shown?

I'm not sure.


TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films.

Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?

Walt Disney Studios

Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?

Sony Pictures Entertainment

How many films are present in the TCM library?

thousands

Who owns the Seiznick International Pictures film?

I'm not sure.

Who is the owner of Janus Films?

I'm not sure.

How many films are present in the Janus library?

I'm not sure.

What spans several decades of agreements?

I'm not sure.

What includes thousands of Janus Films?

I'm not sure.


Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through Sony Pictures Television); distribution of 20th Century Fox's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television, and the Walt Disney Studios (owned by The Walt Disney Company) has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies.

Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases?

EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution

Who owns Paramount?

Viacom

Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount's post-1949 releases?

Trifecta Entertainment & Media

Who owns Walt Disney Studios?

The Walt Disney Company

Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios?

Disney-ABC Domestic Television

Who owns the majority of 1950 Paramount sound releases?

I'm not sure.

Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount's 1949 releases?

I'm not sure.

Who owns Walt Disney Fox?

I'm not sure.

Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Fox?

I'm not sure.

What is Disney's film output owned by?

I'm not sure.


Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours (8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time) are presented by film historian Robert Osborne (who has been with the network since its 1994 launch, except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011, when guest hosts presented each night's films) on Sunday through Wednesday evenings – with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends – and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays, and the "Silent Sunday Nights" and "TCM Imports" blocks on Sundays.

What is the time period covered by prime time and the early overnight?

8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time

Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?

Robert Osborne

What is Robert Osborne by profession?

film historian

Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several months?

medical leave

Who presents Silent Sunday Nights?

Ben Mankiewicz

Who presents films on Eastern on Wednesday nights?

I'm not sure.

What is Eastern by profession?

I'm not sure.

Why did Robert Osbourne stop presenting films on Eastern for several months?

I'm not sure.

Who presents Silent Sunday Nights?

I'm not sure.

When was Ben Mankiewicz on medical leave?

I'm not sure.


TCM regularly airs a "Star of the Month" throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, in which most, if not all, feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night's schedule. Hosted by Robert Osbourne, the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor's birthday (either antemortem or posthumously) or recent death with day- or evening-long festivals showcasting several of that artist's best, earliest or least-known pictures; by effect, marathons scheduled in honor of an actor's passing (which are scheduled within a month after their death) pre-empt films originally scheduled to air on that date. TCM also features a monthly program block called the "TCM Guest Programmer", in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening's films (examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer, Anthony Bourdain, Debra Winger, Ellen Barkin, Spike Lee, Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer); an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011.

On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?

Wednesdays

Who hosts the Star of the Month films?

Robert Osbourne

During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?

February 2011

In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?

On what day of the week are Star of the Year films aired?

I'm not sure.

Who hosts the Star of the Year films?

I'm not sure.

During what month and year did Lehrer Guest Programmer feature Lehrer employees as guests?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Spike Lee appear as a Lehrer Guest Programmer?

I'm not sure.

What time does "Stars of the Year" air?

I'm not sure.


Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks, which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events, such as the "31 Days of Oscar" film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long "Summer Under the Stars" in August; all featured programming has their own distinctive feature presentation bumper for the particular scheduled presentation. The Essentials, currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015[update], is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings (with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time), which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion.

When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?

month preceding the Academy Awards

When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?

August

As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne?

Sally Field

On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week?

Saturday

On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?

Sunday

When does 15 Days of Oscar occur?

I'm not sure.

When does the Essentials Under the Stars event take place?

I'm not sure.

As of 2015, who hosted 31 Days of Oscar along with Robert Osbourne?

I'm not sure.

On what day does 31 Days of Oscar have its first airing each week?

I'm not sure.

On what day are repeats of 31 Days of Oscar shown?

I'm not sure.


The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday: "Silent Sunday Nights", which features silent films from the United States and abroad, usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores; and "TCM Imports" (which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 2000s[specify]), a weekly presentation of films originally released in foreign countries. TCM Underground – which debuted in October 2006 – is a Friday late night block which focuses on cult films, the block was originally hosted by rocker/filmmaker Rob Zombie until December 2006 (though as of 2014[update], it is the only regular film presentation block on the channel that does not have a host).

What movie block shows silent films?

Silent Sunday Nights

What movie block shows foreign films?

TCM Imports

When did TCM Underground first appear?

October 2006

On what day is TCM Underground shown?

Friday

Who was the first host of TCM Underground?

Rob Zombie

What movie block shows musicals?

I'm not sure.

What movie block shows foreign hosts?

I'm not sure.

When did TCM Imports first appear?

I'm not sure.

On what day is TCM Imports shown?

I'm not sure.

Who was the first host of TCM Imports?

I'm not sure.


Each August, Turner Classic Movies suspends its regular schedule for a special month of film marathons called "Summer Under the Stars", which features entire daily schedules devoted to the work of a particular actor, with movies and specials that pertain to the star of the day. In the summer of 2007, the channel debuted "Funday Night at the Movies", a block hosted by actor Tom Kenny (best known as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants). This summer block featured classic feature films (such as The Wizard of Oz, Sounder, Bringing Up Baby, Singin' in the Rain, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, The Adventures of Robin Hood and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea) aimed at introducing these movies to new generations of children and their families.

In what month does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?

August

Who hosted Funday Night at the Movies?

Tom Kenny

What character was Tom Kenny best known for portraying?

SpongeBob SquarePants

In what year did Funday Night at the Movies first appear?

In what month does the Funday Night at the Movies event take place?

I'm not sure.

Who hosted Summer Under the Stars?

I'm not sure.

What character was Smith known for portraying?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Summer Under the Stars first appear?

I'm not sure.

Who suspends its regular schedule every night?

I'm not sure.


"Funday Night at the Movies" was replaced in 2008 by "Essentials Jr.", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-themed films as National Velvet, Captains Courageous and Yours, Mine and Ours, as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock, Jr., The Music Box, Harvey, Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much.

What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies?

Essentials Jr.

Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?

Abigail Breslin

Who hosted Essentials Jr. between 2009 and 2011?

John Lithgow

Who began to host Essentials Jr. in 2011?

