In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.

In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?

the Treaty of Fontainebleau

What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?

Elba

In what sea is Elba located?

the Mediterranean

The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?

Emperor

When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?

Austria


The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish." The soldiers quickly responded with, "Vive L'Empereur!" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On March 13, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.

What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?

The 5th Regiment

On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?

March 7, 1815

When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?

"Vive L'Empereur!"

Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?

an iron cage

After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?

Belgium


Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?

Paris

On what date did Napoleon abdicate?

22 June

How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?

three days

On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?

29 June

When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?

Josephine


In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?

On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?

15 December 1840

At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?

the Arc de Triomphe

In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?

St Jérôme's Chapel

In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?


In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.

When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?

What was the name of Napoleon's valet?

Louis Marchand

What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?

arsenic poisoning

In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?

Sten Forshufvud

What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?

well preserved


They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered.

What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?

potassium tartrate

What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?

his thirst

According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?

that he was murdered

In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?


There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.

Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?

arsenic poisoning

Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?

peptic ulcer and gastric cancer

A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?

hair

The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?

100 times


Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: "We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: "It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vendée. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon." However, according to Juan Cole, "Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet.

What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais?

civil

What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?

religion

General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?

Pope Pius VI

Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?

Juan Cole

Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?

religious


Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?

2 December 1804

Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?

Notre Dame de Paris

Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?

Pope Pius VII

When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?

1 April 1810

What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?

the Spanish Inquisition


Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.

What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?

the Concordat of 1801

Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?

Pope Pius VII

The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?

the Roman Catholic Church

What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?

15 July 1801

What were the Organic Articles a part of?

the Concordat


While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them." French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.

The Concodat restored significant power to what position?

the papacy

Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?

Napoleon's

Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?

the pope

The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?

Napoleon

In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?


Historians agree that Napoleon's remarkable personality was one key to his influence. They emphasize the strength of his ambition that took him from an obscure village to command of most of Europe. George F. E. Rudé stresses his "rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour." At 5 ft 6 in (168 cm), he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, "seeing" the best plays moves ahead.

How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?

5 ft 6 in

How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?

168 cm

How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?

an innovator

What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's "rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?"

George F. E. Rudé

How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?

hypnotic


Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, "Give me lucky generals," aware that "luck" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.

According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?

luck

When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?

In what year did the Russian campaign take place?

Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?

Dwyer

What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?

cheated


In terms of impact on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars. Above all he inspired his men—Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. He also unnerved the enemy. At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806, King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000; however, when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command, he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.

What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?

France

How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?

Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?

Wellington

In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?

Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?

King Frederick William III


During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the "Napoleon Complex” — named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex — stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]

Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?

the British press

What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?

Boney

Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?

Tory

What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?

5 feet 2 inches

What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?

5 ft 6 in


When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?

colonel

What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?

the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard

What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?

blue

What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?

white

What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?

white


Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?

the Banque de France

What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?

the Concordat of 1801

What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?

the Organic Articles

What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?

public worship

What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?

the Holy Roman Empire


Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes ("Les cinq codes") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.

What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?

the Code Civil

What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?

the Napoleonic Code

What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?

Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès

What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?

Code of Criminal Instruction


His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.

Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?

His opponents

Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?

What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?

artillery

Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?

McConachy


The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

When was the metric system officially introduced?

September 1799

What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?

the metric system

What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?

How many grams were in the livre metrique?

How many grams were in the livre du roi?


Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?

Napoleon's educational reforms

What language did Napoleon make the only official one?

French

What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?

public support

What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?

lycées

Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?

the sciences


In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler." Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.

How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?

grandiose

As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?

Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?

historians

Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?

his empire


Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?

Napoleon

Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?

slavery

Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?

his opponents

Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?

the Haitian Revolution

Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?

His critics


Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?

plunder

Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?

the Musée du Louvre

Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?

Pieter Geyl

Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?

Claude Ribbe

In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?

