Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the first stone. In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and soon joined the University of London, with a focus on science and technology. The college has expanded its coursework to medicine through mergers with St Mary's Hospital. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School. Imperial became an independent university from the University of London during its one hundred year anniversary.

What kind of University is Imperial College London?

public research university

Who founded the Imperial College London?

Prince Albert

Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?

Queen Victoria

Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?

Royal Charter

What was the focus of the Imperial College London?

science and technology

What is the name of a private resdearch university in London?

I'm not sure.

Who helped to build the college?

I'm not sure.

Who laid the final stone in the Imerial Institute?

I'm not sure.

When was coursework in medicine given over to St Mary's Hospital?

I'm not sure.

When did the Imerial Institute join the University of London?

I'm not sure.


William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution. His contribution led to the creation of the Perkin Medal, an award given annually by the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in the United States for an "innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development". It is considered the highest honour given in the industrial chemical industry.

Who discovered the first synthetic dye?

William Henry Perkin

What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?

resigned his position

What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered?

mauveine

The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?

second chemical revolution

Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye?

Perkin Medal

Who did von Hoffman study under?

I'm not sure.

What discovery by von Hoffman was prompted by his work with Perkins?

I'm not sure.

What was coal tar derived from?

I'm not sure.

Who's didcovery sparked the Chemical revolution?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Society of Chemical Industry?

I'm not sure.


Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century and a major expansion of the College followed over the next decade. In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated £350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department.[citation needed] A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi was established in 1963.[citation needed]

What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?

Silwood Park

What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?

Felix

How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?

Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?

Wolfson Foundation

Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963?

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

What did Imperial aquire in the 19th century

I'm not sure.

What was aquired for teaching chemistry that was not well suited for the main campus?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of Imperials staff news paper?

I'm not sure.

When was Imperial's staff paper founded?

I'm not sure.

Who donated money to establish a new bioengenering department?

I'm not sure.


In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also Electoral Princes of Hanover.

Where did the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg move his residence to?

Hanover

Who elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg?

Holy Roman Emperor

Who confirmed the elevation of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1708?

Imperial Diet

Which other nation would the electors of Hanover become monarchs of?

Great Britain

Who was the first elector from Hanover to sit on the British throne?

George I Louis

What Duke moved to Hanover in 1736?

I'm not sure.

Who elevated the Duke of Brunswick to the rank of Prince?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last Elector of Hanover to sit on the British throne?

I'm not sure.

Who abdicated the British throne in 1714?

I'm not sure.

What other title did three queens of Great Britain with United kingdom also hold?

I'm not sure.


As an important railroad and road junction and production center, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (Stöcken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) in Ricklingen and Laatzen (today Hanover fairground), the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant, the Hanomag factory (Linden) and the tank factory M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen (Badenstedt). Forced labourers were sometimes used from the Hannover-Misburg subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids. More than 90% of the city center was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids. After the war, the Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were left as a war memorial.

Other than for railroads and road junction, what did Hanover have that made it a major target?

production center

Which campaign specifically was Hanover a target for in World War II?

Oil Campaign

What does VLW stand for?

United light metal works

How many civilians were killed in the Allied bombing raids in World War II?

more than 6,000

How many bombing raids were there during World War II?

What did Hanover have that made it less likely to be bombed during World War II

I'm not sure.

Which campaign specifically targeted Hanover during World War I?

I'm not sure.

How many civilians were killed during the axis bombing raids in World War II?

I'm not sure.

How many bombing raids destroyed 40% of the city?

I'm not sure.

What areas were not targeted by Allied bombers?

I'm not sure.


The Hanover Zoo is one of the most spectacular and best zoos in Europe. The zoo received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009/10, placing it among the best zoos in Germany. The zoo consists of several theme areas: Sambesi, Meyers Farm, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, and Mullewapp. Some smaller areas are Australia, the wooded area for wolves, and the so-called swimming area with many seabirds. There is also a tropical house, a jungle house, and a show arena. The new Canadian-themed area, Yukon Bay, opened in 2010. In 2010 the Hanover Zoo had over 1.6 million visitors.

Which zoo is one of the best in Europe?

Hanover Zoo

What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row?

Park Scout Award

Which animal does the so-called swimming area have?

seabirds

When did the Canadian-theme area in the Hanover Zoo open?

How many people visited the Hanover Zoo in 2010?

1.6 million

What is one of the earliest Jews in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What award to the zoo win for fourteen years in a row?

I'm not sure.

How many people visited the Canadian themed area in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What area of the zoo does not host seabirds?

I'm not sure.

In what year do the Hanover zoo lose the park scout award?

I'm not sure.


