During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873, a cantonalist uprising that took place during the First Spanish Republic, the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on 19 July and dissolved on 7 August). It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment. The city surrendered on 7 August; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874, and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid, marking the end of the first republic. Despite the Bourbon restoration, the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890, after which the Republicans, led by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, gained considerably more of the popular vote.

In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?

Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?

General Martinez-Campos

Who became king in 1874?

Alfonso XII

When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?

11 January 1875

Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez


World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La Música) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.

Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?

Santiago Calatrava

Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?

centre of the city

What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?

modern

Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?

City of Arts and Sciences


Valencia is a bilingual city: Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is official in all of Spain, whereas Valencian is official in the Valencian Country, as well as in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where it receives the name of Catalan. Despite the differentiated denomination, the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country, Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language.
Valencian has been historically repressed in favour of Spanish. The effects have been more noticeable in the city proper, whereas the language has remained active in the rural and metropolitan areas. After the Castille-Aragon unification, a Spanish-speaking elite established itself in the city. In more recent history, the establishment of Franco's military and administrative apparatus in Valencia further excluded Valencian from public life. Valencian recovered its official status, prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978. However, due to industrialisation in recent decades, Valencia has attracted immigration from other regions in Spain, and hence there is also a demographic factor for its declining social use. Due to a combination of these reasons, Valencia has become the bastion of anti-Catalan blaverism, which celebrates Valencian as merely folkloric, but rejects the existing standard which was adapted from Catalan orthography.
Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper but, thanks to the education system, most Valencians have basic knowledge of both Spanish and Valencian, and either can be used in the city. Valencia is therefore the second biggest Catalan-speaking city after Barcelona. Institutional buildings and streets are named in Valencian. The city is also home to many pro-Valencian political and civil organisations. Furthermore, education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city, as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines.

How many official languages does Valencia have?

two

What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?

Catalan

What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?

Spanish

How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?

more than 70

When did Valencian regain its offical status?


Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?

the last thirty years

Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?

Santiago Calatrava

Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?

Félix Candela

What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?

Old City


Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capital General, the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.

What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?

Saints John

Who decorated the Saints John's dome?

Palonino

Who destroyed the Jesuit college?

the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front

What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?

Capital General

What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?

Colegio de San Juan


A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania.

When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?

When were the Byzantines expelled?

What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?

Toledo

Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?

the church

After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?

Visigothic military contingents


In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the façade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Paláu. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns with Corinthian pillars, and redecorated the walls. The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silver reredos, which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings by Francisco Goya in the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is a small Renaissance chapel built by Calixtus III. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken (Virgen de los desamparados or Mare de Déu dels Desamparats).

When was the dome built?

15th century

Who started the construction of the main chapel?

Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros

When was the main entrance constructed?

beginning of the 18th century

In what style is the door of the Apostles?

Gothic

Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel?

Francisco Goya


In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.

What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?

King James I of Aragon

When did Valencia surrender?

28 September

Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?

the Muslim population

What were Valencia's new charters called?

Furs of Valencia

What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?

Order of Calatrava


In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports.

Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?

the 32nd and the 33rd

What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?

Global Champions Tour

What tennis event has Valencia hosted?

Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament

When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?

What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?

Falles


The city had surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) by 714 AD, and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed in 755 during his wars against other nobility, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called Balansiyya, prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the Baños del Almirante bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, El Micalet (El Miguelete), which was the minaret of the old mosque.

Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?

Abd al-Rahman I

What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?

the Russafa

What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?

Medina al-Turab

When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?

by 714 AD

What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?

El Micalet


This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Damià Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausiàs March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General ("studium generale", place of general studies).

When were the Serranos Towers constructed?

What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?

Tirant lo Blanch

Who was an early poet to use Valencian?

Ausiàs March

When was the University of Valencia founded?

between 1499 and 1502

What was the University of Valencia's original name?

Estudio General


The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

What war took place from 1702-1709?

War of Spanish Succession

With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?

Charles of Austria

When did English cavalry enter Valencia?

24 January 1706

Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?

Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth

What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?

fortress at Sagunt


The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.

Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?

Moncey

When did Valencia surrender to the French?

8 January 1812

Who led the successful attack against Valencia?

Suchet

What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?

Battle of Vitoria

What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?

Valencia


The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640–1652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.

What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?

Moriscos

When were the Jews expelled?

Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?

North Africa

What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?

a third

When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?


During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, Lo Rat Penat, which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture.

Who had suppressed the Valencian language?

Philip V

What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?

Lo Rat Penat

Who founded Lo Rat Penat?

Constantine Llombart

What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?

Teodor Llorente

Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?

land-owners


During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property—though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.

Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?

Espartero

When did Espartero rule?

16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841

What type of government did Espartero have?

progressive

Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?

local bourgeoisie

Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?

General Cabrera


The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá called the accident a "fortuitous" event. However, the trade union CC.OO. accused the authorities of "rushing" to say anything but admit that Line 1 is in a state of "constant deterioration" with a "failure to carry out maintenance".

How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?

When did the Valencia metro derail?

3 July 2006

Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?

Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá

On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?

How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?

more than ten


During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled, rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s, the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900, construction of the Central and Columbus markets, and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station, completed in 1921. The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event, the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 (La Exposición Regional Valenciana de 1909), which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities. This production was promoted by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), especially by its chairman, Tomás Trénor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown; it was officially inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII himself.

What was Valencia's population in 2000?

Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?

third

Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?

third

When was the Gare du Nord station finished?

