A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, which was eminently agreeable to many thinkers of the time. Atheism was much discussed, but there were few proponents. Wilson and Reill note that, "In fact, very few enlightened intellectuals, even when they were vocal critics of Christianity, were true atheists. Rather, they were critics of orthodox belief, wedded rather to skepticism, deism, vitalism, or perhaps pantheism." Some followed Pierre Bayle and argued that atheists could indeed be moral men. Many others like Voltaire held that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined. That is, since atheists gave themselves to no Supreme Authority and no law, and had no fear of eternal consequences, they were far more likely to disrupt society. Bayle (1647–1706) observed that in his day, "prudent persons will always maintain an appearance of [religion].". He believed that even atheists could hold concepts of honor and go beyond their own self-interest to create and interact in society. Locke said that if there were no God and no divine law, the result would be moral anarchy: every individual "could have no law but his own will, no end but himself. He would be a god to himself, and the satisfaction of his own will the sole measure and end of all his actions".

According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?

the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source

Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?

Pierre Bayle

Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?

Voltaire

Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?

Voltaire


The word "public" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the "public" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted "opinion" with populace, Marmontel "the opinion of men of letters" with "the opinion of the multitude," and d'Alembert the "truly enlightened public" with "the blind and noisy multitude". Additionally, most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower classes. Cross-class influences occurred through noble and lower class participation in areas such as the coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges.

Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?

women and the lower classes

Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?

coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges

Marmontel contrasted "the opinion of men of letters" with what?

"the opinion of the multitude,"

d'Alembert contrasted the "truly enlightened public" with whom?

"the blind and noisy multitude"


The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes". Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information, along with rising populations and increased urbanisation. However, demand for reading material extended outside of the realm of the commercial, and outside the realm of the upper and middle classes, as evidenced by the Bibliothèque Bleue. Literacy rates are difficult to gauge, but in France at least, the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century. Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion, the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to 1780, while the number of books about religion dropped to just one-tenth of the total.

The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment?

reading materials

Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?

the Industrial Revolution

In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?

demand for information

In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?

France

The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?

just one-tenth of the total


As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained considerable fame there with performances of his operas and oratorios. The music of Haydn and Mozart, with their Viennese Classical styles, are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals.

Whose incomes did public concerts help support?

performers' and composers'

Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work?

operas and oratorios

Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?

Haydn and Mozart

What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share?

Viennese Classical


The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It also contributed to the enhancement of scientists' social status, considering them to be the "most useful of all citizens". Academies demonstrate the rising interest in science along with its increasing secularization, as evidenced by the small number of clerics who were members (13 percent). The presence of the French academies in the public sphere cannot be attributed to their membership; although the majority of their members were bourgeois, the exclusive institution was only open to elite Parisian scholars. They perceived themselves as "interpreters of the sciences for the people". For example, it was with this in mind that academicians took it upon themselves to disprove the popular pseudo-science of mesmerism.

What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?

Members of what group were considered to be the "most useful of all citizens?"

scientists

What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?

13 percent

The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?

elite Parisian scholars

How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?

interpreters of the sciences for the people


Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and, later, the American Republic. Within the natural sciences, Edinburgh's medical also led the way in chemistry, anatomy and pharmacology. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France, the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier.

Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?

northern Europe

Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?

Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh

Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?

Edinburgh

Which of  France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?

the medical university at Montpellier


The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsibility, it offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society. Children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods that originated during the Renaissance.

How can associationism be defined?

the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines

What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?

associationism,

Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?

the Renaissance


However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works is Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. The work, which began publication in 1751, was composed of thirty-five volumes and over 71 000 separate entries. A great number of the entries were dedicated to describing the sciences and crafts in detail, and provided intellectuals across Europe with a high-quality survey of human knowledge. In d'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, the work's goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences is outlined:

What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?

universal encyclopedias

What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?

to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work

Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?

Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers

In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?

Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot

Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?

d'Alembert's


Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which included anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology. As with most Enlightenment views, the benefits of science were not seen universally; Rousseau criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier. Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by scientific societies and academies, which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were also the backbone of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the popularization of science among an increasingly literate population. Philosophes introduced the public to many scientific theories, most notably through the Encyclopédie and the popularization of Newtonianism by Voltaire and Émilie du Châtelet. Some historians have marked the 18th century as a drab period in the history of science; however, the century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics; the development of biological taxonomy; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry.

Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?

natural history

Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?

Rousseau

Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?

scientific societies and academies

Which century is considered by some as a "drab" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?

the 18th century

Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?

Newtonianism


Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide (fixed air) by the chemist Joseph Black, the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton, and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt. The experiments of Lavoisier were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris, and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers enabled them to launch the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783, from the Château de la Muette, near the Bois de Boulogne.

Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?

the development of free speech and thought

Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?

chemist Joseph Black

Who created the argument for deep time?

geologist James Hutton

Who invented the steam engine?

James Watt

Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?

the Montgolfier Brothers


Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples, and Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787), which established him as an international authority on criminal law.

For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?

Crimes and Punishments (1764)

Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?

Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?

Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)

In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?


Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university's utility was in the transmission of knowledge, while societies functioned to create knowledge. As the role of universities in institutionalized science began to diminish, learned societies became the cornerstone of organized science. Official scientific societies were chartered by the state in order to provide technical expertise. Most societies were granted permission to oversee their own publications, control the election of new members, and the administration of the society. After 1700, a tremendous number of official academies and societies were founded in Europe, and by 1789 there were over seventy official scientific societies. In reference to this growth, Bernard de Fontenelle coined the term "the Age of Academies" to describe the 18th century.

What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?

transmission of knowledge

Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?

to create knowledge

By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?

Who coined the term "the Age of Academies" to describe the 18th century?

Bernard de Fontenelle


The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the "consent of the governed" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the "divine right of kings". In this view, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully, and therefore violent revolution was the result. Clearly a governance philosophy where the king was never wrong was in direct conflict with one whereby citizens by natural law had to consent to the acts and rulings of their government.