Hanover's leading cabaret-stage is the GOP Variety theatre which is located in the Georgs Palace. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre. the theatre Die Hinterbühne, the Rampenlich Variety and the revue-stage TAK. The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany. It features artists from around the world. Some other important events are the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks, the Hanover Cabaret Festival and the Wintervariety.

What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace?

GOP Variety theatre

What is the most important Cabaret-Event?

Kleines Fest im Großen Garten

What is a notable achievement about the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten?

most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany

Where do artists who feature in the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten come from?

around the world

What is another important event other than the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks or the Hanover Cabaret Festival?

Wintervariety

What is Germany's leading cabaret stage?

I'm not sure.

Artist and what Festival are from all over Germany?

I'm not sure.

What other events usually take place after the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks

I'm not sure.

What are some of the less well-known cabaret stages?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the most unusual cabaret events?

I'm not sure.


"Hanover" is the traditional English spelling. The German spelling (with a double n) is becoming more popular in English; recent editions of encyclopedias prefer the German spelling, and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites. The English pronunciation /ˈhænəvər/, with stress on the first syllable and a reduced second syllable, is applied to both the German and English spellings, which is different from German pronunciation [haˈnoːfɐ], with stress on the second syllable and a long second vowel. The traditional English spelling is still used in historical contexts, especially when referring to the British House of Hanover.

What does the German spelling of Hanover have that English does not?

a double n

Which version of the spelling of Hanover does the local Government use on English websites?

German

Which syllable does the English spoken version of Hanover stress?

first

Which syllable does the German pronunciation of Hanover stress?

second

Which spelling of Hanover is used in historical contexts?

traditional English spelling


After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them stranded at the border with thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees, fed only intermittently by the Polish Red Cross and Jewish welfare organisations. The Gryszpan's son Herschel Grynszpan was in Paris at the time. When he learned of what was happening, he drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, who died shortly afterwards.

What does the NSDAP stand for?

Nazi party

After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP?

How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938?

Who assassinated the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath?

Herschel Grynszpan

Which city was the German diplomat in when he got assassinated?

Paris

Who belong to the Nazi party prior to 1937?

I'm not sure.

What city had a large Polish population in 1937?

I'm not sure.

How many Hanoverian Jews were sent to Paris?

I'm not sure.

Who negotiated with the German diplomat?

I'm not sure.


The Great Garden is an important European baroque garden. The palace itself, however, was largely destroyed by Allied bombing but is currently under reconstruction.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Grotto (the interior was designed by the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle), the Gallery Building, the Orangerie and the two pavilions by Remy de la Fosse. The Great Garden consists of several parts. The most popular ones are the Great Ground and the Nouveau Jardin. At the centre of the Nouveau Jardin is Europe's highest garden fountain. The historic Garden Theatre inter alia hosted the musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolf Kunze.[citation needed]

What kind of garden is The Great Garden?

European baroque garden

What destroyed the palace?

Allied bombing

Who constructed the two pavilions in the palace?

Remy de la Fosse

Other than the Nouveau Jardin, what is the other popular part of The Great Garden?

Great Ground

What is at the centre of the Nouveau Jardin?

Europe's highest garden fountain

What kind of garden is the grand garden?

I'm not sure.

What was destroyed by axis bombing and currently under reconstruction?

I'm not sure.

What French artist designed the exterior?

I'm not sure.

What are the two least popular areas of the garden?

I'm not sure.

What famous classical musician played at the historic garden theater?

I'm not sure.


Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column, the Laves House, the Wangenheim Palace, the Lower Saxony State Archives, the Hanover Playhouse, the Kröpcke Clock, the Anzeiger Tower Block, the Administration Building of the NORD/LB, the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre, the Lower Saxony Stock, the Ministry of Finance, the Garten Church, the Luther Church, the Gehry Tower (designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry), the specially designed Bus Stops, the Opera House, the Central Station, the Maschsee lake and the city forest Eilenriede, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. With around 40 parks, forests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and one canal, Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities.

Who designed the Gehry Tower?

Frank O. Gehry

What nationality was the architect of the Gehry Tower?

American

What is notable about the city forest Eilenriede?

one of the largest of its kind in Europe

How many parks are there approximately in Hanover?

How many rivers run through Hanover?

two

Who was the Austrian architect who built the Gehry Tower

I'm not sure.

Which Lake is one of the largest in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What does Hanover offer a moderate amount of?

I'm not sure.

Approximately how many gardens are there in Hanover?

I'm not sure.


But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world, it is also one of the German capitals for marksmen. The Schützenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year (late June to early July) (2014 - July 4th to the 13th). It consists of more than 260 rides and inns, five large beer tents and a big entertainment programme. The highlight of this fun fair is the 12 kilometres (7 mi) long Parade of the Marksmen with more than 12.000 participants from all over the world, among them around 5.000 marksmen, 128 bands and more than 70 wagons, carriages and big festival vehicles. It is the longest procession in Europe. Around 2 million people visit this fun fair every year. The landmark of this Fun Fair is the biggest transportable Ferris Wheel in the world (60 m or 197 ft high). The origins of this fun fair is located in the year 1529.