When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?


The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

Who was prime minister in 1936?

Manuel Azana

What building did the government move to in 1936?

Palau de Benicarló

How many bomb shelters were built?

over two hundred

When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?

13 January 1937

Where did the government relocate to in 1937?

Barcelona


In March 2012, the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation, providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers. In April 2013, the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident, which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia, or even to hide evidence, as the book of train breakdowns was never found. The day after the broadcast of this report, which received extensive media coverage, several voices called for the reopening of the investigation. The investigation was effectively reopened and the accident is currently under re-examination.

What TV program questioned the official account of the crash?

Salvados

What happened at the same time as the crash, which may have contributed to the government downplaying it?

visit of the pope to Valencia

What evidence related to the crash remains missing?

book of train breakdowns

Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation?

El Mundo

When did El Mundo's article with information about the crash investigation come out?

March 2012


In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.

Who was the hospital's patroness?

Santa María de los Inocentes

What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?

Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados

Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?

Archbishop Pedro de Urbina

What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?

a grain market

Who insisted on building the new chapel?

Conde de Oropesa


Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia C.F., which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), for a total of six times, and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001. The team's stadium is the Mestalla; its city rival Levante UD also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010, their stadium is Estadi Ciutat de València. From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city, Huracán Valencia, who play their games in Municipal de Manises, in the Segunda División B.

When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?

How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?

six

What is Levante UD's stadium?

Estadi Ciutat de València

In which division does Huracan Valencia play?

Segunda División B

Where does Huracan Valencia play?

Municipal de Manises


Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea. Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares; this heritage of ancient monuments, views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. Major monuments include Valencia Cathedral, the Torres de Serrans, the Torres de Quart, the Llotja de la Seda (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996), and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències (City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela. The Museu de Belles Arts de València houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works by Velázquez, El Greco, and Goya, as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi. The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography.

When was Valencia's founding?

138 BC

On what river is Valencia located?

Turia

How big is Valencia's historic centre?

169 hectares

What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?

Museu de Belles Arts de València

What Valencian museum has a photography collection?

Institut Valencià d'Art Modern


Valencia stands on the banks of the Turia River, located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) from the sea. The Albufera, a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km (7 mi) south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the Generalitat Valenciana declared it a natural park.

How far from Valencia is the Albufera?

11 km

In what park is the Albufera located?

Parc Natural de l'Albufera

How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?

6.4 km

Who founded Valencia?

Romans

From what entity was the Albufera bought?

Crown of Spain


The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.

How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?

How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?

Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?

How much land is within Valencia's limits?

134.6 km2

From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?

Bolivia, Romania and Italy


About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros.

Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?

Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico

How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?

two thousand

What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?

Via Augusta

What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?

Plaza de la Virgen

In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?

Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus


Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom—which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk Jérôme as bishop of the See of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years.

What was El Cid's real name?

Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar

When did El Cid die?

July 1099

Who took El Cid's position after his death?

Ximena Díaz

When did El Cid rule?

15 June 1094 to July 1099

Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?

Abd al-Aziz


The city went through serious troubles in the mid-fourteenth century. On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics — and on the other, the series of wars and riots that followed. Among these were the War of the Union, a citizen revolt against the excesses of the monarchy, led by Valencia as the capital of the kingdom — and the war with Castile, which forced the hurried raising of a new wall to resist Castilian attacks in 1363 and 1364. In these years the coexistence of the three communities that occupied the city—Christian, Jewish and Muslim — was quite contentious. The Jews who occupied the area around the waterfront had progressed economically and socially, and their quarter gradually expanded its boundaries at the expense of neighbouring parishes. Meanwhile, Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were entrenched in a Moorish neighbourhood next to the present-day market Mosen Sorel. In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter, causing its virtual disappearance and leading to the forced conversion of its surviving members to Christianity. The Muslim quarter was attacked during a similar tumult among the populace in 1456, but the consequences were minor.

When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death?

Which three religious groups lived in Valencia?

Christian, Jewish and Muslim

The Muslims lived near what current market?

Mosen Sorel

When was the Jewish section attacked?

When was the Muslim section attacked?


Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mudéjars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.

Whose government did the guilds rebel against?

Charles I

When did the guilds' rebellion take place?

What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?

plague

From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?

Italian republics

What were the artisan guilds called?

the Germanies


With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.

What type of people often held Valencia's offices?

foreign aristocrats

From where were Valencia's officials chosen?

Madrid

What convent was close to the area where troops lived?

Santo Domingo

Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?


Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the Constitution of 1812. He followed this act by dissolving the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820–1823.

Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid?

Valencia

How long did absolutist rule last?

six years

When was the Trieno Liberal?

When was the Constitution abolished?

Who offered troops to the King?

General Elio


The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882.

When were plans for city expansion drawn?

What was finished in 1850?

public water supply network

When did Valencia get electricity?

What was knocked down in 1866?

city walls

What was Valencia's population in 1860?


The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by the jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements. With the advent of democracy in Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity, the Valencian Community, the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital. On the night of 23 February 1981, shortly after Antonio Tejero had stormed Congress, the Captain General of the Third Military Region, Jaime Milans del Bosch, rose up in Valencia, put tanks on the streets, declared a state of emergency and tried to convince other senior military figures to support the coup. After the televised message of King Juan Carlos I, those in the military who had not yet aligned themselves decided to remain loyal to the government, and the coup failed. Despite this lack of support, Milans del Bosch only surrendered at 5 a.m. on the next day, 24 February.

