To differentiate Nintendo's new home platform from the early 1980s' common perception of a troubled and shallow video game market, the company freshened its product nomenclature and positioning, and it established a strict product approval and licensing policy. The overall system was referred to as an "Entertainment System" instead of a "video game system", which was centered upon a machine called a "Control Deck" instead of a "console", and which featured software cartridges called "Game Paks" instead of "video games". The 10NES lockout chip system acted as a lock-and-key coupling of each Game Pak and Control Deck, deterring the copying or production of NES games which had not first achieved Nintendo's licensed approval. The packaging of the launch lineup of NES games bore pictures of a very close representation of the actual onscreen graphics of the game, which were of sufficiently recognizable quality on their own. Symbols on the launch games' packaging clearly indicated the genre of the game, in order to reduce consumer confusion. A 'seal of quality' was printed on all appropriately licensed game and accessory packaging. The initial seal stated, "This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product". This text was later changed to "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality".

What was Nintendo's euphemism for "video game system?"

Entertainment System

What did Nintendo use instead of the word console?

Control Deck

What was the term used by Nintendo instead of "video games?"

Game Pak

What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo?

seal of quality

The seal of quality took on what eventual name?

Official Nintendo Seal of Quality

What was Nintendo's non-euphemism for "video game system?"

I'm not sure.

What didn't Nintendo use instead of the word console?

I'm not sure.

What was the term used by Nintendo instead of "games?"

I'm not sure.

What was printed on all unlicensed games and accessories by Nintendo?

I'm not sure.

The seal of quality didn't take on what eventual name?

I'm not sure.


The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game.

How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?

hardwired

The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?

SELECT

What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?

microphone

What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?

square

What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?

circular

How were the Famicom controllers unattached to the console?

I'm not sure.

The second Famicom controller lacked BEGIN and what other button?

I'm not sure.

What did the third Famicom controller have as a unique feature?

I'm not sure.

What shape were the D and E buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?

I'm not sure.

What shape did the E and F buttons eventually become?

I'm not sure.


Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, which were required to sign a contract by Nintendo that would obligate these parties to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges. This was an average figure, with some publishers receiving much higher amounts and others almost none. GameSpy noted that Nintendo's "iron-clad terms" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like Konami's Ultra Games label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip.

When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?

summer 1988

What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?

Mediagenic

Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?

cartridges

As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?

risk

What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?

When did Sega finally permit fourth-party publishing?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the 2nd company Sega permitted?

I'm not sure.

Nintendo wasn't the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?

I'm not sure.

As cartridges could be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?

I'm not sure.

What year wasn't there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?

I'm not sure.


When Nintendo released the NES in the US, the design styling was deliberately different from that of other game consoles. Nintendo wanted to distinguish its product from those of competitors and to avoid the generally poor reputation that game consoles had acquired following the video game crash of 1983. One result of this philosophy was to disguise the cartridge slot design as a front-loading zero insertion force (ZIF) cartridge socket, designed to resemble the front-loading mechanism of a VCR. The newly designed connector worked quite well when both the connector and the cartridges were clean and the pins on the connector were new. Unfortunately, the ZIF connector was not truly zero insertion force. When a user inserted the cartridge into the NES, the force of pressing the cartridge down and into place bent the contact pins slightly, as well as pressing the cartridge’s ROM board back into the cartridge itself. Frequent insertion and removal of cartridges caused the pins to wear out from repeated usage over the years and the ZIF design proved more prone to interference by dirt and dust than an industry-standard card edge connector. These design issues were not alleviated by Nintendo’s choice of materials; the console slot nickel connector springs would wear due to design and the game cartridge copper connectors were also prone to tarnishing. Many players would try to alleviate issues in the game caused by this corrosion by blowing into the cartridges, then reinserting them, which actually hurt the copper connectors by speeding up the tarnishing.

What does ZIF stand for?

zero insertion force

The ZIF insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?

VCR

The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device over eventual use?

bent the contact pins slightly

What material were the connector springs made of?

nickel

What material comprised the game cartridge connectors?

copper

What does ZID stand for?

I'm not sure.

The ZID insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?

I'm not sure.

The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device without eventual use?

I'm not sure.

What material weren't the early connector springs made of?

I'm not sure.

What material didn't comprise the game cartridge connectors?

I'm not sure.


In response to these hardware flaws, "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in the authorization program. In practice, the authorization process consisted of nothing more than paying a fee to Nintendo for the privilege. In a recent trend, many sites have sprung up to offer Nintendo repair parts, guides, and services that replace those formerly offered by the authorized repair centers.

To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the United States?

Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers

What did the repair centers promise?

ensure that the machines were properly repaired

What was done to have the privilege of working on an NES for repair?

paying a fee

To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the UK?

I'm not sure.

What did the repair centers not promise?

I'm not sure.

What was done to have the privilege of working on an SNES for repair?

I'm not sure.


Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF modulator. The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin "multi-out" connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Conversely, the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom, in that it featured RF modulator output only. Finally, the PlayChoice-10 utilized an inverted RGB video output.

The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?

radio frequency (RF)

The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?

composite video

The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?

The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?

RF modulator

The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod input?

I'm not sure.

The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which input for use in North America and Europe?

I'm not sure.

The Super NES had how many pins in its non-proprietary connector?

I'm not sure.

The re-released NES-101 model in South America went back to what perceived primitive output?

I'm not sure.


The NES dropped the hardwired controllers, instead featuring two custom 7-pin ports on the front of the console. Also in contrast to the Famicom, the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other—the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller. Some NES localizations of games, such as The Legend of Zelda, which required the use of the Famicom microphone in order to kill certain enemies, suffered from the lack of hardware to do so.

How many pins did the controller ports have on the NES?

Unlike the Famicom, the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature?

identical

The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device?

primary controller

What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies?

Famicom microphone

How many pins did the controller ports have on the SNES?

I'm not sure.

Unlike the Famicom, the SNES controllers possessed what consistent feature?

I'm not sure.

The second controller possessed the ON and OFF buttons as what other device?

I'm not sure.

What did the Legend of Link require in certain instances to kill enemies?

I'm not sure.


A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware clones emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo never issued a legitimate version of the console. In particular, the Dendy (Russian: Де́нди), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former Soviet Union, emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan. A Famicom clone was marketed in Argentina under the name of "Family Game", resembling the original hardware design. The Micro Genius (Simplified Chinese: 小天才) was marketed in Southeast Asia as an alternative to the Famicom; Samurai was the popular PAL alternative to the NES; and in Central Europe, especially Poland, the Pegasus was available. Samurai was also available in India in early 90s which was the first instance of console gaming in India.

What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan?

Dendy

Where was the Dendy sold?

Soviet Union

Which country marketed a clone called "Family Game?"

Argentina

What was the name of the clone in Poland?

Pegasus

India's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?

Samurai

What was the name of the SNES clone produced in Taiwan?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Nendy sold?

I'm not sure.

Which country marketed an anti-clone called "Family Game?"

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the clone in France?

I'm not sure.

France's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?

I'm not sure.


The NES Test Station's front features a Game Pak slot and connectors for testing various components (AC adapter, RF switch, Audio/Video cable, NES Control Deck, accessories and games), with a centrally-located selector knob to chose which component to test. The unit itself weighs approximately 11.7 pounds without a TV. It connects to a television via a combined A/V and RF Switch cable. By actuating the green button, a user can toggle between an A/V Cable or RF Switch connection. The television it is connected to (typically 11" to 14") is meant to be placed atop it.

