During up-peak mode (also called moderate incoming traffic), elevator cars in a group are recalled to the lobby to provide expeditious service to passengers arriving at the building, most typically in the morning as people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period. Elevators are dispatched one-by-one when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time. The next elevator to be dispatched usually has its hall lantern or a "this car leaving next" sign illuminated to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity. Some elevator banks are programmed so that at least one car will always return to the lobby floor and park whenever it becomes free.

What is another name for up-peak mode?

moderate incoming traffic

Generally, up-peak mode takes place during what times of the day?

most typically in the morning

What are the reasons for up-peak mode early in the day?

people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period

For what reasons are elevators routed one-by-one?

when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time

Why is a "this car leaving next" sign used?

to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity


Independent service is a special service mode found on most elevators. It is activated by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby. When an elevator is placed on independent service, it will no longer respond to hall calls. (In a bank of elevators, traffic is rerouted to the other elevators, while in a single elevator, the hall buttons are disabled). The elevator will remain parked on a floor with its doors open until a floor is selected and the door close button is held until the elevator starts to travel. Independent service is useful when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors.

How is the special sercice mode enabled?

by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby

What is the impact on an elevator set to independant service mode?

it will no longer respond to hall calls

At what times is Independant service best utilized?

when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors

During independant service mode how is a single cab in a hall kept from being used?

the hall buttons are disabled


Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB'. When this switch is activated the elevator will come to a stop if moving, car calls will be canceled (and the buttons disabled), and hall calls will be assigned to other elevator cars in the group (or canceled in a single elevator configuration). The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches, usually located at the highest (to access the top of the car) and lowest (to access the elevator pit) landings. The access key switches will allow the car to move at reduced inspection speed with the hoistway door open. This speed can range from anywhere up to 60% of normal operating speed on most controllers, and is usually defined by local safety codes.

Who is authorized to provide inspection and/or maintenance of the elevator?

qualified elevator mechanics

What is the purpose of the Inspection service?

to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance

What action initiates it's activation?

a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB

WWhat's the first thing to happen when the switch is activated?

the elevator will come to a stop if moving

Once activatated, what is the only way to deactivate it?

The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches


Phase one mode is activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building. Once an alarm has been activated, the elevator will automatically go into phase one. The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor. Once the elevator has left the floor, depending on where the alarm was set off, the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor. However, if the alarm was activated on the fire-recall floor, the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to. When the elevator is recalled, it proceeds to the recall floor and stops with its doors open. The elevator will no longer respond to calls or move in any direction. Located on the fire-recall floor is a fire-service key switch. The fire-service key switch has the ability to turn fire service off, turn fire service on or to bypass fire service. The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset.

What initiates Phase one mode?

a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building

What happens when an elevator goes into Phase one mode?

The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor

Where does the elevator go from there?

the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor

What happens if the mode is activated on the fire-recall floor?

the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to

How is the elevator enabled for service after the incident?

The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset


Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building. The phase-two key switch located on the COP has three positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, the firefighter enables the car to move. However, like independent-service mode, the car will not respond to a car call unless the firefighter manually pushes and holds the door close button. Once the elevator gets to the desired floor it will not open its doors unless the firefighter holds the door open button. This is in case the floor is burning and the firefighter can feel the heat and knows not to open the door. The firefighter must hold door open until the door is completely opened. If for any reason the firefighter wishes to leave the elevator, they will use the hold position on the key switch to make sure the elevator remains at that floor. If the firefighter wishes to return to the recall floor, they simply turn the key off and close the doors.

How is the Phase-two mode enabled?

Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel

What is the purpose of the Phase-two mode?

This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building

Where is the Phase-two key switch to be found?

on the COP

What does Phase-two do?

enables the car to move

What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode?

manually pushes and holds the door close button


Once the elevator arrives at the floor, it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator. Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button. The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor, and will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car. Some hospital elevators will feature a 'hold' position on the code-blue key switch (similar to fire service) which allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated.

Upon arriving at the desinated floor, what does the elevator do?

it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator

What steps do medical personnel take at that point?

Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button

Where then does the elevator go?

The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor

Once it arrives what does the elevator do

will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car

What does the hold feature do?

allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated


When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. In order to help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.

What sequence of events happens when the power shuts off in a traction elevator and the elevators all stop?

One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down

What do any passengers experience at this point?

People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly

After all cars go to the lobby, what is the next step?

the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service

How are the selected cars then readied for passengers?

The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby

What is a safety feature to prevent entrapment?

when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down


In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current-limiting motor starters, commonly known as "soft-start" contactors, avoid much of this problem, and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.

How do hydraulic elevators work in emergencies?

emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit

Once the passengers have exited, what happens?

The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch

For what reason are hydraulic elevators not powered by the standard emergency system?

due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor

What are current-limiting motor starters referred to as?