When democracy began in Spain, what did the kingdom of Valencia become?

the Valencian Community

Who led a coup in Valencia?

Jaime Milans del Bosch

Whose message convinced much of the military to stay loyal?

King Juan Carlos I

When did Milans del Bosch surrender?

24 February

What law made Valencia the capital of its region?

Statute of Autonomy


The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento; it is home to the City Hall (Ayuntamiento) on its western side and the central post office (Edificio de Correos) on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Mascletà can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end.

Where is Valencia's City Hall located?

Plaza del Ayuntamiento

What is on the eastern side of Valencia's largest plaza?

the central post office

What shape is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento?

triangular

What is in the north part of the plaza?

a large fountain

When are firewords heard every day?

during the Les Falles


The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Mayor in the early days of the Reconquista, then Iglesia de la Seo (Seo is from the Latin sedes, i.e., (archiepiscopal) See), and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866, it was called the Basilica Metropolitana. It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood. In Gothic times, it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour; the Cid dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin; King James I of Aragon did likewise, leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin, which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy. The Moorish mosque, which had been converted into a Christian Church by the conqueror, was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia, and in 1262 Bishop Andrés de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building, with three naves; these reach only to the choir of the present building. Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall, and James I added the tower, called El Miguelete because it was blessed on St. Michael's day in 1418. The tower is about 58 m high and topped with a belfry (1660–1736).

What was the Valencia Cathedral called from 1866?

Basilica Metropolitana

What pagan deity may have had a temple where the Valencia Cathedral is now?

Diana

How tall is the cathedral's tower?

58 m

What is the tower called?

El Miguelete

What was the Cathedral's name from early in the Reconquista?

Iglesia Mayor


Once a year between 2008–2012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit. Valencia is among with Barcelona, Porto and Monte Carlo the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw an extremely popular winner, since home driver Fernando Alonso won for Ferrari in spite of starting halfway down the field. The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix (Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme) is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de Valencia). Periodically the Spanish round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia.

Who won the last race of the European Grand Prix in 2012?

Fernando Alonso

What motorcycle event is held in Valencia?

Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix

In which years was the European Formula One Grand Prix in Valencia?

What is another name for the Circuit Recardo Tormo?

Circuit de Valencia


It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside the United States federal government, aside from being the first business in the world to own a computer. Its major appliance manufacturing plant "Appliance Park" was the first non-governmental site to host one. However, in 1970, GE sold its computer division to Honeywell, exiting the computer manufacturing industry, though it retained its timesharing operations for some years afterwards. GE was a major provider of computer timesharing services, through General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS), offering online computing services that included GEnie.

During which decade did GE start manufacuring computers?

What was the name of GE's major appliance manufacturing plant?

Appliance Park

In what year did GE sell its computer division to Honeywell?

What division of GE provides computer timesharing services?

GXS

What was the name of first business in the world to own a computer?

GE

What year saw the release of GEnie?

I'm not sure.

In what year did GE's "Appliance Park" begin hosting computers?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did Honeywell first enter the computer manufacturing industry?

I'm not sure.

Who managed the second non-governmental computer hosting site?

I'm not sure.

What was the second business to own a computer after GE?

I'm not sure.


During 1889, Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies: Edison Lamp Company, a lamp manufacturer in East Newark, New Jersey; Edison Machine Works, a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady, New York; Bergmann & Company, a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures, sockets, and other electric lighting devices; and Edison Electric Light Company, the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison's lighting experiments. In 1889, Drexel, Morgan & Co., a company founded by J.P. Morgan and Anthony J. Drexel, financed Edison's research and helped merge those companies under one corporation to form Edison General Electric Company which was incorporated in New York on April 24, 1889. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year.

What was the name of the lamp manufacturer in East Newark which Thomas Edison an interest in?

Edison Lamp Company

Where was Edison Machine Works located?

Schenectady, New York

Who provided financial backing for the Edison Lighting Company?

J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family

In what year did Drexel, Morgan & Co. begin to finance Edison's research and form Edison General Electric Company?

What was the name of the company that held the patents from Edison's research?

Edison Electric Light Company

In what year was Thomas Edison born?

I'm not sure.

In what city was Bergmann & Company headquartered?

I'm not sure.

In what city was Drexel, Morgan & Co based?

I'm not sure.

In what year did J.P. Morgan first meet Thomas Edison?

I'm not sure.

In what city was Edison Electric Light Company incorporated?

I'm not sure.


Since over half of GE's revenue is derived from financial services, it is arguably a financial company with a manufacturing arm. It is also one of the largest lenders in countries other than the United States, such as Japan. Even though the first wave of conglomerates (such as ITT Corporation, Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco, etc.) fell by the wayside by the mid-1980s, in the late 1990s, another wave (consisting of Westinghouse, Tyco, and others) tried and failed to emulate GE's success.[citation needed]

What is the business source of the majority of GE's revenues?

financial services

In what other country besides the US does GE provide lending services?

Japan

How much of GE's revenues is derived from the financial services it provides?

over half

Besides ITT Corporation, which two companies tried to emulate GE, but failed by the mid-1980's?

Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco

In what decade was GE founded?

I'm not sure.

In what country was Tenneco headquartered?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did ITT Corporation get founded?

I'm not sure.

In what decade was Westinghouse established?

I'm not sure.

In what nation was Ling-Temco-Vought established?

I'm not sure.