David G. Chandler


Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, "After all, the military record is unquestioned—17 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost." McLynn notes that, "He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars." However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution.

Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?

Victor Davis Hanson

Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?

McLynn

Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?

Vincent Cronin

How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?

Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?

six million


Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?

propaganda

Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?

censorship

Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?

France

Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?

civilian


Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.

Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?

St. Helena

Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?

royal celebrations

Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?

the Bourbon regime

Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?

rosettes


Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period—Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne (1893), Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?

the late 1880s

What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne written?

What year was Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés written?

In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?

In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette written?


After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.

After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?

Napoleonic Code

Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?

law

How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?

favorable

Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?

Russia

One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?

serfdom


Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?

Germany

What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?

the Holy Roman Empire

How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?

How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?

less than 50

How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?

15 million dollars


Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?

Joséphine de Beauharnais

In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?

How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?

How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?

What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?

Rose


Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?

Charles Léon

Who was the mother of Charles Léon?

Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne

Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?

Alexandre Colonna-Walewski

DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?

Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype

Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?

Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld


Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 2] Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).

Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language?

100 million

Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German?

80 million

How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors?

80 million

what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?

between 100 and more than 150 million

Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located?

mainly in the South Region of the country

How many native German speakers in the world are there?

100 million

How many native German speakers consider themselves German?

80 million

How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry?

100 and more than 150 million

Where do an additional 80 million German natives live?

I'm not sure.

How many people single ethnic Germans are there in the world?

I'm not sure.


Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.

What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?

Julius Caesar

In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans?

12 BC

The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle?

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society?

Christianity

Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine?

Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried

Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?

Augustus

What religion did Germans adopt?

Christianity

What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r

Who ordered the conquest of the Germans in the 1200's BC

I'm not sure.

Who did the Romans defeat ate the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest?

I'm not sure.

What did the Romans get from the Germans?

I'm not sure.

What identity did Roman culture form?

I'm not sure.


The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila. Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe. The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca. A major part of Attila's army were Germans, during the Huns' campaign against the Roman Empire. After Attila's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe – who either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans.

During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?

Balts and Slavs

During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south?

Celts

The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year?

AD 260

Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans?

the Huns

What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe?

Attila

When was the Limes Germanicus breached?

AD 260

Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south?

Celts

Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with?

Ostrogoths

What language did the Huns adopt?

East Germanic

What happened to the Huns after Attila's death?

either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans

During what period did the Germanic people have little contact with other people?

I'm not sure.

What was breached in the 2nd century AD?

I'm not sure.

What happened to the Huns after the Roman Empire collapsed?

I'm not sure.

what part of Europe did the Huns conquer for Rome?

I'm not sure.


The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a "German" ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. These five tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians, are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans. The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups. Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German. By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Große. Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs and Veleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongst others) which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire.

how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans?

five tribes

In modern day what is still influenced by the  five tribes?

German language

What king united the tribes in the 9th century?

Charlemagne

What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration?

Eastern Germany

The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands?

Roman Empire

What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity?

Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii

What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes?

Frisians

Who united the 5 tribes?

king Charlemagne

What century did King Charlemagne reign?

What modern ethnic group was formed by 6 migrating tribes?

I'm not sure.

Who was united in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled the territory of modern Germany in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

Where did Slavonic tries migrate to from Eastern Germany?

I'm not sure.


A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages, ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 9th century. The process was gradual and lacked any clear definition, and the use of exonyms designating "the Germans" develops only during the High Middle Ages. The title of rex teutonicum "King of the Germans" is first used in the late 11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV. Natively, the term ein diutscher ("a German") is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century.

What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture?

High Middle Ages

The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?

East Francia

When was the Title King of the Germans first used?

late 11th century

Who coined the phrase "king of the Germans"

chancery of Pope Gregory VII,

Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans?

Henry IV

When did a German ethnicity emerge?

the Middle Ages

When is the title of rex teutonicum first used?

the late 11th century

Who first used rex teutonicum?