The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?

Who delineated the "consent of the governed" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?

Locke

The "divine right of kings" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies?

"consent of the governed"

According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully?

governance paradigm shift


Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would "never imagine that their consent made him sovereign", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract.

In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract?

An Essay on the History of Civil Society

In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society?

How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize?

four

Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?

David Hume


In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role in fostering the arts, sciences, and education. She used her own interpretation of Enlightenment ideals, assisted by notable international experts such as Voltaire (by correspondence) and, in residence, world class scientists such as Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas. The national Enlightenment differed from its Western European counterpart in that it promoted further modernization of all aspects of Russian life and was concerned with attacking the institution of serfdom in Russia. The Russian enlightenment centered on the individual instead of societal enlightenment and encouraged the living of an enlightened life.

What century produced the first Russian univeristy, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press?

18th century

What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?

the individual

From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?

Voltaire


Bertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development, which began in antiquity, and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time. Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation, and that philosophical views such as affinity for democracy against monarchy originated among 16th-century Protestants to justify their desire to break away from the Catholic Church. Though many of these philosophical ideals were picked up by Catholics, Russell argues, by the 18th century the Enlightenment was the principal manifestation of the schism that began with Martin Luther.

Which philosopher believed that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation?

Bertrand Russell

Where did Betrand Russell believe views such as affinity for democracy against monarachy originated from?

16th-century Protestants

Who does Betrand Russell started the schism that lead to the Enlightenment?

Martin Luther


Alexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment. These men of letters constituted a sort of "substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power". This illusory power came from the rise of "public opinion", born when absolutist centralization removed the nobility and the bourgeoisie from the political sphere. The "literary politics" that resulted promoted a discourse of equality and was hence in fundamental opposition to the monarchical regime. De Tocqueville "clearly designates ... the cultural effects of transformation in the forms of the exercise of power". Nevertheless, it took another century before cultural approach became central to the historiography, as typified by Robert Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 (1979).

How did Alexis de Tocqueville describe the French Revolution?

the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment

Which group was considered "a substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power" according to Tocqueville?

men of letters

From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from?

the rise of "public opinion"


Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the realm of knowledge – of which the Encyclopédie forms the pinnacle. In 1783, Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason. Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment "man's release from his self-incurred tutelage", tutelage being "man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another". "For Kant, Enlightenment was mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance." The German scholar Ernst Cassirer called the Enlightenment "a part and a special phase of that whole intellectual development through which modern philosophic thought gained its characteristic self-confidence and self-consciousness". According to historian Roy Porter, the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance is the epitome of what the Age of Enlightenment was trying to capture.

Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?

Moses Mendelssohn

How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?

"man's release from his self-incurred tutelage"

For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?"

Immanuel Kant

According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?

the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance


These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a "wall of separation between church and state" at the federal level. He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia, and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived.

John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist?

Thomas Jefferson

Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document?

the United States Constitution

Whom, along with Francis Bacon and John Locke, did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived?

Isaac Newton


In addition to debates on religion, societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women. It is important to note, however, that the critical subject matter of these debates did not necessarily translate into opposition to the government. In other words, the results of the debate quite frequently upheld the status quo. From a historical standpoint, one of the most important features of the debating society was their openness to the public; women attended and even participated in almost every debating society, which were likewise open to all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee. Once inside, spectators were able to participate in a largely egalitarian form of sociability that helped spread Enlightenment ideas.

From a historical standpoint, what was one of the most important features of the debating society?

openness to the public

Were debates only open to certain economic classes, or could all attend?

all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee

What were some of the issues discussed in addition to debates on religion?

politics and the role of women


Intellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment. Habermas described the creation of the "bourgeois public sphere" in 18th-century Europe, containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange. Habermas said that the public sphere was bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state, making it the ideal venue for intellectuals to critically examine contemporary politics and society, away from the interference of established authority. While the public sphere is generally an integral component of the social study of the Enlightenment, other historians have questioned whether the public sphere had these characteristics.

What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment?

social conditions

How did Habermas describe the public sphere?

bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state

The new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange were given what term by Habermas in 18th century Europe?

the "bourgeois public sphere"


Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization "was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority".

What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?

the ideas themselves

What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?

largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority

Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?

social and economic

What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?

1650 to the end of the 18th century


One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture," in the late 17th century and 18th century. Elements of the public sphere included: it was egalitarian, it discussed the domain of "common concern," and argument was founded on reason. Habermas uses the term "common concern" to describe those areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously the exclusive territory of the state and religious authorities, now open to critical examination by the public sphere. The values of this bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to be supreme, considering everything to be open to criticism (the public sphere is critical), and the opposition of secrecy of all sorts.

How was the public sphere defined?

realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture

During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere?

late 17th century and 18th century

The argument of the public sphere was founded on what?

reason

What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities?

common concern

The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what?

secrecy of all sorts


Across continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclopédie, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishing companies were conveniently located outside France so as to avoid overzealous French censors. They would smuggle their merchandise across the border, where it would then be transported to clandestine booksellers or small-time peddlers. The records of clandestine booksellers may give a better representation of what literate Frenchmen might have truly read, since their clandestine nature provided a less restrictive product choice. In one case, political books were the most popular category, primarily libels and pamphlets. Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about criminals and political corruption than they were in political theory itself. The second most popular category, "general works" (those books "that did not have a dominant motif and that contained something to offend almost everyone in authority") demonstrated a high demand for generally low-brow subversive literature. However, these works never became part of literary canon, and are largely forgotten today as a result.

Book sellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness in what country, especially?

France

Which work narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes?

The Encyclopédie

Many publishing companies were located outside of which country to avoid overzealous censors?

France

Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself?

criminals and political corruption

What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority?

general works


A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help of the aforementioned Malesherbes and creative use of French censorship law. But many works were sold without running into any legal trouble at all. Borrowing records from libraries in England, Germany and North America indicate that more than 70 percent of books borrowed were novels. Less than 1 percent of the books were of a religious nature, indicating the general trend of declining religiosity.

Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?

Malesherbes

The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?

The Encyclopédie

What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?

What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?


The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported "free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation". Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere; once everyone was a part of the "reading public", then society could be said to be enlightened. The people who participated in the Republic of Letters, such as Diderot and Voltaire, are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures. Indeed, the men who wrote Diderot's Encyclopédie arguably formed a microcosm of the larger "republic".

What did the Republic of Letters support?

free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation

Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?

the "reading public"

Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters?

Diderot and Voltaire

What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere?

written communication


Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the "cultivated public" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the "enlightened" ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity. Being a source of knowledge derived from science and reason, they were an implicit critique of existing notions of universal truth monopolized by monarchies, parliaments, and religious authorities. They also advanced Christian enlightenment that upheld "the legitimacy of God-ordained authority"—the Bible—in which there had to be agreement between the biblical and natural theories.

Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?

Jonathan Israel

To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?

established authorities

What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals?

toleration and intellectual objectivity

The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics?

science and reason


Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite. As the 18th century progressed, the content of encyclopedias also changed according to readers' tastes. Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology.

How did dictionaries and encyclopedias change in the 18th century?

from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words

What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote?

to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite

How did the content of encyclopedias change in the 18th century?

tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology

Encyclopedias in the 18th century tended to focus more strongly on what topics, rather than theology?

secular affairs, particularly science and technology


The massive work was arranged according to a "tree of knowledge." The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences, which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism. Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy, or the trunk of the tree of knowledge. The Enlightenment's desacrilization of religion was pronounced in the tree's design, particularly where theology accounted for a peripheral branch, with black magic as a close neighbour. As the Encyclopédie gained popularity, it was published in quarto and octavo editions after 1777. The quarto and octavo editions were much less expensive than previous editions, making the Encyclopédie more accessible to the non-elite. Robert Darnton estimates that there were approximately 25 000 copies of the Encyclopédie in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution. The extensive, yet affordable encyclopedia came to represent the transmission of Enlightenment and scientific education to an expanding audience.

How was the Encyclopedie arranged?

according to a "tree of knowledge."

The rise of empiricism caused a division between which two subjects?

the arts and sciences

What was considered the trunk of the tree of knowledge?

philosophy

Which editions of the Encyclopedie were less expensive and more accessible to the non-elite?

quarto and octavo

How many copies of the Encyclopedie were estimated to be in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution?

25 000


In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was "a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate," and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a "collective act", and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible; "Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants." Two factors were taken into account: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution". In other words, only civil society were considered for Boyle's public.

Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas?

Royal Society of London

In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter?

Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?

Robert Boyle

Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants?

Oxford professors

What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society?

a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution"


The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around "confessional" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues, and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the "monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority". After this date everything thus previously rooted in tradition was questioned and often replaced by new concepts in the light of philosophical reason. After the second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century, a "general process of rationalization and secularization set in," and confessional disputes were reduced to a secondary status in favor of the "escalating contest between faith and incredulity".

Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject?

"confessional"

Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what?

"confessional"

During what time period did a "general process of rationalization and secularization set in"?

second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century

The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what?

the "monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority"


German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that "On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges." Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that "although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right." Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream, exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs. Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought. On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism. He argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. The presence of noble women in the French "lodges of adoption" that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society.

According to German historian Reinhart Koselleck, which two social structures left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment?

the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges

Which Scottish professor believes that Masons were not a major radical or reformist network in their own right?

Thomas Munck

Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspriting what type of thinking?

political thought

Daniel Roche claims that Masonry promoted what idea by only attracting men of similar social background?

egalitarianism

The presence of whom in the French "lodges of adoption" formed in the 1780s was die to the close ties shared with aristocratic society?

noble women


Along with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that "as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strategies; in this respect it could be considered an emblem of the Enlightenment." For Porset, the avoidance of thematic and hierarchical systems thus allows free interpretation of the works and becomes an example of egalitarianism. Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Reason as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply. In the later half of the 18th century, the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution (1780–1789). Along with growth in numbers, dictionaries and encyclopedias also grew in length, often having multiple print runs that sometimes included in supplemented editions.

What ordering scheme did readers prefer?

alphabetical

Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism?

Charles Porset

Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason?

the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply

How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769?

How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution?


One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of scientific learning. The new literate population was due to a high rise in the availability of food. This enabled many people to rise out of poverty, and instead of paying more for food, they had money for education. Popularization was generally part of an overarching Enlightenment ideal that endeavoured "to make information available to the greatest number of people." As public interest in natural philosophy grew during the 18th century, public lecture courses and the publication of popular texts opened up new roads to money and fame for amateurs and scientists who remained on the periphery of universities and academies. More formal works included explanations of scientific theories for individuals lacking the educational background to comprehend the original scientific text. Sir Isaac Newton's celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education in the classics until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze the text in the vernacular.

What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era?

a high rise in the availability of food

Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money?

education

Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people?

Popularization

Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica?

Sir Isaac Newton

Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular?

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica


The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided that children might step on joysticks left on the floor and their durability was also questioned. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and had no discomfort. Ultimately though, they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally. The controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons.

Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?

Katsuyah Nakawaka

What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?

15-pin expansion port

Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?

cost reasons

Where were the game pad controllers copied from?

Game & Watch machines

Who attached a Game & Watch C-pad to the Famicom prototype?

I'm not sure.

What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick couldn't be used?

I'm not sure.

Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with multiple connectors?

I'm not sure.

Where were the game pad controllers not copied from?

I'm not sure.