"soft-start" contactors


Statistically speaking, cable-borne elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides result in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open. Of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-related — for example, technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts, and most of the rest are attributed to other kinds of accidents, such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors. In fact, prior to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog, severing the cables of an elevator cab, which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building, seriously injuring (though not killing) the sole occupant — the elevator operator. However, there was an incident in 2007 at a Seattle children's hospital, where a ThyssenKrupp ISIS machine-room-less elevator free-fell until the safety brakes were engaged. This was due to a flaw in the design where the cables were connected at one common point, and the kevlar ropes had a tendency to overheat and cause slipping (or, in this case, a free-fall). While it is possible (though extraordinarily unlikely) for an elevator's cable to snap, all elevators in the modern era have been fitted with several safety devices which prevent the elevator from simply free-falling and crashing. An elevator cab is typically borne by 2 to 6 (up to 12 or more in high rise installations) hoist cables or belts, each of which is capable on its own of supporting the full load of the elevator plus twenty-five percent more weight. In addition, there is a device which detects whether the elevator is descending faster than its maximum designed speed; if this happens, the device causes copper (or silicon nitride in high rise installations) brake shoes to clamp down along the vertical rails in the shaft, stopping the elevator quickly, but not so abruptly as to cause injury. This device is called the governor, and was invented by Elisha Graves Otis. In addition, a oil/hydraulic or spring or polyurethane or telescopic oil/hydraulic buffer or a combination (depending on the travel height and travel speed) is installed at the bottom of the shaft (or in the bottom of the cab and sometimes also in the top of the cab or shaft) to somewhat cushion any impact. However, In Thailand, in November 2012, a woman was killed in free falling elevator, in what was reported as the "first legally recognised death caused by a falling lift".

What types of elevator hold the highest safety record?

cable-borne elevators

In the late nineties, what was considered the rate of cable-borne elevator problems?

eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides

What was the severity of the majority of elevator failures recorded?

minor things such as the doors failing to open

What is an example of a maintenance-related elevator death?

technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts

Before the Twin Towers attack in 2001 , what was the only reported freefall accident attributed to a modern cable-borne elevator?

1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building


Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code previously permitted only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach, the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator. This creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential shear if the rider is partly in the elevator. Because it is impossible to verify the system at all times, the code requires periodic testing of the pressure capability. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a plunger gripping device. One commercially available is known by the marketing name "LifeJacket". This is a device which, in the event of an uncontrolled downward acceleration, nondestructively grips the plunger and stops the car. A device known as an overspeed or rupture valve is attached to the hydraulic inlet/outlet of the cylinder and is adjusted for a maximum flow rate. If a pipe or hose were to break (rupture), the flow rate of the rupture valve will surpass a set limit and mechanically stop the outlet flow of hydraulic fluid, thus stopping the plunger and the car in the down direction.

Underground electrolytic malfunctions in hydraulic elevators can result in the destruction of what?

the cylinder and bulkhead

What Elevator Safety Code change required a second dished bulkhead?

1972 ASME A17.1

Before the code change was enacted what was the only permitted hydraulic cylinder type?

single-bottom

Once the cylinder is breached, what calamity does the loss of fluid cause?

uncontrolled down movement of the elevator

What testing does the code require?

periodic testing of the pressure capability


Safety testing of mine shaft elevator rails is routinely undertaken. The method involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable. The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds. Each end of the segment is then secured in a large, hydraulic stretching machine. The segment is then placed under increasing load to the point of failure. Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled and a report is produced. The report is then analyzed to determine whether or not the entire rail is safe to use.

What part of the mine shaft requires routine testing?

elevator rails

What type of testing is done to the an area of the cable?

destructive testing

What is  the first step in destructive testing?

The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds

Afterwards, what type of machine is the segment secured in?

hydraulic stretching machine

What types of information are collected in the process?

Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled


Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments.[citation needed] Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s (200 ft/min) hydraulic and up to 152 m/min (500 ft/min) electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 3 m/s (500 ft/min), and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s (500–2,000 ft/min).[citation needed]

What dictates passenger elevator capacities?

the available floor space

What capacities are passenger elevators availablee in?

from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments

What types of passenger elevators are installed in structures of up to eight floors?

hydraulic or electric

Hydraulic elevators can reach speeds up to 1m/s or how many feet per minute?

Electric elevators can reach speeds up to 3 m/s or how many feet per minute?


Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. At Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro, the elevator that provides access to the station from a hilltop neighborhood doubles as city transportation: the station's ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa. See also the Elevators for urban transport section.

Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other?

funiculars

What type of public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, transport passengers from a hill above the Black Sea to a tunnel down on the beach?

underground public elevator

The elevator located at the Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro is also used for what?

city transportation

How is that set up?

ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa


A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. In order for an elevator to be legal to carry passengers in some jurisdictions it must have a solid inner door. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting.[citation needed]

What is another name for a freight elevator?

goods lift

What type of notice is required to be visible in most freight elevators?

a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited

Some freight elevators allow transport of both freight and passengers by using what?

an inconspicuous riser

How do freight elevators differ from passenger elevators?

Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator

What type of elevator is better suited for carrying freight?

electric elevators


Stage lifts and orchestra lifts are specialized elevators, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a theater stage. For example, Radio City Music Hall has four such elevators: an orchestra lift that covers a large area of the stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage. In this case, the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below. There's a barrel on the background of the image of the left which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism

How are stage lifts powered?

by hydraulics

How many hydraulic elevators are there at Radio City Music Hall?

four

What is an orchestra lift used for?

to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below

What is on the background of the image which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism?

a barrel


A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators. They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings, such as hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of commercial elevators. Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs with shorter maintenance periods, but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction.

