For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated "Wild Fields" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)

For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?

Wild Fields

Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?

to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy

Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?

Ukrainian Cossacks

Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?

Orthodox Christians

During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?

New Russia


It is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, everyone realized the profound weaknesses of the Russian military, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.

What did Russia fail to build south?

railroad network

What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?

parades

What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?

pocketed their men's pay


The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the "clerical party," which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7–9 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the "sovereign authority" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?

What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?

Napoleon III

Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?

Charles de La Valette

Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?

clerical party

What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?

ambassador to the Porte


Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20

What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?

Charlemagne

Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?

London Straits Convention

Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?

Sultan Abdülmecid I

Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?

Greek Orthodox Church

Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty?

France and the Roman Catholic Church


Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.:105  The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat, Prince Menshikov, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan was committed "to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches." Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire, with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, rejected the more sweeping demands.

Who was the British ambassador in 1853?

George Hamilton Seymour

Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?

Nicholas

Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?

Prince Menshikov

In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?

Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?

Menshikov


In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war.

Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?

Lord Aberdeen

Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?

Stratford Canning

Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?

Colonel Rose

After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?

Constantinople

Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?

Sultan


Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived. By far, most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than combat,:118–119 for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none.

Who sent armies across the Pruth River?

the Tsar

Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?

Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov

Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?

Ottoman

In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?

How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?

sickness


Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these Danubian provinces. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.

Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?

Russia

Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?

Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's

Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?

Nicholas


The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I; however, Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal, feeling that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. The United Kingdom, France, and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions.:143 The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process.

What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?

United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia

Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?

Count Karl von Buol

In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?

Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?

Abdülmecid I

Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?

Nicholas I


The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia. In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port. Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war. Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli ("cause for war") for declaring war against Russia. On 28 March 1854, after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, the UK and France formally declared war.

What battle took place on November 30, 1853?

Battle of Sinop

What did the Russian send to Sinop?

a fleet

While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?

a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes

What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?

cause for war

When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?

28 March 1854


Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris, meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor. The Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne "Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor's views, and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down.":411

Who was concerned with Russia  capturing Constantinople?

Britain

Who sent men to the Dardanelles?

The Corps of Royal Engineers

As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?

Paris

Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?

British Ambassador and the French Emperor

Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?

Lord Cowley


Nicholas felt that, because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848, Austria would side with him, or at the very least remain neutral. Austria, however, felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans. On 27 February 1854, the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities; Austria supported them and, though it did not declare war on Russia, it refused to guarantee its neutrality. Russia's rejection of the ultimatum caused the UK and France to enter the war.

In what year did the Hungarian revolution take place?

Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome?

Nicholas

Who did Austria feel threatened by?

Russian troops in the Balkans

Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities?

the United Kingdom and France

Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia?

Russia's rejection of the ultimatum


Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița. The resulting Battle of Oltenița was the first engagement following the declaration of war. The Russians counterattacked, but were beaten back. On 31 December 1853, the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate, a small village nine miles north of Calafat, and engaged them on 6 January 1854. The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat. Most of the heavy fighting, however, took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village. Despite the setback at Chetatea, on 28 January 1854, Russian forces laid siege to Calafat. The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege. The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal.:130–43

The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?

What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?

Omar Pasha

After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?

Calafat

After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?

Oltenița

What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?

Chetatea or Cetate


In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted. In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops, the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months.:415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment.:415

Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?

the Russians

What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?

Danube River

How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?

60,000 troops

When did the siege of Silistra end?

23 June 1854

Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?

lack of equipment


In the west, the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces, which had swelled to 280,000 men. On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia. One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel. However, when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia, the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks.:131, 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank. Indeed, after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey, the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines. Accordingly, the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854, and begin abandoning the Principalities.:185 The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria.

Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin?

Austrian forces

How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?

What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?

River Pruth

Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?

Orthodox Christians

After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?

Turkey


In June 1854, the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna, a city on the Black Sea's western coast (now in Bulgaria). They made little advance from their base there.:175–176 In July 1854, the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854, engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it. The capture of Giurgiu by the Turks immediately threatened Bucharest in Wallachia with capture by the same Turk army. On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Principalities. Also, in late July 1854, following up on the Russian retreat, the French staged an expedition against the Russian forces still in Dobruja, but this was a failure.:188–190

The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea?

western coast

Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?