Bill Hader

In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies?

What series replaced Sherlock Jr. at the Movies?

I'm not sure.

Who along with Chris O'Donnell was the original host of Sherlock Jr.?

I'm not sure.

Who hosted Sherlock Jr. between 2009 and 2011?

I'm not sure.

Who began to host Sherlock Jr. in 2011?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Sherlock Jr. replace  Funday Night at the Movies?

I'm not sure.


In addition to films, Turner Classic Movies also airs original content, mostly documentaries about classic movie personalities, the world of filmmaking and particularly notable films. An occasional month-long series, Race and Hollywood, showcases films by and about people of non-white races, featuring discussions of how these pictures influenced white people's image of said races, as well as how people of those races viewed themselves. Previous installments have included "Asian Images on Film" in 2008, "Native American Images on Film" in 2010, "Black Images on Film" in 2006 "Latino Images on Film" in 2009 and "Arab Images on Film" in 2011. The network aired the film series Screened Out (which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film) in 2007 and Religion on Film (focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works) in 2005. In 2011, TCM debuted a new series entitled AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration.

In what year did Screened Out appear?

What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?

What series premiered in 2011?

AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration

In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear?

What was the topic of Screened Out?

history and depiction of homosexuality in film

In what year did Screened Images appear?

I'm not sure.

What year saw the debut of Religion and Images?

I'm not sure.

What series premiered in 2012?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Arab Images off Film first appear?

I'm not sure.

What was the topic of Black Images on Film?

I'm not sure.


In December 1994, TCM debuted "TCM Remembers", a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities (including actors, producers, composers, directors, writers and cinematographers) that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films. The segments appear in two forms: individual tributes and a longer end-of-year compilation. Following the recent death of an especially famous classic film personality (usually an actor, producer, filmmaker or director), the segment will feature a montage of select shots of the deceased's work. Every December, a longer, more inclusive "TCM Remembers" interstitial is produced that honors all of the noted film personalities who died during the past year, interspersed with scenes from settings such as an abandoned drive-in (2012) or a theatre which is closing down and is being dismantled (2013). Since 2001, the soundtracks for these clipreels have been introspective melodies by indie artists such as Badly Drawn Boy (2007) or Steve Earle (2009).

In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?

December 1994

Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?

end-of-year compilation

In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear?

December

In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?

Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009?

Steve Earle

In what month and year did TCM Boy premiere?

I'm not sure.

Along with individual tributes, what form did Badly Drawn Boy occur in?

I'm not sure.

In what month of the year does a longer version of Badly Drawn Boy appear?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Steve Earle provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?

I'm not sure.

Who provided the soundtrack for the longer Badly Drawn Boy episode in 2009?

I'm not sure.


The TCM Vault Collection consists of several different DVD collections of rare classic films that have been licensed, remastered and released by Turner Classic Movies (through corporate sister Warner Home Video). These boxed set releases are of films by notable actors, directors or studios that were previously unreleased on DVD or VHS. The sets often include bonus discs including documentaries and shorts from the TCM library. The initial batch of DVDs are printed in limited quantities and subsequent batches are made-on-demand (MOD).

Through what company is the TCM Vault Collection released?

Warner Home Video

What do the TCM Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries?

shorts

After the initial batch of TCM Vault Collection DVDs are printed, how are they made afterwards?

on-demand

Through what company is the MOD released?

I'm not sure.

What do the DVD Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries?

I'm not sure.

How are the Initial batch of VHS Vault Collection DVDs made after the initial batch?

I'm not sure.

What consists of several VHS collections?

I'm not sure.

What often includes bonus documentaries?

I'm not sure.


In October 2015, TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub, in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola's winery. Wines are available in 3 month subscriptions, and can be selected as reds, whites, or a mixture of both. From the wines chosen, TCM also includes recommended movies to watch with each, such as a "True Grit" wine, to be paired with the John Wayne film of the same name.

What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?

October 2015

Who was TCM's partner in the TCM Wineclub?

Laithwaite

The winery of what notable director provided wines for TCM Wineclub?

Francis Ford Coppola

Who starred in True Grit?

John Wayne

How long do TCM Wineclub subscriptions last?

3 month

What month and year saw the introduction of True Grit?

I'm not sure.

Who was TCM's partner in True Grit?

I'm not sure.

The winery of what notable director provided wines for True Grit?

I'm not sure.

Who starred in TCM Wineclub?

I'm not sure.

How long do True Grit subscriptions last?

I'm not sure.


Turner Classic Movies is available in many other countries around the world. In Canada, TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005. Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier, and was added to its analogue tier in February 2007. While the schedule for the Canadian feed is generally the same as that of the U.S. network, some films are replaced for broadcast in Canada due to rights issues and other reasons. Other versions of TCM are available in Australia, France, Middle East, South Africa, Cyprus, Spain, Asia, Latin America, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta. The UK version operates two channels, including a spinoff called TCM 2.

What Canadian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies?

Shaw Cable

In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television?

In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM?

What is the name of the TCM spinoff channel operated in the UK?

TCM 2

In what month and year did Rogers Cable add TCM to its analog broadcasts?

February 2007

What Australian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Australian cable television?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Australia begin to include TCM?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the TCM spinoff channel operated in South Africa?

I'm not sure.

In what month and year did France add TCM to its analog broadcasts?

I'm not sure.


Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative, important source of knowledge.[note 1][note 2] Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called nāstika (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies. Nāstika Indian philosophies include Buddhism, Jainism, Cārvāka, Ājīvika, and others.

What was the origin of Hindu philosophy?

ancient India

How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there?

six

What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called?

Astika

What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system?

Vedas

What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called?

nāstika

How many darsanas are there?

I'm not sure.

What philosophy does Astika reject?

I'm not sure.

Which philosophy do both nastika and Astika philosophies accept?

I'm not sure.

What does Carvaka mean?

I'm not sure.


Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology. While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox traditions such as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy.

What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?

relationship and differences

In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?

18th and 19th

What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy?

distinct

What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy?

distinct schools

How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy?

limited

When were the astika and nastika philosophies written?