Pope Gregory VII

When is ein diutscher first used?

12th century

What does ein diutscher mean?

a German

What ethnicity emerged following the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What kingdom was formed in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

What two empires formed the kingdom of Germany?

I'm not sure.

What title is first used in the 1100's?

I'm not sure.

What term has been used to refer to the people of the region since the 1200's?

I'm not sure.


After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the "Prussians"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare.

The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?

Ostsiedlung

What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic?

Catholic German Teutonic Knights

Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to?

Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples

Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when?

17th or early 18th century

Who is a famous German that  name has Slavic origins?

Karl von Clausewitz

When was the Prussian language extinct?

17th or early 18th century

What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic?

were assimilated into German culture

Who led the German expansion?

the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers

What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin?

Karl von Clausewitz

What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?

Massive German settlement

What language was extinct by the 1700 or early 1800's

I'm not sure.

Who conquered the Catholic German Teutonic Knights?

I'm not sure.

Who held back the German expansion?

I'm not sure.

What was the German aristocracy known as?

I'm not sure.


At the same time, naval innovations led to a German domination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of Eastern Europe through the Hanseatic League. Along the trade routes, Hanseatic trade stations became centers of the German culture. German town law (Stadtrecht) was promoted by the presence of large, relatively wealthy German populations, their influence and political power. Thus people who would be considered "Germans", with a common culture, language, and worldview different from that of the surrounding rural peoples, colonized trading towns as far north of present-day Germany as Bergen (in Norway), Stockholm (in Sweden), and Vyborg (now in Russia). The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German in any ethnic sense: many towns who joined the league were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a number of them may only loosely be characterized as German. The Empire itself was not entirely German either. It had a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure, some of the smaller ethnicities and languages used at different times were Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish.

German's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what?

naval innovations

Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture?

Hanseatic trade stations

What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families?

Stadtrecht

the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society?

multi-ethnic and multi-lingual

What helped the Germans dominate trade?

naval innovations

What is the German work for German town law?

Stadtrecht

Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German?

The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German

What other ethnicities, besides German were part of The Empire?

Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish

What lead to the defeat of the Hanseatic League?

I'm not sure.

What type of law was opposed by wealthy Germans?

I'm not sure.

What empire did members of the Hanseatic League come from?

I'm not sure.

What Empire was ethnically German?

I'm not sure.


By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language.

By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?

Middle Ages

The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language?

Yiddish

What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?

Crusades

What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades?

German

What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?

Judeo-French

After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?

Yiddish.

When did Jewish assimilation end?

during the Crusades

What happened to the Jews during the crusades?

forcefully expelled from Germany

What group assimilated into German culture following the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What sped up Jewish assimilation into German society?

I'm not sure.

Who migrated to Germany during the Crusades?

I'm not sure.

Where was Yiddish spoken after the Crusades?

I'm not sure.


The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors. Austria, trying to remain the dominant power in Central Europe, led the way in the terms of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was essentially conservative, assuring that little would change in Europe and preventing Germany from uniting. These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856, paving the way for German unification in the 1860s. By the 1820s, large numbers of Jewish German women had intermarried with Christian German men and had converted to Christianity. Jewish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century.

What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?

Napoleonic Wars

What assured  Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country?

Congress of Vienna

When was the Crimean War?

When was Germany's unification?

What prominent Jewish German  sought German unification in the mid 19th century?

Eduard Lasker

What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?

The Napoleonic Wars

What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna?

Austria and Prussia

Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna?

Austria

In what decade was German unification?

Who was Eduard Lasker?

a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century

what wars lead to the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.

What declined after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.

What quest began in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

Where was Prussia trying to remain the dominate power?

I'm not sure.

who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid 1900's?

I'm not sure.


In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. There were several reasons behind this war. As German nationalism grew strongly inside the German Confederation and neither could decide on how Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of Königgrätz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation.