What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators?

residential

What type of doors do commercial elevators use?

metal sliding

What safety mechanisms are still required, despite lower design costs?

locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones

What type of elevator has a hinged wooden shaft-access door?

residential


Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room, and elevator hoistway. This allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation. The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17.1 in 2007. Machine-room-less elevators have been available commercially since the mid 1990s, however cost and overall size prevented their adoption to the residential elevator market until around 2010.

What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway?

residential

What benefits does this serve?

allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation

In what year were Machine-room-less elevators first allowed?

This decision reflected a revision of what?

the ASME A17.1


Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry food, books or other small freight loads rather than passengers. They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors. they usually do not have the same safety features found in passenger elevators, like various ropes for redundancy. they have a lower capacity, and they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall. there's a control panel at every stop, that mimics the ones found in passenger elevators, like calling, door control, floor selection.

What are small freight elevators used for things such as food, called?

Dumbwaiters

What rooms are dumbwaiters frequently used in?

They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors

What is a safety feature found in passenger elevators they generally do not have?

various ropes for redundancy

What is the height restriction on dumbwaiters?

they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall

What features do they have that mimic passenger elevators?

calling, door control, floor selection


Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal, iron ore and grain into the holds of bulk carriers

An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator?

Material transport elevators

What do the partians do on the conveyor?

ensure that the material moves forward

What industries are these types of elevators generally used in?

industrial and agricultural applications

What are spiral screws used for?

to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos

What type of elevators are used for loading loose materials into bulk carriers?

Belt elevators


Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator, including thriller movies about stuck elevators, casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators, the reduction of personal space, and concerns about personal hygiene.

The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?

social protocols

The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city?

Berlin

This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what?

press the buttons

Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book?

Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator


In addition to the call buttons, elevators usually have floor indicators (often illuminated by LED) and direction lanterns. The former are almost universal in cab interiors with more than two stops and may be found outside the elevators as well on one or more of the floors. Floor indicators can consist of a dial with a rotating needle, but the most common types are those with successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs. Likewise, a change of floors or an arrival at a floor is indicated by a sound, depending on the elevator.

Modern elevator position or floor indicaters often use what type of bulbs?

LED

What type of lanterns are used outside elevators as well as inside most cabs?

direction lanterns

What do floor indicaters often consist of?

successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs

What generally indicates the arrival of the elevator at a new floor?

a sound


Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down, then the person may decide not to get on the elevator. If the person waits, then one will still stop going up. Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means "down" and green means "up". Since the color convention is often undermined or overridden by systems that do not invoke it, it is usually used only in conjunction with other differentiating factors. An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, where a single circle can be made to light up green for "up" and red for "down". Sometimes directions must be inferred by the position of the indicators relative to one another.

What is the main function of direction lanterns?

to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator

What might change your mind about whether or not to enter an elevator?

If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down

What type of etching might you see on a direction indicator?

arrows or shaped like arrows

Some elevators may use the color convention for only what purpose?

to differentiate between directions


There are several technologies aimed to provide better experience to passengers suffering from claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety. Israeli startup DigiGage uses motion sensors to scroll the pre-rendered images, building and floor-specific content on a screen embedded into the wall as the cab moves up and down. British company LiftEye provides a virtual window technology to turn common elevator into panoramic. It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement. The video is projected on a wall-sized screens making it look like the walls are made of glass.

New technologies aim to provide a better elevator experience to passengers who suffer from what?

claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety

What Israeli company uses motion sensors to display information on a screen embedded in the wall of the cabs?

DigiGage

LiftEye uses virtual window technology for what?

to turn common elevator into panoramic

How does it produce the panoramic effects?

It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement

Where is the video projected?

on a wall-sized screens


In most US and Canadian jurisdictions, passenger elevators are required to conform to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Standard A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. As of 2006, all states except Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, and South Dakota have adopted some version of ASME codes, though not necessarily the most recent. In Canada the document is the CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard, which was harmonized with the US version in the 2000 edition.[citation needed] In addition, passenger elevators may be required to conform to the requirements of A17.3 for existing elevators where referenced by the local jurisdiction. Passenger elevators are tested using the ASME A17.2 Standard. The frequency of these tests is mandated by the local jurisdiction, which may be a town, city, state or provincial standard.

In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17.1?

most US and Canadian jurisdictions

What is Standard A17.1?

Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators

What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17.1 called in Canada?

CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard

What are passenger elevators tested with?

ASME A17.2 Standard


Most elevators have a location in which the permit for the building owner to operate the elevator is displayed. While some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere – such as the maintenance office – and to be made available for inspection on demand. In such cases instead of the permit being displayed in the elevator cab, often a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.

Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator?

the building owner

Do all jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator?

some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere

Aside from the elevator, where else might a permit be displayed?

the maintenance office

What type of notice can be displayed in the elevator in lieu of the permit?

a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.


As of January 2008, Spain is the nation with the most elevators installed in the world, with 950,000 elevators installed that run more than one hundred million lifts every day, followed by United States with 700,000 elevators installed and China with 610,000 elevators installed since 1949. In Brazil, it is estimated that there are approximately 300,000 elevators currently in operation. The world's largest market for elevators is Italy, with more than 1,629 million euros of sales and 1,224 million euros of internal market.

In 2008, what country had the largest number of elevators?

Spain

What country had the second most elevators installed?

United States

How many elevators had China installed since 1949?

What country boasts the worlds largest market for elevators?

Italy

How many elevators are in Brazil?