Omar Pasha

In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?

In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?

Giurgiu

The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities?

Tsar Nicholas I


During this period, the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople (currently named Istanbul) and the Caucasus ports, while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop, and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop. The battle outraged opinion in UK, which called for war. There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate Furious was fired on outside Odessa harbour. In response an Anglo-French fleet bombarded the port, causing much damage to the town. To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop, on the 22th of December 1853, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol, the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea.

At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?

harbour at Sinop

What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?

Furious

Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?

an Anglo-French fleet

After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?

HMS Retribution


In June, the fleets transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Varna, in support of the Ottoman operations on the Danube; in September they again transported the armies, this time to the Crimea. The Russian fleet during this time declined to engage the allies, preferring to maintain a "fleet in being"; this strategy failed when Sevastopol, the main port and where most of the Black Sea fleet was based, came under siege. The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships, after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore. During the siege, the Russians lost four 110- or 120-gun, three-decker ships of the line, twelve 84-gun two-deckers and four 60-gun frigates in the Black Sea, plus a large number of smaller vessels. During the rest of the campaign the allied fleets remained in control of the Black Sea, ensuring the various fronts were kept supplied.

Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located?

Sevastopol

What did the Russians turn their warships into?

blockships

Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns?

to reinforce batteries on shore

How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?

four

How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?

twelve


The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854. With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities, the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time.:192 However, war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point. Indeed, the coalition government of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no-confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war.:311

In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?

War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?

UK and France

Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?

Parliament


The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.

In what year did the Crimean campaign open?

360 ships landed in what bay?

bay of Eupatoria

How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender?

500 Marines

What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?

Calamita Bay

The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?

Katcha


The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?

6000 men

Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?

Alma river

How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?

three hours

How many allies were lost during the battle?

Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled?

south


Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south. This was agreed by the joint commanders, Raglan and St Arnaud.:426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south. This let them set up a new supply center in a number of protected inlets on the south coast. The Russians retreated into the city.

When did the army march to the southeast?

25 September

Where did the Russians retreat to?

into the city.

Who was the engineer adviser?

Sir John Burgoyne

Who were the joint commanders?

Raglan and St Arnaud


The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October—when the bombardment commenced—126 guns were firing, 53 of them French.:430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than the French, who had smaller caliber guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack. A postponement was agreed, but on the next day the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defenses and outgunned the allies.:431

When did the continuous attack start?

17 October

When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?

126 guns

Who was not ready to start the attack?

the French

Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?

the allies

Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?

The British


A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'

Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?

93rd Highlanders

Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?

Kadikoi

Who led the 93rd Highlanders?

Sir Colin Campbell

What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?

Minie rifles

What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form?

a single line, two men deep


Soon after, a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade, who charged and fought hand-to-hand until the Russians retreated. This caused a more widespread Russian retreat, including a number of their artillery units. When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat, Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up. The local commanders ignored the demands, leading to the British aide-de-camp personally delivering a quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery. When the Earl of Cardigan questioned what they referred to, the aide-de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery he could see – the wrong one.

Who countered the Russian cavalry's movement?

Heavy Brigade

Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?

local commanders

Who sent the order to have them advance their position?

Lord Raglan

Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?

The local commanders


Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252

Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?

Cardigan

Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?

Russian batteries

How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?

Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade?

Alfred Lord Tennyson

What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?

The Charge of the Light Brigade


Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.:435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone. A tramroad was ordered. It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value.:439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The Pipe-and-cable-laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil, but even so 21 miles of cable were laid.:449

What stopped ground operations during the winter?

a deteriorating supply situation

What caused the HMS Prince to sink?

a storm

What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?

a cargo of winter clothing

What arrived in January with an engineering crew?

A tramroad

What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?

the frozen ground


The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.

What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?

the Malakoff

Where was the Russians building a new fort?

Mamelon

Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?