How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds?

How large was the typical television recommended for the device?

typically 11" to 14"

Where was the Television meant to be placed?

atop

What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device?

Game Pak slot

How much does the SNES unit weigh in pounds?

I'm not sure.

How small was the typical television recommended for the device?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Dvd player meant to be placed?

I'm not sure.

What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the SNES test device?

I'm not sure.


Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His episcopate lasted 45 years (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373), of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors. Athanasius is a renowned Christian theologian, a Church Father, the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism, and a noted Egyptian leader of the fourth century.

Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?

Saint Athanasius of Alexandria

What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?

Athanasius the Great

For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?

45 years

How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?

When did Saint Athanasius die?

2 May 373

What name is Saint Athanasius also known as?

Athanasius the Great

Of what city was he bishop?

Alexandria

How long did his episcopate last?

45 years

What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as?

Athanasius the Confessor

How old was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria when he became known as the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism?

I'm not sure.

During what years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria exiled?

I'm not sure.

What city was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria exiled to?

I'm not sure.

How many times has Saint Athanasius of Alexandria been to Egypt?

I'm not sure.

What year was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria named Athanasius the Great?

I'm not sure.

Who was the thirteenth bishop of Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

What was not a nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a pope?

I'm not sure.

How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in freedom?

I'm not sure.

Of what city was he not a bishop?

I'm not sure.


T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age.

In what year was Athanasius consecrated?

How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?

about thirty years of age

Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?

He was most unwilling to accept

Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?

people were determined to have him

How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?

five months

Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?

unwilling

In what year was he consecrated?

in 326

How old was he when he was consecrated?

thirty years of age.

In what year was Athanasius not consecrated?

I'm not sure.

How old was Athanasius when he became the Pope of Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

Did Athanasius want to be the Saint of Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

How long after the Council of Nice was Saint Athanasius born?

I'm not sure.


Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks, devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings; "Apology to Constantius", the "Apology for his Flight", the "Letter to the Monks", and the "History of the Arians".

Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?

Upper Egypt

What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?

Letter to the Monks

Who took over after Athanasius?

George of Cappadocia

Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?

the Eusebian faction at Constantinople

Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?

George of Cappadocia

To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?

the desert of Upper Egypt

How long did he spend in the desert?

six years

What is one thing he wrote during this time?

Apology to Constantius

Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?

the Eusebian faction at Constantinople

Who wrote "Gratitude for his Flight"?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote "Future of the Arians"?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote "Gratitude to Constantius"?

I'm not sure.


The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents. The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361 and was succeeded by Julian. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered. An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian permitting the exiled bishops of the "Galileans" to return to their "towns and provinces". Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February, 362.

Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?

Julian

Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?

Pistus

In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?

In what year did Emperor Constantius die?

How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?

murdered

Were the Arians united in their oppostion?

The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front

Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?

Julian

What happened to the usurping bishop, George?

flung into prison and murdered

Who then succeeded George?

An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus

When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?

22 February, 362

Who preceded Emperor Constantius?

I'm not sure.

Who preceded George of Cappadocia?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Emperor Constantius born?

I'm not sure.

How did George of Cappadocia die outside of prison?

I'm not sure.


The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see.

What party benefited from the accession of Valens?

Arian

Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?

Constantius

What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?

Athanasius

Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?

Alexandria

What did the decree of Valens do?

banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius

When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do?

case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor

What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?

withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October

How did Valens get him to return?

issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see

What party didn't benefit from the accession of Valens?

I'm not sure.

Valens didn't issue a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?

I'm not sure.

What happened on October 4?

I'm not sure.

What did the decree of Valens not do?

I'm not sure.


His biography of Anthony the Great entitled Life of Antony(Βίος καὶ Πολιτεία Πατρὸς Ἀντωνίου, Vita Antonii) became his most widely-read work. Translated into several languages, it played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity. Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth, the biography also resembles the life of his biographer Athanasius. It later served as an inspiration to Christian monastics in both the East and the West. The so-called Athanasian Creed dates from well after Athanasius's death and draws upon the phraseology of Augustine's De trinitate.

Who wrote the biography entitled Life of Antony?

Athanasius

Life of Antony played an important role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?

Eastern and Western Christianity

The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of who?

Athanasius

The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what?

Augustine's De trinitate

About whom did he write his most widely-read work?

Anthony the Great

Why was this work considered to be important?

spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity

How did he depict Anthony?

illiterate and holy

Whose life did Anthony's resemble?

Athanasius

What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon?

Augustine's De trinitate

Who wrote the autobiography entitled Life of Antony?

I'm not sure.

Life of Antony played an unimportant role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?

I'm not sure.

The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of what religion?

I'm not sure.

About whom did he write his least widely-read work?

I'm not sure.


Conflict with Arius and Arianism as well as successive Roman emperors shaped Athanasius's career. In 325, at the age of 27, Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea. Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May–August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God, Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father. Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria. In addition to the conflict with the Arians (including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by Eusebius of Nicomedia), he struggled against the Emperors Constantine, Constantius II, Julian the Apostate and Valens. He was known as "Athanasius Contra Mundum" (Latin for Athanasius Against the World).

Athanasius began his leading role at what age?

In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?

Athanasius was also known as what?

Athanasius Contra Mundum

How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?

Three years

Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?

Constantine

What conflict shaped his career?

Conflict with Arius and Arianism

Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?

Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father

Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?

Athanasius Against the World

Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?

the Arian position

What year did Athanasius become a Roman emperor?

I'm not sure.

What year did Constantine meet Athanasius?

I'm not sure.

How old was Constantine when he was crowned emperor?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the First Council of Nicaea end?

I'm not sure.

How many years did the First Council of Nicaea last?

I'm not sure.

Athanasius ended his leading role at what age?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the last Council of Nicaea?

I'm not sure.

Athanasius was never known as what?

I'm not sure.

How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become pope?

I'm not sure.

What peaceful protest shaped his career?

I'm not sure.


Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers.

As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual?

ritual of Christian baptism

Were the pretend baptisms real?

the baptisms were genuine

Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising?

not been properly catechized

What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?

clerical careers

When Rufinus stood by a window what did he witness?

I'm not sure.

Who did Bishop Alexander baptize?

I'm not sure.

Who told Rufinus that the baptisms were genuine?

I'm not sure.

What was Rufinus' career?

I'm not sure.

As an adult, Athanasius imitated what ritual?

I'm not sure.

Why was Athanasius ordered to continue baptising?

I'm not sure.

What school did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?

I'm not sure.


Athanasius recounts being a student, as well as being educated by the Martyrs of the Great (tenth) and last persecution of Christianity by pagan Rome.[citation needed] This persecution was most severe in the East, particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Peter of Alexandria, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution, and may have been one of those teachers. His successor as bishop of Alexandria, Alexander of Alexandria (312–328) was an Origenist as well as a documented mentor of Athanasius. According to Sozomen, Bishop Alexander "invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen". Athanasius's earliest work, Against the Heathen – On the Incarnation (written before 319), bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought (such as repeatedly quoting Plato and used a definition from Aristotle's Organon) but in an orthodox way. Athanasius was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools, and in particular with the developments of Neo-Platonism. Ultimately, Athanasius would modify the philosophical thought of the School of Alexandria away from the Origenist principles such as the "entirely allegorical interpretation of the text". Still, in later works, Athanasius quotes Homer more than once (Hist. Ar. 68, Orat. iv. 29). In his letter to Emperor Constantius, he presents a defense of himself bearing unmistakable traces of a study of Demosthenes de Corona.