I'm not sure.

What are the two sibling traditions?

I'm not sure.

What differentiates the various sibling traditions?

I'm not sure.

What do scholars agree on within the astika and nastika philosophies?

I'm not sure.

Which two named philosophies are considered to be the same?

I'm not sure.


Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas. Examples of such schools include Pāśupata Śaiva, Śaiva siddhānta, Pratyabhijña, Raseśvara and Vaiṣṇava. Some sub-schools share Tantric ideas with those found in some Buddhist traditions. The ideas of these sub-schools are found in the Puranas and Āgamas.

How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu?

six

Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism?

Nyāya

What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism?

Vaiśeṣika

Which Hindu philosophy concerns dualism?

Sāṅkhya

What Hindu philosophy stresses self knowledge?

Advaita

How many subschools does Hindu philosophy have?

I'm not sure.

Which school rejects naturalism?

I'm not sure.

What tradition is Buddhism rooted in?

I'm not sure.

What are Tantric ideas founded in?

I'm not sure.

What is a combination of ideas from multiple heterodox philosophies called?

I'm not sure.


Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts) Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school . The various schools vary on how many of these six are valid paths of knowledge. For example, the Cārvāka nāstika philosophy holds that only one (perception) is an epistemically reliable means of knowledge, the Samkhya school holds three are (perception, inference and testimony), while the Mīmāṃsā and Advaita schools hold all six are epistemically useful and reliable means to knowledge.

What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth?

pramāṇas

How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy?

six

What is the pramanas for perception?

pratyakṣa

What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference?

anumāṇa

Which pramanas is understanding of experts?

śabda

What does pramanas mean?

I'm not sure.

What do the various schools agree on?

I'm not sure.

What does Carvaka nastika mean?

I'm not sure.

What school believes none of the pramanas are correct?

I'm not sure.

Which school believes only postulation is a valid form of knowledge?

I'm not sure.


Samkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars, led to the emergence of buddhi (awareness, intellect) and ahankara (individualized ego consciousness, “I-maker”). The universe is described by this school as one created by Purusa-Prakriti entities infused with various permutations and combinations of variously enumerated elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.

Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter?

Samkhya

How does Samkhya view the universe?

two realities

What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?

Puruṣa

What is the Samkhya school word for matter?

prakriti

What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce?

buddhi

What school rejects dualism?

I'm not sure.

What is the state of prakriti splitting from purusa?

I'm not sure.

What did the emergence of buddhi create?

I'm not sure.

Who created the Purusa-Prakriti entities?

I'm not sure.

What does Samkhya mean?

I'm not sure.


Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three gunas, but in different proportions. The interplay of these gunas defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life. Samkhya theorises a pluralism of souls (Jeevatmas) who possess consciousness, but denies the existence of Ishvara (God). Classical Samkhya is considered an atheist / non-theistic Hindu philosophy.

How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?

three

Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness?

Sattva

Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?

Rajas

What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?

Tamas

What is the interpretation of classical  of Samkhya?

atheist / non-theistic

How many types of Sattva are there?

I'm not sure.

What do all life forms have in equal proportion?

I'm not sure.

Why is Samkhya considered theistic?

I'm not sure.

The fact that Samkhya denies the existence of a soul makes it what?

I'm not sure.

What does Ishvara determine in a person's life?

I'm not sure.


In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of "personal god", unlike Samkhya. The epistemology of the Yoga school, like the Sāmkhya school, relies on three of six prāmaṇas as the means of gaining reliable knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference) and śabda (āptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).

Of what is yoga a part  in Indian philosophy?

philosophical schools

To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?

Samkhya

What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya?

personal god

How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept?

three

Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different?

theistic

What philosophy is Yoga antithetical to?

I'm not sure.

What does Samkhya accept that yoga does not?

I'm not sure.

Which parts of Samkhya does Yoga reject?

I'm not sure.

Which pramana does Yoga reject?

I'm not sure.

What does Yoga mean?

I'm not sure.


The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Advaita Vedanta, with the difference that Yoga is a form of experimental mysticism while Advaita Vedanta is a form of monistic personalism. Like Advaita Vedanta, the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy states that liberation/freedom in this life is achievable, and this occurs when an individual fully understands and realizes the equivalence of Atman (soul, self) and Brahman.

What principle does yoga use from Samkhya?

jñāna

What is the meaning of jnana?

knowledge

To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead?

moksha

To what school does yoga share central ideas?

Advaita Vedanta

What state in life does yoga believe is achievable?

liberation/freedom

What is moksha?

I'm not sure.

What central idea do Yoga and Advaita Vendata share?

I'm not sure.

What does Yoga state is unachievable?

I'm not sure.

What is Brahaman?

I'm not sure.

What school is Yoga most dissimilar to?

I'm not sure.


The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Knowledge and liberation was achievable by complete understanding of the world of experience, according to Vaiśeṣika school . The Vaiśeṣika darśana is credited to Kaṇāda Kaśyapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE. The foundational text, the Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, opens as follows,

What philosophy is a naturalist school?

Vaiśeṣika

What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?

atoms

By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation?

world of experience

Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana?

Kaṇāda Kaśyapa

When was the Vaisesika darsana  produced?

first millennium BCE

What theory postulates that objects cannot be reduced?

I'm not sure.

What does Vaisesika mean?

I'm not sure.

Who coined the term paramanu?

I'm not sure.

What does Vaisesika say prevents knowledge and liberation?

I'm not sure.

Who discredited the idea of Vaisesika?

I'm not sure.


Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), indivisible, and has a special kind of dimension, called “small” (aṇu). A composite, in this philosophy, is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, while atoms are invisible. The Vaiśeṣikas stated that size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, their guṇa (quality), karma (activity), sāmānya (commonness), viśeṣa (particularity) and amavāya (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).

According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?

four

What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?

earth, water, air, fire

Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?

atoms

According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?

composite

What form are atoms in Vaisesika?

invisible

How many realities are there?

I'm not sure.

What does Vaisesika teach is able to be destroyed?

I'm not sure.

What is not a function of atoms?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of a substance's special dimension?

I'm not sure.

What are atoms divided into?

