Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, hamburgers, fast food in the United States, seemed exotic when introduced into China. "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct Borrowing" on the other hand tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.

What may impact social dynamics and technical development?

War or competition over resources

In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?

fast food

What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?

the sharing of ideas

Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?

Diffusion of innovations

What is internally affected via contact between societies?

I'm not sure.

In the example given, what seemed common when introduced into China but is exotic in the United States?

I'm not sure.

What does the term Stimulus infusion mean?

I'm not sure.

What refers to technological or tangible infusion from one culture to another?

I'm not sure.

What theory presents a research-based model of why and when groups and cultures adopt old ideas, practices, and products?

I'm not sure.


Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity".

Immanuel Kant

What does the term Sapere aude mean?

Dare to be wise

Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?

Johann Gottfried Herder

Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred maturity"

I'm not sure.

Who argued that immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think dependently?

I'm not sure.

What term was considered man's emergence into his self-incurred immaturity?

I'm not sure.

Who argued that human creativity is not as important as human rationality?

I'm not sure.

Who proposed an individualistic form of bildung?

I'm not sure.


In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.

Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?

Wilhelm von Humboldt

During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?

Romantic era

What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?

Weltanschauung

Which Prussian linguist called for an ontology?

I'm not sure.

Which era did scholars of Germany develop a less inclusive culture?

I'm not sure.

What was the Russian name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?

I'm not sure.

Which scholars were never concerned with nationalist movements?

I'm not sure.


In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.

According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?

elementary ideas

What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?

Adolf Bastian

Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?

Franz Boas

What did Adolf Bastian believe all human societies ignored?

I'm not sure.

Who argued for "The psychic separation of mankind"?

I'm not sure.

Who first taught Bastian's ideas on culture?

I'm not sure.

What Hungarian term means "folk ideas"?

I'm not sure.

What view did not have a paved way for modern understanding?

I'm not sure.


In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.

What did culture refer to in practice?

élite ideal

What was associated with culture during this German practice?

art, classical music, and haute cuisine

Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?

urban life

The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?

inequalities within European societies.

What did culture never refer to in practice?

I'm not sure.

What was associated with culture during this American practice?

I'm not sure.

What movement had little interest in folklore?

I'm not sure.

When did the idea of "culture" stop in Europe?

I'm not sure.


Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with?

anarchy

Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature?

Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans?

Native Americans

"In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they?

"civilized" and "uncivilized."

Matthew Arnold blended "culture" with what?

I'm not sure.

Who combined "culture" with "the state of nature"?

I'm not sure.

Which race was considered living "outside of nature" by the Europeans?

I'm not sure.

What concept contains no contrast between it?

I'm not sure.

What location is never more civilized than others?

I'm not sure.


Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.

What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?

folk music

Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?

classical music

What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?

noble savages

What type of music did critics associate with respected high culture?

I'm not sure.

Which type of music is always superficial and decadent?

I'm not sure.

When was there no differentiation between higher and lower culture?

I'm not sure.

What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the foreign people?

I'm not sure.


Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.[citation needed] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.

Who's definition of culture did anthropologist  accept?

Tylor's

What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?

biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.

In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?

20th century

Who's definition of culture did anthropologists reject?

I'm not sure.

What four fields make up European anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?

I'm not sure.

Which century had "culture" as a secondary concept of European anthropology emerge?

I'm not sure.

What commonly refers to the universal human capacity to hack human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically decoded experiences socially?

I'm not sure.


The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief system, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. While Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present.

Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?

Georg Simmel

What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?

ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects

What does non-material culture refer to?

non physical ideas

The term material culture is only relevant to what?

archeological and anthropological studies

Who referred to culture as a cultivation of groups?

I'm not sure.

What detracts from the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?

I'm not sure.

What does non-material culture ignore?

I'm not sure.

The term material culture is not relevant to what?

I'm not sure.


Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.

Where did sociology culture stem from?

Weimar Germany

Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?

Alfred Weber

What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?

scientific methods

Where did sociology culture become rejected?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last to refer to culture as sociology?

I'm not sure.

Which sociologists tend to accept scientific methods?

I'm not sure.

What has never been an important concept across many branches of sociology?

I'm not sure.


The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.

Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?

Marx, Durkheim, and Weber

What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?

popular culture, political control, and social class

What is most of the research into sociological culture ?

qualitative

Which three early theorists helped eliminate the sociology of culture?

I'm not sure.

What were the main elements for the field of Sociology culture?

I'm not sure.

What is the least of the research into sociological culture ?

I'm not sure.

What were never concerns in the field?

I'm not sure.


In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.

Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?

Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988)

What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams  they identify culture as?

consumption goods and leisure activities

What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?

art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing

What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?

saw patterns of consumption and leisure

Which scientist created Marxism in the United Kingdom?

I'm not sure.

What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams discount culture as?

I'm not sure.

What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on individuals and the organization of destruction?

I'm not sure.

Where did Marxism begin?

I'm not sure.


In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."

In the U.S what does "Cultural Studies" focus largely on in this field?

popular culture

Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United States?

Richard Hoggart

What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?

Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS

The CCCS has since been associated with who?

Stuart Hall

In the UK what does "Cultural Studies" focus little on in this field?

I'm not sure.

Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United Kingdom?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1954?

I'm not sure.

The CCCS has since been disassociated with who?

I'm not sure.


From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.

Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?

Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie

What did Stuart and his colleagues create?

international intellectual movement.

In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?

matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender

Capitalism can be referred to as what process?

a process called globalization

Who did Stuart Hall never work with?

I'm not sure.

What did Stuart and his colleagues eliminate?

I'm not sure.

Capitalism can never be referred to as what process?

I'm not sure.

In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often ignore?

I'm not sure.


In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]

The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?

films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles

Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?

high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture

What makes up cooperative cultural studies?

based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies

The idea of text in cultural studies can never include what forms other than written language?

I'm not sure.

Which two practices have become the least focused on in cultural studies?

I'm not sure.

What disregards cooperative cultural studies?

I'm not sure.

What has never been studied by researchers?

I'm not sure.


Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.

Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?

late 1970s

When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?

1950s and 1960s

Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?

Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall

Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?

the University of Birmingham

When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies?

I'm not sure.

When did the British version of cultural studies end?

I'm not sure.

Who had influenced cultural studies in the United States?

I'm not sure.

Which University was not allowed to do research of cultural studies?

I'm not sure.


In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]

Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?

Lindlof and Taylor

From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled  to essentially control a culture?

the economic base

Which two wrote Cultural studies are grounded in a rationalist, conservative-pluralist tradition?

I'm not sure.

What did they believe was unnecessary to control a culture from a Marxist view?

I'm not sure.

Who contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art news and philosophy?

I'm not sure.

Which writer contributed to cultural studies from the field of science and French modernism?

I'm not sure.

What never criticized the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product?

I'm not sure.


Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.

How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?

29 ways

What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?

enlightenment

What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?

secular society

How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believe cultural consistency can be based on?

I'm not sure.

What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be opposite of?

I'm not sure.

What type of society was not seen from Raimon's 29 ways?

I'm not sure.

What kind of society is very religious?

I'm not sure.

Who pointed out there are 26 ways in which cultural change can be brought about?

I'm not sure.


The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States. The desert comprises much of the land found within North Africa, excluding the fertile coastal region situated against the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually transitions to a coastal plain. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert. Its name is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert (صحارى ṣaḥārā  [ˈsˤɑħɑːrɑː]).

What is the third hottest desert in the world?

The Sahara

What is the third largest desert in the world?

The Sahara

What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?

9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)

What is the hottest desert in the world?

Sahara

What is the largest desert in the world?

I'm not sure.

What desert is larger than the Antarcti and Arctic desert?

I'm not sure.

What desert is 9,400,000 sq mi?

I'm not sure.

What continant does the Sahara cover most of?

I'm not sure.

What is the next largeast African desert?

I'm not sure.

What is the surface area of the Arctic?

I'm not sure.

What does Antarctica mean in Arabic?

I'm not sure.

What desert is part of the United States?

I'm not sure.

What does the name Sahel come from?

I'm not sure.

What valley is located in the Sahara?

I'm not sure.


The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall.

What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?

hyperarid

What does the Sahara have little to none of?

The northern and southern reaches of the desert

The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?

grassland and desert shrub

What does the Sahara have little of?

The northern and southern reaches of the desert

How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?

years

What are the conditions in the central Nubian desert?

I'm not sure.

What desert has a hyperarid northern and southern region?

I'm not sure.

where are the grasslands in the Libyan Desert?

I'm not sure.

What region goes months without rain?

I'm not sure.

What are the subdivisions of the northern and southern reaches?

I'm not sure.

What areas are characterized by frequent rains?

I'm not sure.

Which section of the Sahara is filled with vegetation?

I'm not sure.

Where are grasslands and shrubs frequently found in abundance?

I'm not sure.

Where are the highlands located?

I'm not sure.


To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto, a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm (3.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation.

What sea is North of the Sahara Desert?

Mediterranean Sea

What ocean is North of the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What forest is to the western Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What climate has cool and rainy summers?