When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?

in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?

(Battle of Königgrätz

What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?

Little Germany

What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?

non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire

When did Austria and Prussia go to war?

Who won the battle of Koniggratz?

Prussia

What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?

Little Germany

What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??

North German Confederation

Who did Austria go to war with in the late 18th century?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Austrians defeat at the Battle of Koniggratz?

I'm not sure.

What land was Prussia unwilling to give up?

I'm not sure.

Who did Austria want ti unify as little Germany?

I'm not sure.


In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany.

When did France attack Prussia?

Who won the Franco-Prussian War?

Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany

When was the German Empire founded?

What regions was excluded from the German Empire?

effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy

What was the primary religion of Germany?

Protestant

When was the German empire created?

Who was excluded from the German Nation State?

Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein

What religion was a majority in Germany?

Protestant

What did many people in Germany still want to do?

Integrating the Austrians

When did Prussia attack France?

I'm not sure.

What war started in the late 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What empire was formed in the late 18th century?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Catholics want to exclude from the German Empire?

I'm not sure.


The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite all the people they claimed were "Germans" (Volksdeutsche) into one realm, including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe, many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcomed by many ethnic Germans in Sudetenland, Austria, Poland, Danzig and western Lithuania, particularly the Germans from Klaipeda (Memel). The Swiss resisted the idea. They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.

What leader tried to unite all people considered themselves "German"

Adolf Hitler

Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler?

The Swiss

The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year?

Who welcomed the idea in area such as Sudetenland and Poland?

ethnic Germans

Who headed the Nazis?

Adolf Hitler

Who resisted the Nazi idea of uniting all Germans from the get go?

The Swiss

Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation?

When was the Peace of Westphalia?

Who wanted to unite all of the Germans all over the area?

The Nazis

Where did ethnic Germans emigrate to under Adolf Hitler?

I'm not sure.

Who considered themselves a separate nation since the 16th century

I'm not sure.

What did Germans in Sudetenland resist?

I'm not sure.


After World War II, eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories. Many of those had inhabited these lands for centuries, developing a unique culture. Germans were also forced to leave the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, parts of Brandenburg and southern part of East Prussia) and the Soviet Union (northern part of East Prussia). Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany.

With the conclusion of World War 2 what did most Eastern Europe countries do with their German citizens?

expelled the Germans

How long did many of the Germans live in the eastern Europe countries before being expelled?

for centuries

Approximately how many Germans were expelled from their home after world war II?

12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens

After World War II where were Germans forced to relocate to?

westwards to allied-occupied Germany

How many Germans were expelled after WWII?

Between 12 and 16,5 million

After what war were Germans expelled from their territories?

World War II

Where were Germans that were inhabiting other lands expelled to?

allied-occupied Germany

Where in eastern Europe did Germans settle after World War II?

I'm not sure.

How many ethnic Germans left allied Germany following World War II?

I'm not sure.

Who was expelled from eastern Europe after World War II?

I'm not sure.


The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution.

What is credited with the origins of the German identity?

Protestant Reformation

How was early German culture developed?

literary and religious figures

What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?

Johann Gottfried Herder

When did the popularity of the German nation increase?

aftermath of the French Revolution

What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?

Protestant Reformation

Who developed the concept of a German Nation?

Johann Gottfried Herder

When did the popularity of a German identity arise?

in the aftermath of the French Revolution

Who was Johann Herder?

German philosopher

What movement slowed the spread of a German identity?

I'm not sure.

What concept was developed by Martin Luther?

I'm not sure.

What literay and religious figures helped spread German culture in europe?

I'm not sure.


Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered "most German", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German.

Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and  families have been in place for generations are often consider?

most German

What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands?

Aussiedler

What is the name of  gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany?

Restdeutsche

What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to?

Auswanderer

People who have generations of family in Germany, and look and speak German are classified as what?

most German

Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe, then returned to Germany?