I'm not sure.


In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyāya to concern itself with epistemology, that is the reliable means to gain correct knowledge and to remove wrong notions. False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyayikas, it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and understanding true nature of soul, self and reality. The Nyāya Sūtras begin:

What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school?

Nyāya

What does Nyaya say causes human suffering?

mistakes/defects

What state is achieved through knowledge?

Moksha

What is moksha in Hindu philosophy?

liberation

Besides ignorance, what does false knowledge include in Nyaya?

delusion

What school is Nyaya most dissimilar to?

I'm not sure.

What is Nyaya uninterested in?

I'm not sure.

What are practitioners of Vaisesika called?

I'm not sure.

What is merely ignorance in Nyaya?

I'm not sure.

What philosophy produces human suffering?

I'm not sure.


The Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), and śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). The Kumārila Bhaṭṭa sub-school of Mīmāṃsā added sixth to its canon of reliable epistemology - anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).

How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools?

several

How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge?

five

How is pratyaksa defined in the Prabhakara subschool?

perception

What is the word for inference in the Prabhakara subschool?

anumāṇa

What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school?

upamāṇa

Which school has no subschools?

I'm not sure.

What means did the Kumarila Bhatta remove from its canon?

I'm not sure.

What subschool only uses four reliable means?

I'm not sure.

What does Mimamsa mean?

I'm not sure.

How many Mimamsa subschools are not defined by epistemology?

I'm not sure.


The metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma. To them, dharma meant rituals and duties, not devas (gods), because devas existed only in name. The Mīmāṃsākas held that the Vedas are "eternal authorless infallible", that Vedic vidhi (injunctions) and mantras in rituals are prescriptive karya (actions), and the rituals are of primary importance and merit. They considered the Upanishads and other self-knowledge, spirituality-related texts to be of secondary importance, a philosophical view that the Vedanta school disagreed with.

What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa  school?

atheistic and theistic

How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?

eternal

What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?

dharma

How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?

rituals and duties

What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?

Vedanta school

What type of doctrine does Mimamsa not have?

I'm not sure.

What school focuses on the existence of God?

I'm not sure.

Mimamsa rejected the epistemology and metaphysics of what?

I'm not sure.

What school agreed with the Mimamsa's understanding of Upanishads?

I'm not sure.

What did Mimamsakas consider as of equal importance as the rituals?

I'm not sure.


Mīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct and right. In contrast, Vedantins extended the scope and value of language as a tool to also describe, develop and derive. Mīmāṃsākas considered orderly, law-driven, procedural life as central purpose and noblest necessity of dharma and society, and divine (theistic) sustenance means to that end. The Mimamsa school was influential and foundational to the Vedanta school, with the difference that Mīmāṃsā school developed and emphasized karmakāṇḍa (that part of the śruti which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites, the early parts of the Vedas), while the Vedanta school developed and emphasized jñānakāṇḍa (that portion of the Vedas which relates to knowledge of monism, the latter parts of the Vedas).

To what study did Mimamsa give rise?

philology

What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?

proper, correct and right

What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?

Vedantins

What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?

early parts

What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?

latter parts

What study did Mimamsa thwart?

I'm not sure.

What did Mimamsakas and Vedantins agree on?

I'm not sure.

What did Mimamsakas believe was the purpose of an orderly life?

I'm not sure.

What school was foundational to the Mimamsa school?

I'm not sure.

Which part of the Vedas did both the Vedanta and the Mimamsa schools emphasize?

I'm not sure.


The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). Each of these have been further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each sub-school of Vedanta.

On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?

Upanishads and Brahma

In what time did the Vedanta school become active?

first millennium BCE

Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?

Vedānta

How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?

five or six methods

On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?

sub-school

What is the least developed Hindu school?

I'm not sure.

Which sutras did the Vedanta reject?

I'm not sure.

When did the Vedanta school end?

I'm not sure.

Which method of gaining knowledge is not included in the Vedanta school?

I'm not sure.

What are sub-schools not allowed to do with the epistemologies?

I'm not sure.


The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditation, self-discipline, self-knowledge and abstract spirituality, rather than ritualism. The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient and medieval era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries.

What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?

knowledge-centered understanding

On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?

jnana

On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?

ritualism

Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?

many sub-schools

What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school?

ātman and Brahman

What represented the lack of knowledge-centered study?

I'm not sure.

Which Vedic did Vedanta ignore?

I'm not sure.

What does Vedic mean?

I'm not sure.

During what era did knowledge-centered understanding emerge?

I'm not sure.

Who created the concepts of atman and Brahman?

I'm not sure.


Advaita literally means "not two, sole, unity". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school. The foundational texts of this school are the Brahma Sutras and the early Upanishads from the 1st millennium BCE. Its first great consolidator was the 8th century scholar Adi Shankara, who continued the line of thought of the Upanishadic teachers, and that of his teacher's teacher Gaudapada. He wrote extensive commentaries on the major Vedantic scriptures and is celebrated as one of the major Hindu philosophers from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.

What means

Advaita

What means two?

I'm not sure.

What is the youngest Vedantic School?

I'm not sure.

Who coined the term Advaita?

I'm not sure.

Who was Gaudapada's teacher?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the author of the Vedantic scriptures?

I'm not sure.


According to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes "that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal". The empirical reality is considered as always changing and therefore "transitory, incomplete, misleading and not what it appears to be". The concept of ātman is of soul, self within each person, each living being. Advaita Vedantins assert that ātman is same as Brahman, and this Brahman is within each human being and all life, all living beings are spiritually interconnected, and there is oneness in all of existence. They hold that dualities and misunderstanding of māyā as the spiritual reality that matters is caused by ignorance, and are the cause of sorrow, suffering. Jīvanmukti (liberation during life) can be achieved through Self-knowledge, the understanding that ātman within is same as ātman in another person and all of Brahman – the eternal, unchanging, entirety of cosmic principles and true reality.

According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?

Brahman

What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?

māyā and ātman

How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?

always changing

To what does the concept of atman refer?

soul

To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?

Brahman

Which metaphysic concept is never changing?

I'm not sure.

What is not within human beings?