The changes included a new corporate color palette, small modifications to the GE logo, a new customized font (GE Inspira) and a new slogan, "Imagination at work", composed by David Lucas, to replace the slogan "We Bring Good Things to Life" used since 1979. The standard requires many headlines to be lowercased and adds visual "white space" to documents and advertising. The changes were designed by Wolff Olins and are used on GE's marketing, literature and website. In 2014, a second typeface family was introduced: GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday created under art direction by Wolff Olins.

Who composed GE's slogan "Imagination at work?"?

David Lucas

What was GE's slogan prior to "Imagination at work?"

We Bring Good Things to Life

In what year was the slogan "We Bring Good Things to Life" first used?

Which company designed the standard format for GE's marketing literature and website?

Wolff Olins

What is the name of the typeface family created for GE in 2014?

GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday

In what year did GE start using the slogan, "Imagination at work"?

I'm not sure.

What was the first typeface family use by GE?

I'm not sure.

Who composed the slogan, "We Bring Good Things to Life"?

I'm not sure.

What was the typeface used for, "We Bring Good Things to Life"?

I'm not sure.

Who created the GE Inspira font?

I'm not sure.


GE has a history of some of its activities giving rise to large-scale air and water pollution. Based on year 2000 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 tons) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE has also been implicated in the creation of toxic waste. According to EPA documents, only the United States Government, Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites.

Based on year 2000 data, where is GE ranked among the largest corporate producers of air pollution in the US?

fourth-largest

How many tons of toxic chemicals does GE release into the atmosphere each year?

According to which government agency is GE a leading producer of Superfund toxic waste sites?

EPA

Which two commercial businesses produce more Superfund toxic waste sites than GE?

Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation

Which organization identified GE as the fourth largest corporate producer of air pollution in the US?

Political Economy Research Institute

How much air pollution is spewed out by all of the Superfund toxic waste sites each year?

I'm not sure.

How much air pollution in Chevron Corporation responsible for each year?

I'm not sure.

Who is the largest corporate producer of air pollution each year?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Political Economy Research Institute list as the third-largest producer of air pollution?

I'm not sure.

How much air pollution did GE create in 1980?

I'm not sure.


At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed.

In what year was General Electric formed?

In which US state was GE incorporated?

New York

Which city was the home of GE's first headquarters?

Schenectady

Who led the Thomson-Houston Electric Company when GE was formed?

Charles Coffin

Where was the Thomson-Houston Electric Company based?

Lynn, Massachusetts

Where was Drexel, Morgan & Co incorporated?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Canadian General Electric formed?

I'm not sure.

When was Drexel, Morgan & Co incorporated>

I'm not sure.

Where was Canadian General Electric based?

I'm not sure.

Where was Thomson-Houston Electric Company headquartered?

I'm not sure.


From circa 1932 until 1977, General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox, Massachusetts, just south of Pittsfield, where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment. About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs. Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Waterfowl and fish who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and can present health risks if consumed.

Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?

Housatonic River

What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?

Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260

Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?

Monsanto

How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?

How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?

110 mg/kg

In what year was Monsanto founded?

I'm not sure.

How much Aroclor 1254 was found in Pittsfield?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Monsanto create Aroclor 1260?

I'm not sure.

How many pounds of PCBs are found in Pittsfield?

I'm not sure.

How much PCBs is found in waterfowl and fish in the Housatonic River?

I'm not sure.


GE (General Electric) Energy's renewable energy business has expanded greatly, to keep up with growing U.S. and global demand for clean energy. Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002, GE has invested more than $850 million in renewable energy commercialization. In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd, a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation, and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010. In 2009, GE's renewable energy initiatives, which include solar power, wind power and GE Jenbacher gas engines using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases, employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs.

In what year did GE enter the renewable energy industry?

How much money has GE invested in renewable energy commercialization?

more than $850 million

In what year did GE acquire Kelman Ltd.?

As of 2009, how many people did GE employ in its renewable energy initiatives?

more than 4,900

When did GE announce an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland?

May 2010

In what year was Kelman Ltd. formed?

I'm not sure.

How many people did GE employ overall as of 2009?

I'm not sure.

How many people worked for Kelman Ltd. as of 2008 when it was acquired by GE?

I'm not sure.

How much was GE worth as of 2002?

I'm not sure.

How much did GE pay to acquire Kelman Ltd?

I'm not sure.


In May 2005, GE announced the launch of a program called "Ecomagination," intended, in the words of CEO Jeff Immelt "to develop tomorrow's solutions such as solar energy, hybrid locomotives, fuel cells, lower-emission aircraft engines, lighter and stronger durable materials, efficient lighting, and water purification technology". The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that, "while General Electric's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line, Mr. Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy."

When did GE announce its Ecoimagination program?

May 2005

Who was the CEO of GE when it announced its Ecoimagination program?

Jeff Immelt

What type of technology related to water was to be developed under the Ecoimagination program?

water purification technology

Which newspaper printed an op-ed piece that questioned Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on environmental policy?

The New York Times

What type of locomotive technology was to be developed by GE under its Ecoimagination program?

hybrid

Who wrote an op-ed piece in the New York Times about GE's CEO in May 2005?

I'm not sure.

In what year did GE start polluting the environment?

I'm not sure.

In what year was solar energy introduced as a way to generate electricity?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Jeff Immelt become the CEO of GE?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the first hybrid locomotive introduced onto the market?

I'm not sure.