Aussiedler

What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany, but now live outside of Germany called?

Restdeutsche

What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German?

Auswanderer

Who are people of German ancestry living in western Europe?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for people who's families emigrated from Germany and may or may not still speak German?

I'm not sure.

Restdeutsche live in lands that where never part of what?

I'm not sure.

What are all people who's first language is German called?

I'm not sure.


The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire.

What is the native language of Germans?

German

What languages is German related to?

English and Dutch

How many natives speak German?

100 million

What is the most commonly spoken language in the European Union?

German

What is the dominant language of science?

English

How many people speak German around the world?

I'm not sure.

What is the most widely spoken language around the world?

I'm not sure.

Where has German replaced English as the dominant language?

I'm not sure.

What was English the dominant language of before the 20th century?

I'm not sure.


People of German origin are found in various places around the globe. United States is home to approximately 50 million German Americans or one third of the German diaspora, making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany. Brazil is the second largest with 5 million people claiming German ancestry. Other significant centres are Canada, Argentina, South Africa and France each accounting for at least 1 million. While the exact number of German-descended people is difficult to calculate, the available data makes it safe to claim the number is exceeding 100 million people.

How many German Americans are there?

50 million

How many Germans live in Brazil?

5 million

How many people in the world have German heritage?

100 million

America is home to what percentage of German decedent people?

one third

How many people of German  decent live in the Americas?

I'm not sure.

How many German speaking people live in Brazil?

I'm not sure.

How many German speaking people live around the world?

I'm not sure.

What countries claim 1 million people of German descent between them?

I'm not sure.


German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, Tönnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities.

Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages?

Albertus Magnus

When was Leibniz an active philosopher?

17th century

What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche?

Kant

In the late 19th century, which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism?

Engels

When was the University of Berlin founded?

What German philosopher is from the 1700's?

I'm not sure.

What did the German philosopher Kant shape in the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What did Engels develop in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

What did Heideggar do in the 2000's?

I'm not sure.

What university was founded in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.


The work of David Hilbert and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The Walhalla temple for "laudable and distinguished Germans", features a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg, in Bavaria.

Who discovered X-Rays?

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics?

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

In what year, was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won?

Where is the Walhalla temple located?

Bavaria

What two people were important to the creation of modern physics?

David Hilbert and Max Planck

What did Werner Heisenberg lay the foundation for?

I'm not sure.

Who further developed Heisenberg's work?

I'm not sure.

What prize was first given in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

Who got a Nobel Prize in Physics in the 19th century for discovering the X-ray?

I'm not sure.


In the field of music, Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world including Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, who marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. Other composers of the Austro-German tradition who achieved international fame include Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, Händel, Schumann, Liszt, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff, and most recently, Henze, Lachenmann, and Stockhausen.

From which country is Bach, Mozart and Beethoven from?

Germany

In what tradition of music did Brahms Wagner and Hadyn achieve fame?

Austro-German

Who marked the switch from classical to romantic eras in classical music?

Beethoven

What composers marked the transition from the Romantic to the Classical eras?

I'm not sure.

Who are some famous Austrian composers

I'm not sure.


As of 2008[update], Germany is the fourth largest music market in the world and has exerted a strong influence on Dance and Rock music, and pioneered trance music. Artists such as Herbert Grönemeyer, Scorpions, Rammstein, Nena, Dieter Bohlen, Tokio Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed international fame. German musicians and, particularly, the pioneering bands Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk have also contributed to the development of electronic music. Germany hosts many large rock music festivals annually. The Rock am Ring festival is the largest music festival in Germany, and among the largest in the world. German artists also make up a large percentage of Industrial music acts, which is called Neue Deutsche Härte. Germany hosts some of the largest Goth scenes and festivals in the entire world, with events like Wave-Gothic-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival easily attracting up to 30,000 people. Amongst Germany's famous artists there are various Dutch entertainers, such as Johannes Heesters.