Malakoff

After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?

the Mamelon


Many more artillery pieces had arrived and been dug into batteries. In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses. During this time the garrison commander, Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855.:378 Raglan having also died on 28 June.:460 In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.

Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?

Admiral Nakhimov

What figure died on June 28th 1855?

Raglan

What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?

the base at Balaclava

Who defended the base at Balaclava?

newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops

Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?

the Russians


For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns.:450–462 September saw the final assault. On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French, and following their failure to retake it, the collapse of the Russian defences. Meanwhile, the British captured the Great Redan, just south of the city of Sevastopol. The Russians retreated to the north, blowing up their magazines and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337-day-long siege.:106

What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?

forward rifle pits and defensive positions

What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?

September

Who captured Malakoff?

the French

Who failed to take back Malakoff?

the Russian defences

Who took control of the Great Redan?

the British


In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley, and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported.

What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?

Anglo-French naval squadron

What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?

Azov Sea

Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?

the Kerch Strait

What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?

the seaport of Taganrog

The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?

Rostov on Don


In July 1855, the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don, entering the Don River through the Mius River. On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water. The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up. The third siege attempt was made 19–31 August 1855, but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations. The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on the 2nd September 1855, with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855.

What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?

a fisherman who moved buoys

Who blew up the HMS Jasper?

The Cossacks

During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?

19–31 August

The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?

2nd September

Why did the third siege attempt fail?

the city was already fortified


1853: There were four main events. 1. In the north the Turks captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack (27/28 October). They then pushed about 20000 troops across the Cholok River border. Being outnumbered the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale and drew back to Marani. Both sides remained immobile for the next seven months. 2. In the center the Turks moved north from Ardahan to within cannon-shot of Akhaltsike and awaited reinforcements (13 November). The Russians routed them. The claimed losses were 4000 Turks and 400 Russians. 3. In the south about 30000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri or Alexandropol (November). They crossed the border and set up artillery south of town. Prince Orbeliani tried to drive them off and found himself trapped. The Turks failed to press their advantage, the remaining Russians rescued Orbeliani and the Turks retired west. Orbeliani lost about 1000 men out of 5000. The Russians now decided to advance, the Turks took up a strong position on the Kars road and attacked. They were defeated in the battle of Başgedikler, losing 6000 men, half their artillery and all their supply train. The Russians lost 1300, including Prince Orbeliani. This was Prince Ellico Orbeliani whose wife was later kidnaped by Shamyl at Tsinandali. 4. At sea the Turks sent a fleet east which was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope.

Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack?

the Turks

How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River?

20000 troops

After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale, where did the Russians retreat to?

Marani

How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri?

What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike?

reinforcements


In the north Eristov pushed southwest, fought two battles, forced the Turks back to Batum, retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year (June). In the far south Wrangel pushed west, fought a battle and occupied Bayazit. In the center the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri. Both slowly approached along the Kars-Gyumri road and faced each other, neither side choosing to fight (June–July). On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal, the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first. They were defeated, losing 8000 men to the Russian 3000. 10000 irregulars deserted to their villages. Both sides withdrew to their former positions. About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war.

Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?

Eristov

Who occupied Bayazit?

Wrangel

Where did the main forces stand?

Kars and Gyumri

On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing?

the Russians

Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?

the Persians


1855:Kars: In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000, mostly by disease. The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well-informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies. He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out. He started in May and by June was south and west of the town. A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum, but Muravyev chose not to. In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum. This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack. It failed, the Russians losing 8000 men and the Turks 1500 (29 September). The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 8 November.

What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?

disease

How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to?

Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?

The local Armenian population

What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?

starve them out

What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?

Erzerum


1855: Georgian coast: Omar Pasha, the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia, but the western powers vetoed it. When they relented in August most of the campaigning season was lost. In September 8000 Turks landed at Batum, but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale. This required a 100-mile march south through a country with poor roads. The Russians planned to hold the line of the Ingur River which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper. Omar crossed the Ingur on 7 November and then wasted a great deal of time, the Russians doing little. By 2 December he had reached the Tskhenis-dzqali, the rainy season had started, his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread. Learning of the fall of Kars he withdrew to the Ingur. The Russians did nothing and he evacuated to Batum in February of the following year.