Double deck elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower. Tenants of even-numbered floors first take an escalator (or an elevator from the parking garage) to the 2nd level, where they will enter the upper deck and arrive at their floors. The lower deck is turned off during low-volume hours, and the upper deck can act as a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors. For example, the 85th floor restaurants can be accessed from the 60th floor sky-lobby. Restaurant customers must clear their reservations at the reception counter on the 2nd floor. A bank of express elevators stop only on the sky lobby levels (36 and 60, upper-deck car), where tenants can transfer to "local" elevators.

What type of elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower?

Double deck elevators

During what hours is the lower deck turned off?

low-volume hours

During the low volume hours, what can the upper deck function as?

a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors

On what floor must restaurant customers clear their reservations?

at the reception counter on the 2nd floor

What levels make up the "sky lobby"?

36 and 60, upper-deck car


The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights, and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes. The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second.

How fast do the observation deck elevators travel?

1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds

This speed holds what record?

world-record certified speed

What does cabin pressure control do?

help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes

How fast does the elevator drop down?

600 meters per minute

At what floor do the doors open on the way down?


The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is the common name for a series of elevator attractions at the Disney's Hollywood Studios park in Orlando, the Disney California Adventure Park park in Anaheim, the Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris and the Tokyo DisneySea park in Tokyo. The central element of this attraction is a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system. For safety reasons, passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing. Unlike most traction elevators, the elevator car and counterweight are joined using a rail system in a continuous loop running through both the top and the bottom of the drop shaft. This allows the drive motor to pull down on the elevator car from underneath, resulting in downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity. The high-speed drive motor is used to rapidly lift the elevator as well.

What is the name of the elevator attraction at the Disney World parks across the world?

The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror

What is the main feature of this attraction?

a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system

Do ride goers stand or sit?

passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing

What unique feature does this ride provide guests?

downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity

What type of motor is used?

high-speed drive motor


The passenger cabs are mechanically separated from the lift mechanism, thus allowing the elevator shafts to be used continuously while passengers board and embark from the cabs, as well as move through show scenes on various floors. The passenger cabs, which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs, move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in before the elevator starts moving vertically. Multiple elevator shafts are used to further improve passenger throughput. The doorways of the top few "floors" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment, thus allowing passengers to look out from the top of the structure.

How are passenger cabs separated from the lift?

mechanically

What type of vehicles are the passenger cabs?

automated guided vehicles or AGVs

What action do the cabs take before the elevator begins to move?

move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in

What is special about the doorways of the top floors?

The doorways of the top few "floors" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment

What does this allow riders to do at the top?

look out from the top of the structure


Guests ascending to the 67th, 69th, and 70th level observation decks (dubbed "Top of the Rock") atop the GE Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City ride a high-speed glass-top elevator. When entering the cab, it appears to be any normal elevator ride. However, once the cab begins moving, the interior lights turn off and a special blue light above the cab turns on. This lights the entire shaft, so riders can see the moving cab through its glass ceiling as it rises and lowers through the shaft. Music plays and various animations are also displayed on the ceiling. The entire ride takes about 60 seconds.

What are the 67th, 69th, and 70th floors of the GE Building at Rockerfeller Center nicknamed?

"Top of the Rock"

What do these floors serve as?

observation decks

What type of elevator is featured?

high-speed glass-top

How long is the short trip?

about 60 seconds

The special effects include blue light, music playing and what else?

various animations are also displayed on the ceiling


Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and Disneyland in Paris, France, takes place on an elevator. The "stretching room" on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards, giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction. The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion. Because there is no roof, passengers are able to see the walls of the shaft by looking up, which gives the illusion of the room stretching.

 The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris, France sharewhat attribute?

takes place on an elevator

What is the name of area that is really an elevator?

The "stretching room"

What is included in the elevator's design?

The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion

What is the illusion given by these effects?

the illusion of the room stretching


Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.[c] Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50×109 km). Named after the Roman god of the sea, its astronomical symbol is ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.

What planet is Neptune's near-twin?

Uranus

How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?

17 times

What is Neptune named after?

Roman god of the sea

What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?

god Neptune's trident

How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun?

164.8 years

What is the third largest planet by diameter

I'm not sure.

What is the eighth planet from the earth?

I'm not sure.

What is neptune the least dense of?

I'm not sure.

What is neptune 17 times smaller than?

I'm not sure.

What Greek god was neptune named for?

I'm not sure.

What planet is Neptune's opposite?

I'm not sure.

How much lighter is Neptune compared to Earth?

I'm not sure.

What does the astronomical sign of Uranus represent?

I'm not sure.


Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.

How was Neptune found?

mathematical prediction

Who discovered Neptune?

Alexis Bouvard

When was Neptune first observed?

23 September 1846

What is Neptune's largest moon?

Triton

What flew by Neptune in 1989?

Voyager 2

What is the only planet in the solar system found by empirical observation?

I'm not sure.

What led Bouvard to deduce Neptune was subject to gravitational perturbation of an unknown planet?

I'm not sure.

Who discovered Uranus?

I'm not sure.

Who observed neptune with a telescope in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

When did Voyager 1 fligh by neptune?

I'm not sure.

How was Neptune missed before it was found?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't discover Neptune?

I'm not sure.

When was Neptune last observed?

I'm not sure.

What is Neptune's smallest moon?