What is Hanover a German capital for?

marksmen

What is the name of the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world?

Schützenfest Hannover

How many rides and inns does the fair have?

more than 260

How many participants are int he Parade of the Marksmen?

What year can the festival be traced back to?

What is the most important exhibition city in the world?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the smallest marksman's fun fair in the world?

I'm not sure.

How many of your tents make up the highlight of the marksman's fair

I'm not sure.

How many people watch the parade of the marksman?

I'm not sure.

Where can you find the biggest fixed Ferris wheel in the world?

I'm not sure.


The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstraße roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. The roads are B 3, B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, becomes B3 again, changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz, then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7) and Südschnellweg (starts out as B65, becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz).

What is a Schnellweg?

expressway

What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?

a large ring road

When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6?

Seelhorster Kreuz

What road does the Messeschnellweg pass the Hanover fairground as?

What road does the Südschnellweg start out as?

What road is called the B6 on the southern part?

I'm not sure.

What road becomes B3 near Burgdorf?

I'm not sure.

What fairground does the Messeschnellweg pass?

I'm not sure.

What road does B sixty-five become at Seelhorster Kreuz?

I'm not sure.


In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war. Despite being expected to defeat Prussia at the Battle of Langensalza, Prussia employed Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle to instead destroy the Hanoverian army. The city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover. After the annexation, the people of Hanover generally opposed the Prussian government.

What ended in the year 1837?

the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover

What was the name of William IV's heir?

Queen Victoria

Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria?

Ernest Augustus

What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866?

annexed by Prussia

In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed?

Battle of Langensalza

Why did the political ties between United Kingdom in Hanover and?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of William IV son

I'm not sure.

Who annexed the kingdom of Hanover in 1766?

I'm not sure.

Who is Hanover expected to lose to at the battle of Langensalza?

I'm not sure.

Who did the people of Hanover generally support after the annexation?

I'm not sure.


In September 1941, through the "Action Lauterbacher" plan, a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. Even before the Wannsee Conference, on 15 December 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga. A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. During the war seven concentration camps were constructed in Hanover, in which many Jews were confined. Of the approximately 4,800 Jews who had lived in Hannover in 1938, fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the United States Army arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war.[citation needed] Today, a memorial at the Opera Square is a reminder of the persecution of the Jews in Hanover. After the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover.

What plan was implemented in September 1941?

Action Lauterbacher

Which portion of the population underwent ghettoisation?

Hanoverian Jewish families

What occured on the 15th of December 1941?

Wannsee Conference

How many Jews approximately lived in Hanover in 1938?

How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover?

seven

What act ended the ghettos in 1941?

I'm not sure.

After what conference were the Jews deported to Riga

I'm not sure.

What portion of the population was moved to better housing?

I'm not sure.

How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover before the war?

I'm not sure.

When did the Russian army arrive to occupy Hanover?

I'm not sure.


Hanover was founded in medieval times on the east bank of the River Leine. Its original name Honovere may mean "high (river)bank", though this is debated (cf. das Hohe Ufer). Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century due to its position at a natural crossroads. As overland travel was relatively difficult, its position on the upper navigable reaches of the river helped it to grow by increasing trade. It was connected to the Hanseatic League city of Bremen by the Leine, and was situated near the southern edge of the wide North German Plain and north-west of the Harz mountains, so that east-west traffic such as mule trains passed through it. Hanover was thus a gateway to the Rhine, Ruhr and Saar river valleys, their industrial areas which grew up to the southwest and the plains regions to the east and north, for overland traffic skirting the Harz between the Low Countries and Saxony or Thuringia.

Where was Hanover originally founded?

east bank of the River Leine

What did Hanover possibly originally mean?

"high (river)bank"

When did Hanover become a comparitvely large town?

13th century

Which city was Hanover connected to by the Leine?

Hanseatic League city of Bremen

What is one example of traffic that passed through Hanover?

mule trains

What city was found on the west bank of the river Leine?

I'm not sure.

Until when was hand over a comparatively large town?

I'm not sure.

What was the original name of Hanover meaning low riverbank?

I'm not sure.

Hanover was near the northern edge of what?

I'm not sure.

What mountain was Hanover North East of?

I'm not sure.


After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803, about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The Convention also required disbanding the army of Hanover. However, George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the King's German Legion was formed. It was the only German army to fight against France throughout the entire Napoleonic wars. The Legion later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover. The capital town Hanover expanded to the western bank of the Leine and since then has grown considerably.

Who imposed the Convention of Artlenburg?