Who vetoed Omar Pasha from landing in Georgia?

the western powers

In September of 1855, how many Turks could be found at Batum?

When landing at Batum, what were the Turks primary focus?

Sukhum Kale

What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia?

the Ingur River

What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855?

the Tskhenis-dzqali


The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes—although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars—considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the Åland war.

What is the Russian capital?

Saint Petersburg

Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?

The Baltic

Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?

Anglo-French fleet

When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?

April 1854

Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?

British and French fleet


In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands. In the same month, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki. More than 1000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbor. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared[by whom?], but before the attack was launched, the war ended.

When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?

August 1855

Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?

Åland Islands

Who led the ship Rossiya?

Captain Viktor Poplonsky

What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending?

entrance to the harbor


Part of the Russian resistance was credited[by whom?] to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder. One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War: "Torpedo mines, if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater, were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol", as one American officer put it in 1860.

What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?

newly invented blockade mines

Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?

Immanuel Nobel

Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?

industrial explosives

Who named the torpedo mines?

Fulton

What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?

Alfred Nobel


Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.

Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?

Rear Admiral David Price

The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?

snow

Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?

the Kamchatka Peninsula


Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111–12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?

Victor Emmanuel II

Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?

Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?

General Alfonso La Marmora

The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?

Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?

Piedmont-Sardinia


Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32–40 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate.

When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?

King Otto of Greece

When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?

Thessaly and Epirus

From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?

Greek port at Piraeus

In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?

Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?

Greeks


Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the humiliating defeat of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a "snowball riot" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs, and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at them. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In Parliament, Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line; he wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire, and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated.:400–402, 406–408

On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?

Trafalgar Square

How did troops stop the riot?

with truncheons

What were the people using during the protest?

snowballs

Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?

Aberdeen

What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?

Foreign Secretary


Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856. In compliance with article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with "all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession". Russia ceded some land in Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia. By article IV The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia "the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops". In conformity with article XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire; in practice they became independent. The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.:432–33

Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?

the Congress of Paris

What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?

Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?

the Tsar and the Sultan

Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?

the Ottoman Empire

Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?

The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey


The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III, was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic. During his reign, Napoleon III, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire, however, did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France. Thus, France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic. Encouraged by the decision of the French, and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.

What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?

In what war was France defeated by Prussia?

Franco-Prussian War

Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?

Napoleon III was removed to form what?

a Third French Republic

Who renounced the Black Sea clause?

Russia


Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it.:433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war,:433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.

Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?

Austria

Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?

Austro-Prussian War

Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?

Kingdom of Sardinia


The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent,:411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness." The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom.

France rose to power after what war?

The Crimean War

What empire declined after the Crimean War?

the Ottoman Empire

The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?

Concert of Europe


This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe.

Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?

A. W, Kinglake

What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?

as victims

Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?

Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart


Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. While Alaska attracted little interest at the time, the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended. Therefore, the Russian emperor, Alexander II, decided to sell Alaska. In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia's greatest regional rival, the United Kingdom.

What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?

British Columbia

What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?

British Columbia

Who made the call to sell Alaska?

Alexander II

Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?

the United States

Who is Russia's largest regional rival?

the United Kingdom


Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306–309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304–11

Who provided notable documentation of the war?

William Howard Russell

William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?

The Times

Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?

Roger Fenton

Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?

the French

After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?

two days


As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469–71

Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?

the newspapers

The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?

What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?

Charge of the Light Brigade


The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first "live" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before. It was the first European war to be photographed.

The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?

The Crimean War

Who gave the first live war report?

William Howard Russell

Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?

prompting the resignation of the sitting British government

What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?

the telegraph

What was the first European war to be photographed?

The Crimean War


A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.

What is the definition of a non-profit organization?

purposes are other than making a profit

What is an NPO also known as?

non-business entity

What is the purpose of an NPO?

furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view

What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?

further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit

What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?

distribution constraint

What is the purpose of the organization's shareholders?

I'm not sure.

What does a group of shareholders do with surplus income?

I'm not sure.