At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial "NES". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18, 1985, following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year. Nintendo released 17 launch titles: 10-Yard Fight, Baseball, Clu Clu Land, Duck Hunt, Excitebike, Golf, Gyromite, Hogan’s Alley, Ice Climber, Kung Fu, Pinball, Soccer, Stack-Up, Tennis, Wild Gunman, Wrecking Crew, and Super Mario Bros.h[›] Some varieties of these launch games contained Famicom chips with an adapter inside the cartridge so they would play on North American consoles, which is why the title screen of Gyromite has the Famicom title "Robot Gyro" and the title screen of Stack-Up has the Famicom title "Robot Block".

What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?

NES

What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems?

October 18, 1985

Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?

New York City

What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom?

Consumer Electronics Show

What was the abbreviation for Nintendo NonEntertainment System?

I'm not sure.

What day did Nintendo not unveil the new systems?

I'm not sure.

Where did Nintendo stop unveiling the new systems?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Pamicom?

I'm not sure.


In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better source needed] The slogan for this brand was It can't be beaten. In Europe and South America, however, the NES was outsold by Sega's Master System, while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union.

In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?

Peter Main

In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?

What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?

It can't be beaten

What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?

Sega's Master System

Where was Nintendo not available?

Soviet Union

In June 1987 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?

I'm not sure.

In 1990, what percentage of American households owned a SNES?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the slogan for the Nintendo brand?

I'm not sure.

What outsold the NES in Europe and South Africa?

I'm not sure.

Where was Nintendo always available?

I'm not sure.


Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.

Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?

Japanese (Famicom)

Which interface did the NES use?

Which interface did Famicom use?

Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?

develop their own customized chips

Which cartridges weren't shaped slightly differently?

I'm not sure.

Which interface did the SNES use?

I'm not sure.

Which interface did Famicom not use?

I'm not sure.

Various companies in China did what to their games for certain specifics?

I'm not sure.


In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.

With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?

Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation

Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?

Electronic Arts

Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?

first-party games

Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?

post-SNES era

With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with more strict licensing terms were supported?

I'm not sure.

Who was an example of a 2nd party publisher?

I'm not sure.

Nintendo didn't rely primarily on what for its support?

I'm not sure.

Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 2nd party support?

I'm not sure.


As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small video rental shops began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a video cassette rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games and still do today.

Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?

Blockbuster Video

According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?

would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games

Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?

copyrighted instruction booklets

What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?

produced their own short instructions

Who caused Nintendo to take informal action regarding rentals?

I'm not sure.

According to Nintendo what wasn't the danger in renting games?

I'm not sure.

Blockbuster wasn't banned from including what with their games?

I'm not sure.

What did Blockbuster do along with use copyrighted instruction booklets?

I'm not sure.


In the UK, Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region, two versions of the NES were released; the "Mattel Version" and "NES Version". When the NES was first released in those countries, it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries, different from the chip used in other European countries. When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled "NES Version"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing.

Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?

Mattel

When did Nintendo take over European distribution?

Which three countries share the PAL A region?

UK, Italy and Australia

What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?

"Mattel Version" and "NES Version"

Which company didn't distribute the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?

I'm not sure.

When did Nintendo take over Asian distribution?

I'm not sure.

Which three countries share the PAL B region?

I'm not sure.

What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, France, and Spain?

I'm not sure.


Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firing rate of the turbo button from quick to Turbo, as well as a "Slow" button that slowed down the game by rapidly pausing the game. The "Slow" button did not work with games that had a pause menu or pause screen and can interfere with jumping and shooting. The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature, but it was not adjustable, in contrast with the Advantage. It also did not have the "Slow" button. Its wing-like shape made it easier to hold than the Advantage and it also improved on the joystick. Turbo features were also featured on the NES Satellite, the NES Four Score, and the U-Force. Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove, which was featured in the movie The Wizard.

What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?

NES Advantage and the NES Max

What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?

shoot much faster during shooter games

Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?

The NES Max

Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?

Power Pad and the Power Glove

The NES Max also did not feature what?

"Slow" button

What were the third turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?

I'm not sure.

What did the Turbo feature not allow players to do?

I'm not sure.

Which controller had a adjustable Turbo feature?

I'm not sure.

Which three accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?

I'm not sure.

The SNES Max also did not feature what?

I'm not sure.


In 1986, Nintendo released the Famicom Disk System (FDS) in Japan, a type of floppy drive that uses a single-sided, proprietary 5 cm (2") disk and plugs into the cartridge port. It contains RAM for the game to load into and an extra single-cycle wavetable-lookup sound chip. The disks were originally obtained from kiosks in malls and other public places where buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk. This process would cost less than cartridges and users could take the disk back to a vending booth and have it rewritten with a new game. The disks were used both for storing the game and saving progress and total capacity was 128k (64k per side).

What year did Nintendo release the Famicom Disk System?

Where could the disks for the game be obtained?

kiosks in malls

How were the disks purchased?

buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk

What were the storage disks used for?

storing the game and saving progress

What was the total capacity of a disk?

What year did Atari release the Famicom Disk System?

I'm not sure.

Where could the disks for the game not be obtained?

I'm not sure.

How were the disks sold?

I'm not sure.

What weren't the storage disks used for?

I'm not sure.

What was half of the total capacity of a disk?

I'm not sure.


The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system "failed miserably".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986.

When was the system originally supposed to be released?

spring of 1985

Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?

New York City

When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?

February 1986

When was the nationwide release of the NES?

September 1986

When was the system originally not supposed to be released?

I'm not sure.

Retailers in what test area reported a success of sales?

I'm not sure.

When was the first time Nintendo test marketed the NES?

I'm not sure.

When was the non-nationwide release of the NES?

I'm not sure.


In Europe and Australia, the system was released to two separate marketing regions. One region consisted of most of mainland Europe (excluding Italy), and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies, with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases. Most of this region saw a 1986 release. Mattel handled distribution for the other region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Italy, Australia and New Zealand, starting the following year. Not until the 1990s did Nintendo's newly created European branch direct distribution throughout Europe.

Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas?

Europe and Australia

One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country?

Italy

Who released cartridges in mainland Europe?

Nintendo

Who handled distribution in the other region?