Napoleon

How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?

Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to?

Great Britain

What did the soldiers who emigrated form?

King's German Legion

Who elevated Hanover to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815?

The Congress of Vienna

What convention did Napoleon suggest?

I'm not sure.

How many soldiers from Hanover occupied France?

I'm not sure.

Where did many of Hanover soldiers immigrate from?

I'm not sure.

What was the first German army to fight against France during the Napoleonic wars

I'm not sure.

Who elevated Hanover to a kingdom in 1850?

I'm not sure.


The Berggarten is an important European botanical garden.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Tropical House, the Cactus House, the Canary House and the Orchid House, which hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids, and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic Library Pavillon. The Mausoleum of the Guelphs is also located in the Berggarten. Like the Great Garden, the Berggarten also consists of several parts, for example the Paradies and the Prairie Garden. There is also the Sea Life Centre Hanover, which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.[citation needed]

What is the Berggarten?

European botanical garden

What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids?

Orchid House

What historic landmark is near the entrance to the Berggarten?

Library Pavillon

What is the name of the first tropical aquarium in Germany?

Sea Life Centre Hanover

Other than orchids and birds, what else is housed in the Orchid House?

butterflies

What is the name of a minor European botanical garden?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the first aquarium in Germany?

I'm not sure.

What else can be found in the tropical house besides orchids and birds?

I'm not sure.

What mausoleum can be found in the great garden?

I'm not sure.

What pavilion is found near the entrance of the great garden?

I'm not sure.


Various industrial businesses are located in Hannover. The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter (VWN) factory at Hannover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2. Jointly with a factory of German tire and automobile parts manufacturer Continental AG, they have a coal-burning power plant. Continental AG, founded in Hanover in 1871, is one of the city's major companies, as is Sennheiser. Since 2008 a take-over is in progress: the Schaeffler Group from Herzogenaurach (Bavaria) holds the majority of the stock but were required due to the financial crisis to deposit the options as securities at banks. TUI AG has its HQ in Hanover. Hanover is home to many insurance companies, many of which operate only in Germany. One major global reinsurance company is Hannover Re, whose headquarters are east of the city centre.

What does VWN stand for?

Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter

What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in?

northern edge of town

Which company was founded in Hanover in 1871?

Continental AG

Where does TUI AG host their headquarters?

Hanover

Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center?

Hannover Re

What is the only industrial business located in Hanover?

I'm not sure.

What is the biggest employer in Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who has a gas burning power plant?

I'm not sure.

Who holds minority stock in Continental AG?

I'm not sure.

What types of company does Hanover have that operate around the world?

I'm not sure.


Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) is the Boulevard Theatre of Hanover. The Theater für Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover, which also has an own Musical-Company. Some of the most important Musical-Productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the Garden-Theatre in the Great Garden.

How many theaters approximately are located in Hanover?

What is the Schauspielhaus in English?

Play House

Who does the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to?

Lower Saxony State Theatre

Which theatre is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances?

Theater am Aegi

Which theater has it's own musical company?

Theater für Niedersachsen

How many theaters are in the area surrounding Hanover?

I'm not sure.

What buildings belong to the upper Saxony State Theatre?

I'm not sure.

What is the only theater without its own musical company?

I'm not sure.

Who performs classical musicals in the Garden Theater?

I'm not sure.

What is Hanover smallest theater?

I'm not sure.


Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Home games are played at the HDI-Arena, which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988. Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium till they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives. Arminia Hannover is another very traditional soccer team in Hanover that has played in the first league for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium.

Who does the nicname "Die Roten" belong to?

Hannover 96

What is another name for the top football division?

Bundesliga

What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football team plays in?

HDI-Arena

Where did the reserve team for the main Hanover team used to play?

Eilenriedestadium

Which league does the reserve team Hanover 96 II play in?

fourth league

What is the nickname of the Reds?

I'm not sure.

What division does the top national football team play in?

I'm not sure.

Where does the national football team play?

I'm not sure.

Where did the main Hanover team use to play?

I'm not sure.

In what years to the Hanover reserve team host World Cup matches?

I'm not sure.


With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country's thirteenth largest city. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, the second largest Oktoberfest in the world (beside Oktoberfest of Blumenau). In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000. The Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover is of national importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport and its large zoo. The city is also a major crossing point of railway lines and highways (Autobahnen), connecting European main lines in both the east-west (Berlin–Ruhr area) and north-south (Hamburg–Munich, etc.) directions.

What is Hanover's population?

What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?

thirteenth largest

What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?

Oktoberfest of Blumenau

In which year did Hanover host the Expo?

What is "highways" in German?