What is the constraint on how shareholders distribute funds called?

I'm not sure.

What is a nonprofit legal structure also known as?

I'm not sure.

What does charitable status mean you are dedicated to?

I'm not sure.


The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies – organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).

What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?

charitable

Who does an NPO usually serve?

member-serving or community-serving

What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?

providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally

What are member serving NPOs really focused on?

by directly supporting them

What are community serving NPOs focused on?

a helping service for fellow citizens

What have people come to associate the broader community with?

I'm not sure.

What elements make up human service programs?

I'm not sure.

What are the two main types of health services?

I'm not sure.

How do credit unions serve the community?

I'm not sure.

How does medical research benefit credit unions?

I'm not sure.


Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.

How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?

they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans

Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?

controlling members or a board of directors

How do NPOs handle staffing?

Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation

What are token fees used for?

to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization

What control does management have in an NPO?

I'm not sure.

What do NPO's use their surplus fees for?

I'm not sure.

How do members meet the legal requirements for staffing?

I'm not sure.

How do some countries members maintain self-preservation?

I'm not sure.

What are paid staff permitted to generate?

I'm not sure.


Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?

profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally

What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?

a supporting organization

What is a major function of a foundation?

giving value to the groups of people they administer to

What are foundations also allowed to be?

I'm not sure.

What other organization do NPO's also operate like?

I'm not sure.

What kind of tax status do NPO's have?

I'm not sure.

What model do NPO's follow instead of being financially successful?

I'm not sure.

How are groups that focus on financial success organized?

I'm not sure.


The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as "members"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.

What are the two top types of NPOs?

membership and board-only

How is a membership organization run?

elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws

How is a board only organization run?

self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board

What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?

financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned

What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?

Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation

What are two examples of a membership organization?

I'm not sure.

What does the organization's literature impose on membership decision making?

I'm not sure.

What kind of structures have The National Association of Parliamentarians formed?

I'm not sure.

What concerns do The National Association of Parliamentarians have about self-selected boards?

I'm not sure.

What do they note that an organizations bylaws are not subject to?

I'm not sure.


Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.

How are NPOs classified in Canada?

incorporated or unincorporated

How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?

nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations

How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?

formal approval by the appropriate government

How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?

by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association

How is incorporation handled in Ontario?

Letters Patent

How does Alberta classify provincial legislation?

I'm not sure.

How are by-law changes handled in Alberta?

I'm not sure.

What does Canada allow by-law changes to be?

I'm not sure.

What kind of approval do for-profit corporations need to incorporate as of right in Ontario?

I'm not sure.

What do corporations have to file in Alberta if they want to change their name?

I'm not sure.


During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.

When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?

What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?

incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation

When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?

When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?

1 July 2013

When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?

10 October 2011

On October 10, 2011 what was repealed?

I'm not sure.

What act was amended in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What act did Ontario adopt in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What two things did the anticipated election in 2009 mean for NPO's?

I'm not sure.

When did Ontario repeal the Canada Corporations Act?

I'm not sure.


Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:

Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?

Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)

What are donors to receive from a NPO?

income tax receipts

How does an NPO keep their charitable status?

file annual reports

How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?

a common law test to its stated objects and activities

What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?

cash, investments and fixed assets

How do donors keep their assets?

I'm not sure.

What is the CRA allowed to issue to donors?

I'm not sure.

How do fixed assets determine an NPO's status?

I'm not sure.

What are donors required to spend in Canada?

I'm not sure.

What test must be taken for a NPO to keep its status?

I'm not sure.


In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services "SARS".[citation needed]

What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?

a tax certificate

What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?

a tax deduction by the donor

Where are South Africian NPOs registered?

Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)

Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?

Master of the High Court

Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?

South Africa Revenue Services "SARS"

What does Master of the High Court issue to donors?

I'm not sure.

What group must all donors be registered with?

I'm not sure.

What can a tax certificate be used for when requested by the Master of the High Court?

I'm not sure.

What are trusts able to voluntarily register with?

I'm not sure.

Who can use a tax certificate when its issued by the Master of the High Court?

I'm not sure.