I'm not sure.

What is the opposite of Brahman?

I'm not sure.

What do non-Advaita Vedantins say about atman and Brahman?

I'm not sure.

What is unchanging and what it appears to be?

I'm not sure.


Ramanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahman as an eternal oneness, but also as the source of all creation, which was omnipresent and actively involved in existence. To them the sense of subject-object perception was illusory and a sign of ignorance. However, the individual's sense of self was not a complete illusion since it was derived from the universal beingness that is Brahman. Ramanuja saw Vishnu as a personification of Brahman.

What is the philosophy of dualism?

Viśiṣṭādvaita

Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?

Ramanuja

When did Ramanuja live?

c. 1037–1137

For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?

Supreme Being

What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman

Vishnu

Who opposed Visistadvaita?

I'm not sure.

When was Visistadvaita first proposed?

I'm not sure.

What did Visistadvaitins and Advaitins agree on?

I'm not sure.

What was the philosophy of qualified dualism?

I'm not sure.

Who did Advaitins believe was a personification of Brahman?

I'm not sure.


Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic God in other major religions. The distinguishing factor of Dvaita philosophy, as opposed to monistic Advaita Vedanta, is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe. Like Vishishtadvaita Vedanta subschool, Dvaita philosophy also embraced Vaishnavism, with the metaphysical concept of Brahman in the Vedas identified with Vishnu and the one and only Supreme Being. However, unlike Vishishtadvaita which envisions ultimate qualified nondualism, the dualism of Dvaita was permanent.

Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?

two separate realities

To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?

monotheistic God

How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions?

takes on a personal role

As what did the Dvaita school view dualism?

permanent

Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being?

Vishnu

What theory claims there is one reality?

I'm not sure.

How is the Dvaita Vedanta Vishnu different from other religions?

I'm not sure.

Who has an impersonal role according to Dvaita?

I'm not sure.

What in Dvaita is only temporary?

I'm not sure.

What distinguishes Advaita Vedanta from Dvaita?

I'm not sure.


Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exists independently, while soul and matter are dependent. Thus soul and matter have an existence that is separate yet dependent. Further, Brahman is a controller, the soul is the enjoyer, and matter the thing enjoyed. Also, the highest object of worship is Krishna and his consort Radha, attended by thousands of gopis; of the Vrindavan; and devotion consists in self-surrender.

What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita?

Nimbarka

In what century did Nimbarka live?

How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?

three

What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?

Brahman, soul, and matter

Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?

Krishna

Which two categories are independent?

I'm not sure.

Who is Radha's consort?

I'm not sure.

How many gopis attended Nimbarka?

I'm not sure.

Who is not worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?

I'm not sure.

What controls Brahman?

I'm not sure.


Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhedābheda) perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought— Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña (Kashmir Shaivism).

In what text is Shaivism recounted?

Śvetāśvatara Upanishad

When was the text on Shaivism written?

400 – 200 BCE

Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?

Vidyaranya

How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?

three

What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?

Pratyabhijña

What is easy to determine of Shaivism?

I'm not sure.

When did Shaivism first begin?

I'm not sure.

Who created Shaivism?

I'm not sure.

What philosophical school is Shaivism not represented by?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote the Svetasvatara Upanishad?

I'm not sure.


Pāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, "of Paśupati") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to Pāśupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'.

What is the oldest school of Shaivism?

Pāśupata Shaivism

Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?

Lakulish

When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism?

2nd century CE

What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?

Vaishnava theology

What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?

servitude of souls

What is the youngest major Shaiva school?

I'm not sure.

Who created Pasupata Shaivism?

I'm not sure.

Which theology did Pashupatas prefer?

I'm not sure.

When was the Pasupata Shaivism school started?

I'm not sure.

Why did Pashupatas believe servitude of souls was necessary?

I'm not sure.


Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes were of thirteen kinds, the five organs of cognition, the five organs of action, the three internal organs, intellect, the ego principle and the cognising principle. These insentient causes were held responsible for the illusive identification of Self with non-Self. Salvation in Pāśupata involved the union of the soul with God through the intellect.

What group divided the world into two parts?

Pāśupatas

Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?

insentient and the sentient

In what staet was the insentient considered to be?

unconscious

How was the sentient seen as being?

conscious

For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?

through the intellect

What was the sentient dependent on?

I'm not sure.

Salvation required the soul separating from what?

I'm not sure.

What was the sentient broken up into?

I'm not sure.

How many effects made up the sentient?

I'm not sure.

What were the effects responsible for?

I'm not sure.


Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal world (Śakti) is real, and it exists and has its being in Consciousness (Chit). Whereas, Advaita holds that Brahman is inactive (niṣkriya) and the phenomenal world is an illusion (māyā). The objective of human life, according to Kashmir Shaivism, is to merge in Shiva or Universal Consciousness, or to realize one's already existing identity with Shiva, by means of wisdom, yoga and grace.

What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?

non-dual

What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?

Universal Consciousness

As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?

real

Which group sees the world as illusion?

Advaita

According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?

merge in Shiva

What are dual philosophies?

I'm not sure.

What is the opposite of Shiva?

I'm not sure.

What are the means of understanding maya according to Kashmir Shaivism?

I'm not sure.

Advaita says all things are a manifestation of what?

I'm not sure.

What do believers of Advaita believe is the point of human life?

I'm not sure.


While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?

Democratic Party and the Republican Party

Name a nation that has a one-party political system.

China

How are political parties elected in democracies?

the electorate

What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?

Germany and India

What did China have when its government was first founded?

I'm not sure.

What are the differences in the way people vote in China compared to other countries?

I'm not sure.

Where does the ideology of China's main political parties come from?

I'm not sure.

What is the main purpose changing an ideology after a government is founded?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing Germany and India have changed after their governments were founded?

I'm not sure.


The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742; his protégé was Henry Pelham (1743–1754).

Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?

late-17th-century England

Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?

Whigs

Who was the leader if the Whigs?

Robert Walpole

In what year did the jacobite rising fail?

What groups first formed in 1715 when the Whigs were dominant?

I'm not sure.

What beliefs did the Tories unite behind during the Glorious Revolution in 1715?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Exclusion Crisis end?