In 2008,, where was Germany ranked as a world music market?

fourth largest

What type of music was pioneered in Germany?

trance

What type of music does Kraftwerk make?

electronic

What is the largest music festival in Germany?

Rock am Ring

How many people does M'era Luna Festival attract?

up to 30,000

What is the fourth largest music market in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What type of dance was pioneered in Germany?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest music festival in Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who pioneered Industrial music acts?

I'm not sure.


German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film. From the 1960s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films, while the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft controlled film production in the GDR.

Who was the original German cinematic?

Max Skladanowsky

What types of film were produced in the Nazi era?

propaganda

Who controls film production in the GDR?

Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft

When did German cinema come back internationally?

What was Max Skladanowsky active in during the Weimar Republic?

I'm not sure.

What did Murnau produce during the Nazi era?

I'm not sure.

What did Leni Riefenstahl do in the 1960's?

I'm not sure.

Who controlled film production in West-Germany?

I'm not sure.


More recently, films such as Das Boot (1981), The Never Ending Story (1984) Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004) and Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) have enjoyed international success. In 2002 the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to Caroline Link's Nowhere in Africa, in 2007 to Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's The Lives of Others. The Berlin International Film Festival, held yearly since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film and cinema festivals.

In what year was the never ending story made?

What award did Nowhere in Africa win in 2002?

Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

In what year did The Lives of Others win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language?

How often is the Berlin International Film Festival held?

yearly

What was the first year of the Berlin International Film Festival?

What did Carolina Link get an Acadamy award for in the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What film festival was held yearly until 1951?

I'm not sure.


Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestantism. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.

In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?

During what years was the thirty year war?

Until the Reformation, what was the established religion in Germany?

Roman Catholicism

Where was the thirty year war primarily fought?

Germany

Who was the thirty year war between?

Protestants and Catholics

What was the sole religion in Europe until the reformation?

I'm not sure.

Who challenged the Catholic Church in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

Who established Protestantism in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

What religious war was fought in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.


According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among "others" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church of Germany, and other Christians such as the Restorationist New Apostolic Church. Protestantism was more common among the citizens of Germany. The North and East Germany is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states.

What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic?

What percentage of Germans are Evangelical Protestants?

What religion is the North and East part of Germany?

Protestant

Where is there a non-religious majority?

Hamburg and the East German states

What religion makes up 30.8% of Europe's population?

I'm not sure.

Where is 38.8% of the population atheists?

I'm not sure.

What German city is predominately Catholic?

I'm not sure.


Sport forms an integral part of German life, as demonstrated by the fact that 27 million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually. Football is by far the most popular sport, and the German Football Federation (Deutscher Fußballbund) with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country. It also attracts the greatest audience, with hundreds of thousands of spectators attending Bundesliga matches and millions more watching on television.

How many Germans are members of sports clubs?

27 million

What is the most popular sport in Germany?

Football

What is the largest athletic organisation in the country?

German Football Federation

How many members are in the German Football Federation?

6.3 million

What kind of clubs do 12 million Germans belong to?

I'm not sure.

What Federation has 6.3 thousand members?

I'm not sure.

What has thousands of television spectators?

I'm not sure.


Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the internal and external evaluation of Germany's national image has changed. In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Germany became significantly and repeatedly more highly ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different states assessed the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010. Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view.

What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?

What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?

what percentage have a negative view of Germany?

What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?

What index ranked Germany high before the 2006 FIFA World Cup?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Germany ranked the most valued nation?

I'm not sure.

In what year ws Germany recognized as the most influential country in the world?

I'm not sure.

Who's global opinion poll showed 14% of people having a positive opinion of Germany?

I'm not sure.


Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people.

In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin?

What movement came out of the French Revolution?

Nationalism

Who was threatened by Nationalism?

aristocratic regimes

Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century?

Romanovs and the Habsburgs

Where was Johann Tillmann from?