Where was persecution of Christianity the worst?

in the East

In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred?

in 311

Who could have been one of Athanasius's teachers?

Peter of Alexandria

What suggests that Athanasius was familiar with ancient Greek philosophers?

quoting Plato

What famous Greek author did Athanasius  quote?

Homer

Where was Athanasius martyred?

I'm not sure.

When was Homer martyred?

I'm not sure.

When did Athanasius meet Plato?

I'm not sure.

When did Athanasius attend the School of Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

Where was persecution of Christianity the best?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Peter of Alexandria born?

I'm not sure.

Who could have been one of Athanasius's students?

I'm not sure.

What suggests that Athanasius was unfamiliar with ancient Greek philosophers?

I'm not sure.

What famous Italian author did Athanasius quote?

I'm not sure.


In about 319, when Athanasius was a deacon, a presbyter named Arius came into a direct conflict with Alexander of Alexandria. It appears that Arius reproached Alexander for what he felt were misguided or heretical teachings being taught by the bishop. Arius's theological views appear to have been firmly rooted in Alexandrian Christianity, and his Christological views were certainly not radical at all. He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten, heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen, and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time. Support for Arius from powerful bishops like Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia, further illustrate how Arius's subordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire. Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander, and he would begin to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position.

What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?

Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten

Was this differing view common among Christians of the day?

common Christological view

What other leaders believed this?

powerful bishops

What eventually happened to Arius?

excommunicated by Alexander

When did Athanasius become a deacon?

I'm not sure.

When did Arius become a deacon?

I'm not sure.

Where was Arius born?

I'm not sure.

When did Athanasius become a bishop?

I'm not sure.

Where did Origen meet Athanasius?

I'm not sure.

What made Arius's belief about Jesus the same from Alexander's?

I'm not sure.

What other leaders did not believe this?

I'm not sure.

Who was communicated by Alexander?

I'm not sure.


Athanasius's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander. That council also denounced various heresies and schisms, many of which continued to preoccupy his 45-year-long episcopate (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373). Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five exiles ordered by four different Roman Emperors, not counting approximately six more incidents in which Athanasius fled Alexandria to escape people seeking to take his life. This gave rise to the expression "Athanasius contra mundum" or "Athanasius against the world". However, during his first years as bishop, Athanasius visited the churches of his territory, which at that time included all of Egypt and Libya. He established contacts with the hermits and monks of the desert, including Pachomius, which proved very valuable to him over the years. Shortly thereafter, Athanasius became occupied with the theological disputes against Arians within the Byzantine Empire that would occupy much of his life.

Who did Athanasius succeed?

Alexander

How many exiles did he endure?

five exiles

The churches of what countries were in his territory?

Egypt and Libya

Was he united with the Arians in his beliefs?

disputes against Arians

Who did Athanasius proceed?

I'm not sure.

How many exiles did he evade?

I'm not sure.

The churches of what countries were in not his territory?

I'm not sure.

Who did he agree with in his beliefs?

I'm not sure.


Early in the year 343 we find Athanasius had travelled, via Rome, from Alexandria, North Africa, to Gaul; nowadays Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas, where Hosius of Cordoba was Bishop, the great champion of orthodoxy in the West. The two, together, set out for Sardica. A full Council of the Church was convened / summoned there in deference to the Roman pontiff's wishes. The travel was a mammoth task in itself. At this great gathering of prelates, leaders of the Church, the case of Athanasius was taken up once more, that is, Athanasius was formally questioned over misdemeanours and even murder, (a man called Arsenius and using his body for magic, – an absurd charge.). [The Council was convoked for the purpose of inquiring into the charges against Athanasius and other bishops, on account of which they were deposed from their sees by the Semi-Arian Synod of Antioch (341), and went into exile. It was called according to Socrates, (E. H. ii. 20) by the two Emperors, Constans and Constantius; but, according to Baronius by Pope Julius (337–352), (Ad an. 343). One hundred and seventy six attended. Eusebian bishops objected to the admission of Athanasius and other deposed bishops to the Council, except as accused persons to answer the charges brought against them. Their objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops, about a hundred were orthodox, who were the majority. The Eusebians, seeing they had no chance of having their views carried, retired to Philoppopolis in Thrace, Philippopolis (Thracia), where they held an opposition council, under the presidency of the Patriarch of Antioch, and confirmed the decrees of the Synod of Antioch. ]. Once more, at the Council of Sardica, was his innocence reaffirmed. Two conciliar letters were prepared, one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, in which the will of the Council was made known. Meanwhile, the Eusebian party had gone to Philippopolis, where they issued an anathema against Athanasius and his supporters. The persecution against the orthodox party broke out with renewed vigour, and Constantius was induced to prepare drastic measures against Athanasius and the priests who were devoted to him. Orders were given that if the Saint attempt to re-enter his see, he should be put to death. Athanasius, accordingly, withdrew from Sardica to Naissus in Mysia, where he celebrated the Easter festival of the year 344. It was Hosius who presided over the Council of Sardica, as he did for the First Council of Nicaea, which like the 341 synod, found Athanasius innocent. &. He celebrated his last Easter in exile in Aquileia in April 345, received by bishop Fortunatianus.

Where is Gaul currently located?

Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas

With whom did Athanasius travel to Sardica?

Hosius of Cordoba

About what did the Council of the Church question Athanasius?

misdemeanours and even murder

Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council?

objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops

What was the verdict at the Council of Sardica?

his innocence reaffirmed

Where is Gaul not currently located?

I'm not sure.

With whom did Athanasius travel to Africa?

I'm not sure.

About what did the Council of the Church question Julius?

I'm not sure.

Who was found guilty?

I'm not sure.


Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.

In what year did Pope Julius die?

Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?

Liberius had been favourable

What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?

a fourth condemnation of Athanasius

What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?

engaged in services

Where the men armed who arrested him?

armed men

In what year was Pope Julius born?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the outcome of the Council of Milan?

I'm not sure.

Who was arrested by unarmed men?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 368?

I'm not sure.


Constantius, renewing his previous policies favoring the Arians, banished Athanasius from Alexandria once again. This was followed, in 356, by an attempt to arrest Athanasius during a vigil service. Athanasius fled to Upper Egypt, where he stayed in several monasteries and other houses. During this period, Athanasius completed his work Four Orations against the Arians and defended his own recent conduct in the Apology to Constantius and Apology for His Flight. Constantius's persistence in his opposition to Athanasius, combined with reports Athanasius received about the persecution of non-Arians by the new Arian bishop George of Laodicea, prompted Athanasius to write his more emotional History of the Arians, in which he described Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist.

Who had a policy of condemning Athanasius?

the Arians

What was Athanasius doing the next time an arrest was attempted?

a vigil service

Where did Athanasius flee to after this attempt?

Upper Egypt

What did he write during this time?

Four Orations against the Arians

In which work did he refer to Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist?