I'm not sure.

who claims the northern Sahara corresponds to the southern limit of date palm cultivation

I'm not sure.

What sea is located in Libya?

I'm not sure.

Where is Frank White from?

I'm not sure.

How much rain does northern Africa get?

I'm not sure.

What grass is typically found in Cyrenaica?

I'm not sure.

Who discovered esparato?

I'm not sure.


To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).

What is to the south of the Sahara?

Sahel

What kind of climate does the Sahel have?

dry tropical

What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?

150 mm

What type of Savanah is north and south of the Sahara

I'm not sure.

What drought tolerant plant grows south of the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What type of grass grows on the northern Shara?

I'm not sure.

How much rain does the Sahara get?

I'm not sure.

What is to the north of the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What is the Cenchrus biflorus a member of?

I'm not sure.

What is the short term southern limit of the Sahara's precipitation?

I'm not sure.

What extends across Africa from north to south?

I'm not sure.

What type of grass is atypical to the Sahel?

I'm not sure.


The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible.

What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert?

Sahara

What ares is the Sahara located in?

horse latitudes

What makes it difficult for clouds to form?

sinking air

What is the largest high-latitude desert?

I'm not sure.

What desert is located on the subtropical ridge?

I'm not sure.

What does the rising air do?

I'm not sure.

What aids cloud formation?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest high latitude desert?

I'm not sure.

What does the ascending airflow cause?

I'm not sure.

Where is the belt of permanent subtropical warm-core pressure located?

I'm not sure.

What causes adiabatic cooling?

I'm not sure.

Why is cloud formation so common?

I'm not sure.


The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominate factor that explains the hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest, the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru.

What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?

dissolution of clouds

What weather is virtually non-existent?

rainfall

Where is the air the strongest?

eastern part of the Great Desert

What traps thermal radiation?

I'm not sure.

What is caused by the atmospheres in-stability?

I'm not sure.

What combines with converging dry air masses to make conditions for rain unfavorable?

I'm not sure.

What is strongest over the western desert?

I'm not sure.

What part of the Sahara is the most rainless part of the planet?

I'm not sure.

What prevents light and thermal radiation?

I'm not sure.

Why is there a minimal risk of sunny, dry, or stable weather?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Koppen climate classification created?

I'm not sure.

What is strongest over the northern part of the Great Desert?

I'm not sure.

What desert, located in Chile, is the sunniest, driest, and most rainless place on the planet?

I'm not sure.


The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert from the heating of the vast continental land area, and it affects the whole desert during most of the year. Because of this extreme heating process, a thermal low is usually noticed near the surface, and is the strongest and the most developed during the summertime. The Sahara High represents the eastern continental extension of the Azores High, centered over the North Atlantic Ocean. The subsidence of the Sahara High nearly reaches the ground during the coolest part of the year while it limits to the upper troposphere during the hottest periods.

What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most   accentuated?

eastern

What is the air mass lying above the Sahara?

hot and dry

What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over?

North-African desert

over what region is there the most cloud coverage?

I'm not sure.

What is the prevailing air mass to the North of the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

whattype of air masses form over Africa?

I'm not sure.

What kind of low forms high above the desert?

I'm not sure.

What type of high is strongest in the summer?

I'm not sure.

What is most accentuated over the western section of the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

When is the air mass at its weakest?

I'm not sure.

What is the North Atlantic Ocean an extension of?

I'm not sure.

When does the Azores High nearly reach the ground?

I'm not sure.

What does the extreme heating process prevent?

I'm not sure.


The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can't be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.

What is blocked due to local surface low pressure?

air ascent

What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?

Atlas Mountains

Where are the Atlas Mountains located?

Algeria

what is blocked buy the surface low pressure?

I'm not sure.

what contributes to the moisture that is present in the desert?

I'm not sure.

what is explained by the subtropical low-pressure?

I'm not sure.

What mountains reduce some of the aridity?

I'm not sure.

What is the sole cause of extreme aridity in the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Sahara located?

I'm not sure.

What mountain range is located in the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What limits the effects of the mountains?

I'm not sure.

What is to the north of the Atlas Mountains?

I'm not sure.


The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism. Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation. The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by extremely low, unreliable, highly erratic rainfall; extremely high sunshine duration values; high temperatures year-round; negligible rates of relative humidity, a significant diurnal temperature variation and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide.

What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?

low-pressure systems

What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture?

lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism

What does the desert have to overcome?

barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation

What is the temperature like year around in the desert?

high temperatures year-round

Where is the low-pressure that stops rainfall in the Shara?

I'm not sure.

Why does the Sahara lack moisture?

I'm not sure.