I'm not sure.

How long did the English Civil War last?

I'm not sure.

Who was the leader of the Hanoverian succession?

I'm not sure.


As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke, and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney.

Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?

John Locke

Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.

Locke and Algernon Sidney

Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?

championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power

Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?

the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty

What was Algernon Sidney considered a threat to?

I'm not sure.

Who did Algernon Sidney want to be tolerant towards?

I'm not sure.

Who's concepts of universal rights influenced wealthy merchants?

I'm not sure.

What did wealthy merchants want to put strict limits on?

I'm not sure.

What kind of political ideas did a Catholic king support?

I'm not sure.


Although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and scandals. At times they cooperated with the "Opposition Whigs", Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government; however, the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party. They finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute.

Who did the Tories oppose?

Whigs

Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?

the "Opposition Whigs"

When did the Tories regain power?

For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?

half a century

Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?

ideological gap

When was the downfall of George II?

I'm not sure.

For how long was Lord Bute dismissed from office?

I'm not sure.

What type of behavior was Lord Bute known for when in power?

I'm not sure.

What did differing beliefs prevent Lord Bute and George II from doing?

I'm not sure.

What did Sir William Wyndham regain in 1760?

I'm not sure.


When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct "Grenvillite", "Bedfordite", "Rockinghamite", and "Chathamite" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as "Whigs". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a united opposition to government.

Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?

the Rockingham Whigs

Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?

Charles Watson-Wentworth

What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?

"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed"

Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?

remained out of power as a united opposition to government.

Who was the Bedfordite faction tied to that made them unstable?

I'm not sure.

How long did Edmund Burke remain a philosopher?

I'm not sure.

What group was lead by Edmund Burke?

I'm not sure.

What happened when Edmund Burke was removed from power?

I'm not sure.

What description was the basic framework for government created by Chathamite factions?

I'm not sure.


The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; – the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to "a perpetual vortex of agitation". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.

What was the modern Conservative party created from?

the 'Pittite' Tories

Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?

Robert Peel

Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?

the Liberal Party

In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?

What was created by the modern Conservative Party in 1859 to define basic Conservative principles?

I'm not sure.

What event broke up the Liberal Party?

I'm not sure.

Why did the government led by Willian Ewart Gladstone collapse?

I'm not sure.

What did the PIttite Tories do after the Duke's government collapsed?

I'm not sure.

When did Lord Palmerston create the Pittite Tories?

I'm not sure.


Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.

What were the two proto-political parties?

the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party

In which year did the period known as the "Era of Good Feelings" begin?

What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?

partisan

Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?

Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

What did James Madison intend the mindset of the Federalist Party to be?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Federalist Party founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Democratic-Republican Party split?

I'm not sure.

What was the period called after the Federalist Party was created?

I'm not sure.

How long was James Madison involved with the Federalist Party?

I'm not sure.


At the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally changed by the great Irish political leader Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1880s. In 1882, he changed his party's name to the Irish Parliamentary Party and created a well-organized grass roots structure, introducing membership to replace "ad hoc" informal groupings. He created a new selection procedure to ensure the professional selection of party candidates committed to taking their seats, and in 1884 he imposed a firm 'party pledge' which obliged MPs to vote as a bloc in parliament on all occasions. The creation of a strict party whip and a formal party structure was unique at the time. His party's efficient structure and control contrasted with the loose rules and flexible informality found in the main British parties; – they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.

Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?

Charles Stewart Parnell

What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?

Irish Parliamentary Party

Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?

they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.

When was the use of a party whip first implemented?

I'm not sure.

What did the party whip change the party name to in 1884?

I'm not sure.

What was the Parnellite model replaced with in government?

I'm not sure.

What did the British Parties create to ensure committed members were selected?

I'm not sure.

What was imposed by the British Parties in 1884?

I'm not sure.


A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers, federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects. Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees. The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president, if the party holds that office, or a prominent member of Congress in opposition (although a big-state governor may aspire to that role). Officially, each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman, organizer and fund-raiser, but without the status of prominent elected office holders.

Do political parties have a Party leader?

A political party is typically led by a party leader

Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?

party secretary

Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses?

party treasurer

Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?

party chair

Who is a fund-raiser usually lead by?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of a fund-raiser?

I'm not sure.

What are the duties of a national committee?

I'm not sure.

What does a state governor do?

I'm not sure.

What role do most spokesmen aspire to?

I'm not sure.


When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy. When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government, the party's parliamentary group forms the Official Opposition, with Official Opposition frontbench team members often forming the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet. When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority, the party's frontbench becomes the Cabinet of government ministers.

When does a party form an official opposition?

When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government

What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?

Westminster-based parties

When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?

When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority

If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?

leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation

What type of parties allow leaders to form a Shadow cabinet?

I'm not sure.

What does the party leader serve as when the party is represented by the Shadow cabinet?

I'm not sure.

What is the main role of the Cabinet of government ministers?

I'm not sure.

What is formed when a party becomes the largest party not part of the Cabinet of government ministers?

I'm not sure.

What  does the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet become when it can form a majority with enough seats?

I'm not sure.


The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for authoritarian governments, to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents (or possess membership by-laws which are legally unenforceable).

What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?

The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for

How are parties regulated?

a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties

Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?

to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents

How are government crackdowns categorized by democracies?

I'm not sure.

What rights threaten the formation of a liberal democracy?

I'm not sure.

After what event do opposition parties usually form?

I'm not sure.

What is the first thing authoritarian governments want citizens to do to show loyalty to the party?

I'm not sure.

What is one right that is not the norm for authoritarian governments?

I'm not sure.


Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections – along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government – has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.

Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?

mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"

which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?

far-right, far-left and regionalism

What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?

Cordon Sanitarian

What has caused far-right parties to be abandoned over the past two decades?

I'm not sure.

What kind of democracies were created after the formation of the EU?

I'm not sure.

What groups have Outsider Parties not wanted to cooperate with recently?

I'm not sure.

What did Outsider Parties form because they didn't want to cooperate with government?

I'm not sure.

What kind of policy do Outsider Parties usually have towards the government?