History of the Arians

Who had a policy of agreeing with Athanasius?

I'm not sure.

What was Athanasius doing the first time an arrest was attempted?

I'm not sure.

Where did Athanasius flee to before this attempt?

I'm not sure.

What did he paint during this time?

I'm not sure.


T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium, to agree a formula of faith. A "Homoeon" creed was adopted, declaring The Son to be "like the Father". The two met in autumn of 359. At Seleucia, one hundred and fifty bishops, of which one hundred and five were semi-Arian. The semi-Arians refused to accept anything less than the "Homoiousion", (see: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. The Imperial Prefect was obliged to disband, without agreeing on any creed. Acacius, the leader of the "Homoean" party went to Constantinople, where the Sirmian formulary of faith was approved by the "Home Synod", (consisted of those bishops who happened to be present at the Court for the time), and a decree of deposition issued against the leaders of the semi-Arians. At Rimini were over four hundred of which eighty were Arian, the rest were orthodox. The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene, while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian. Each party sent a deputation to the Emperor to say there was no probability to agreement, and asked for the bishops to return to their dioceses. For the purpose of wearing-down the orthodox bishops; (Sulpitius Severius says), Constantius delayed his answer for several months, and finally prevailed on them to accept the Sirmian creed. It was after this Council that Jerome said: " ...the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian."

Where did bishops of the West meet?

Rimini in Italy

What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?

a formula of faith

What was the belief that was approved at this council?

The Son to be "like the Father"

What did the orthodox leaders believe?

the Nicene

What belief was accepted by Constantius?

Arian

Where did bishops of the East meet?

I'm not sure.

What did the Arians disagree upon at Sirmium?

I'm not sure.

What was the belief that was disproved at this council?

I'm not sure.

What did the orthodox leaders not believe?

I'm not sure.

What belief was not accepted by Constantius?

I'm not sure.


With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (XXXV) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but Athanasius urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration.

Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?

Julian

What position did Ecdicius hold?

Prefect of Egypt

What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?

expulsion

Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?

urged them to submit

Did he think he would be gone a long time?

short duration

Who wasn't jealous of Athanasius's influence?

I'm not sure.

What position did Ecdicius reject?

I'm not sure.

What did Athanasius not tell the people?

I'm not sure.


Athanasius also wrote a two-part Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God. Completed probably early in his life, before the Arian controversy, they constitute the first classic work of developed Orthodox theology. In the first part, Athanasius attacks several pagan practices and beliefs. The second part presents teachings on the redemption. Also in these books, Athanasius put forward the belief that the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God created the world, entered that world in human form to lead men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fallen away.

When did he write his first works on Orthodox Christianity?

before the Arian controversy

Which of the two first works addresses pagan practices?

Against the Heathen

How did he believe Jesus came into the world?

in human form

Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God?

Incarnation of the Word of God

When did he write his last works on Orthodox Christianity?

I'm not sure.

Which of the last works addresses pagan practices?

I'm not sure.

How did he not believe Jesus came into the world?

I'm not sure.

Which of his works did not address redemption and the Son of God?

I'm not sure.


In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory's writings, it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop: She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).

What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop?

fled

Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?

"Give us Athanasius!"

Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop?

The Bishops had nothing better

When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius?

on his death-bed

What did he do when he thought he might be fired from being Bishop?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?

I'm not sure.

When did Athanasius ask to see Alexander?

I'm not sure.


Throughout most of his career, Athanasius had many detractors. Classical scholar Timothy Barnes relates contemporary allegations against Athanasius: from defiling an altar, to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain, and even violence and murder to suppress dissent. Athanasius used "Arian" to describe both followers of Arius, and as a derogatory polemical term for Christians who disagreed with his formulation of the Trinity. Athanasius called many of his opponents "Arian", except for Miletus.

Was Athanasius well liked by everyone?

many detractors

What was he accused of doing to a church?

defiling an altar

He was accused of selling grain for what reason?

his own personal gain

What did he call his detractors?

Arian

What did the term Arian mean to him?

Christians who disagreed with his formulation

Who liked Athanasius?

I'm not sure.

What was he accused of doing to a mosque?

I'm not sure.

What did he not call his detractors?

I'm not sure.

What did the term Arian not mean to him?

I'm not sure.


Nonetheless, within a few years of his death, Gregory of Nazianzus called him the "Pillar of the Church". His writings were well regarded by all Church fathers who followed, in both the West and the East, who noted their rich devotion to the Word-become-man, great pastoral concern, and profound interest in monasticism. Athanasius is counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he is labeled the "Father of Orthodoxy". Some Protestants label him "Father of the Canon". Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches. He is venerated by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion.

What was he known as soon after he died?

Pillar of the Church

How does the Eastern Orthodox Church refer to him?

Father of Orthodoxy

What do the Protestants call him?

Father of the Canon

What is his feast day in Western Christianity?

2 May

What day is he celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church?

18 January

On what day did Gregory of Nazianzus call Athanasius the "Pillar of the Church"?

I'm not sure.

When was Gregory of Nazianzus counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

What is Gregory of Nazianzus feast day in the Coptic Orthodox Church?

I'm not sure.

What is Gregory of Nazianzus feast day in Western Christianity?

I'm not sure.

What is Gregory of Nazianzus feast day in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches?

I'm not sure.

What was he known as soon after he was born?

I'm not sure.

How does the Eastern Orthodox Church never refer to him?

I'm not sure.

What do the Catholics call him?

I'm not sure.

What is his feast day in Northern Christianity?

I'm not sure.

What day is he celebrated in the Southern Orthodox Church?

I'm not sure.


Alexandria was the most important trade center in the whole empire during Athanasius's boyhood. Intellectually, morally, and politically—it epitomized the ethnically diverse Graeco-Roman world, even more than Rome or Constantinople, Antioch or Marseilles. Its famous catechetical school, while sacrificing none of its famous passion for orthodoxy since the days of Pantaenus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Dionysius and Theognostus, had begun to take on an almost secular character in the comprehensiveness of its interests, and had counted influential pagans among its serious auditors.

What was Alexandria known for?

important trade center

Was the famous school in Alexandria religious only?

secular character

Did only Christians attend the school?

influential pagans

Was Alexandria welcoming to other cultures?

ethnically diverse

What was Rome known for?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the city where Athanasius went to catechetical school?

I'm not sure.

Where did Athanasius meet pagans?

I'm not sure.

Where were the pagans from?

I'm not sure.

What was Alexandria not known for?

I'm not sure.

What epitomized the ethnically uniform world?

I'm not sure.


However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297.

What famous event happened in 303?

Maximian persecution

What writing mentions the Arian accusation that Athanasius was under aged?

the Festal Epistles

At what age was a man eligible to be ordained at Patriarch of Alexandria?

canonical age (30)

When was Cornelius Clifford born?

I'm not sure.

What year did Cornelius Clifford attend the Maximian persecution?

I'm not sure.

When was Cornelius Clifford ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

What church does Cornelius Clifford belong to?

I'm not sure.

How old was Cornelius Clifford when he joined The Orthodox Church?

I'm not sure.

What famous event happened in 305?

I'm not sure.

What writing denies that the Arian accusation that Athanasius was under aged?

I'm not sure.

At what age was a woman eligible to be ordained at Patriarch of Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

What is the age of 20 called?