Mattel

When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe?

Where was the system released to three separate marketing areas?

I'm not sure.

One region comprised the entirety of mainland Asia save for which country?

I'm not sure.

Who released cartridges in mainland Asia?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't handle distribution in the other region?

I'm not sure.

When did the European brance finally directly redistribute throughout Europe?

I'm not sure.


As the 1990s dawned, gamers predicted that competition from technologically superior systems such as the 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis would mean the immediate end of the NES’s dominance. Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the Super Famicom (named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan), the Famicom remained the second highest-selling video game console in Japan, outselling the newer and more powerful NEC PC Engine and Sega Mega Drive by a wide margin. The console remained popular in Japan and North America until late 1993, when the demand for new NES software abruptly plummeted. The final Famicom game released in Japan is Takahashi Meijin no Bōken Jima IV (Adventure Island IV), while in North America, Wario's Woods is the final licensed game. In the wake of ever decreasing sales and the lack of new software titles, Nintendo of America officially discontinued the NES by 1995. However, Nintendo kept producing new Famicom units in Japan until September 25, 2003, and continued to repair Famicom consoles until October 31, 2007, attributing the discontinuation of support to insufficient supplies of parts.

Which example of a system started to mark the end of the NES dominance?

16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis

When did the demand for new NES software dry up?

late 1993

What was the final Famicom game released in North America?

Wario's Woods

What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the NES?

How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units?

October 31, 2007

Which example of a system started to mark the end of the SNES dominance?

I'm not sure.

When did the demand for new NES software get boosted?

I'm not sure.

What was the first Famicom game released in North America?

I'm not sure.

What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the SNES?

I'm not sure.

How late did Nintendo continue to repair nonFamicom units?

I'm not sure.


Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a degree of influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively courted third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers; strictly, however, on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringent.

Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?

Activision

Nintendo actively encouraged  the involvement of what?

third-party software developers

Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?

Sega, Sony, and Microsoft

Who didn't Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?

I'm not sure.

Nintendo actively discouraged the involvement of what?

I'm not sure.

Nintendo's measures for third party game developers weren't adopted by which later manufacturers?

I'm not sure.


Several companies, refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo, found ways to circumvent the console's authentication system. Most of these companies created circuits that used a voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip in the NES. A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Australia came in the form of a dongle that would be connected to a licensed game, in order to use the licensed game's 10NES chip for authentication. In order to combat unlicensed games, Nintendo of America threatened retailers who sold them with losing their supply of licensed titles. In addition, multiple revisions were made to the NES PCBs to prevent these games from working.

Companies did what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?

voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip

Why did the companies circumvent the authentication system?

refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo

Where did unlicensed games feature a dongle?

Europe and Australia

What did Nintendo do to curb unlicensed game sales?

threatened retailers

Companies didn't do what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?

I'm not sure.

Why didn't the companies circumvent the authentication system?

I'm not sure.

Where didn't unlicensed games feature a dongle?

I'm not sure.

What did Nintendo do to curb licensed game sales?

I'm not sure.


The Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.

What is the abbreviation of Nintendo Entertainment System?

NES

what was it called in Japan?

Family Computer

When was the Family Computer (Famicom) released in Japan?

July 15, 1983

When was it released in Australia?

What succeeded the Famicom?

Super Nintendo Entertainment System

What is the abbreviation of Mintendo Entertainment System?

I'm not sure.

what was it called in China?

I'm not sure.

When was the Family Computer (Famicom) released in China?

I'm not sure.

When was it released in Africa?

I'm not sure.

What preceded the Famicom?

I'm not sure.


Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently resulted in the console's most infamous problem: the blinking red power light, in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly because the 10NES would reset the console once per second. The lockout chip required constant communication with the chip in the game to work. Dirty, aging and bent connectors would often disrupt the communication, resulting in the blink effect. Alternatively, the console would turn on but only show a solid white, gray, or green screen. Users attempted to solve this problem by blowing air onto the cartridge connectors, inserting the cartridge just far enough to get the ZIF to lower, licking the edge connector, slapping the side of the system after inserting a cartridge, shifting the cartridge from side to side after insertion, pushing the ZIF up and down repeatedly, holding the ZIF down lower than it should have been, and cleaning the connectors with alcohol. These attempted solutions often became notable in their own right and are often remembered alongside the NES. Many of the most frequent attempts to fix this problem instead ran the risk of damaging the cartridge and/or system.[citation needed] In 1989, Nintendo released an official NES Cleaning Kit to help users clean malfunctioning cartridges and consoles.

What was the console's most common problem?

blinking red power light

The 10NES would reset the system how often?

once per second

What disrupted the communication as well?

Dirty, aging and bent connectors

What was one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem?

blowing air onto the cartridge connectors

When did Nintendo release a cleaning kit?

What wasn't the console's most common problem?

I'm not sure.

The 10NES wouldn't reset the system how often?

I'm not sure.

What didn't disrupt the communication as well?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem?

I'm not sure.

When didn't Nintendo release a cleaning kit?

I'm not sure.


Subsequent plans to market a Famicom console in North America featuring a keyboard, cassette data recorder, wireless joystick controller and a special BASIC cartridge under the name "Nintendo Advanced Video System" likewise never materialized. By the beginning of 1985, the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) that same year. The American video game press was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region, with the March 1985 issue of Electronic Games magazine stating that "the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared" and that "this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo's part."

How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?

2.5 million units

What was this system to be called in North America?

Advanced Video Entertainment System

What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?

Electronic Games magazine

How many units of the Famicom were sold in China by the beginning of 1985?

I'm not sure.

What was this system to be called in South America?

I'm not sure.

What magazine stated that Nintendo couldn't be errant in their anticipated product success?

I'm not sure.


Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell in favor of a dog bone shape. In addition, the AV Famicom joined its international counterpart and dropped the hardwired controllers in favor of detachable controller ports. However, the controllers included with the Famicom AV had cables which were 90 cm (3 feet) long, as opposed to the standard 180 cm(6 feet) of NES controllers.