I'm not sure.


In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature. The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan. Washington also warned against political parties during his Farewell Address. In the United States, the unicameral legislature of Nebraska is nonpartisan but is elected and votes on informal party lines. In Canada, the territorial legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are nonpartisan. In New Zealand, Tokelau has a nonpartisan parliament. Many city and county governments[vague] are nonpartisan. Nonpartisan elections and modes of governance are common outside of state institutions. Unless there are legal prohibitions against political parties, factions within nonpartisan systems often evolve into political parties.

Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?

In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist

Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?

The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan.

What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?

political parties

What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?

political parties

What restrictions are there on candidates when there are no political parties?

I'm not sure.

What attitude did George Washington have on legal restrictions in office?

I'm not sure.

How does the legislature take office in Tokelau?

I'm not sure.

What is another action the legislature of Tokelau is able to do?

I'm not sure.

What does the Northwest Territories warn against?

I'm not sure.


In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.

In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?

one-party systems

What are North Korea and China examples of?

positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government

What is the one-party system often compared with?

dictatorships and tyranny

When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?

1934 and 1945

What kind of leadership must the dominant party accept in China?

I'm not sure.

During what years did North Korea move to a one party system?

I'm not sure.

What are minor parties often compared to due to their influence?

I'm not sure.

What are minor parties usually identical to?

I'm not sure.

In what country were minor party positions more important?

I'm not sure.


In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' failure. Sometimes, typically in countries with less of an established democratic tradition, it is possible the dominant party will remain in power by using patronage and sometimes by voting fraud. In the latter case, the definition between dominant and one-party system becomes rather blurred. Examples of dominant party systems include the People's Action Party in Singapore, the African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia, the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, and the National Liberation Front in Algeria. One-party dominant system also existed in Mexico with the Institutional Revolutionary Party until the 1990s, in the southern United States with the Democratic Party from the late 19th century until the 1970s, in Indonesia with the Golkar from the early 1970s until 1998.

When are opposition parties allowed?

In dominant-party systems

What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?

political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion

What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?

patronage and sometimes by voting fraud

What are some examples of dominant party systems?

African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia

For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?

How likely is it that there was voting fraud in the 1998 election?

I'm not sure.

What were the reasons for the Democratic Parties failure in 1990?

I'm not sure.

What were two things that the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan used in the 1970's to try and win an election?

I'm not sure.

What are some parties that were guilty of using voter fraud?

I'm not sure.

How long did the People's Action Party in Singapore last?

I'm not sure.


The United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief period of Republican dominance before a split occurred between National Republicans and Democratic Republicans. The former became the Whig Party and the latter became the Democratic Party. The Whigs survived only for two decades before they split over the spread of slavery, those opposed becoming members of the new Republican Party, as did anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party. Third parties (such as the Libertarian Party) often receive little support and are very rarely the victors in elections. Despite this, there have been several examples of third parties siphoning votes from major parties that were expected to win (such as Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912 and George Wallace in the election of 1968). As third party movements have learned, the Electoral College's requirement of a nationally distributed majority makes it difficult for third parties to succeed. Thus, such parties rarely win many electoral votes, although their popular support within a state may tip it toward one party or the other. Wallace had weak support outside the South. More generally, parties with a broad base of support across regions or among economic and other interest groups, have a great chance of winning the necessary plurality in the U.S.'s largely single-member district, winner-take-all elections. The tremendous land area and large population of the country are formidable challenges to political parties with a narrow appeal.

What type of party system is the United States?

two-party system

What were the first parties in the united States called?

Federalist and Republican

For how long did the Whigs survive?

two decades

What are challenged to an unpopular political party?

tremendous land area and large population of the country

Which party was anti-slavery?

Democratic Party

In what year did National and Democratic Republicans split?

I'm not sure.

What topic caused Teddy Roosevelt to lose the election in 1912?

I'm not sure.

For how long did the Federalist Party exist?

I'm not sure.

What was Teddy Roosevelt guilty of in 1912?

I'm not sure.

What kind of support did Teddy Roosevelt have outside the South?

I'm not sure.


The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament.

What has the UK political system functioned as?

a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system

What are the two largest political parties in the UK?

Conservative Party and the Labour Party

What was the other major party before the Labour party?

Liberal Party

What is Duveger's Law?

A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system

What system was created by Maurice Duverger in the UK?

I'm not sure.

When was Duverger's Law passed in the UK?

I'm not sure.

How many seats has Maurice Duverger held in Parliament?

I'm not sure.

What was the only party that helped pass Duverger's Law?

I'm not sure.

What does allowing Conservatives in government usually lead to?

I'm not sure.


More commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in Germany on national and state level, and in most constituencies at the communal level. Furthermore, since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition (usually of the Independence Party and one other (often the Social Democratic Alliance). A similar situation exists in the Republic of Ireland; since 1989, no one party has held power on its own. Since then, numerous coalition governments have been formed. These coalitions have been exclusively led by one of either Fianna Fáil or Fine Gael. Political change is often easier with a coalition government than in one-party or two-party dominant systems.[dubious – discuss] If factions in a two-party system are in fundamental disagreement on policy goals, or even principles, they can be slow to make policy changes, which appears to be the case now in the U.S. with power split between Democrats and Republicans. Still coalition governments struggle, sometimes for years, to change policy and often fail altogether, post World War II France and Italy being prime examples. When one party in a two-party system controls all elective branches, however, policy changes can be both swift and significant. Democrats Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson were beneficiaries of such fortuitous circumstances, as were Republicans as far removed in time as Abraham Lincoln and Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama briefly had such an advantage between 2009 and 2011.

In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?

in cases where there are three or more parties

Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?

since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition

Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?

When is political change easier?

Political change is often easier with a coalition government

What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?

post World War II France and Italy

What do parties work to form when one party gains power?

I'm not sure.

How long as the Republic of Ireland had a dominant party?

I'm not sure.

What country usually has a dominant party at the national and state level?

I'm not sure.

What country has always had a dominant party in power since it was formed?

I'm not sure.

What two countries have usually been able to make swift policy changes since WW II?

I'm not sure.


Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues.