GE's history of working with turbines in the power-generation field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers.[citation needed] Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, and continued to develop them during the Interwar period. Superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941. GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. Although their early work with Whittle's designs was later handed to Allison Engine Company, GE Aviation emerged as one of the world's largest engine manufacturers, second only to the British company, Rolls-Royce plc.

Who led GE's effort to build the first turbosupercharges during World War I?

Sanford Alexander Moss

Which jet engine did GE introduce in 1941?

Whittle W.1

What was GE's rank among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts during World War II?

ninth

To which company did GE hand off their work on Whittle's jet engines?

Allison Engine Company

Which company is ranked as the largest engine manufacturer in the world?

Rolls-Royce plc

In what year was Sanford Alexander Moss born?

I'm not sure.

In what year did World War II start?

I'm not sure.

In what year was GE Aviation founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the first superchargers introduced?

I'm not sure.

What engines did Rolls-Royce plc. build?

I'm not sure.


General Electric heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947-77. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish from the river or drink the water. In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem. The activism led to the site being designated by the EPA as one of the superfund sites requiring extensive cleanup. Other sources of pollution, including mercury contamination and sewage dumping, have also contributed to problems in the Hudson River watershed.

In what time period did GE pollute the Hudson River with PCBs?

Who founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to bring attention to the pollution caused by GE?

Pete Seeger

What does PCB stand for?

polychlorinated biphenyls

What designation did the EPA give to the site of GE's Hudson River pollution

superfund

What other types of pollution have contaminated the Hudson River watershed?

mercury contamination and sewage dumping

In what year did Pete Seeger found the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the EPA designate GE's plant on the Hudson River as a superfund site?

I'm not sure.

In what year was musician Peter Singer born?

I'm not sure.

In what year did GE start polluting the Hudson River with mercury?

I'm not sure.

In what year did sewage dumping in the Hudson River become a problem?

I'm not sure.


GE has said that it will invest $1.4 billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative. As of October 2008, the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market, ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines. In 2007, GE raised the annual revenue target for its Ecomagination initiative from $20 billion in 2010 to $25 billion following positive market response to its new product lines. In 2010, GE continued to raise its investment by adding $10 billion into Ecomagination over the next five years.

How much money has GE said it will invest in 2008 for clean technology R&D?

$1.4 billion

How many green products did GE bring to market via its Ecoimagination program as of October 2008?

What was GE's new revenue target for its Ecoimagination program in 2010?

$25 billion

What type of lamp was introduced by GE as part of its Ecoimagination initiative?

halogen

What type of engine did GE bring to market as part of its Ecoimagination project?

biogas

In what year was the Ecomagination initiative introduced by GE?

I'm not sure.

How much did GE spend on its Ecomagination initiative in 2009?

I'm not sure.

How many green products did GE bring onto the market in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What were the number of green products released onto the market by GE in 2010?

I'm not sure.

How much did GE invest in it Ecomagination initiative in 2016?

I'm not sure.


Short Films, Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan. Stories included breakthroughs in Slingshot (water vapor distillation system), cancer research, energy production, pain management and food access. Each of the 30 films received world premiere screenings at a major international film festival, including the Sundance Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. The winning amateur director film, The Cyborg Foundation, was awarded a US$100,000 prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival.[citation needed] According to GE, the campaign garnered more than 1.5 billion total media impressions, 14 million online views, and was seen in 156 countries.[citation needed]

What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival?

Short Films, Big Ideas

Which company was GE's partner in the Short Fils, Big Ideas project?

cinelan

What type of system is Sligshot?

water vapor distillation

What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?

How many online views did the Short Films, Big Ideas campaign generate?

14 million

How much did it cost to produce the movie, "The Cyborg Foundation"?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the first Sundance Film Festival held?

I'm not sure.

In what year was cinelan founded?

I'm not sure.

How many people saw the movie, "The Cyborg Foundation", at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?

I'm not sure.

In what city is the Tribeca Film Festival held?

I'm not sure.


In April 2014, it was announced that GE was in talks to acquire the global power division of French engineering group Alstom for a figure of around $13 billion. A rival joint bid was submitted in June 2014 by Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) with Siemens seeking to acquire Alstom's gas turbine business for €3.9 billion, and MHI proposing a joint venture in steam turbines, plus a €3.1 billion cash investment. In June 2014 a formal offer From GE worth $17 billion was agreed by the Alstom board. Part of the transaction involved the French government taking a 20% stake in Alstom to help secure France's energy and transport interests, and French jobs. A rival offer from Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was rejected. The acquisition was expected to be completed in 2015.

When did GE announce it was in talks to acquire the French engineering group Alstom?

April 2014

What was the final acquisition price paid by GE for Alstom?

$17 billion

How big was the stake in Alstom taken by the French government as part of the acquisition deal?

When was GE's acquisition of Alstom agreed to by Alstom's board?

June 2014

From which company did the Alstom board reject a rival acquisition proposal?

Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

In what year was Alstom established?

I'm not sure.

How much was GE worth as of April 2014?

I'm not sure.

How much was Siemens and Mitsubishi Heave Industries worth as of June 2014?

I'm not sure.

How much was was Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries rival offer?

I'm not sure.

In what year was steam turbines invented?

I'm not sure.


GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974.

Where is GE's headquarters located?

Fairfield, Connecticut

On what street in New York was GE headquartered before moving to Fairfield?

Lexington Avenue

In what year did GE move its headquarters to Fairfield?