What aids the production of percipitation in the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What desert has low but regelar rainfall?

I'm not sure.

What does the lack of moisture in the Sahara cause?

I'm not sure.

What do physical and atmospheric barriers cause?

I'm not sure.

What has the highest recorded humidity year round?

I'm not sure.

When are high temperatures erratic?

I'm not sure.

What is furthest from the equator in the Sahara?

I'm not sure.


The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of the time, and the highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value. A value of 4,300 h or 98% of the time would be recorded in Upper Egypt (Aswan, Luxor) and in the Nubian Desert (Wadi Halfa). The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year) in the Great Desert. The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production. The constantly high position of the sun, the extremely low relative humidity, the lack of vegetation and rainfall make the Great Desert the hottest continuously large area worldwide and certainly the hottest place on Earth during summertime in some spots. The average high temperature exceeds 38 °C (100.4 °F) - 40 °C (104 °F) during the hottest month nearly everywhere in the desert except at very high mountainous areas. The highest officially recorded average high temperature was 47 °C (116.6 °F) in a remote desert town in the Algerian Desert called Bou Bernous with an elevation of 378 meters above sea level. It's the world's highest recorded average high temperature and only Death Valley, California rivals it. Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane with an elevation between 200 and 400 meters above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs around 46 °C (114.8 °F) during the hottest months of the year. Salah, well known in Algeria for its extreme heat, has an average high temperature of 43.8 °C (110.8 °F), 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), 45.5 (113.9 °F). Furthermore, 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) in June, July, August and September. In fact, there are even hotter spots in the Sahara, but they are located in extremely remote areas, especially in the Azalai, lying in northern Mali. The major part of the desert experiences around 3 – 5 months when the average high strictly exceeds 40 °C (104 °F). The southern central part of the desert experiences up to 6 – 7 months when the average high temperature strictly exceeds 40 °C (104 °F) which shows the constancy and the length of the really hot season in the Sahara. Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F) everywhere and can approach 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of 25 °C (77 °F). The sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high as it can easily reach 80 °C (176 °F) or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of 72 °C (161.6 °F) have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad. Due to lack of cloud cover and very low humidity, the desert usually features high diurnal temperature variations between days and nights. However, it's a myth that the nights are cold after extremely hot days in the Sahara. The average diurnal temperature range is typically between 13 °C (55.4 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F). The lowest values are found along the coastal regions due to high humidity and are often even lower than 10 °C (50 °F), while the highest values are found in inland desert areas where the humidity is the lowest, mainly in the southern Sahara. Still, it's true that winter nights can be cold as it can drop to the freezing point and even below, especially in high-elevation areas.

What is the largest hottest continuously large area   worldwide?

the Great Desert

What is the value temperature of most of the desert?

25 °C

What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the   desert?

82% of the time

What is the annual average direct solar irradiation?

around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)

During daytime how high can the temperatures reach?

80 °C (176 °F)

What does the eastern desert get 3600 annual hours of?

I'm not sure.

How much bright sunlight does lower Egypt recieve?

I'm not sure.

What type of energy production is difficult due to the heat?

I'm not sure.

What is the second largest continuious area in the world?

I'm not sure.

What reaches 80 degrees F during the day?

I'm not sure.

How much solar energy does the Sahara produce per year?

I'm not sure.

What is the lowest temperature recorded in the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What is the elevation of the Nubian Desert?

I'm not sure.

What is the average low temperature in Salah?

I'm not sure.

What is the temperature of the sand during the night?

I'm not sure.


The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Biskra, Algeria and Ouarzazate, Morocco are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Timbuktu, Mali and Agadez, Niger are found in this zone. The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 mm (0.04 in). In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than 20 mm (0.79 in). Of the 9,000,000 km2 of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about 2,800,000 km2 (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 mm (0.39 in) or less, while some 1,500,000 km2 (about 17% of the total area) receive an average of 5 mm or less. The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some 1,000,000 km2 in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of Libya, Egypt and Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) where the long-term mean approximates 0.5 mm per year. The rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year. In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts, the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high, roughly ranging from 2,500 mm/year to more than 6,000 mm/year in the whole desert. Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region. With such an evaporative power, the Sahara can only be desiccated and dried out further more and the moisture deficit is tremendous.

What is the reason the northern fringe receives more   cloudiness and rainfall?

low pressure systems

What is the average rainfall of the Sahara?

less than 1 mm

How much desert land is the Sahara?

9,000,000 km2 of desert land

What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and   rainfall?

Intertropical Convergence Zone

what is nearly non existent across the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What contributes to the north's cloudiness and moderate rainfall??

I'm not sure.