Which console featured a top-loading design?

NES 2

The design of what was modified slightly?

game controllers

the original design of the controller was what shape?

brick

What was the new design shape of the controller?

dog bone

How long were standard NES controller cables?

6 feet

Which console featured a bottom-loading design?

I'm not sure.

The design of what wasn't modified slightly?

I'm not sure.

the unoriginal design of the controller was what shape?

I'm not sure.

What was the new design shape of the old controller?

I'm not sure.

How long were nonstandard NES controller cables?

I'm not sure.


By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software. Compute! reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988, almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its first five years. "Computer game makers [are] scared stiff", the magazine said, stating that Nintendo's popularity caused most competitors to have poor sales during the previous Christmas and resulted in serious financial problems for some.

What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software?

Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?

Compute!

When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 7 million?

The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's five year span?

Commodore 64s

What year did Nintendo's market not surpass all computer software?

I'm not sure.

Who reported that Nintendo sold 9 million NES systems?

I'm not sure.

When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 9 million?

I'm not sure.

The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's six year span?

I'm not sure.


A variety of games for the FDS were released by Nintendo (including some like Super Mario Bros. which had already been released on cartridge) and third party companies such as Konami and Taito. A few unlicensed titles were made as well. However, its limitations became quickly apparent as larger ROM chips were introduced, allowing cartridges with greater than 128k of space. More advanced memory management chips (MMC) soon appeared and the FDS quickly became obsolete. Nintendo also charged developers considerable amounts of money to produce FDS games, and many refused to develop for it, instead continuing to make cartridge titles. Many FDS disks have no dust covers (except in some unlicensed and bootleg variants) and are easily prone to getting dirt on the media. In addition, the drive use a belt which breaks frequently and requires invasive replacement. After only two years, the FDS was discontinued, although vending booths remained in place until 1993 and Nintendo continued to service drives, and to rewrite and offer replacement disks until 2003.

Nintendo charged producers hefty sums to make what?

FDS games

What did companies do instead of making FDS games?

make cartridge titles

Many FDS disks lack what?

dust covers

What broke frequently and needed replacement in the machine?

belt

How long did Nintendo service drives and offer replacement disks?

Nintendo didn't charge producers hefty sums to make what?

I'm not sure.

What did companies do while making FDS games?

I'm not sure.

Many FDS disks had what?

I'm not sure.

What broke infrequently and needed replacement in the machine?

I'm not sure.

How long did Atari service drives and offer replacement disks?

I'm not sure.


Although most hardware clones were not produced under license by Nintendo, certain companies were granted licenses to produce NES-compatible devices. The Sharp Corporation produced at least two such clones: the Twin Famicom and the SHARP 19SC111 television. The Twin Famicom was compatible with both Famicom cartridges and Famicom Disk System disks. It was available in two colors (red and black) and used hardwired controllers (as did the original Famicom), but it featured a different case design. The SHARP 19SC111 television was a television which included a built-in Famicom. A similar licensing deal was reached with Hyundai Electronics, who licensed the system under the name Comboy in the South Korean market. This deal with Hyundai was made necessary because of the South Korean government's wide ban on all Japanese "cultural products", which remained in effect until 1998 and ensured that the only way Japanese products could legally enter the South Korean market was through licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor (see also Japan–Korea disputes).

Which company produced the Twin Famicom and the 19SC111 TV?

Sharp Corporation

What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and FDS systems?

Twin Famicom

Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 TV with what name in South Korea?

Comboy

Until how long did South Korea ban Japanese cultural products?

How could Japanese products only enter South Korea?

licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor

Which company produced the Duo Famicom and the 19SC111 TV?

I'm not sure.

What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and IDS systems?

I'm not sure.

Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 DVD with what name in South Korea?

I'm not sure.


The back of the cartridge bears a label with instructions on handling. Production and software revision codes were imprinted as stamps on the back label to correspond with the software version and producer. With the exception of The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, manufactured in gold-plastic carts, all licensed NTSC and PAL cartridges are a standard shade of gray plastic. Unlicensed carts were produced in black, robin egg blue, and gold, and are all slightly different shapes than standard NES cartridges. Nintendo also produced yellow-plastic carts for internal use at Nintendo Service Centers, although these "test carts" were never made available for purchase. All licensed US cartridges were made by Nintendo, Konami and Acclaim. For promotion of DuckTales: Remastered, Capcom sent 150 limited-edition gold NES cartridges with the original game, featuring the Remastered art as the sticker, to different gaming news agencies. The instruction label on the back included the opening lyric from the show's theme song, "Life is like a hurricane".

The Zelda games were manufactured in what color cartridge?

gold

What is the standard color of all other cartridges?

gray

What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for internal use?

yellow

What was distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?

licensed US cartridges

What was the opening lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?

Life is like a hurricane

The Zelda games weren't manufactured in what color cartridge?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the standard color of all other cartridges?

I'm not sure.

What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for external use?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?

I'm not sure.

What was the closing lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?

I'm not sure.


Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers. During the FTC probe, Nintendo changed the terms of its publisher licensing agreements to eliminate the two-year rule and other restrictive terms. Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991, with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $5 discount off to a new game, to every person that had purchased a NES title between June 1988 and December 1990. GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak giving the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States.

What was Nintendo accused of?

antitrust behavior

Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?

strict licensing requirements

Who began probing Nintendo's business?

United States Department of Justice

Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation?

FTC

How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out?

What wasn't Nintendo accused of?

I'm not sure.

Why wasn't Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't probe Nintendo's business?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't interview retailers as part of their investigation?

I'm not sure.

How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo didn't send out?

I'm not sure.


The NES can be emulated on many other systems, most notably the PC. The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami. It was soon followed by iNES, which was available in English and was cross-platform, in 1996. It was described as being the first NES emulation software that could be used by a non-expert. NESticle, a popular MS-DOS emulator, was released on April 3, 1997. There have since been many other emulators. The Virtual Console for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS and Wii U also offers emulation of many NES games.