East Prussia

What wars took place in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

What movement began in Germany in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

What people had been united since the Reformation?

I'm not sure.

What German wanted to unite all the ethnic-German people?

I'm not sure.


By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire – like the Holy Roman Empire – was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Hungarians. Prussia under Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of modern-day Germany. The German Empire ("Second Reich") was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule.

Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860's?

Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire

When was the German Empire created?

Who was Wilhelm I?

head of a union of German-speaking states

What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand?

influence and territory

Which empire was a multi ethnic state?

The Austrian Empire

What powerful nations were dominated by elite Germans in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What other Empire besides Prussia was a multi-ethnic state?

I'm not sure.

What Empire was the result of a growing German nationalism?

I'm not sure.

What empire was created in the late 18th century?

I'm not sure.


Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the treaty of Versailles Germany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-Hungary was split up. Rump-Austria, which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name "German-Austria" (German: Deutschösterreich). The name German-Austria was forbidden by the victorious powers of World War I. Volga Germans living in the Soviet Union were interned in gulags or forcibly relocated during the Second World War.

What greatly reduced the size of Germany after WWI?

treaty of Versailles

Who was relocated during the second world war from the Soviet Union?

Volga Germans

What name did Rump-Austria adopt?

German-Austria

What is the German translation for German-Austria?

Deutschösterreich

Who's influence increased after World War I?

I'm not sure.

What treaty increased Germanium size?

I'm not sure.

During what war did Germans relocate to the Soviet Union?

I'm not sure.

What country was split among language groups?

I'm not sure.


For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment "I'm proud to be German." And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with "near or absolute certainty". Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in Düsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there's an ongoing normalisation and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country.

What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009?

What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose?

Where does Eugen Buss work?

University of Hohenheim

What war was followed by an increase in national symbols?

I'm not sure.

Among who is patriotism declining?

I'm not sure.

What sentiment do 78% of Germans agree with?

I'm not sure.

Who says Germans are still afraid to be openly proud of their country?

I'm not sure.


In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis, Radek Sikorski, Poland's Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, "I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe's indispensable nation." According to Jacob Heilbrunn, a senior editor at The National Interest, such a statement is unprecedented when taking into consideration Germany's history. "This was an extraordinary statement from a top official of a nation that was ravaged by Germany during World War II. And it reflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germany and Europe about Berlin's position at the center of the Continent." Heilbrunn believes that the adage, "what was good for Germany was bad for the European Union" has been supplanted by a new mentality—what is in the interest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors. The evolution in Germany's national identity stems from focusing less on its Nazi past and more on its Prussian history, which many Germans believe was betrayed—and not represented—by Nazism. The evolution is further precipitated by Germany's conspicuous position as Europe's strongest economy. Indeed, this German sphere of influence has been welcomed by the countries that border it, as demonstrated by Polish foreign minister Radek Sikorski's effusive praise for his country's western neighbor. This shift in thinking is boosted by a newer generation of Germans who see World War II as a distant memory.

Who was Poland's foreign minister in 2011?

Radek Sikorski

What are Germans trying to forget?

Nazi past

What are Germans trying to focus on?

Prussian history

Who is Europe's strongest economy?

Germany

What Polish foreign minister said he feared German power?

I'm not sure.

What is Germany trying to remember?

I'm not sure.

What war do many Germans still remember?

I'm not sure.

Who says What is good for Germany is bad for the EU?

I'm not sure.


Definitions of "Southeast Asia" vary, but most definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The area, together with part of South Asia, was widely known as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands[citation needed] are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia.[citation needed] Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer.

Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?

Papua New Guinea

What does ASEAN mean?

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?

Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Which state is not a member of ASEAN?

East Timor

What association is East  Timo a member of?

I'm not sure.

What was Southeast Asia also known as?

I'm not sure.

What has been called the Indies since the 20th Century

I'm not sure.