What area is cloudy and dry in the summer?

I'm not sure.

What has a land area of 9,000,000 sq mi?

I'm not sure.

What area receives the least amount of winter cloudiness?

I'm not sure.

What is drastically affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Niger receives and annual rainfall above 10mm?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Dakhla has an annual rainfall of 5mm or less?

I'm not sure.

What is rainfall like in the western fringes of the desert?

I'm not sure.


The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.

Which directions does the South Saharan run?

east and west

What months do the summer rains happen?

July and August

What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?

100 to 200 mm

How much land does the ecoregion cover?

1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)

what ecoregion runs north and south in a norrow band?

I'm not sure.

Where does it not rain in July and August?

I'm not sure.

How much land does the Sahara cover?

I'm not sure.

What sustains the spring pastures and grasslands?

I'm not sure.

When does less than 100mm of rain fall?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the band running from north to south in the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

How long is the ICZ?

I'm not sure.

How much rain does Algeria get?

I'm not sure.

What months are the driest?

I'm not sure.

What is between the South Saharan steppe and the hyper-arid Sahara?

I'm not sure.


The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.

What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?

five hundred species

What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?

growing lower

Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?

thick stems

What helps plants in order to get as much water as   possible?

long roots that travel horizontally

what desert area  has 500 species of animals?

I'm not sure.

What type of plants have partially adapted to the arid conditions?

I'm not sure.

what do plants release through their stem?

I'm not sure.

What does the central Sahara have an unusually large number of given its area?

I'm not sure.

How many acacia trees are there in central Sahara?

I'm not sure.

Why do many plants grow higher than normal in the Sahara?

I'm not sure.

What in the Sahara grows its roots vertically?

I'm not sure.

What aspect of the plants' leaves allows them to lose water?

I'm not sure.


The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale. The other cheetah subspecies (northeast African cheetah) lives in Chad, Sudan and the eastern region of Niger. However, it is currently extinct in the wild of Egypt and Libya. They are approximately 2,000 mature individuals left in the wild.

How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area?

What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?

April to October

How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?

How many immature cheetahs are there?

I'm not sure.

What months are cheetahs most active?

I'm not sure.

How many mature cheetahs are in Chad?

I'm not sure.

What is the coloring of the northeast subspecies of cheetah?

I'm not sure.


human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.

What activities from these mammals will likely affect   habitat areas?

human activities

What underground items have lead to soil degradation?

irrigated water pumped

What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?

natural resources

What is least likely to affect a habitat?

I'm not sure.

Why did development projects start in Algeria and Tunisia?

I'm not sure.

Which populations have been growing?

I'm not sure.

Why are oases being endangered?

I'm not sure.

What prevents soil degradation?

I'm not sure.


People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation. However, this theory has recently been called into dispute, when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification.

When did people start living on the edge of the desert?

ice age

How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?

Over 30,000 petroglyphs

What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?

the Nile Valley

What is believed to have increased temperatures in the   Sahara?

shifts in the Earth's axis

How many dinosaur fossils have been found?

I'm not sure.

When was the first dinosaur fossil found?

I'm not sure.

What has the age of the oldest fossil be dated at?

I'm not sure.

What type of petroglyhps have been found in the Nile Valley?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Nile Valley located?

I'm not sure.


During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the "agricultural revolution", living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?

Neolithic Era

What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?

cattle and herdsmen

What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?

Megaliths

When was the onset of desertification?

I'm not sure.

What was the barren desert Nubia once called?

I'm not sure.

When was Stonehenge created?

I'm not sure.

What astronomy devices were built in the Wadi el-Qa'ab?

I'm not sure.

What kind of lifestyle did the people of the Old Kingdom of Egypt have?

I'm not sure.


By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone. Tanning of animal skins, pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also. There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BCE, with food activities centering on fishing, hunting and food-gathering. Stone arrowheads, knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found. Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and dead were buried facing due west.

What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period?

cattle

By what time period were the Egyptians constructing  large buildings?

6000 BCE

What items replaced previously items made of stone?

Metal objects

In which direction were the dead facing when they were   buried?

due west

What replaced metal objects?

I'm not sure.

Which direction were large buildings built to face?

I'm not sure.

By what era did occupation of the Al Fayyum end?

I'm not sure.

What made Egyptian preservation rites difficult?

I'm not sure.

What diet did Egyptians begin to move away from?

I'm not sure.


By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.

By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?

3400 BCE

What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?

reduced precipitation and higher temperatures

What area is known for having the majority of the trade?

the Nile Valley

When did the Sahara become accessible to humans?

I'm not sure.

What features of the Nile made it ideal for trading?