Autobahnen


Another point of interest is the Old Town. In the centre are the large Marktkirche (Church St. Georgii et Jacobi, preaching venue of the bishop of the Lutheran Landeskirche Hannovers) and the Old Town Hall. Nearby are the Leibniz House, the Nolte House, and the Beguine Tower. A very nice quarter of the Old Town is the Kreuz-Church-Quarter around the Kreuz Church with many nice little lanes. Nearby is the old royal sports hall, now called the Ballhof theatre. On the edge of the Old Town are the Market Hall, the Leine Palace, and the ruin of the Aegidien Church which is now a monument to the victims of war and violence. Through the Marstall Gate you arrive at the bank of the river Leine, where the world-famous Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle are located. They are part of the Mile of Sculptures, which starts from Trammplatz, leads along the river bank, crosses Königsworther Square, and ends at the entrance of the Georgengarten. Near the Old Town is the district of Calenberger Neustadt where the Catholic Basilica Minor of St. Clemens, the Reformed Church and the Lutheran Neustädter Hof- und Stadtkirche St. Johannis are located.

Where are the large Martkirche located?

Old Town

What is the old royal sports hall now called?

Ballhof theatre

What is the name of the momument to the victims of war and violence?

Aegidien Church

What world famous landmark is located on the bank of the Leine?

Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle

Where does the Mile of Sculptures start?

Trammplatz

What is located in the New Town center?

I'm not sure.

What is the old Ballhof theater called?

I'm not sure.

What church was built as a monument to victims of war and violence?

I'm not sure.

What starts at the Trammplatz and stops at the river bank?

I'm not sure.

What district is near the new town?

I'm not sure.


A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG. The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the Museum for textile art. The EXPOseeum is the museum of the world-exhibition "EXPO 2000 Hannover". Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the Oriental Carpet Museum. The Blind Man Museum is a rarity in Germany, another one is only in Berlin. The Museum of veterinary medicine is unique in Germany. The Museum for Energy History describes the 150 years old history of the application of energy. The Home Museum Ahlem shows the history of the district of Ahlem. The Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ahlem describes the history of the Jewish people in Hanover and the Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte shows modern art. Modern art is also the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust, the Nord/LB Art Gellery and of the Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik.

What is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG?

A cabinet of coins

What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany?

Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen

Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient?

Oriental Carpet Museum

Other than in Hanover, where else can you find a Blind Man Museum?

Berlin

What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust?

Modern art

What is a box of coins?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the only police Museum in Germany?

I'm not sure.

What building contains textiles from all over Germany?

I'm not sure.

Carpets and other objects from around the world can be found in what museum?

I'm not sure.

What does the Museum of natural energy history describe

I'm not sure.


Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components

What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?

nervous

What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?

Extroverted

What type of people hide their emotions?

introverted

What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?

motivation

Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?

psychological

What system of the body is not related to emotion's physiology?

I'm not sure.

What sorts of people are less likely to be emotionally expressive?

I'm not sure.

What type of people show their emotions?

I'm not sure.

What is emotion infrequently responsible for driving?

I'm not sure.

Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions never cause?

I'm not sure.


Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.

What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?

wheel of emotions

How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?

eight

In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?

surprise

What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?

contempt

What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?

trust

What isn't the name of the theory Plutchik created?

I'm not sure.

How many nonmain emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?

I'm not sure.

In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the same as anticipation?

I'm not sure.

What does Plutchik see as the negative equivalent of disgust?

I'm not sure.


Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.

What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?

The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?

communication

Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?

natural selection

In what century did Darwin write?

What was the name of the book that Darwin drew on emotions?

I'm not sure.

Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans?

I'm not sure.

Through what process did Darwin not believe emotions developed?

I'm not sure.

In what century did Darwin read?

I'm not sure.


An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).

In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?

stimulus

What sort of response does the stimulus cause?

physiological

How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?

as a particular emotion

In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?

bodily states

In this theory, what action doesn't evoke an emotion?

I'm not sure.

What sort of response doesn't the stimulus cause?

I'm not sure.

How is the stimulus not interpreted by the mind?

I'm not sure.

In the James-Lange theory, what doesn't cause emotions?

I'm not sure.


With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.

Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?

Richard Lazarus

Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?

judgments

In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?

unconscious

Who argued that emotions don't come from cognitive intentionality?

I'm not sure.

Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists not believe to be required for emotion?

I'm not sure.

In Lazarus' view, what couldn't the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?

I'm not sure.


Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.

What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?

the perceptual theory

What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?

Gut Reactions

What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?

Feelings

What is Laird's job title?

psychologist

What is Jesse Prinz's profession?

philosopher

What theory doesn't argue that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?

I'm not sure.

What book by Prinz didn't defend the perceptual theory?

I'm not sure.

What book on the perceptual theory wasn't written by James Laird?

I'm not sure.

What is Laird's mother's name?

I'm not sure.


Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.

What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?

sociology

What discipline makes use of ethnography?

anthropology

What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?

communication sciences

Who developed the concept of emotional labor?