I'm not sure.


Athanasius's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also anathematized Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre, the First Synod of Tyre, in 335. There, Eusebius of Nicomedia and other supporters of Arius deposed Athanasius. On 6 November, both sides of the dispute met with Emperor Constantine I in Constantinople. At that meeting, the Arians claimed Athanasius would try to cut off essential Egyptian grain supplies to Constantinople. He was found guilty, and sent into exile to Augusta Treverorum in Gaul (now Trier in Germany).

Did the followers of Meletius obey the guidelines of Nicaea?

failed to abide

What was Athanasius accused of planning against the Arians?

cut off essential Egyptian grain

What was the verdict of the accusation?

was found guilty

What was his punishment?

anathematized

Who was he accused of harming?

Arians and Meletians

Who did obey the guidelines of Nicaea?

I'm not sure.

Who claimed Constantinople would cut off grain supplies?

I'm not sure.

Constantinople was afraid they wouldn't receive grains from whom?

I'm not sure.

What exile is in modern day France?

I'm not sure.


Athanasius knew Greek and admitted not knowing Hebrew [see, e.g., the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan.]. The Old Testament passages he quotes frequently come from the Septuagint Greek translation. Only rarely did he use other Greek versions (to Aquila once in the Ecthesis, to other versions once or twice on the Psalms), and his knowledge of the Old Testament was limited to the Septuagint. Nonetheless, during his later exile, with no access to a copy of the Scriptures, Athanasius could quote from memory every verse in the Old Testament with a supposed reference to the Trinity without missing any.[citation needed] The combination of Scriptural study and of Greek learning was characteristic of the famous Alexandrian School.

Did Athanasius speak Greek?

knew Greek

Did he understand Hebrew?

not knowing Hebrew

Did he know all of the Old Testament?

limited to the Septuagint

What did students learn in the school in Alexandria?

Scriptural study and of Greek

What translation of the Old Testament did he study?

Septuagint Greek

What is the name of the school where Athanasius learned Hebrew?

I'm not sure.

Where did Athanasius obtain a Septuagint from?

I'm not sure.

Where did Athanasius obtain a Hebrew Septuagint from?

I'm not sure.

What letter did Athanasius write in Hebrew?

I'm not sure.

What part of the Old Testament did he not know?

I'm not sure.

What did teachers learn in the school in Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

What copy of the scriptures did he have in exile?

I'm not sure.

What was not a characteristic of the school?

I'm not sure.


After the death of the replacement bishop Gregory in 345, Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria in October 345, amidst the enthusiastic demonstrations of the populace. This began a "golden decade" of peace and prosperity, during which time Athanasius assembled several documents relating to his exiles and returns from exile in the Apology Against the Arians. However, upon Constans's death in 350, another civil war broke out, which left pro-Arian Constantius as sole emperor. An Alexandria local council in 350 replaced (or reaffirmed) Athanasius in his see.

Who did he have to thank for his ability to come back to Alexandria in 345?

Constans

Were the people glad to have him home?

enthusiastic demonstrations

In what writing did he recount his time in exiles?

Apology Against the Arians

What happened when Constans died?

civil war

Did the new emperor agree or disagree with the Arians?

pro-Arian

Who was not thanked for letting him back in Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 346?

I'm not sure.

When did the uncivil war happen?

I'm not sure.

When was Constan born?

I'm not sure.


Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).

What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed?

fled

Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop?

Give us Athanasius

Did the Bishops have someone else in mind?

Bishops had nothing better

Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing?

called Athanasius

What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander at lunch?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their pope?

I'm not sure.

Who did the bishops want to be their bishop?

I'm not sure.

Who did Alexander deny talking to when he was dying?

I'm not sure.


Constantius, ordered Liberius into exile in 356 giving him, then, three days to comply. He was ordered into banishment to Beroea, in Thrace; Beroea (Thrace). He sent expensive presents, too, if he were to accept the Arian position but were refused. He sent him, indeed, five hundred pieces of gold "to bear his charges" but Liberius refused them, saying, he might bestow them on his flatters; as he did also a like present from the empress, bidding the messenger learn to believe in Christ, and not to persecute the Church of God. Attempts were made to leave the presents in The Church, but Liberius threw them out. Constantius hereupon sent for him under a strict guard to Milan, where, in a conference recorded by Theodoret, he boldly told Constantius that Athanasius had been acquitted at Sardica, and his enemies proved calumniators (see: "calumny") and impostors, and that it was unjust to condemn a person who could not be legally convicted of any crime. The emperor was reduced to silence on every article, but being the more out of patience, ordered him into banishment. Liberius went into exile. Constantius, after two years went to Rome to celebrate the twentieth year of his reign. The ladies joined in a petition to him that he would restore Liberius. He assented, upon condition that he should comply with the bishops, then, at court. He subscribed the condemnation of Athanasius, and a confession or creed which had been framed by the Arians at Sirmium. And he no sooner had recovered his see that he declared himself for the Creed of Niceae, as Theodoret testifies. (Theodoret, Hist. lib. ii. c. 17.). The Emperor knew what he wanted people to believe. So did the bishops at his court. Athanasius stuck by the orthodox creed. Constantius was an avowed Arian, became sole ruler in 350, at the death of his brother, Constans.

How much warning was Liberius given before his exile?

three days

Where did Liberius go?

Beroea

Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians?

were refused

Who tried to bribe Liberius?

Constantius

What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return?

comply with the bishops

How much warning was Liberius given before his freedom?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 355?

I'm not sure.

Where did Liberius come from?

I'm not sure.

Who tried to convince Liberius?

I'm not sure.


When Emperor Constantine I died, Athanasius was allowed to return to his See of Alexandria. Shortly thereafter, however, Constantine's son, the new Roman Emperor Constantius II, renewed the order for Athanasius's banishment in 338. Athanasius went to Rome, where he was under the protection of Constans, the Emperor of the West. During this time, Gregory of Cappadocia was installed as the Patriarch of Alexandria, usurping the absent Athanasius. Athanasius did, however, remain in contact with his people through his annual Festal Letters, in which he also announced on which date Easter would be celebrated that year.

At what point could Athanasius return to Alexandria?

When Emperor Constantine I died

Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome?

Constans

Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was away?

Gregory of Cappadocia

How did the people of Alexandria know when to celebrate Easter?

Festal Letters

Who declared Athanasius to be exiled again?

Constantius II

At what point could Athanasius leave Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

Who provided for his judgement while he was in Rome?

I'm not sure.

Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was present?

I'm not sure.

Who declared Athanasius to be freed again?

I'm not sure.


T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: By Constantius's order, the sole ruler of The Roman Empire at the death of his brother Constans, the Council of Arles in 353, was held, which was presided over by Vincent, Bishop of Capua, in the name of Pope Liberius. The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor, an avowed Arian, they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius. The Pope refused to accept their decision, and requested the Emperor to hold another Council, in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated. To this Constantius consented, for he felt able to control it, at Milan. Milan was named as the place, here three hundred bishops assembled, most from the West, only a few from the East, in 355. They met in the Church of Milan. Shortly, the Emperor ordered them to a hall in the Imperial Palace, thus ending any free debate. He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance. He threatened any who refused with exile and death. All, with the exception of Dionysius (bishop of Milan), and the two Papal Legates, viz., Eusebius of Vercelli and Lucifer of Cagliari, consented to the Arian Creed and the condemnation of Athanasius. Those who refused were sent into exile. The decrees were forwarded to the Pope for approval, but were rejected, because of the violence to which the bishops were subjected.

Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?

threats of the Emperor

Did the Pope agree with this order?

Pope refused to accept

Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?

Constantius consented

What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?

Arian formula of faith

What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?

sent into exile

Why didn't the Bishops condemn Athanasius?

I'm not sure.

Who agreed with the order?

I'm not sure.

Who did not consent to a new trial?

I'm not sure.

What oath was not taken at the trial?

I'm not sure.


In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, Athanasius returned to his patriarchate. The following year he convened a council at Alexandria, and presided over it with Eusebius of Vercelli. Athanasius appealed for unity among all those who had faith in Christianity, even if they differed on matters of terminology. This prepared the groundwork for his definition of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. However, the council also was directed against those who denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit, the human soul of Christ, and Christ's divinity. Mild measures were agreed on for those heretic bishops who repented, but severe penance was decreed for the chief leaders of the major heresies.

What happened to Bishop George?

murder

What happened to Bishop leaders who did not agree with the doctrine?

severe penance

When did Athanasius return to his position as Patriarch?

after the death of Emperor Constantius

Who joined him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians?

Eusebius of Vercelli

What happened in 362?

I'm not sure.

What happened to Bishop leaders who agreed with the doctrine?

I'm not sure.

When did Athanasius return to his position as pope?

I'm not sure.

Who left him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians?

I'm not sure.


Two years later, the Emperor Valens, who favored the Arian position, in his turn exiled Athanasius. This time however, Athanasius simply left for the outskirts of Alexandria, where he stayed for only a few months before the local authorities convinced Valens to retract his order of exile. Some early reports state that Athanasius spent this period of exile at his family's ancestral tomb in a Christian cemetery. It was during this period, the final exile, that he is said to have spent four months in hiding in his father's tomb. (Soz., "Hist. Eccl.", VI, xii; Soc., "Hist. Eccl.", IV, xii).

What Christian beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?

Arian

Where did Athanasius during his latest exile?

outskirts of Alexandria

For how long was he exiled this time?

few months

Where did he hide during this time?

his father's tomb

Who convinced Valens to let him return to Alexandria?

local authorities

What Catholic beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?

I'm not sure.

Where did Athanasius go during his first exile?

I'm not sure.

How many years was he exiled?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't convince Valens to let him return to Alexandria?

I'm not sure.


Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today. Up until then, various similar lists of works to be read in churches were in use. Athanasius compiled the list to resolve questions about such texts as The Epistle of Barnabas. Athanasius includes the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah and places the Book of Esther among the "7 books not in the canon but to be read" along with the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Judith, Tobit, the Didache, and the Shepherd of Hermas.

Who standardized the books of the New Testament?

Athanasius

What books were used before his decision to standardize?

various

How many books are listed that should be included but were not?

7 books

How many books are in the New Testament?

27 books

Have those books changed over time?

in use today

Who standardized the books of the Old Testament?

I'm not sure.

What books were used after his decision to standardize?

I'm not sure.

How many books are listed that shouldn't be included?

I'm not sure.

How many books are in the old Testament?

I'm not sure.


Perhaps, his most notable letter was his Festal Letter, written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile, as he could not be in their presence. This letter shows clearly his stand that accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary; "I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you, but also the fact that while others have obtained the churches by violence, you are meanwhile cast out from your places. For they hold the places, but you the Apostolic Faith. They are, it is true, in the places, but outside of the true Faith; while you are outside the places indeed, but the Faith, within you. Let us consider whether is the greater, the place or the Faith. Clearly the true Faith. Who then has lost more, or who possesses more? He who holds the place, or he who holds the Faith?

Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God?

not optional but necessary

Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living?

the true Faith

Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers?

outside of the true Faith

Where did Athanasius think Faith resides?

within you

Who was the Festal Letter written for?

his Church in Alexandria

What did Athanasius feel was optional?

I'm not sure.

Where didn't Athanasius think Faith resides?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Festal book written for?

I'm not sure.


Alban Butler, writes on the subject: "Five months after this great Council, Nicae, St Alexander lying on his death-bed, recommended to his clergy and people the choice of Athanasius for his successor, thrice repeating his name. In consequence of his recommendation, the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria, and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch, they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326. He seems, then, to have been about thirty years of age. "

How did the people  know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his successor?

thrice repeating his name

How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Patriarch?

thirty years

Who came to Alexandria to confirm the choice?

bishops of all Egypt

Did all the people want him as Patriarch?

unanimous in their choice

How long after the Council of Nicae did Alexander die?

Five months

How did the people know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his predecesor?

I'm not sure.

How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Pope?

I'm not sure.

How long after the Council of Nicae was Alexander born?

I'm not sure.


The Gospel of John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel in itself is the greatest support of Athanasius's stand. The Gospel of John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius, and his life's stand, but quietly. The Last Gospel of The Mass, The Eucharist, St John[1:1–14], together with the prayer; "Placeat tibi", the Blessing, are all private devotions that have been gradually absorbed by the liturgical service. The beginning of John's Gospel was much used as an object of special devotion throughout the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the practice of saying it at the altar grew; eventually Pius V made this practice universal for the Roman Rite in his edition of the Missal (1570). It became a firm custom with exceptions in using an other Gospel in use from 1920. So the Missals showed different last Gospel for certain Feast days. A Prayer Card for the St John's Gospel. Also:

Which of the Gospels most agrees with Athanasius?

Gospel of John

What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also believed?

the Divinity of Jesus

Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Catholic Mass?

a result of Athanasius

Where was this Gospel said?

at the altar

When are different Gospels said?

certain Feast days

Which of the Gospels most disagrees with Athanasius?

I'm not sure.

What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also didn't believe?

I'm not sure.

Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Christian Mass?

I'm not sure.

Where was this Gospel never said?

I'm not sure.


Scholars now believe that the Arian Party was not monolithic, but held drastically different theological views that spanned the early Christian theological spectrum. They supported the tenets of Origenist thought and theology, but had little else in common. Moreover, many labelled "Arian" did not consider themselves followers of Arius. In addition, non-Homoousian bishops disagreed with being labeled as followers of Arius, since Arius was merely a presbyter, while they were fully ordained bishops. However, others point to the Council of Nicaea as proof in and of itself that Arianism was a real theological ideology.[citation needed]

Did all Arians believe the same things?

different theological views

Were Arians also Origenists?

supported the tenets

Did the bishops consider themselves Arians?

bishops disagreed

What did the Council of Nicaea decide about Arianism?

a real theological ideology

Did Arians have one set of beliefs?

not monolithic

What party was monolithic?

I'm not sure.

What did Homoousian bishops disagree with?

I'm not sure.

What council wasn't used as proof?

I'm not sure.


Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country. However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II, due partially to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region. In 1994 the Internet retail giant Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000.

To what golden event was Seattle the portal?

Klondike Gold Rush

In what area was the Klondike Gold Rush located?

Alaska

What was Seattle's first primary money maker?

Logging

What was the airplane company that helped Seattle return to economic stability?

Boeing

Which large technology giant established its home base in Seattle?