I'm not sure.

Where did people trade in the Sahara before the aridification?

I'm not sure.

What caused the shift in the earth's orbit?

I'm not sure.

How did humans cause the aridification of the Sahara?

I'm not sure.


By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert.

Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies?

Red Sea

Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?

the Atlantic coast

Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant   fear?

nomadic Berber

What made the areas south of Morocco ideal for settlement?

I'm not sure.

What area did the Berber people colonize?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for the raids on the Berber people?

I'm not sure.

Who established trading colonies along the Atlantic?

I'm not sure.

When did the Greeks abandon the desert?

I'm not sure.


An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains.

What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?

500 BCE

What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to   their crops?

digging tunnels

How many towns are believed to be found by   Archaeologists?

eight major towns

What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes   civilization?

depleted available water

When did the Garamantes name Wadi al-Ajal?

I'm not sure.

How many towns did the Greeks and Romans have in the desert?

I'm not sure.

What caused the Roman civilization to collapse?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the people the Garamantes conquered?

I'm not sure.

How did the Greeks get access to water?

I'm not sure.


The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.

What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?

Byzantine Empire

What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?

mid-7th to early 8th centuries

What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?

6,000 to 7,000 slaves

During what century did the Muslim conquest of Arabia begin?

I'm not sure.

How many slaves did the Byzantine Empire transport per year?

I'm not sure.

How long did the Muslims control Egypt?

I'm not sure.

When was Egypt liberated from Muslim control?

I'm not sure.

What caused trade in the desert to decrease?

I'm not sure.


In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans.

During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman   Empire?

Egypt

What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people?

freedom of movement for citizens and goods

What was the local language during this time in Egypt?

Arabic

When did the Ottoman Empire disband?

I'm not sure.

What key feature made Algeria a vital part of the Ottoman empire?

I'm not sure.

What was the language of Europe?

I'm not sure.

What culture did Tuareg clans enforce?

I'm not sure.

What kind of rule did the kingdom of Algeria have?

I'm not sure.


European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert.

What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?

19th century

What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?

France

During what time were good moved through more modern   means?

20th century

When did the Ottomans conquer France?

I'm not sure.

What caused trans-Saharan trade to take off in the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What area of the regency of Algiers was not under French control?

I'm not sure.

When did France relinquish control of Morocco?

I'm not sure.

What year did France conquer Niger?

I'm not sure.


Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic family.[citation needed] Unlike neighboring West Africa and the central governments of the states that comprise the Sahara, the French language bears little relevance to inter-personal discourse and commerce within the region, its people retaining staunch ethnic and political affiliations with Tuareg and Berber leaders and culture. The legacy of the French colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the Third and Fourth republics, which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region. Diplomacy with local clients was primarily conducted in Arabic, which was the traditional language of bureaucratic affairs. Mediation of disputes and inter-agency communication was served by interpreters contracted by the French government, who, according to Keenan, "documented a space of intercultural mediation," contributing much to preserving indigenous cultural identities in the region.

What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara?

Arabic

What language is mainly spoken in West Africa?

French

What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs?

Arabic

Who originally spoke the Beja language?

I'm not sure.

The French language is under what family?

I'm not sure.

Who does Keenan work for?

I'm not sure.

What aspects of life is the French language important to?

I'm not sure.

What role did Tuareg and Berber leaders play in the Third and Fourth republics?

I'm not sure.


The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?

Samuel Rutherford

Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?

A. V. Dicey

What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?

Law should govern

Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?

against the divine right of kings

According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land?

law

What type of rule says a nation should be governed by the decisions of government officials?

I'm not sure.

What refers to the influence and authority of society?

I'm not sure.

What country can a phrase rule of law be traced back to the 1600s?

I'm not sure.

What British theologian used the rule of law in his argument against the divine rights of kings?

I'm not sure.

What jurist popularized the phrase rule of law in the 1900s?

I'm not sure.


Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.

In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?

autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy

According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?

every citizen

What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?

nomocracy

What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?

decay

For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?

neglect or ignorance of the law

According to rule of law who is not subject to the law?

I'm not sure.

Who was held above the law in a nomocracy?

I'm not sure.

What is often found in dictatorships but not democracies

I'm not sure.

What causes rule of law to decay in a dictatorship?

I'm not sure.


In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state." More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:

On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance?

rule by the best men

According to Plato, who was above the law?

king

What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?

benevolent monarchy

Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?

rule of law

To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?

slave

What form of government did the Greeks think was second only to democracy?

I'm not sure.

Who advocated ruled by a philosopher king who was subject to the law?

I'm not sure.

Who did Plato hope would be subject to the established laws?