Arlie Russell Hochschild

Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?

What discipline doesn't examine the role emotions play in culture?

I'm not sure.

What discipline doesn't make use of ethnography?

I'm not sure.

What field of study doesn't study the organizational role of emotions?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the concept of emotional labor?

I'm not sure.


A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.

Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?

fear

Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?

changes in pulse rate

Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?

baring teeth

Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?

Jonathan Turner

How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?

four

Along with anger, pride and happiness, what isn't an example of an emotional label?

I'm not sure.

Aside from decreased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?

I'm not sure.

Along with smiling and frowning, what is not an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't develop a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?

I'm not sure.

How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as not being founded on human neurology?

I'm not sure.


In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?

Carl Lange

What was William James' nationality?

American

What was the nationality of Carl Lange?

Danish

What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?

the James–Lange theory

In what year did Lange die?

Along with William James, who wasn't an influential 19th century theorist?

I'm not sure.

What was William James' religion?

I'm not sure.

What was the age of Carl Lange?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed dependently?

I'm not sure.


Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.

Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?

computer science

Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?

GABA

Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?

neurobiology

Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has disengaged in research on emotion?

I'm not sure.

Besides dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone do not influence emotion?

I'm not sure.

Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research not attempt to explain?

I'm not sure.


A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.

What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?

emotional dispositions

What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?

character traits

What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?

affective states

What are unemotional episodes defined in contrast to?

I'm not sure.

What other traits are emotional dispositions not similar to?

I'm not sure.

What category is not defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?

I'm not sure.


The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.

What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?

psychological construction

At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?

at the moment of its occurrence

What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?

fear

What theory sees an non-emotional episode as consisting of components?

I'm not sure.

At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of a non-emotion are put together?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is the same from one case to another?

I'm not sure.


Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.

Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?

Walter Bradford Cannon

Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?

a conscious experience of an emotion

Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?

too slow and often imperceptible

Who argued that physiological responses were sufficient to explain emotional experiences?

I'm not sure.

Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe wasn't triggered by an emotional event?

I'm not sure.

Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses weren't insufficient cause for emotions?

I'm not sure.


A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.

Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?

Paul E. Griffiths

What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?

external

The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?

situationism

Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?

phobias

Who didn't develop a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?

I'm not sure.

What factors did the situated perspective believe not to be most important?

I'm not sure.

The situated perspective was not influenced by what school of thought?

I'm not sure.

Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could not help to explain?

I'm not sure.


Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.

When did Broca publish his pioneering work?

Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?

Papez

Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?

hypothalamus

When did Broca publish his non-pioneering work?

I'm not sure.

Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between non-emotional and the limbic system?

I'm not sure.

Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is not a notable part of the limbic system?

I'm not sure.


In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?

ethics

Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?

romance

Of what discipline is ethology a branch?

zoology

Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?

field science

Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?

ecology

Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy doesn't study emotions?

I'm not sure.

Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion not play an important role?

I'm not sure.

Of what discipline is ethology not a branch?

I'm not sure.

Along with laboratory work, what doesn't an ethologist engage in?

I'm not sure.


Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects.

Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?

Emilé Durkheim

What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?

Australian aborigine society

Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?

totemic rituals

What is another term for collective effervescence?

emotional energy

Who didn't discuss the idea of a collective effervescence?

I'm not sure.

What society was studied to describe the notion of collective non-effervescence?

I'm not sure.

Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian non-aboriginal activity?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for collective non-effervescence?

I'm not sure.


Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (1928–2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (1923–2008) a Polish–American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; Robert C. Solomon (1942–2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2003); Peter Goldie (1946–2011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; Nico Frijda (1927–2015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book The Emotions (1986).

What theory was developed by Arnold?

the appraisal theory of emotions

When did Richard Lazarus die?

Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?

Robert C. Solomon

Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?

Oxford

What is Nico Frijda's nationality?

Dutch

What theory wasn't developed by Arnold?

I'm not sure.

When did Richard Lazarus work?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote 'What Isn't An Emotion?'?

I'm not sure.

Who published What Isn't An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?

I'm not sure.


The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means "to stir up". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of language. The modern word emotion is heterogeneous In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research thus looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language and this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse. Another line of research asks about languages other than English, and one interesting finding is that many languages have a similar but not identical term

When did the word emotion enter the English language?

From what French word is emotion derived?

émouvoir

What does émouvoir mean in English?

to stir up

Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word was used in its place?

passion

Along with anxiety, what is an example of directionless emotion?

depression

When did the word emotion leave the English language?

I'm not sure.

From what English word is emotion derived?

I'm not sure.

What does émouvoir mean in Italian?

I'm not sure.

Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word wasn't used in its place?

I'm not sure.

Along with anxiety, what is not an example of directionless emotion?

I'm not sure.


Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously.