I'm not sure.

What flew by Neptune in 1988?

I'm not sure.


Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "ice giants" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.

Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune?

Uranus

What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of?

hydrogen and helium

What is the interior of Neptune composed of?

ices and rock

What makes Neptune blue?

methane

What "ices" makes up Neptune?

water, ammonia, and methane

What other 2 gas Giants is Neptune similar to?

I'm not sure.

What gas besides oxygen makes up the atmosphere of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

what color does helium make neptune?

I'm not sure.

Which planet is compositionally different than Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What is Neptune's atmosphere never composed of?

I'm not sure.

What is the exterior of Neptune composed of?

I'm not sure.

What makes Neptune red?

I'm not sure.

What "rain" makes up Neptune?

I'm not sure.


In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (−218 °C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune?

Great Dark Spot

What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet?

sustained winds

What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune?

2,100 kilometres per hour

What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature?

55 K (−218 °C).

What is Neptune's planet center temperature?

5,400 K (5,100 °C)

What observed a hazy featureless atmosphere on Neptune

I'm not sure.

When was the Great Red spot discovered on Jupiter

I'm not sure.

What speed are the winds on Uranus?

I'm not sure.

What weather feature is weakest on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What did Voyager 1 detect around Neptune in 1960

I'm not sure.

What weather did Voyager 3 observe on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What weather feature does Neptune have weaker than any other planet?

I'm not sure.

What were the rain speeds recorded on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What is the cloud bottoms on Neptune temperature?

I'm not sure.

What is Neptune's planet surface temperature?

I'm not sure.


Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky; hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope. In July 2009, University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the 'star' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars.

Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope?

Galileo

What was Neptune mistaken for at first?

a fixed star

What happens when Neptune goes retrograde?

Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet

What date was Neptune drawn first?

28 December 1612

Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune?

David Jamieson

Who first recorded observations of Neptune in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

Who mistook Neptune for Jupiter?

I'm not sure.

When was Galileo credited with discovering Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Who proved that the the star Galileo observed was fixed?

I'm not sure.

What planet did Galileo observe at the end of its retrograde cycle?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote about Neptune after observing it with a telescope?

I'm not sure.

What was Jupiter mistaken for at first?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't happen when Neptune goes retrograde?

I'm not sure.

What date was Neptune talked about first?

I'm not sure.

Who first researched the original observation of Neptune?

I'm not sure.


In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis, he requested extra data from Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.

What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables?

What did Alexis Bouvard study?

the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus

When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus?

Who gave John Couch Adams extra data?

Sir George Airy

What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce?

several different estimates of a new planet

What did Alexis Bouvard publish in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

Who published astronomical tables of Neptunes orbit?

I'm not sure.

Who gave Sir George  Airy extra data?

I'm not sure.

What did Sir George Airy produce with the extra data?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1831?

I'm not sure.

What did Alexis Bouvard teach?

I'm not sure.

When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Who took away John Couch Adams' data?

I'm not sure.

What happened in February 1855?

I'm not sure.


Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

Who was Henrich d'Arrest?

student at the observatory

What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find?

the displacement characteristic of a planet

When did Galle discover Neptune?

23 September 1846

How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?

What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times?

comet observations

Who urged Le Verrier to search with the observatory refractor?

I'm not sure.

What did Galle suggest to Heinrich d'Arrest?

I'm not sure.

Who discovered Nepptune in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What was within 10 degrees of where Le Verrier predicted it would be?

I'm not sure.

When was Le Verrier born?

I'm not sure.

When did Le Verrier die?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Henrich d'Arrest seek to find?

I'm not sure.

What was 15 degrees away?

I'm not sure.

What was Challis looking for when he saw Uranus the first two times?

I'm not sure.


In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams's claim to co-discovery, and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents) to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. After reviewing the documents, they suggest that "Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune. That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it."

What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune?

French and the British

Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune?

Le Verrier and Adams

Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune?

Dennis Rawlins

Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune?

Adams

Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it?

Le Verrier

What two countries developed friendship after the discovery of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Who credited Britian with the discovery of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Who questioned the credibility of Adam's claim in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What papers were written in 1998?

I'm not sure.

Who determinded that Adam's was solely reponsible for the discovery of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What three countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Who ultimately lost credit for the discovery of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Who believed Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Who bought the credit to co-discovery of Neptune?

I'm not sure.


Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago. This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet.

Who claimed the right to name Neptune?

Le Verrier

What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first?

Le Verrier

What country approved Neptune's first name?

France

What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names?

French almanacs

Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune?

French Bureau des Longitudes

What name was opposed by the french?

I'm not sure.

What name did the French Bureau des Longitudes approve?

I'm not sure.

What did Le Verrier want to name Uranus?

I'm not sure.

Who refused the right to name Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What did the discoverer want to name Uranus first?

I'm not sure.

What country disapproved Neptune's first name?

I'm not sure.

What first introduced Jupiter and Uranus's names?

I'm not sure.


Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Dalain Van (Далайн ван), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon (Ποσειδώνας, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, "Rahab" (רהב), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term "Neptun" (נפטון) is commonly used. In Māori, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the Māori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli, named after the rain god Tlāloc.

What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune?

sea king star

What god was Neptune?

god of the sea

What is the Mongolian name for Neptune?

Dalain Van

What did the Greeks call Neptune?

Poseidon

What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew?