Microsoft


Seattle (i/siˈætəl/) is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County. With an estimated 662,400 residents as of 2015[update], Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013 it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States, and remained in the top five in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015.

Of which Washington county is Seattle the center?

King County

By 2015 what was Seattle's population?

By what time was Seattle the most rapidly growing city in the US?

July 2013

How far away is the Canadian border from Seattle?

100 miles

What is Seattle's ranking in North America in terms of container processing?

third largest


After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square. Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location and reestablished their old land claim and called it "New York", but renamed "New York Alki" in April 1853, from a Chinook word meaning, roughly, "by and by" or "someday". For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers.

What group of settlers established a site at Pioneer Square?

Denny Party

by what name did Charles Terry and John Low first name their settlement?

New York

What was the Chinook enhanced name of Terry and Low's settlement?

New York Alki

What site was eventually abandoned when the settlers moved back in with Denny?

New York Alki

When was New York Alki established?

April 1853


The name "Seattle" appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. The town of Seattle was disincorporated January 18, 1867 and remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869, when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated December 2, 1869 with a Mayor-council government. The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date "1869" and a likeness of Chief Sealth in left profile.

At what date did the name Seattle first appear on official papers?

May 23, 1853

When were the first land allocations made in Seattle?

May 23, 1853

At what date was Seattle incorporated as a town?

January 14, 1865

What type of governing body did Seattle have in 1869?

Mayor-council

What famous Indian appears on the seal of Seattle?

Chief Sealth


The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. (During this period the road now known as Yesler Way won the nickname "Skid Road", supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. The later dereliction of the area may be a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as Skid Row.) Like much of the American West, Seattle saw numerous conflicts between labor and management, as well as ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885–1886. This violence originated with unemployed whites who were determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle (anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Tacoma). In 1900, Asians were 4.2% of the population. Authorities declared martial law and federal troops arrived to put down the disorder.

What was the industry source that produced Seattle's first financial vigor?

lumber

What name was given to the street Yesler Way?

Skid Road

After Yesler Way fell into ill refute, what was the term generally used for this type of decline?

Skid Row

What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes?

anti-Chinese riots

What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900?


The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893; in a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the S.S. Portland docked with its famed "ton of gold", and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon. Few of those working men found lasting wealth, however; it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Along with Seattle, other cities like Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, and Olympia, all in the Puget Sound region, became competitors for exchange, rather than mother lodes for extraction, of precious metals. The boom lasted well into the early part of the 20th century and funded many new Seattle companies and products. In 1907, 19-year-old James E. Casey borrowed $100 from a friend and founded the American Messenger Company (later UPS). Other Seattle companies founded during this period include Nordstrom and Eddie Bauer. Seattle brought in the Olmsted Brothers landscape architecture firm to design a system of parks and boulevards.

After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom?

Klondike Gold Rush

What event ended the Gold Rush?

depression

What was the start of the depression that stopped the Gold Rush?

Panic of 1893

For whom was Seattle the main port of supply ?

miners

What company did James E. Casey found in 1907 with a borrowed $100?

American Messenger Company


War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, this time centered on Boeing aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment. After the war, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial airliner market. Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair. Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the oil crises, loss of Government contracts, and costs and delays associated with the Boeing 747. Many people left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading "Will the last person leaving Seattle – Turn out the lights."

During WWII what company added substantially to Seattle's economy?

Boeing aircraft

What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen?

Japanese American internment

In what facet of the economy did Boeing excel?

commercial airliner market

How did Seattle celebrate its economic rise in 1962?

1962 World's Fair

What company's downturn drastically effected Seattle's economy?

Boeing


Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater.

What type of theater did Alexander Pantages start in Seattle?

vaudeville

When did Pantages open his movie houses?

Who was Pantages competitor in the theater business?

John Considine

Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?

B. Marcus Priteca

Which of Seattle's famous, and still extant,  theaters did Priteca disign?

Paramount Theatre


Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago. The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant (where the 707, 720, 727, and 757 were assembled, and the 737 is assembled today) and Everett wide-body plant (assembly plant for the 747, 767, 777, and 787). The company's credit union for employees, BECU, remains based in the Seattle area, though it is now open to all residents of Washington.

When did Boeing move its headquarters to Chicago?

What did Boeing separate from its headquarters facilities?

production facilities

Besides the Renton plant, where else are airplanes made for Boeing?

Everett

To whom is the Boeing credit union open?

all residents

Before 2001, where was Boeing headquartered?

Seattle


A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country. A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles.

When was ship building the economic master in Seattle?

World War I

What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?

Seattle General Strike

When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?

What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?

Maritime Strike

What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?

Port of Los Angeles.


As prosperity began to return in the 1980s, the city was stunned by the Wah Mee massacre in 1983, when 13 people were killed in an illegal gambling club in the International District, Seattle's Chinatown. Beginning with Microsoft's 1979 move from Albuquerque, New Mexico to nearby Bellevue, Washington, Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies including Amazon.com, RealNetworks, Nintendo of America, McCaw Cellular (now part of AT&T Mobility), VoiceStream (now T-Mobile), and biomedical corporations such as HeartStream (later purchased by Philips), Heart Technologies (later purchased by Boston Scientific), Physio-Control (later purchased by Medtronic), ZymoGenetics, ICOS (later purchased by Eli Lilly and Company) and Immunex (later purchased by Amgen). This success brought an influx of new residents with a population increase within city limits of almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000, and saw Seattle's real estate become some of the most expensive in the country. In 1993, the movie Sleepless in Seattle brought the city further national attention. Many of the Seattle area's tech companies remained relatively strong, but the frenzied dot-com boom years ended in early 2001.

What violent act happened in Seattle's Chinatown in 1983?

Wah Mee massacre

What type of establishment was Wan Mee?

gambling club

Which huge tech corporation moved its headquarters the Seattle area?

Microsoft

What item for sale in 2000 Seattle was some of the most costly in the US?

real estate

About what time did the big tech boom in Seattle fizzle?

early 2001


Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene. Another bid for worldwide attention—hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999—garnered visibility, but not in the way its sponsors desired, as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself. The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001, and then literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually earthquake.

What sporting event did Seattle sponsor in 1990?

Goodwill Games

What is Seattle's musical genre developed in the 1990s?

grunge

When did Seattle offer the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference?

What caused bad press during the conference protests in Seattle?

police reactions

What was the geologic event that followed the Mardi Gras Riots in2001?

Nisqually earthquake


Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound).

What water mass is located west of Seattle?

Puget Sound

What lake is to the east of Seattle?

Lake Washington

Where is Seattle's prime harbor?

Elliott Bay

Because Elliott Bay is salt water, what kind of port is Seattle?

oceanic port

What land area is west of Puget Sound?

Olympic Peninsula


Yet another boom began as the city emerged from the Great Recession. Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union and began a rapid expansion. For the five years beginning in 2010, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city, as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent. The city has found itself "bursting at the seams," with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless, and with the country's sixth-worst rush hour traffic.

What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle?

Amazon.com

When did Amazon begin its latest expansion?

How many new people move to Seattle each year?