Which television broadcast company is located in the same building as GE's main offices in New York City?

NBC

What was the former name of the Comcast Building, location of GE's main offices?

30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center

In what decade did NBC makes the Comcast Building their headquarters?

I'm not sure.

In what year was GE incorporated?

I'm not sure.

In what year did NBC begin broadcasting from the Comcast building?

I'm not sure.

In what year did 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center change its name to the Comcast building?

I'm not sure.


In 1983, New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York to compel GE to pay for the cleanup of what was claimed to be more than 100,000 tons of chemicals dumped from their plant in Waterford, New York. In 1999, the company agreed to pay a $250 million settlement in connection with claims it polluted the Housatonic River (Pittsfield, Massachusetts) and other sites with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other hazardous substances.

Which New York State Attorney General filed suit in US District Court to force GE to pay for the cleanup of chemicals dumped by their plant in Waterford, NY?

Robert Abrams

How much did GE agree to pay in claims for the pollution it caused in the Housatonic River and other sites?

$250 million

How many tons of PCBs were claimed to have been dumped by GE's Waterford Plant in the 1983 lawsuit?

more than 100,000

In which year was a settlement reached regarding GE's pollution of the Housatonic River?

What was the location of the pollution caused by GE in the Housatonic River?

Pittsfield, Massachusetts

In what year was the suit against GE by New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams settled?

I'm not sure.

How much money did GE pay to settle the lawsuit filed against it by the New York State Attorney General in 1983?

I'm not sure.

What river is near GE's plant in Waterford, New York?

I'm not sure.

Where was the lawsuit filed against GE in connection to it polluting the Housatonic River?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the attorney general who filed a suit against GE for it polluting the Housatonic River?

I'm not sure.


The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain, with George Washington appointed as its commander. The army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, and military thinking influenced the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught the army Prussian tactics and organizational skills.

When was the Continental Army created?

14 June 1775

Who was the commander of the Continental Army?

George Washington

From what country did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben come from?

Europe

What did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben teach the Continental Army?

Prussian tactics and organizational skills

How was the Continental Army created?

I'm not sure.

When was the commander of the Continental Army appointed?

I'm not sure.

What European did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben come from?

I'm not sure.

When did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben teach Prussian tactics?

I'm not sure.


The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the "traditional" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle.

What year did American forces start being stationed in Vietnam?

What caused American forces to deploy in large number in 1965?

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

What political structure did Vietnam have?

communist

What year did Soviet forces start being stationed in Vietnam?

I'm not sure.

What caused Soviet forces to deploy in large number in 1965?

I'm not sure.

What political structure did America have?

I'm not sure.

What type of military warfare did Russian forces use?

I'm not sure.


By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the "National Army" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers. It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "Regular Army" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.

What was organized to replace the concept of U.S. Volunteers?

the "National Army"

When was the National Army demobilized?

end of World War I

Who filled vacancies in the Regular Army?

"Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps"

What was organized to replace the concept of the militias?

I'm not sure.

When was the National Army started?

I'm not sure.

What was added to the National Army?

I'm not sure.

Who filled vacancies for militias?

I'm not sure.

What were temporary soldiers known as?

I'm not sure.


The army is led by a civilian Secretary of the Army, who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction and control of the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Staff of the Army, who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, and the National Security Council on operational military matters, under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1986, the Goldwater–Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the unified combatant commanders, who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility. Thus, the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the Secretary of Defense.

Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army?

The Chief of Staff

Who does the Chief of Staff serve as the principal military adviser to?

Secretary of the Army

How many military services beling to the Department of Defense?

four

In what year did the Goldwater-Nichols act take place?

Which civilian leads the Navy?

I'm not sure.

Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the Navy?

I'm not sure.

How many European military services belong to the Department of Defense?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Goldwater-Nichols Act rejected?

I'm not sure.

What branch of military does the Secretary of the Treasury direct?

I'm not sure.


The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–83)—before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775.

What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the largest?

The United States Army

How many uniformed services are there in the US?

seven

What years did the American Revolutionary War span?

What date was the U.S. Army created?

3 June 1784

What did the U.S Army replace?

Continental Army

What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the smallest?

I'm not sure.

How many uniformed services are there in Canada?

I'm not sure.

What years did the French Revolutionary War span?

I'm not sure.

What did the U.S. Navy replace?

I'm not sure.

When was the U.S.  Navy disbanded?

I'm not sure.


The War of 1812, the second and last American war against the United Kingdom, was less successful for the U.S. than the Revolution and Northwest Indian War against natives had been, though it ended on a high note for Americans as well. After the taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the Americans were able to seize parts of western Upper Canada, burn York and defeat Tecumseh, which caused his Indian Confederacy to collapse. Following ending victories in the province of Upper Canada, which dubbed the U.S. Army "Regulars, by God!", British troops were able to capture and burn Washington. The regular army, however, proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore, prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo ante bellum. Two weeks after a treaty was signed (but not ratified), Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and became a national hero. Per the treaty both sides returned to the status quo with no victor.

The War of 1812 consisted of the U.S against whom?

United Kingdom

In what year did the U.S. take control of Lake Eerie?

Who did the U.S. defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?

Tecumseh

In the Battle of New Orleans, who defeated the British?

Andrew Jackson

The Siege of 1812 was fought against?

I'm not sure.

What year did the U.S. take control of Lake Superior?

I'm not sure.

What did the English defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?

I'm not sure.

In the Battle of the New Orleans, who defeated the Americans?