Rahab

What does the Japanese name Reha mean?

I'm not sure.

Whaqt book of the Bible does the name Neptune come from?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Mongolian rain god?

I'm not sure.

What did ancient greeks call Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What is the French translation for Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What god was Jupiter?

I'm not sure.

What is the English name for Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What did the Irish call Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What was the Biblical land monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew?

I'm not sure.


From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word "planet" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.

What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered?

farthest known planet

What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune?

between 1979 and 1999

What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet?

the Kuiper belt

What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet?

Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system?

the outermost known planet

What was the furthest know planet until 1846?

I'm not sure.

What planet was discovered before neptune?

I'm not sure.

What body was not considered a planet when it was discovered?

I'm not sure.

What was Jupiter before Pluto was discovered?

I'm not sure.

What period was Jupiter closer to the sun than Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What discovery made astronomer's debate Neptune's status as a planet?

I'm not sure.

What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word star?

I'm not sure.

Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Uranus known for in our solar system?

I'm not sure.


Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters".

What is Neptune's mass?

1.0243×1026 kg

How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth?

17 times

What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar?

11.15 m/s2

What is Neptune's equatorial radius?

24,764 km

What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles?

ice giant

What planet is larger than the Gas Giants?

I'm not sure.

What planet is 17 times smaller than the earth?

I'm not sure.

What is the equatoral radius of Earth?

I'm not sure.

What two planets are less volitile than Jupiter and Saturn?

I'm not sure.

What is Neptune's weight?

I'm not sure.

How much less mass does Neptune have compared to Earth?

I'm not sure.

What is Neptune's gravity at 41 bar?

I'm not sure.

What is Uranus' equatorial radius?

I'm not sure.

What is Neptune referred to due to it's heat and concentration of volatiles?

I'm not sure.


The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones. Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'.

What is Neptune's mantle rich in?

water, ammonia and methane

What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as?

icy

What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of?

electrical

How deep does Neptune's water-ammonia ocean go?

7000 km

What rains on Neptune?

diamond crystals

Who's mantle is 10 to 15 times greater than Neptunes?

I'm not sure.

What is the cold dense liqued on Neptune called?

I'm not sure.

What substance on Neptune inhibits electricity?

I'm not sure.

What kind of crystal forms 7000 km above the surface of neoptune?

I'm not sure.

who suggested Neptunes mantle is solid carbon?

I'm not sure.

What does Neptune's mantle lack?

I'm not sure.

What is the cold, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as?

I'm not sure.

What does the fluid in Uranus have a high conductivity of?

I'm not sure.

How deep does Neptune's oxygen ocean go?

I'm not sure.

What rises on Neptune?

I'm not sure.


At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue, although Neptune's vivid azure differs from Uranus's milder cyan. Because Neptune's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus, some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune's colour.

What is Neptune's atmosphere made of?

80% hydrogen and 19% helium

Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune?

wavelengths above 600 nm

What gives Neptune it's blue hue?

absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane

What planet also gets it's color from atmospheric constituent?

Uranus

What color is Uranus, compared to Neptune?

cyan

What is Neptune's atmosphere never made of?

I'm not sure.

Where are absorption bands of oxygen on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What gives Neptune it's red hue?

I'm not sure.

What planet doesn't get it's color from atmospheric constituent?

I'm not sure.

What color is Jupiter, compared to Neptune?

I'm not sure.


Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0 MPa), where the temperature reaches 273 K (0 °C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.

What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on?

altitude

Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?

upper-level

What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune?

ammonia and hydrogen sulfide

On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of?

ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water

What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars?

273 K (0 °C)

What is Neptune's rain competition variants dependent on?

I'm not sure.

Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to expand?

I'm not sure.

What clouds form between one and six bars on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

On Neptune, what do clouds above six bars consist of?

I'm not sure.

What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 500 bars?

I'm not sure.


High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere. Unlike Uranus, Neptune's composition has a higher volume of ocean, whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle.

On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it?

High-altitude clouds

What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune?

50–150 km

Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune?

50–110 km above the cloud deck.

Where on Neptune does weather not occur?

higher stratosphere or thermosphere

What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus?

volume of ocean

On Uranus, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it?

I'm not sure.

What are the lengths of the cloud bands on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Where are the low altitude bands of clouds on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Where on Neptune does weather always occur?

I'm not sure.

What does Neptune have less of compared to Uranus?

I'm not sure.


For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.

What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere?

750 K

What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?

atmospheric interaction with ions

Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate?

in the atmosphere

What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of?

carbon dioxide and water

What is Uranus's temperature in the thermosphere?

I'm not sure.

What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it cold?

I'm not sure.

Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior appear?

I'm not sure.

What does Neptune's thermosphere never contain traces of?

I'm not sure.


Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water) resulting in a dynamo action.

What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field?

Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre?

0.55 radii

What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation?

Uranus's

What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation?

flows in the planets' interiors

What fluids are in Neptune's interior?

ammonia, methane and water

What is the rotational axis of Uranus's magnetic field?

I'm not sure.

Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the outside?

I'm not sure.

What planet besides Jupiter has a sideways rotation?

I'm not sure.

What definitely doesn't cause Neptune's extreme orientation?

I'm not sure.

What fluids aren't in Neptune's interior?

I'm not sure.


The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.

What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment?

2.2 × 1017 T·m3

What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength?

strong quadrupole moment

Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?