What islands are not considered part of Southeast Asia?

I'm not sure.

What islands are part of Australia?

I'm not sure.


The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian. The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies.[citation needed]

Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Which countries are culturally a part of Southeast Asia?

Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India

Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies?

Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands

What islands are not geographically part of Southeast Asia

I'm not sure.

What islands are not culturally or geographically part of Southeast Asia?

I'm not sure.

What part of New Guinea is not part of Southeast Asia?

I'm not sure.


Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago, having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent. Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC,and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions.

When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia?

2000 BC

Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia?

coastal areas

Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived?

Homo floresiensis

How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct?

12,000 years ago

What reached the region arounf 4500 years ago?

I'm not sure.

Who came from easr of the region?

I'm not sure.

Who moved into the area 12,000 years ago?

I'm not sure.

Where do "Austrnesian make up a small fraction of the modern population?

I'm not sure.

Who arrived in Indinesia around the 2nd century BC?

I'm not sure.


The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.

Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?

Jawa Dwipa

Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?

Indian traders

The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?

abundant forest and maritime products

Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?

Hinduism and Buddhism

Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?

merchants from China

What kindom existed in the second century BCE?

I'm not sure.

Who started influencing the Maylay-speaking world in the 300's BCE?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Chine's come to the archipelago to trade with?

I'm not sure.

What was well established by the 1st century BC?

I'm not sure.


The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines, making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.

Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?

The Majapahit Empire

Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?

Hayam Wuruk

How long did the Majapahit Empire last?

1293 to around 1500

How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?

parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines

What kingdom was established in 1500?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Majapahit Empire based in 1293 BC?

I'm not sure.

What ruler came to power in 1389?

I'm not sure.

When wa the Majapahit Empire dominated by other kingdoms?

I'm not sure.

What was the largest empire in Asian history?

I'm not sure.


In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He."

Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?

Srivijaya kingdom

What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom?

Sangrama Vijayatungavarman

Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267?

Phra Ong Mahawangsa

Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981?

Hamka

Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya?

Admiral Zheng He

What happened in the 1100's?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Srivijaya kingdom attack?

I'm not sure.

What happened to the king of Chola?

I'm not sure.

What kig converted from Islam in 1267?

I'm not sure.

What Islamic scholar died in 1908?

I'm not sure.


There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.

In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?

Malacca Sultanate

Where did the traders from Yemen settle?

Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia

Which missionary helped to spread Islam?

The Sufi missionaries

Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?

Islam

What ruler regected Islam in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

Where did Yemen traders come from?

I'm not sure.

What classes wher negatively affected by Islam?

I'm not sure.

What missionaries he;ped spread Islam beyond Asia?

I'm not sure.


During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?

Imperial Japan

According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?

4 to 10 million

What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?

Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour

Who defeated Japan during the World War II?

The Allied powers

What colonies were attacked during WW I?

I'm not sure.

Who invaded the western colonies during WW I?

I'm not sure.

Who reported that 4  thousand people died do to famine and forced labour?

I'm not sure.

Who did Japan defeat in the South-East Asian theater?

I'm not sure.


Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,095 metres (13,435 feet). The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.

Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.

Indonesia

Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?

volcanically active

What is the largest country in Asia?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest archipelago in the world?

I'm not sure.

What country has the least volcanic activity in Southeast Asia?

I'm not sure.

What is the only mountain without glaciers in Souteast Asia?

I'm not sure.

What  is the second largest peak in Asia?

I'm not sure.


The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.

What is the climate like in Southeast Asia?

tropical–hot and humid

Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?

Southeast Asia

Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow?

Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas

What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?

The tropical rain belt

What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons?

seasonal shift in winds or monsoon

What part of Asia is mostly subtropical?

I'm not sure.

North Vietnam and what other region have atropical climate?

I'm not sure.

What region has the largest rain forest in the world?

I'm not sure.

What is the climate like in the souther mountain region?

I'm not sure.