I'm not sure.

Who did Aristotle envision ruling a benevolent monarchy?

I'm not sure.


There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, "This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented...." The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England.

In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?

Deuteronomy

Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?

Bishop John Ponet

What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?

divine right of kings

What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?

Bible

According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?

horses

Book of the viable gives unlimited power Jewish monarchs?

I'm not sure.

Who was against the divine right of kings in England during the fifteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What book of the Bible supported the divine rule of kings

I'm not sure.

What group of ancient Jews could have as many wives and horses as they wanted?

I'm not sure.


In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should be under the law, which was treason to affirm, as he said; to which I said, that Bracton saith, quod Rex non debed esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et lege (That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law.)."

To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?

golden met-wand

According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?

God and the law

When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?

How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?

greatly offended

What was Edward Coke's official title?

Chief Justice Sir

Who called the law a golden met-wand during the sixteenth century?

I'm not sure.

According to Coke what should kings be above?

I'm not sure.

Who spoke about the rule of law in sixteenth century England?

I'm not sure.

Who said it was treason to affirm the King was not subject to the law?

I'm not sure.


Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; one occasionally encounters a third "functional" conception. Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the "justness" of law itself, but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law. Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.

What is another word for a thin definition?

formalist

What is another word for a thick definition?

substantive

Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?

politicians, judges and academics

On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?

specific procedural attributes

What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?

functional

Who has spoken against the rule of law?

I'm not sure.

Who uses a substantive or thin definition of rule of law?

I'm not sure.

Who uses a formalist or thick definition of rule of law?

I'm not sure.

What definition by formalist makes a judgment about the justness of law?

I'm not sure.

What conception of the rule of law excludes substantive rights?

I'm not sure.


Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.

According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?

generality, equality, and certainty

According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?

individual rights

What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?

democracy

According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?

content

What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?

formal and substantive

Who believes that the rule of law has no formal characteristics?

I'm not sure.

What characteristics do most legal theorists say the rule of law cannot possess?

I'm not sure.

What does not protect individual rights?

I'm not sure.

What two concepts defined rule without law?

I'm not sure.


The "formal" interpretation is more widespread than the "substantive" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law. This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence of "rule of law" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights.

Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?

formal

According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?

individual rights

According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?

well-known

How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?

no requirements

Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?

substantive


The functional interpretation of the term "rule of law", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the "rule of law" with the "rule of man." According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of "rule of law", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of "rule of law". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.

According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?

rule of law

What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the "rule of law" have?

little

What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the "rule of law" have?

a great deal

What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?

punishment

What fights against the rule of law?

flexibility

What does a Society have a high degree of if its government officers have a great deal of discretion?

I'm not sure.

What does a society have a low degree of if its government officials have little disctetion?

I'm not sure.

What is necessary for offenses that are justifiable unter statutory law but not natural law?

I'm not sure.

What is flexibility compatible with?

I'm not sure.


The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or violence." Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map below. A government based on the rule of law can be called a "nomocracy", from the Greek nomos (law) and kratos (power or rule).

For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?

more than 200 countries

What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?

nomocracy

What is the Greek word for law?

nomos

What is the Greek word for power?

kratos

What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?

rule of law

What is the law of man a key dimension of?

I'm not sure.

What defines a rule of law is the extent to which people agree with the rules of society?

I'm not sure.

What is the Greek word for natural law?

I'm not sure.


All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion.

What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?

the Constitution

According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?

rule of law

What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?

the Constitution

According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?

the rule of any human leader

What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?

executive branch

What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?

legislative branch

Which branch of government has judicial discretion?

judicial branch

The president of the United States is the only government officer to make what pledge?

I'm not sure.

What does a firm that natural law is superior to the rule of law?

I'm not sure.

What does executive branch of little discretion over?

I'm not sure.

According to the Constitution what is rule of human leader superior to?

I'm not sure.


Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the "rule of law," and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word "law" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being "defined by formal or substantive criteria," and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria. Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.

Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?

Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks

For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?

U.S. Constitution

According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?

that which is legally binding

According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?

the framers of the U.S. Constitution

Who argues over whether the U.S. Constitution adopted the rule of law?

I'm not sure.

What law professor says the Constitution does it meet either the formal or substantive?

I'm not sure.

Who believed that an unjust law was still a law?

I'm not sure.

The framers of the Constitution say did not have discretion to decide which laws submit such vague criteria?

I'm not sure.


Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators. For much of American history, the dominant notion of the rule of law, in this setting, has been some version of A. V. Dicey's: “no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary Courts of the land.” That is, individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction. As the dockets of worker compensation commissions, public utility commissions and other agencies burgeoned, it soon became apparent that letting judges decide for themselves all the facts in a dispute (such as the extent of an injury in a worker's compensation case) would overwhelm the courts and destroy the advantages of specialization that led to the creation of administrative agencies in the first place. Even Charles Evans Hughes, a Chief Justice of the United States, believed “you must have administration, and you must have administration by administrative officers.” By 1941, a compromise had emerged. If administrators adopted procedures that more-or-less tracked "the ordinary legal manner" of the courts, further review of the facts by "the ordinary Courts of the land" was unnecessary. That is, if you had your "day in commission," the rule of law did not require a further "day in court." Thus Dicey's rule of law was recast into a purely procedural form.

When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination?

Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?

administrators

Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?

individuals

Who was Charles Evans Hughes?

a Chief Justice of the United States

What cannot survive if administrators can't exercise discretion?

I'm not sure.

Who said no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer except for breaching natural law?

I'm not sure.

Who said the individual should not be able to challenge administrative order?

I'm not sure.

Who did Dicey believe administration should be done by?

I'm not sure.

Whose rule of law was transformed by compromise in the nineteenth century?

I'm not sure.


James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, "Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect." George Mason agreed that judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course." Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: "When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law."

When was the Philadelphia Convention?

Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?

James Wilson

What was John Marshall's title?

Chief Justice

What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?

declare an unconstitutional law void

Who said that laws may be just, wise or dangerous?

I'm not sure.

What convention took place in the seventeenth century?

I'm not sure.

What position to Chief Justice Marshall take in the eighteenth century?

I'm not sure.

Who did George Mason say could not declare a law unconstitutional

I'm not sure.


East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indicates that throughout East Asia, only South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state. According to Awzar Thi, a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission, the rule of law in Thailand, Cambodia, and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent:

What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership?

Confucianism

What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?

Legalism

How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?

weak or nonexistent

Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?

South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong

How many schools of thought influence central Asian cultures?

I'm not sure.

What did Confucianism advocate strict adherence to?

I'm not sure.

What kind of leader is advocated for under legalism?

I'm not sure.

What is weak or nonexistent in South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong?

I'm not sure.

What is strong in Thailand, Cambodia and most of Asia?

I'm not sure.


In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.

Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?

China and Vietnam

What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?

the transition to a market economy

Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?

legal scholars and politicians

To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?

foreign investors

What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?

democracy and human rights

What type of economy has rule of law help China and Vietnam move towards?

I'm not sure.

What is rule of law not important for?

I'm not sure.

What has already spilled over to other areas in China and Vietnam?

I'm not sure.

What two Asian countries have refused to adopt the rule of law?

I'm not sure.


In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]

Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life?

Thailand

According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?

royalist

In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?

executive branch

When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?

What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?

Ancient prejudices and political bias

What kingdom has not had a Constitution since 1932?

I'm not sure.

What has been practiced in Thailand since 1932?

I'm not sure.

What has been eradicated from the three branches of Thailand's government?

I'm not sure.

What is no longer advocated in Thailand since the twenty-first century?

I'm not sure.

Whose decision did the Supreme Court reject in Thailand?

I'm not sure.


In India, the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950. Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion, the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review. According to Indian journalist Harish Khare, "The rule of law or rather the Constitution [is] in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges."

What country has the longest version of a constitution?

India

In what year was India's constitution drafted?

What country has the longest Constitution?

India

In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?

judicial review

What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?

rule of judges

What country has the longest history of constitutional government?

I'm not sure.

What country had a Constitution until 1950?

I'm not sure.

What kind of reviews are discouraged by lengthy constitutions?

I'm not sure.

What type of discretion was meant to be encouraged by India's Constitution

I'm not sure.

What is threatening to replace the role of judges?

I'm not sure.


In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review.

When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?

How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?

According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?

rule of law

According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?

social, economic and cultural

Who made a declaration about the principle of rule of law in the nineteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What declaration stated that the rule of law applies to certain rights and freedoms?

I'm not sure.

What suggested that the rule of law requires legislative power?

I'm not sure.

What commission has fifty-three members?

I'm not sure.


The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law, and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women, peace and security, children in armed conflict, and the protection of civilians in armed conflict. The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education.

When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?

What organization debates the rule of law?

The Security Council

What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?

The Peacebuilding Commission

What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?

human rights education

In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?

Who consider rule of law and agenda item since before 1992?

I'm not sure.

Who took renewed interest in the rule of law in 1992?

I'm not sure.

Who has opposed the rule of law through several debates?

I'm not sure.

Was argued for lovelorn protection of soldiers during war?

I'm not sure.