Earth, Jupiter and Saturn

Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?

the planet's centre

What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?

14 microteslas (0.14 G)

What is Jupiter's dipole magnetic moment?

I'm not sure.

What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in weakness?

I'm not sure.

What is the fourth planet to have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Uranus?

I'm not sure.

Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another reason of the quadrupole moment?

I'm not sure.


Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have?

planetary ring system

What might Neptune's rings consist of?

ice particles

What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?

silicates or carbon-based material

Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?

63,000 km

Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?

53,000 km

What system, like Jupiter, does Neptune have?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't Neptune's rings consist of?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the ice particles of Neptune's rings coated with?

I'm not sure.

Where is Johns ring from the center of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Walter ring from the center of Neptune?

I'm not sure.


Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward. At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles. Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation. The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a "skin effect" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes. At 70° S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s.

What dynamic weather does Neptune have?

storm

What does Neptune's wind speeds reach?

600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)

What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?

400 m/s

Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?

opposite

What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune?

skin effect

What calm weather does Neptune have?

I'm not sure.

What are the slowest Neptune's wind speeds?

I'm not sure.

What is the low wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?

I'm not sure.

Which direction does Neptune's rain move relevant to the plant's rotation?

I'm not sure.

What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Jupiter?

I'm not sure.


In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pole. The relative "hot spot" is due to Neptune's axial tilt, which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune's year, or roughly 40 Earth years. As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun, the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated, causing the methane release to shift to the north pole.

How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere?

10 K

What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole?

73 K (−200 °C).

Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune?

the stratosphere near the pole.

How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?

To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun?

north pole

How much colder is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere?

I'm not sure.

What is the average temperature of Neptune's north pole?

I'm not sure.

Where does methane in the north pole escape to on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

How many mars years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?

I'm not sure.

To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the same side of the sun?

I'm not sure.


The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2). The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.

What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?

The Scooter

When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?

What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune?

southern cyclonic storm

What detected the storms on Neptune?

Voyager 2)

What is the second most intense storm on Neptune?

The Small Dark Spot

What dark cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the light great spot?

I'm not sure.

When was The Pooter on Neptune observed?

I'm not sure.

What type of storm is The Pooter on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What didn't detect the storms on Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What is the third most intense storm on Neptune?

I'm not sure.


Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism.

Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur?

in the troposphere

What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks?

holes

Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?

vortex structures

What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?

methane clouds

When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?

dissipate

Where are Neptune's light spots thought to occur?

I'm not sure.

What do Neptune's light spots appear as in the cloud decks?

I'm not sure.

Since Neptune's light spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?

I'm not sure.

What on Neptune are associated with light spots that are brighter?

I'm not sure.

When Neptune's light spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?

I'm not sure.


Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K (−221.3 °C). At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa), the temperature is 72.00 K (−201.15 °C). Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets.

Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus?

higher internal heating

How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?

How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus?

How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives?

The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what?

heat left over from Neptune's formation

Why might Uranus have more varied weather than Jupiter?

I'm not sure.

How much farther is Neptune from the Moon than Uranus?

I'm not sure.

How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Jupiter?

I'm not sure.

How much more energy does Jupiter radiate than it receives?

I'm not sure.

The current cold flow on Neptune might be explained by what?

I'm not sure.


On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011.

When did Neptune complete it's first barycentric orbit since it's discovery?

11 July 2011

What is the Earth's orbit?

Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Neptune reach the discovery longitude?

12 July 2011

Why didn't Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position?

Earth was in a different location

When did Neptune complete it's last barycentric orbit since it's discovery?

I'm not sure.

Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Jupiter reach the discovery longitude?

I'm not sure.

Why did Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position?

I'm not sure.


Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the asteroid belt, shaping its structure, so Neptune's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt. Over the age of the Solar System, certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune's gravity, creating gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure. The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example.

What is the region behind Neptune called?

Kuiper belt

What does the Kuiper belt consist of?

small icy worlds

Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune?

30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun

What dominates the Kuiper belt?

Neptune's gravity

What did Neptune's gravity do to Kuiper belt?

gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure

What is the region behind Jupiter called?

I'm not sure.

What does the Kuiper belt not consist of?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Mars?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't dominate the Kuiper belt?

I'm not sure.

What did Jupiter's gravity do to Kuiper belt?

I'm not sure.


There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.

What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt?

2:3 resonance

How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?

What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?

Pluto

What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?

Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?

3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5

What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Jupiter belt?

I'm not sure.

How many unknown objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?

I'm not sure.

What is the least known object in the Kuiper belt?

I'm not sure.

Which resonances are more populated in the Kuiper belt?

I'm not sure.

What is the resonance of Jupiter in the Kuiper belt?

I'm not sure.


Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured. The first and so far only object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point is 2008 LC18. Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite, (309239) 2007 RW10. The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.

What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?

Where did most Neptune trojans form?

alongside Neptune

What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?

2008 LC18

What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?

(309239) 2007 RW10

How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune?

12,500 years

What is the resonance of Jupiter trojans?

I'm not sure.

Where did most Jupiter trojans form?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?

I'm not sure.

What is Neptune's temporary  real satellite named?

I'm not sure.

How long has Neptune's real satellite been with Neptune?

I'm not sure.


The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star.

What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation?

nearby massive OB star

What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?

matter density

If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?

core accretion

What didn't blast Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation?