What are called factions by some people?

Political parties

What are political parties lobbied by?

organizations, businesses and special interest groups

What are traditional sources of funding for parties?

Money and gifts

Around which time was the mass membership party started?

19th century

What do some people still call trade unions?

I'm not sure.

What do special interest groups receive for paying membership dues?

I'm not sure.

What groups support having to pay trade unions?

I'm not sure.

During what time were lobbyists the most prevalent in government?

I'm not sure.

What newly founded party opposed all government?

I'm not sure.


From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding. For example, in the United Kingdom and Australia membership of the two main parties in 2006 is less than an 1/8 of what it was in 1950, despite significant increases in population over that period.

Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?

increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships

When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?

second half of the 20th century

What was the population of Australia in the 20th century compared to 1950?

I'm not sure.

In what year did western democracies start to decline?

I'm not sure.

What did the government of the UK have happen in 1950 due to lack of funding?

I'm not sure.

What had happened to funding for the Australian government in 1950?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Australia adopt a democratic government?

I'm not sure.


In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the 'Cash for Peerages' scandal.

In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?

peerages

Who was discovered to be selling peerages?

Lloyd George

What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?

Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act

What did the Honours act do?

outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act

How did people attempt to overcome this law?

cloaking their contributions as loans

What scandal took place in 1925?

I'm not sure.

What is awarded to people in the UK who manage loans for a living?

I'm not sure.

What did Lloyd George help people acquire in his earlier profession?

I'm not sure.

What do people become a member of if they help people get approved for a loan?

I'm not sure.

What can people who approve loans for a living take part in in government?

I'm not sure.


There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25% of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding, 58% provide direct public funding and 60% of nations provide indirect public funding. Some countries provide both direct and indirect public funding to political parties. Funding may be equal for all parties or depend on the results of previous elections or the number of candidates participating in an election. Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

What are the two categories of public funding?

direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect

Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?

What percentage of nations provide direct funding?

Are parties required to reveal their funding?

required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?

What is one type of political party?

I'm not sure.

Where do you have to broadcast on if you are a member of a direct party?

I'm not sure.

How many people know about the ACE Electoral Knowledge network?

I'm not sure.

How many known political parties are there worldwide?

I'm not sure.

What type of information do over 180 parties disclose to the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network?

I'm not sure.


In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills. Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party. Sometimes this can be perceived as directly supporting the political aims of a political party, such as the support of the US government to the Georgian party behind the Rose Revolution. Other donors work on a more neutral basis, where multiple donors provide grants in countries accessible by all parties for various aims defined by the recipients. There have been calls by leading development think-tanks, such as the Overseas Development Institute, to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest-driven donors to improve governance.

What can also be provided by foreign aid?

funding

What do international donors do to promote democracy?

provide financing to political parties in developing countries

What is another common occurrence of international support for a party?

Developing links between ideologically linked parties

What does the overseas development institute want to do?

to increase support to political parties

What funding does the Overseas Development Institute like to offer to support democracies?

I'm not sure.

What was used during the Rose Revolution to make it successful?

I'm not sure.

What does the Georgian party want to increase?

I'm not sure.

Why does the Georgian party want to increase support to political parties?

I'm not sure.

What did the Georgian party want to promote by financing political parties in developing countries?

I'm not sure.


Green is the color for green parties, Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, such as in the Netherlands, in Israel with the Orange Camp or with Ulster Loyalists in Northern Ireland; it is also a color of reform such as in Ukraine. In the past, Purple was considered the color of royalty (like white), but today it is sometimes used for feminist parties. White also is associated with nationalism. "Purple Party" is also used as an academic hypothetical of an undefined party, as a Centrist party in the United States (because purple is created from mixing the main parties' colors of red and blue) and as a highly idealistic "peace and love" party—in a similar vein to a Green Party, perhaps. Black is generally associated with fascist parties, going back to Benito Mussolini's blackshirts, but also with Anarchism. Similarly, brown is sometimes associated with Nazism, going back to the Nazi Party's tan-uniformed storm troopers.

What parties is the color green for?

Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties

What was purple considered the color for?

royalty

What parties is the color black associated with?

fascist parties

Brown is associated with what parties?

Nazism

What color is orange associated with?

nationalism

What uniforms do storm troopers wear in Islamist parties?

I'm not sure.

What was green considered the color of in the past?

I'm not sure.

What color is the Centrist Party in Israel?

I'm not sure.

What party is similar to Irish republican parties?

I'm not sure.

What group is similar to the Ulster Loyalists?

I'm not sure.


Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage. Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle. The color scheme happened to get inordinate attention that year, so the cycle was stopped lest it cause confusion the following election.

What is the color red associated with?

right-wing Republican Party

What political party is the color blue associated with?

left-wing Democratic Party

Did the political parties choose those colors?

unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors

In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?

What color was chosen by the Democratic Party before 2000?

I'm not sure.

Before 2000 what color did the Republican party choose to be associated with?

I'm not sure.

What have international political parties not chosen for themselves since 2000?

I'm not sure.

What happened when other countries violated political color scheme norms in 2000?

I'm not sure.

What did parties in other countries alternate to avoid confusion in 2000?

I'm not sure.


During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut-Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries.[citation needed] Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London. Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties.

When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?

19th and 20th century

What are some examples of this?

The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association

Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations.

Hong Kong

In what year was the Universal Party organized in Italy?

I'm not sure.

Where has The Universal Party headquarters been located since 1974?

I'm not sure.

How many countries does The Universal Party operate in?

I'm not sure.

What groups organized in Hong Kong in the 19th and 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What was outlawed in Italy in 1945?

I'm not sure.


French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties. In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.

Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?

Maurice Duverger

What are cadre parties?

political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders

What are mass parties?

Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology

What is an example of a mass party?

Socialist parties

What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?

cadre parties

What German political scientist drew a distinction between party ideology and elections?

I'm not sure.

Who was the focus of recruitment by cadre parties?

I'm not sure.

What did cadre parties expect new members to spread?

I'm not sure.

What did cadre parties expect new members to give assistance for?

I'm not sure.

What are the two major parties in France?

I'm not sure.