I'm not sure.


After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the republican distrust of standing armies. State militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The Regular Army was at first very small, and after General St. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash, the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States, which was established in 1791 and renamed the "United States Army" in 1796.

What political party did not have trust in standing armies?

republican

Who did the state militias have ongoing conflict with?

Native Americans

Who was defeated at the Battle of the Wabash?

General St. Clair

In what year was the Legion of the United States established?

In what year was the Legion of the United States renamed to the United States Army?

What person did not trust the standing armies?

I'm not sure.

Who did the state militia have an ongoing peace treaty with?

I'm not sure.

Who was killed at the Battle of the Wabash?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the the government of the United States established?

I'm not sure.


Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels, Germany. ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment, at unit level, and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental US (CONUS) replacement center at Fort Bliss, in New Mexico and Texas, before their individual deployment.

Where is the National Training Center located?

Fort Irwin, California

Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located?

Fort Polk, Louisiana

Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located?

Hohenfels, Germany

In what year was ARFORGEN approved?

In what states is Fort Bliss located?

New Mexico and Texas

Where is the International Training Center located?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Double Readiness Training Center located?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Joint International Training Center located?

I'm not sure.

What year was ARFORGEN rejected?

I'm not sure.

In what cities is Fort Bliss located?

I'm not sure.


For the first two years Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states. The Confederates had the advantage of defending a very large country in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863 the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In the famous Vicksburg Campaign of 1862–63, Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had Lee under siege in Richmond as William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House; all other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months.

In what year did the Union Forces capture New Orleans?

Who took control of the Mississippi River in 1862-63?

Ulysses Grant

Who captured Atlanta?

William T. Sherman

Where did Lee surrender his army?

Appomattox Court House

In what year did the Union Forces capture Atlanta?

I'm not sure.

Who took control of the Snake River in 1862-63?

I'm not sure.

Who released Atlanta?

I'm not sure.

Where did Grant surrender his army?

I'm not sure.


The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as the Cold War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack.

What war occurred after the end of World War II?

Cold War

In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated?

How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe?

four

What war occurred after the end of War on Terror?

I'm not sure.

In what year were corps V and corps VII disbanded?

I'm not sure.

How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Germany?

I'm not sure.

What set the stage for the North-South confrontation?

I'm not sure.

With the outbreak of which war did concerns for the defense of Western Europe decrease?

I'm not sure.


The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On the European front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured North Africa and Sicily, and later fought in Italy. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In the Pacific War, U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control. Following the Axis surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947 after decades of attempting to separate. Also, in 1948, the army was desegregated by order of President Harry S. Truman.

What month and year did the U.S. join World War II?

December 1941

Which military force attacked Pearl Harbor?

Japanese

What is the month, day and year of "D-Day"?

June 6, 1944

What war lead to the capture of the Pacific Islands by the U.S.?

Pacific War

Who was responsible for the desegregation of the army?

Harry S. Truman

What month and year did the Chinese join World War II?

I'm not sure.

Which military force aided  during Pearl Harbor?

I'm not sure.

What is month, day, and year V-Day?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for the segregation of the army?

I'm not sure.

Who participated along with U.S. Army soldiers in the French-Indian War?

I'm not sure.


The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army – the Regular Army, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force. Believing that no U.S. president should be able to take the United States (and more specifically the U.S. Army) to war without the support of the American people, General Abrams intertwined the structure of the three components of the army in such a way as to make extended operations impossible, without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve.

Who adopted the Total Force Policy?

General Creighton Abrams

What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy?

Vietnam War

How many army components were affected by the Total Force Policy?

three

Who rejected the Total Force Policy?

I'm not sure.

What war was responsible for the recall of the Total Force Policy?

I'm not sure.

How many Navy components were affected by the Total Force Policy?

I'm not sure.

What three components of the Navy are a single force?

I'm not sure.


In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003–2011.

Which country was invaded by the U.S. in October 2001?

Afghanistan

The U.S. Army invaded Iraq in what year?

About how many U.S. soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?

more than 4,000

How many Iraqi insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?

Which country was liberated by the U.S. in October 2001?

I'm not sure.

What year did the  European country invade Iraq?

I'm not sure.

How many European soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?

I'm not sure.

How many Palestinian insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Chinese lead a combined coalition into Iraq?

I'm not sure.


Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President.

What were National Guard members considered before 1903?

state soldiers

In what year did the Milita Act take place?

The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?

the Army

National Guardsmen are under the authority of who?

the governor

What was the U.S. Navy considered before 1903?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Milita Act disband?

I'm not sure.

What is the State Defense Artillery a branch of?

I'm not sure.

Who governs the U.S. Navy?

I'm not sure.


The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of contracting after several years of growth. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active combat brigade teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno has projected that by 2018 the Army will eventually shrink to "450,000 in the active component, 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve."

How many divisions are there in the U.S. Army?

How many brigade teams did the Army downsize to by 2015?

Who is the Army Chief of Staff?

Raymond Odierno

By 2018, how many active Army members will there be?

How many Army Reserve members will there be by 2018?

How many divisions are there in the U.S. Navy?

I'm not sure.

How many brigade teams did the Navy downsize to by 2015?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Navy Chief of Staff?

I'm not sure.

How many active Navy members will there be in 2018?

I'm not sure.

How many Navy Reserve members will there be by 2018?

I'm not sure.


Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories – individual and collective. Basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties (MOS). Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14–20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier, and some highly technical MOS training may require many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the needs of the army, Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the Infantry School, both at Fort Benning, Georgia.

What categories are U.S. Army training divided into?

individual and collective

How long does basic training last?

10 weeks

How long does military occupation specialties training last?

14–20 weeks

What does OSUT stand for?

One Station Unit Training

Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located?

Fort Benning, Georgia

What categories are the U.S. Navy divided into?

I'm not sure.

How long does basic artillery training last for?

I'm not sure.

How long does a military cooking class last?

I'm not sure.

How long does Naval military occupation specialties training last?

I'm not sure.

What does ASUT stand for?

I'm not sure.


Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level. Indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle.

What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?

Squad Automatic Weapon

What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?

suppressive fire

What is the Mossberg 590 used for?

door breaching and close-quarters combat

What gun do designated marksmen use?

What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?

What does SAW in M248 stand for?

I'm not sure.

What kind of gunfire is the M248 SAW generally used for?

I'm not sure.

What gun do designated marksmen use the least?

I'm not sure.

What type of automatic weapon do snipers use?

I'm not sure.


The Pentagon bought 25,000 MRAP vehicles since 2007 in 25 variants through rapid acquisition with no long-term plans for the platforms. The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. Of the total number of vehicles the Army will keep, 5,036 will be put in storage, 1,073 will be used for training, and the remainder will be spread across the active force. The Oshkosh M-ATV will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility. The other most retained vehicle will be the Navistar MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles, plus 301 Maxxpro ambulances. Thousands of other MRAPs like the Cougar, BAE Caiman, and larger MaxxPros will be disposed of.

How many MRAP vehicles has the Pentagon bought since 2007?

How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of?

How many of the vehicles will be used for training?

The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle?

Oshkosh M-ATV

What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of?

Maxxpro

How many MRAP vehicles has the pentagon bought since 2000?

I'm not sure.

How many of the 25,00 vehicles does they plan on selling?

I'm not sure.

How many vehicles does the Army plan on not using for training?

I'm not sure.

How many vehicles will the Navy be keeping?

I'm not sure.

What type of tank will the the Army have 301 of?

I'm not sure.


The U.S. Army black beret (having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap) is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty. After years of complaints that it wasn't suited well for most work conditions, Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers still wear berets who are currently in a unit in jump status, whether the wearer is parachute-qualified, or not (maroon beret), Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade (tan beret), and Special Forces (rifle green beret) and may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools.

What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap?

black beret

Who was the Army Chief of Staff at this time?

General Martin Dempsey

What month and year was the black beret replaced?

June 2011

If a soldier is in a unit in jump status, what color beret do they wear?

maroon

The rifle green beret is worn by whom?

Special Forces

What piece of uniform has been replaced by the patrol top?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Navy Chief of Staff at this time?

I'm not sure.

What month and year was the black shirt replaced?

I'm not sure.

What color beret does a soldier in a unit with permanent status wear?

I'm not sure.

What color beret does the member of the 76th Ranger Regiment wear?

I'm not sure.


As a uniformed military service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the Secretary of the Army (SECARMY), and by a chief military officer, the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the fiscal year 2016, the projected end strength for the Regular Army (USA) was 475,000 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) had 342,000 soldiers, and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) had 198,000 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,015,000 soldiers. As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained, land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders." The service participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force.

How many military departments does the Department of Defense have?

three

What does SECARMY stand for?

Secretary of the Army

What does CSA stand for?

Chief of Staff of the Army

At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?

How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?

How many military departments does the Department of Agriculture have?

I'm not sure.

What does SAACRMY stand for?

I'm not sure.

What does CSS stand for?

I'm not sure.

At the end of 2016,how many women were in the Regular Army?

I'm not sure.

How many women soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?

I'm not sure.


The army's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars (1818–58) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma. The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians winter food supply, but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter. The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century.

What Indian tribe was the Army's major campaign against?

Seminoles

During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place?

What state were the Seminoles moved to?

Oklahoma

What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?

winter food supply

During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida?

eighteenth

What American tribe was the Army's major campaign against?

I'm not sure.

During what years did the wars between the Army and British take place?

I'm not sure.

What state did the Pilgrims move to?

I'm not sure.

What did the Navy traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?

I'm not sure.

During what century did the Seminoles enter Texas?

I'm not sure.


During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea, and later, to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides, and the PRC People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953.

What year did the Korean War start?

Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?

the Soviets

In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces?

Korea and Vietnam

In what year did the Korean war end?

What year did the Vietnam War begin?

I'm not sure.

Who entered the U.N. security meeting?

I'm not sure.

In what two countries did the American troops fight for Communist forces?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Vietnam War end?

I'm not sure.


By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000. A number of incentives such as early retirement were used. In 1990 Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor, Kuwait, and U.S. land forces, quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia. In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to drive out Iraqi forces. The campaign ended in total victory, as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army, organized along Soviet lines, in just one hundred hours.

In 1989, what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to?

Which country did Iraq invade in 1990?

Kuwait

What operation began in January 1991?

Desert Storm

How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm?

How long did Operation Desert Storm last?

one hundred hours

What did the Pentagon pan to increase the army strength to?

I'm not sure.

What state did Iraq invade in 1990?

I'm not sure.

What operation ended in January 1991?

I'm not sure.

How many months did Operation Desert Storm last?

I'm not sure.

How many Canadian-led troops were deployed?

I'm not sure.