What was the first NES emulator?

Pasofami

What was the first English available emulator?

iNES

When was NESticle released?

April 3, 1997

What platform was NESticle available for use?

MS-DOS

What wasn't the first NES emulator?

I'm not sure.

What was the first Spanish available emulator?

I'm not sure.

When was NESticle halted?

I'm not sure.

What platform was NESticle unavailable for use?

I'm not sure.


The Famicom contained no lockout hardware and, as a result, unlicensed cartridges (both legitimate and bootleg) were extremely common throughout Japan and the Far East. The original NES (but not the top-loading NES-101) contained the 10NES lockout chip, which significantly increased the challenges faced by unlicensed developers. Tinkerers at home in later years discovered that disassembling the NES and cutting the fourth pin of the lockout chip would change the chip’s mode of operation from "lock" to "key", removing all effects and greatly improving the console’s ability to play legal games, as well as bootlegs and converted imports. NES consoles sold in different regions had different lockout chips, so games marketed in one region would not work on consoles from another region. Known regions are: USA/Canada (3193 lockout chip), most of Europe (3195), Asia (3196) and UK, Italy and Australia (3197). Since two types of lockout chip were used in Europe, European NES game boxes often had an "A" or "B" letter on the front, indicating whether the game is compatible with UK/Italian/Australian consoles (A), or the rest of Europe (B). Rest-of-Europe games typically had text on the box stating "This game is not compatible with the Mattel or NES versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System". Similarly, UK/Italy/Australia games stated "This game is only compatible with the Mattel or NES versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System".

What did the Famicom sorely lack?

lockout hardware

What was the lockout chip number for the USA and Canada?

What was the lockout chip number for most of Europe, save the UK and Italy?

What was the lockout chip number for Asia?

What was the lockout chip number for UK, Italy, and Australia?

What did the Famicom not lack?

I'm not sure.

What was the lockout chip number for the UK and Canada?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the lockout chip number for most of Asia, save the UK and Italy?

I'm not sure.

What was the lockout chip number for South Africa?

I'm not sure.


Following a series of arcade game successes in the early 1980s, Nintendo made plans to create a cartridge-based console called the Famicom. Masayuki Uemura designed the system. Original plans called for an advanced 16-bit system which would function as a full-fledged computer with a keyboard and floppy disk drive, but Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi rejected this and instead decided to go for a cheaper, more conventional cartridge-based game console as he felt that features such as keyboards and disks were intimidating to non-technophiles. A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware, after which work began on programming tools. Because 65xx CPUs had not been manufactured or sold in Japan up to that time, no cross-development software was available and it had to be produced from scratch. Early Famicom games were written on a system that ran on an NEC PC-8001 computer and LEDs on a grid were used with a digitizer to design graphics as no software design tools for this purpose existed at that time.[citation needed]

Who designed the Famicom system?

Masayuki Uemura

The plans called for how many bits as a feature?

Who was the Nintendo president at the time?

Hiroshi Yamauchi

When was the test model constructed?

October 1982

Early Famicom games were written on what computer system?

NEC PC-8001

Who designed the Pamicom system?

I'm not sure.

The first plans called for how many bits as a feature?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Nintendo vice president at the time?

I'm not sure.

When was the test model destroyed?

I'm not sure.

Early Famicom games weren't written on what computer system?

I'm not sure.


A number of special controllers designed for use with specific games were released for the system, though very few such devices proved particularly popular. Such devices included, but were not limited to, the Zapper (a light gun), the R.O.B., and the Power Pad. The original Famicom featured a deepened DA-15 expansion port on the front of the unit, which was used to connect most auxiliary devices. On the NES, these special controllers were generally connected to one of the two control ports on the front of the console.

What was the light gun controller called?

Zapper

What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom?

How were the special controllers connected to the NES?

control ports on the front

What was the dark gun controller called?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the auxiliary port used to not connect additional devices on the Famicom?

I'm not sure.

How were the special controllers disconnected to the NES?

I'm not sure.


The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market segment as a whole. The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game. In terms of product identity, a single game such as Pac-Man would appear in many versions on many different game consoles and computers, with large variations in graphics, sound, and general quality between the versions. By stark contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence, by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined.

What year did the video game market crash?

The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?

marketing

What specifically was misrepresented on game products?

artwork

Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?

confidence

What year did the video game market boom?

I'm not sure.

The crash wasn't caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?

I'm not sure.

What specifically was represented on game products?

I'm not sure.

Nintendo's marketing strategy wasn't aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?

I'm not sure.


For its complete North American release, the Nintendo Entertainment System was progressively released over the ensuing years in four different bundles: the Deluxe Set, the Control Deck, the Action Set and the Power Set. The Deluxe Set, retailing at US$199.99 (equivalent to $475 in 2016), included R.O.B., a light gun called the NES Zapper, two controllers, and two Game Paks: Gyromite, and Duck Hunt. The Basic Set, retailing at US$89.99 with no game, and US$99.99 bundled with "Super Mario Bros." The Action Set, retailing in 1988 for US$149.99, came with the Control Deck, two game controllers, an NES Zapper, and a dual Game Pak containing both Super Mario Bros. and Duck Hunt. In 1989, the Power Set included the console, two game controllers, a NES Zapper, a Power Pad, and a triple Game Pak containing Super Mario Bros, Duck Hunt, and World Class Track Meet. In 1990, a Sports Set bundle was released, including the console, an NES Satellite infrared wireless multitap adapter, four game controllers, and a dual Game Pak containing Super Spike V'Ball and Nintendo World Cup. Two more bundle packages were later released using the original model NES console. The Challenge Set of 1992 included the console, two controllers, and a Super Mario Bros. 3 Game Pak for a retail price of US$89.99. The Basic Set, first released in 1987, was repackaged for a retail US$89.99. It included only the console and two controllers, and no longer was bundled with a cartridge. Instead, it contained a book called the Official Nintendo Player's Guide, which contained detailed information for every NES game made up to that point.