What is the thalamus a part of?

the diencephalon

Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?

Cannon

What creatures did Bard experiment on?

animals

Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?

physiological

What is the thalamus not a part of?

I'm not sure.

Who argued that an unemotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?

I'm not sure.

What creatures did Bard never experiment on?

I'm not sure.

Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon after being processed?

I'm not sure.


There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which response to what he has called the ‘standard objection’ to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion. The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example.

Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?

Robert C. Solomon

In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?

What does Solomon believe emotions to be?

judgments

Whose theory discussed action tendencies?

Nico Frijda

The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?

cognitivism

Who sang The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?

I'm not sure.

In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life rejected?

I'm not sure.

What does Solomon believe emotions not to be?

I'm not sure.

Whose theory didn't discuss action tendencies?

I'm not sure.

The idea that judgment can be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?

I'm not sure.


Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional phenotype temperaments affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems (Kurt Kortschal 2013). These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of genes and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells. Zygotes require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every speciation event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring. In the five million years since the linages leading to modern humans and chimpanzees split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In voles (Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a vasopressin receptor gene that corresponds to major species differences in social organization and the mating system (Hammock & Young 2005). Another potential example with behavioral differences is the FOCP2 gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling speech and language (Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005). Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans (Enard et al. 2002). Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions.

Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?

Kurt Kortschal

From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?

their parental germ cells

What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?

How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?

five

About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?

200,000 years

Who rejected the research on the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?

I'm not sure.

From where don't zygotes derive their genetic information?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of similarity is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?

I'm not sure.

How many hundred years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?

I'm not sure.

About how long ago did modern human beings not come into existence?

I'm not sure.


Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. In some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion. Those acting primarily on emotion may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, particularly in the interpretation of events. For example, the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system (e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of fear. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition.

Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?

personality

What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?

cognition

Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?

rapid heartbeat and breathing

Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?

nervous

Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion never tied to?

I'm not sure.

What do some theories see as an unimportant part of emotion?

I'm not sure.

Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a non-physiological response to danger?

I'm not sure.

Sweating is a not product of the arousal of what system?

I'm not sure.


Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechanisms. Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.

Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?

Michael C. Graham

What is Michael Graham's profession?

Psychotherapist

What is an example of an extreme form of fear?

terror

What would be an example of mild shame?

embarrassment

What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?

Moods

Who described the concept of a non-continuum of intensity?

I'm not sure.

What is Michael Graham's interest?

I'm not sure.

What is not an example of an extreme form of fear?

I'm not sure.

What would be an example of middle shame?

I'm not sure.

What are intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?

I'm not sure.


For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (e.g. disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.

Who has argued that emotions are discrete?

Paul Ekman

How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?

six

Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?

surprise

Who has agreed that emotions are discrete?

I'm not sure.

How many non-basic emotions did Ekman recognize?

I'm not sure.

Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what isn't one of Ekman's basic emotions?

I'm not sure.


Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.

What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?

stoic

What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?

Aristotle

What did the Aristotelians call emotions?

passions

Who was a notable scholastic thinker?

Thomas Aquinas

Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?

Baruch Spinoza

What school of thought saw emotion as not an impediment to virtue?

I'm not sure.

What thinker believed that emotions weren't necessary for virtue?

I'm not sure.

What did the Aristotelians not call emotions?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't a notable scholastic thinker?

I'm not sure.


In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."

Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?

William James

What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?

the autonomic nervous system

What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?

the perception of bodily changes

Who developed a theory similar to that of James?

Carl Lange

What was the profession of Lange?

psychologist

Who wrote that exciting facts don't lead to emotions?

I'm not sure.

What didn't James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?

I'm not sure.

What did James believe emotion wasn't synonymous with?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't develop a theory similar to that of James?

I'm not sure.


The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.

What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?

constructivist

According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?

Schadenfreude

Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?

Sweden

Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?

gender

What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can't be learned?

I'm not sure.

According to the constructivists, what isn't an example of a learned meta-emotion?

I'm not sure.

Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where hasn't a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?

I'm not sure.

Along with class and race, what isn't regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?

I'm not sure.


Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.

Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?

Gregorio Marañón

What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?

epinephrine

What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?

Spanish

Who was a notable student of  Stanley Schachter?

Jerome Singer

In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?

Whose work didn't the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?

I'm not sure.

What did Gregorio Marañón not inject his patients with?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?

I'm not sure.

Who was a notable teacher of Stanley Schachter?

I'm not sure.


In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.

In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?

What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?

pride and shame

Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?

Retzinger

Who developed the social bond theory?

Scheff

Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?

Goffman

In what decade didn't sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?

I'm not sure.

What emotions didn't Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?

I'm not sure.

Who studied rage and shame cycles in un-married couples?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the social bond theory?

I'm not sure.

Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff not derive social bond theory?