How much of their income do half of Seattle's population have to spend on housing?

more than half

Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic?

sixth-worst


Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Seattle is in a major earthquake zone. On February 28, 2001, the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage, especially in the Pioneer Square area (built on reclaimed land, as are the Industrial District and part of the city center), but caused only one fatality. Other strong quakes occurred on January 26, 1700 (estimated at 9 magnitude), December 14, 1872 (7.3 or 7.4), April 13, 1949 (7.1), and April 29, 1965 (6.5). The 1965 quake caused three deaths in Seattle directly, and one more by heart failure. Although the Seattle Fault passes just south of the city center, neither it nor the Cascadia subduction zone has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill.

What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit?

Pacific Ring of Fire

What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake?

On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area?

February 28, 2001

What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone?

9.0 or greater

What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage?

reclaimed land


The city itself is hilly, though not uniformly so. Like Rome, the city is said to lie on seven hills; the lists vary, but typically include Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, and the former Denny Hill. The Wallingford, Mount Baker, and Crown Hill neighborhoods are technically located on hills as well. Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center, with Capitol Hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington. The break in the ridge between First Hill and Beacon Hill is man-made, the result of two of the many regrading projects that reshaped the topography of the city center. The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island (completed 1909) at the mouth of the city's industrial Duwamish Waterway, the terminus of the Green River. The highest point within city limits is at High Point in West Seattle, which is roughly located near 35th Ave SW and SW Myrtle St. Other notable hills include Crown Hill, View Ridge/Wedgwood/Bryant, Maple Leaf, Phinney Ridge, Mt. Baker Ridge and Highlands/Carkeek/Bitterlake.

What other famous city, besides Seattle, lies on seven hills?

Rome

What type of land area does Capital hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill constitute?

ridge

What artificial geological feature was added to Seattle in 1909?

Harbor Island

Where is the highest place in Seattle?

High Point

Where was Harbor Island built?

Duwamish Waterway


From 1981 to 2010, the average annual precipitation measured at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport was 37.49 inches (952 mm). Annual precipitation has ranged from 23.78 in (604 mm) in 1952 to 55.14 in (1,401 mm) in 1950; for water year (October 1 – September 30) precipitation, the range is 23.16 in (588 mm) in 1976–77 to 51.82 in (1,316 mm) in 1996–97. Due to local variations in microclimate, Seattle also receives significantly lower precipitation than some other locations west of the Cascades. Around 80 mi (129 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average precipitation of 142 in (3.61 m). Sixty miles to the south of Seattle, the state capital Olympia, which is out of the Olympic Mountains' rain shadow, receives an annual average precipitation of 50 in (1,270 mm). The city of Bremerton, about 15 mi (24 km) west of downtown Seattle, receives 56.4 in (1,430 mm) of precipitation annually.

What is the average rainfall in Seattle?

37.49 inches

Where on the Olympic Peninsula does the rainfall average 142 inches a year?

Hoh Rain Forest

What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area?

variations in microclimate

What is the capital of the state of Washington?

Olympia

What mountain range is the cause of the variance in rainfall?

Olympic Mountains


In November, Seattle averages more rainfall than any other U.S. city of more than 250,000 people; it also ranks highly in winter precipitation. Conversely, the city receives some of the lowest precipitation amounts of any large city from June to September. Seattle is one of the five rainiest major U.S. cities as measured by the number of days with precipitation, and it receives some of the lowest amounts of annual sunshine among major cities in the lower 48 states, along with some cities in the Northeast, Ohio and Michigan. Thunderstorms are rare, as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year. By comparison, Fort Myers, Florida reports thunder on 93 days per year, Kansas City on 52, and New York City on 25.

During which month does Seattle get more precipitation than other US cities?

November

When does Seattle get it lowest levels of precipitation?

June to September

In the lower 48 states, which city receives some of the least sunny days that any other?

Seattle

What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle?

Thunderstorms

About how many days a year is thunder a reported weather event in Seattle?

seven


Temperature extremes are moderated by the adjacent Puget Sound, greater Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. The region is largely shielded from Pacific storms by the Olympic Mountains and from Arctic air by the Cascade Range. Despite being on the margin of the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains, the city has a reputation for frequent rain. This reputation stems from the frequency of light precipitation in the fall, winter, and spring. In an average year, at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation falls on 150 days, more than nearly all U.S. cities east of the Rocky Mountains. It is cloudy 201 days out of the year and partly cloudy 93 days. Official weather and climatic data is collected at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, located about 19 km (12 mi) south of downtown in the city of SeaTac, which is at a higher elevation, and records more cloudy days and fewer partly cloudy days per year.

What does the local water ways regulate in the Seattle area?

Temperature extremes

What land mass protects Seattle from Pacific caused weather?

Olympic Mountains

What geologic feature protects Seattle from the Arctic cold winds?

Cascade Range

What type of rain fall does Seattle most often experience?

light precipitation

At what location is most weather data collected for the Seattle area?

Seattle–Tacoma International Airport


The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection. Thunderstorms caused by this activity are usually weak and can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest.

What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?

Puget Sound Convergence Zone

Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised?

streams of air

From where do the two streams of air come?

Pacific Ocean

What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle?

Olympic Mountains

What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone?

Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm


Seattle typically receives some snowfall on an annual basis but heavy snow is rare. Average annual snowfall, as measured at Sea-Tac Airport, is 6.8 inches (17.3 cm). Single calendar-day snowfall of six inches or greater has occurred on only 15 days since 1948, and only once since February 17, 1990, when 6.8 in (17.3 cm) of snow officially fell at Sea-Tac airport on January 18, 2012. This moderate snow event was officially the 12th snowiest calendar day at the airport since 1948 and snowiest since November 1985. Much of the city of Seattle proper received somewhat lesser snowfall accumulations. Locations to the south of Seattle received more, with Olympia and Chehalis receiving 14 to 18 in (36 to 46 cm). Another moderate snow event occurred from December 12–25, 2008, when over one foot (30 cm) of snow fell and stuck on much of the roads over those two weeks, when temperatures remained below 32 °F (0 °C), causing widespread difficulties in a city not equipped for clearing snow. The largest documented snowstorm occurred from January 5–9, 1880, with snow drifting to 6 feet (1.8 m) in places at the end of the snow event. From January 31 to February 2, 1916, another heavy snow event occurred with 29 in (74 cm) of snow on the ground by the time the event was over. With official records dating to 1948, the largest single-day snowfall is 20.0 in (51 cm) on January 13, 1950. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from zero in 1991–92 to 67.5 in (171 cm) in 1968–69, with trace amounts having occurred as recently as 2009–10. The month of January 1950 was particularly severe, bringing 57.2 in (145 cm) of snow, the most of any month along with the aforementioned record cold.

What type of snowfall is not often seen in Seattle?

heavy snow

What is the usual average snowfall in Seattle?

6.8 inches

How many times has snowfall been reported at more than 6 inches since 1990?

once

When was there a moderate snowfall  of over one foot that lasted on the ground two weeks?

December 12–25, 2008

On what dates did Seattle experience a snow event of 6 feet?

January 5–9, 1880


Autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently characterized by rain. Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C). Summers are sunny, dry and warm, with August, the warmest month, averaging 66.1 °F (18.9 °C), and with temperatures reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on 3.1 days per year, although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 °F. The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10, allowing a growing season of 250 days.

What is Seattle's average December temperature?

40.6 °F

How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle?

28 annual days

What month is the warmest in Seattle?

August

What is August's usual temperature?

66.1 °F

How long is the growing season in the Seattle area?

250 days