A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense.

What is the definition of a charity?

nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances

Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?

Charity Commission

Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?

Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator

What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?

generally not allowed to pay its Trustees

Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?

not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense

What is the definition of a trade union?

I'm not sure.

Where are trade unions registered in England and Wales?

I'm not sure.

Where are trade unions registered in Scotland?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Charity Commission not allowed to pay?

I'm not sure.

What are trustees subject to that other groups aren't?

I'm not sure.


After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other Federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose. Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.

How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?

applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?

purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity

Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?

must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose

What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?

losing its tax exempt status

Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

What can a nonprofit do after it pays employment taxes?

I'm not sure.

How does a nonprofit ensure limits on spending?

I'm not sure.

What exists for limited types of deductibility purposes?

I'm not sure.

What conditions must an authorization letter meet to show income?

I'm not sure.

What type of tax can a company that is federally formed be exempt from?

I'm not sure.


Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

What can states or cities offer to NPOs?

exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax

What form must an NPO make available to the public?

990 forms

Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?

generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements

What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?

IRS Form 990

What is one example of an NPO in the United States?

Project Vote Smart

What must a company file if they pay sales tax?

I'm not sure.

At what level does a company need to file if they pay sales tax?

I'm not sure.

What does paying property tax not guarantee?

I'm not sure.

What does a company need to use to show payment of sales tax?

I'm not sure.

What must IRS 990 forms be available for?

I'm not sure.


The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these "board-only" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks "members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?".

Who is in control of the organization?

board of directors

Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?

executive director

How is the board of directors most often chosen?

self-perpetuating

How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?

elected by a membership

Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?

Part VI, section A, question 7a

What does the executive director have ultimate control of?

I'm not sure.

How is the executive director commonly elected?

I'm not sure.

What do board members do when they have an executive director?

I'm not sure.

What is the job status of an executive director?

I'm not sure.

Where does the executive director need to list what type of board the organization has?

I'm not sure.


Capacity building is an ongoing problem experienced by NPOs for a number of reasons. Most rely on external funding (government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations) to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs, or maintain tax-exempt status. For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems. In addition, unreliable funding, long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems. During 2009, the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act. Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act, proposed during 2010.

What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?

government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations

What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?

external funding

What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?

unreliable funding, long hours and low pay

What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?

Nonprofit Capacity Building Program

When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?

Who is external funding an ongoing problem for?

I'm not sure.

What problem did NPO's have in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What are some things that affect government funds and grants?

I'm not sure.

What did organizations take part in proposing in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What are two areas that experience problems when Community Solutions has a change in funding?

I'm not sure.


In Australia, nonprofit organisations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions and research institutes. A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976). From an academic perspective, social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good, however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.

What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?

a purpose relating to a public good

When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?

When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?

What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?

incorporated association

Who covers incorporated associations or councils?

Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act

What are the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils most concerned with?

I'm not sure.

What are health services not bound to since 1976?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Council formed?

I'm not sure.

What can the employment industry in Australia choose from depending on their needs?

I'm not sure.

What are religious groups considered by the Aboriginal Council?

I'm not sure.


Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.

What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?

minimal or nonexistent

Why is marketing harder for NPOs?

taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations

What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?

an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy

What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?

leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public

What do financial plans make it hard to create?

I'm not sure.

What is strategy considered in many cases by NPO's?

I'm not sure.

What is the status of NPO's financial plans usually?

I'm not sure.

What do NPO's use to have their financial plan be recognized by stakeholders?

I'm not sure.

What do stakeholders use to implement a marketing strategy?

I'm not sure.


Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.

What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?

Resource mismanagement

How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?

employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization

How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?

strict controls

What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?

Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization

What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?

alter the NPO's functions

Why is making employees happy a problem with NPO's?

I'm not sure.

What can an employee do with the organization's reputation without disclosing donors?

I'm not sure.

What are three ways a commentator is rewarded?

I'm not sure.

How can a for-profit organization prevent financial problems?

I'm not sure.

What can large corporations attracting donors do to a NPO?

I'm not sure.


Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that Nonprofit organizations will inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPO's are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competetitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the wage and benefits package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.

What problems with employment do Non Profits face?

Competition for employees with the public and private sector

What are positions that employees really want, but there are never enough of?

management

How important do NPOs consider hiring?

secondary priority

What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees?

wage and benefits package

How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there?

stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away

What is another problem public sector competitors face?

I'm not sure.

In what area does the public sector need employees?

I'm not sure.

What kind of shortage is there in public companies today?

I'm not sure.

What kind of priority do NPO's give to changing stressful work environments?

I'm not sure.

What problems do public sector competitors have that drive away workers?

I'm not sure.


Public and private sector employment has, for the most part, been able to offer more for their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sector has enjoyed an advantage in attracting employees over NPOs. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today however, Nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.

What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually cannot?

higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work

What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?

mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause

What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs?

do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally

Where are young grads looking for that NPOs?

more stable employment

What do NPO's have to offer employees that is better than the public sector?

I'm not sure.

What have NPO's enjoyed an advantage in over the public and private sector?

I'm not sure.

What kind of employee does the private sector attract?

I'm not sure.

What are operational issues that the private sector has that hurts hiring?

I'm not sure.

Where to many young employees choose to look for instead of private employment?

I'm not sure.


It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. Pleasurable work conditions are ranked as being more preferable than a high salary and implacable work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able, and offer a low stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.

Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers?

will never be able to match the pay

What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages?

benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments

What is better than having high pay at an NPO?

Pleasurable work conditions

How much should an NPO pay employees?

as much as they are able

What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages?

generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours

What benefits should the private sector focus on offering?

I'm not sure.

What benefit is voted higher than flexible hours and vacation?

I'm not sure.

How much are private companies encouraged to pay?

I'm not sure.

What type of environment do private sector workers look for?

I'm not sure.

What will the private sector never be able to match compared to NPO's

I'm not sure.


In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the United States, another large NPO is the British Wellcome Trust, which is a "charity" by British usage. See: List of wealthiest foundations. Note that this assessment excludes universities, at least a few of which have assets in the tens of billions of dollars. For example; List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment.

What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?

US$38 billion

How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?

$14.8 billion

What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?

British Wellcome Trust

What is one of the wealthiest university endowments in the US?

I'm not sure.

What group was funded by the British Wellcome Trust before divestiture?

I'm not sure.

What is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation considered by British usage?

I'm not sure.

What is the Howard Hughes university funded by the British Wellcome Trust, worth?

I'm not sure.

What was the British Welcome Trust originally funded by?

I'm not sure.


Some NPOs which are particularly well known, often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time, include Amnesty International, Oxfam, Rotary International, Kiwanis International, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Nourishing USA, DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer (German Mine Clearers), FIDH International Federation for Human Rights, Goodwill Industries, United Way, ACORN (now defunct), Habitat for Humanity, Teach For America, the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations, UNESCO, IEEE, INCOSE, World Wide Fund for Nature, Heifer International, Translators Without Borders and SOS Children's Villages.

What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners?

Habitat for Humanity

What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive?

Rotary International

What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families?

United Way

Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike?

Red Cross and Red Crescent

Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment?

World Wide Fund for Nature

What has happened to Teach for America now that its non functional?

I'm not sure.

What charity brings food and health care to mine cleaners?

I'm not sure.

Which groups help UNESCO with management?

I'm not sure.

Which fund helps OXFAM provide donations to families?

I'm not sure.

What group helps German mine cleaners fix homes?

I'm not sure.


In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, however; it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organizations such as .museum for museums or .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.

What does .org on a URL mean?

organizations that didn't fit anywhere else

Are only NPOs allowed to use .org?

not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status

What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use .org?

encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category

Is there an agency that decides if someone is using the domain designation incorrectly?

Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org

What new domain designation should a museum use?

.museum

What does tld in a URL mean?

I'm not sure.

What group is .org designated specifically for?

I'm not sure.

What other groups fit into the domain tld?

I'm not sure.

What restrictions are there enforced on tld?

I'm not sure.

What can governments register by in their country?

I'm not sure.