I'm not sure.


Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).

What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?

Emotion regulation

What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?

behavioral

Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?

Cognitively oriented schools

What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?

Gestalt therapy

What is the term for the strategies not used by people to influence their emotional experiences?

I'm not sure.

What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where wanted emotions might be experienced?

I'm not sure.

Rational emotive behavior therapy is not an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?

I'm not sure.

What sort of therapy might not examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?

I'm not sure.


Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).

What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?

limbic

What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?

neurochemicals

What chemicals may mediate emotions?

pheromones

Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?

reptiles

The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?

mammalian

What system wasn't examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?

I'm not sure.

What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline not belong to?

I'm not sure.

What chemicals do not mediate emotions?

I'm not sure.

Reactive responses aren't present in the brains of what animals?

I'm not sure.

The neurobiological explanation isn't specific to what types of brains?

I'm not sure.


Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.

What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?

Human sciences

What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?

psychiatry

What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?

Nursing

What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?

neuroscience

What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?

education

What discipline doesn't study the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?

I'm not sure.

What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of non-human mental disorders?

I'm not sure.

What profession studies the role of emotions in providing non-holistic health care?

I'm not sure.

What is affective neuroscience not a sub-field of?

I'm not sure.

What field doesn't study the relationship between emotion and learning?

I'm not sure.


Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.

Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?

Randall Collins

From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?

totemic rituals

In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?

Goffman

What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?

Emotional energy

What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?

collective effervescence

Who rejected the interaction ritual theory?

I'm not sure.

From what work of Durkheim's wasn't interaction ritual theory derived?

I'm not sure.

In addition to Durkheim, whose work didn't influence the development of interaction ritual theory?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for a feeling of confidence to not take action?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for the energy not generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?

I'm not sure.


In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.

Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?

computer science

What is the foundational document of affective computing?

Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper

In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?

passive sensors

How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?

analyzing speech patterns

Of what discipline isn't affective computing a branch?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the foundational document of affective computing?

I'm not sure.

In affective computing, what devices aren't used to collect data about the physical state of a user?

I'm not sure.

How does emotional speech processing determine a user's non-emotional state?

I'm not sure.


Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.

Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?

instrumental behavior

With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?

subjective experience

What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?

instrumental behavior

What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?

psychophysiologists

Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?

Peggy Thoits

Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable unemotional component?

I'm not sure.

With what unemotional component did William James identify emotion?

I'm not sure.

What emotional component did behaviorists not identify emotion with?

I'm not sure.

What academics did not identify emotions with physiological changes?

I'm not sure.

Who discussed emotions out of the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?

I'm not sure.


In Scherer's components processing model of emotion, five crucial elements of emotion are said to exist. From the component processing perspective, emotion experience is said to require that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time, driven by appraisal processes. Although the inclusion of cognitive appraisal as one of the elements is slightly controversial, since some theorists make the assumption that emotion and cognition are separate but interacting systems, the component processing model provides a sequence of events that effectively describes the coordination involved during an emotional episode.

What model of emotion was developed by Scherer?

components processing model

How many important emotional elements are present in the components processing model?

five

What processes drive the other components processing model processes?

appraisal

What model of emotion was undeveloped by Scherer?

I'm not sure.

How many unimportant emotional elements are present in the components processing model?

I'm not sure.

What processes don't drive the other components processing model processes?

I'm not sure.


Through the use of multidimensional scaling, psychologists can map out similar emotional experiences, which allows a visual depiction of the "emotional distance" between experiences. A further step can be taken by looking at the map's dimensions of the emotional experiences. The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence (how negative or positive the experience feels) and arousal (how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map. This two-dimensional map was theorized to capture one important component of emotion called core affect. Core affect is not the only component to emotion, but gives the emotion its hedonic and felt energy.

What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences?

multidimensional scaling

Along with valence, what is the other of the two dimensions used to map emotional experiences?

arousal

What is the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?

arousal

What is the term for the degree to which an emotional experience feels positive or negative?

valence

What component of emotion provides its perceived energy?

core affect

What do psychologists use to non-visually map emotional experiences?

I'm not sure.

Along with valence, what is the other of the three dimensions used to map emotional experiences?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for the degree to which an non-emotional experience feels positive or negative?

I'm not sure.

What component of non-emotion provides its perceived energy?

I'm not sure.


More contemporary views along the evolutionary psychology spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Current research[citation needed] suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and António Damásio.

Who argued that emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?

Paul D. MacLean

What technology has allowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?

neuroimaging

Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher?

António Damásio

In what decade did Damásio and LeDoux do notable work?

Who argued against emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?

I'm not sure.

What technology has disallowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?

I'm not sure.

Along with LeDoux, who wasn't a notable neurological brain researcher?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did Damásio and LeDoux do unnotable work?

I'm not sure.