I'm not sure.

What is too high to account for the formation of Neptune?

I'm not sure.

If Neptune wasn't formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it formed by?

I'm not sure.


An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region. The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model, which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt.

If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?

higher

If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?

removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc

What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?

the Nice model

What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?

Kuiper belt.

If Jupiter formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?

I'm not sure.

If Pluto formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?

I'm not sure.

What is the least widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?

I'm not sure.

What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Jupiter?

I'm not sure.


Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a retrograde orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation, and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration. It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6 billion years, when it reaches the Roche limit. In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System, with estimated temperatures of 38 K (−235 °C).

How many moons does Neptune have?

What is Neptune's largest moon?

Triton

Who discovered Triton?

William Lassell

What orbit does Triton have around Neptune?

retrograde orbit

What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Neptune?

that it was captured

What planet has 13 moons?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest moon?

I'm not sure.

Who failed to discover Triton?

I'm not sure.

What orbit does Triton have around Jupiter?

I'm not sure.

What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Jupiter?

I'm not sure.


From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons—Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea—orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out, Larissa, was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004. A new moon and the smallest yet, S/2004 N 1, was found in 2013. Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods.

What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989?

Voyager 2

What is the second most massive Neptunian moon?

Proteus

What is notable about the moon Proteus?

irregularly shaped

Which are Neptune's four innermost moons?

Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea

When was Neptune's moon Larissa discovered?

What discovered five moons of Neptune in 1989?

I'm not sure.

What is the second least massive Neptunian moon?

I'm not sure.

What is not notable about the moon Proteus?

I'm not sure.

Which are Neptune's four outermost moons?

I'm not sure.

What was discovered in 1984?

I'm not sure.


Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics (AO). The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii. Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of this Outer Planet. Both the HST and AO telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the Outer Planets for example. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.

What is Neptune's angular diameter range?

2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds

The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune?

Hubble Space Telescope

When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?

What seasons are Neptune currently entering?

spring and summer

What was discovered around Neptune in 2004 and 2005?

five new small satellites

What is Neptune's angular height?

I'm not sure.

The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Jupiter?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1978?

I'm not sure.

What seasons are Uranus currently entering?

I'm not sure.

What was discovered around Neptune in 2008 and 2009?

I'm not sure.


Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night.

What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?

Voyager 2

When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?

25 August 1989

What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?

Triton

What program aired on PBS about Neptune?

Neptune All Night

What is the only spacecraft to never visit Neptune?

I'm not sure.

When did a spacecraft refuse to get close to Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What near Neptune did a spacecraft land on?

I'm not sure.

What program aired on NBC about Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What aired in 1984?

I'm not sure.


After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner. In 2003, there was a proposal in NASA's "Vision Missions Studies" for a "Neptune Orbiter with Probes" mission that does Cassini-level science. Another, more recent proposal was for Argo, a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019, that would visit Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object. The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029. The proposed New Horizons 2 mission (which was later scrapped) might also have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system.

When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune?

late 2020s

What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their "Vision Missions Studies"?

Neptune Orbiter with Probes

When will Argo be launched?

What will Argo visit?

Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object

When can we expect Argo to visit Triton?

When is the next set-in-stone mission to Neptune?

I'm not sure.

What about Uranus did NASA propose in 2003 in their "Vision Missions Studies"?

I'm not sure.

What will launch in 2027?

I'm not sure.

What will Larrgo visit?

I'm not sure.

When can we expect Argo to visit Mars?

I'm not sure.


A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas; some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation.

What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?

maintenance

How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?

can switch to different supply voltages

What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?

significant capital expenditure

What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?

freight and passenger traffic

What system supplies nuclear power to railway trains?

I'm not sure.

What requires insignificant capital expenditure?

I'm not sure.

The same systems are used for both urban and intercity what?

I'm not sure.

All electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow for what?

I'm not sure.

A railway electrification system supplies power to trains and trams with an on-board what?

I'm not sure.


Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own distribution lines, switches and transformers.

What is used to haul passengers cars?

electric locomotives

How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives?

generating stations

What entity provides distribution lines, switches and transformers?

railway

Which railways haul passengers and freight in the same cars?

I'm not sure.

What is typically generated in small generating stations?

I'm not sure.

All electric railways have their own dedicated what?

I'm not sure.

Very few purchase power from whom?

I'm not sure.

What is generated in relatively inefficient stations?

I'm not sure.


In comparison to the principal alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions and lower operating costs. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and reliable than diesels. They have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Some electric traction systems provide regenerative braking that turns the train's kinetic energy back into electricity and returns it to the supply system to be used by other trains or the general utility grid. While diesel locomotives burn petroleum, electricity is generated from diverse sources including many that do not produce carbon dioxide such as nuclear power and renewable forms including hydroelectric, geothermal, wind and solar.

What is the principal alternative to electric railways?

diesel engine

What locomotives are usually more reliable?

Electric locomotives

What do some electric traction systems provide?

regenerative braking

What type of fuel do diesel locomotives use?

petroleum

What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from?

geothermal

What does not offer better emissions efficiency?

I'm not sure.

Electricity is generated from many sources that do produce carbon what?

I'm not sure.

electricity is generated from non-renewable forms including?

I'm not sure.

Which locomotives have no global emissions?

I'm not sure.

All electric traction systems provide what kind of braking?

I'm not sure.