How much did the Deluxe NES sell for?

How much was the selling price equivalent to in today's money?

How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Super Mario Bros. game?

Super Mario Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set?

Duck Hunt

The Basic Set sold for how much at release?

How much did the Deluxe SNES sell for?

I'm not sure.

How much was the selling price equivalent to in 2018 money?

I'm not sure.

How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Luigi Bros. game?

I'm not sure.

Super Luigi Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set?

I'm not sure.

The Big Set sold for how much at release?

I'm not sure.


The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo's discontinuation of the NES. Some of the more exotic of these resulting systems have gone beyond the functionality of the original hardware and have included variations such as a portable system with a color LCD (e.g. PocketFami). Others have been produced with certain specialized markets in mind, such as an NES clone that functions as a rather primitive personal computer, which includes a keyboard and basic word processing software. These unauthorized clones have been helped by the invention of the so-called NES-on-a-chip.

What thrived after the NES was discontinued?

unlicensed clone market

What feature does the PocketFami have?

color LCD

The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make clones easy to produce?

chip

What thrived after the SNES was discontinued?

I'm not sure.

What feature doesn't the PocketFami have?

I'm not sure.

The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make non-clones easy to produce?

I'm not sure.


The NES was released after the "video game crash" of the early 1980s, whereupon many retailers and adults had regarded electronic games as being merely a passing fad, and many believed at first that the NES was another fad. Before the NES/Famicom, Nintendo was known as a moderately successful Japanese toy and playing card manufacturer, and the popularity of the NES/Famicom helped the company grow into an internationally recognized name almost synonymous with video games as Atari had been during the 2600 era and set the stage for Japanese dominance of the video game industry. With the NES, Nintendo also changed the relationship of console manufacturers and third-party software developers by restricting developers from publishing and distributing software without licensed approval. This led to higher quality software titles, which helped to change the attitude of a public that had grown weary from poorly produced titles for other game systems of the day.

Nintendo produced toys and what other item before its game system?

playing card

Nintendo's era was compared with who as another video game manufacturer?

Atari

Nintendo required what from its software developers?

licensed approval

What did licensing lead to regarding games?

higher quality

Nintendo didn't produce toys and what other item before its game system?

I'm not sure.

Nintendo's era was compared with who as another non-video game manufacturer?

I'm not sure.

Nintendo didn't require what from its software developers?

I'm not sure.

What did no licensing lead to regarding games?

I'm not sure.


Atari Games created a line of NES products under the name Tengen and took a different approach. The company attempted to reverse engineer the lockout chip to develop its own "Rabbit" chip. However, Tengen also obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case. Nintendo sued Tengen for copyright infringement, which Tengen lost as it could not prove that the legally obtained patent documents had not been used by the reverse engineering team. Tengen's antitrust claims against Nintendo were never finally decided.

Atari created NES products under which name?

Tengen

What did Nintendo sue Tengen for?

copyright infringement

Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to develop what animal monikered prototype?

"Rabbit" chip

Tengen got a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?

United States Patent and Trademark Office

Atari created SNES products under which name?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Nintendo sue Tengen for?

I'm not sure.

Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to not develop what animal monikered prototype?

I'm not sure.

Tengen didn't get a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?

I'm not sure.


In December 1993, the Famicom received a similar redesign. It also loads cartridges through a covered slot on the top of the unit and uses non-hardwired controllers. Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001, Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom (AV仕様ファミコン, Eibui Shiyō Famikon?). Since the new controllers don't have microphones on them like the second controller on the original console, certain games such as the Disk System version of The Legend of Zelda and Raid on Bungeling Bay will have certain tricks that cannot be replicated when played on an HVC-101 Famicom without a modded controller. However, the HVC-101 Famicom is compatible with most NES controllers due to having the same controller port. Nintendo had also released a 3D graphic capable headset. However, this peripheral was never released outside Japan.[citation needed]

What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign?

December 1993

What used composite video output?

What device was RF only?

What was the newer model called?

AV Famicom

What did Nintendo release in Japan only?

3D graphic capable headset

What month and year did the Famicom get designed?

I'm not sure.

What used composite video input?

I'm not sure.

What device was HD only?

I'm not sure.

What was the older model called?

I'm not sure.

What did Nintendo release in China only?

I'm not sure.


The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit (PPU) developed by Ricoh. All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM, 256 bytes of on-die "object attribute memory" (OAM) to store the positions, colors, and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen, and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection of background and sprite colors. The console's 2 kB of onboard RAM may be used for tile maps and attributes on the NES board and 8 kB of tile pattern ROM or RAM may be included on a cartridge. The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays. Up to 25 simultaneous colors may be used without writing new values mid-frame: a background color, four sets of three tile colors and four sets of three sprite colors. The NES palette is based on NTSC rather than RGB values. A total of 64 sprites may be displayed onscreen at a given time without reloading sprites mid-screen. The standard display resolution of the NES is 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels.

Who developed Nintendo's PPU?

Ricoh

How many kb of Video RAM did the PPU have?

The system has how many colors available on it?

How many grays could be used as well?

What is the standard display resolution of the NES?

256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels

Who developed Nintendo's SPU?

I'm not sure.

How many mb of Video RAM did the PPU have?

I'm not sure.

The system didn't have how many colors available on it?

I'm not sure.

How many blacks could be used as well?

I'm not sure.

What is not the standard display resolution of the NES?

I'm not sure.


Encouraged by these successes, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the North American market. Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari’s name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo's Donkey Kong game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g[›]

Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name?

Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System

When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held?

June 1983

Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game?

Coleco

What was the name of the fired Atari CEO?

Ray Kassar

Nintendo agreed with Patari to release the Famicom under what name?

I'm not sure.

When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show rejected?

I'm not sure.

Which company was legally demonstrating a Nintendo game?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the new Atari CEO?

I'm not sure.