A cappella [a kapˈpɛlla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for alla breve.

What does A cappella mean in the Italian language?

in the manner of the chapel

What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?

alla breve

At what point did Renaissance polyphony become popular again?

19th century

How is A cappella currently defined?

group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment

A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?

Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato

What is group or solo music called?

I'm not sure.

What does cantata music lack that Acappella has?

I'm not sure.

What is a synonym for cantata?

I'm not sure.

What was renewed in the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

What did cantata origionally differerntiate between?

I'm not sure.

What term is also used as a synonym for concertato?

I'm not sure.

Alla breve was originally used to tell the difference between what styles?

I'm not sure.

What led to alla breve meaning unaccompanied vocal music?

I'm not sure.

What does Baroque concertato mean in Italian?

I'm not sure.

What does Renaissance polyphony contrast with that means accompanied singing?

I'm not sure.


A cappella music was originally used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot. Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing, as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance. The madrigal, up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accompanied form, is also usually in a cappella form. Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella,[citation needed] and this practice has continued in both of these religions as well as in Islam.

What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years?

religious music

What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period?

The madrigal

The madrigal became what type of form that prevented it from being accompanied with A cappella?

instrumentally-accompanied

In what era was most of the vocal music considered A cappella?

Renaissance

What was originally used in Renaissance secular vocal music?

I'm not sure.

What was considered part of a cappella following the Baroque period?

I'm not sure.

What religions later incoperated a cappella into their traditions?

I'm not sure.

uring what period was a cappella losinging popularity as religious music?

I'm not sure.

How was Islamic music originally used?

I'm not sure.

What other type of music was considered A capella from the madrigal?

I'm not sure.

What was considered a form of A capella until the Jewish period?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of instrumentally accompanied singing?

I'm not sure.

In what practice what most of the vocal music A capella?

I'm not sure.


The polyphony of Christian a cappella music began to develop in Europe around the late 15th century, with compositions by Josquin des Prez. The early a cappella polyphonies may have had an accompanying instrument, although this instrument would merely double the singers' parts and was not independent. By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms. 16th century a cappella polyphony, nonetheless, continued to influence church composers throughout this period and to the present day. Recent evidence has shown that some of the early pieces by Palestrina, such as what was written for the Sistine Chapel was intended to be accompanied by an organ "doubling" some or all of the voices. Such is seen in the life of Palestrina becoming a major influence on Bach, most notably in the aforementioned Mass in B Minor. Other composers that utilized the a cappella style, if only for the occasional piece, were Claudio Monteverdi and his masterpiece, Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata (A lover's tears at his beloved's grave), which was composed in 1610, and Andrea Gabrieli when upon his death it was discovered many choral pieces, one of which was in the unaccompanied style. Learning from the preceding two composeres, Heinrich Schütz utilized the a cappella style in numerous pieces, chief among these were the pieces in the oratorio style, which were traditionally performed during the Easter week and dealt with the religious subject matter of that week, such as Christ's suffering and the Passion. Five of Schutz's Historien were Easter pieces, and of these the latter three, which dealt with the passion from three different viewpoints, those of Matthew, Luke and John, were all done a cappella style. This was a near requirement for this type of piece, and the parts of the crowd were sung while the solo parts which were the quoted parts from either Christ or the authors were performed in a plainchant.

Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century?

Josquin des Prez

Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition?

Mass in B Minor

How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?

three

Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata's well known A cappella composition was written in what year?

Some compositions were found after which composer's death?

Andrea Gabrieli

What began to develop in Europe during the 1500"s

I'm not sure.

Who's compositions marked the begining of secular a cappella music

I'm not sure.

What did the a cappella form take the place of during the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

What piece was heavily influenced by Bach's Mass in B MInor?

I'm not sure.

What accompanied the voices in Palestrina?

I'm not sure.

What happened to Christian music in Europe the 16th Century?

I'm not sure.

How was the early piece by Josquin des Prez intended to be played?

I'm not sure.

What composer was Josquin des Prez a major influence on?

I'm not sure.

When was Bach's Mass in B Minor composed?

I'm not sure.

How were the pieces written by Josquin des Prez performed during Easter week?

I'm not sure.


In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the music performed in the liturgies is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment. Bishop Kallistos Ware says, "The service is sung, even though there may be no choir... In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found." This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. Praise ye the Lord. In keeping with this philosophy, early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century, in what was known as khorovïye kontsertï (choral concertos) made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces, such as the treatise, Grammatika musikiyskaya (1675), by Nikolai Diletsky. Divine Liturgies and Western Rite masses composed by famous composers such as Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky, and Mykola Leontovych are fine examples of this.

When did Russian musika show up?

khorovïye kontsertï

khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces?

Venetian-styled

What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?

Psalms 150

Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?

Nikolai Diletsky

What is based on a brad interpritation of the Psalms?

I'm not sure.

What started appearing in Russia in the 1700's?

I'm not sure.

What was a copy of Venetian a cappella?

I'm not sure.

What was written by NIkolai Diletsky in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

How are liturgies sung in Russian musika?

I'm not sure.

What motivates the way instrumental music is composed in the church?

I'm not sure.

When did the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orothdox Church appear?

I'm not sure.

What type of music made a cappella versions of instrumental accompaniment?

I'm not sure.

What Bishop composed Grammatika musikiyskaya in 1675?

I'm not sure.


Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship, Old Regular Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Churches of Christ, the Old German Baptist Brethren, Doukhobors the Byzantine Rite and the Amish, Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites. Certain high church services and other musical events in liturgical churches (such as the Roman Catholic Mass and the Lutheran Divine Service) may be a cappella, a practice remaining from apostolic times. Many Mennonites also conduct some or all of their services without instruments. Sacred Harp, a type of folk music, is an a cappella style of religious singing with shape notes, usually sung at singing conventions.

What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?

Sacred Harp

A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?

apostolic times

In the modern day, what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella?

Christian religious bodies

What are some present day Christian churces nolonger use the a capella form?

I'm not sure.

what era influences todays secular a capella?

I'm not sure.

What is a secular folk music song in a capella.

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the Mennonite style of singing used with shape notes?

I'm not sure.

From what time does harp folk music exist in some churches?

I'm not sure.

What are some examples of present-day Christian churches that use instruments during worship services?

I'm not sure.

What church services use Sacred Harp, that is a practice from apostolic times?

I'm not sure.

In present times, which group is know to use shape notes in religious services?

I'm not sure.


Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483–1546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509–1564) and John Wesley (1703–1791). Alexander Campbell referred to the use of an instrument in worship as "a cow bell in a concert". In Sir Walter Scott's The Heart of Midlothian, the heroine, Jeanie Deans, a Scottish Presbyterian, writes to her father about the church situation she has found in England (bold added):

Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?

They were considered a Catholic innovation

What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?

The Heart of Midlothian

Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like "A cow bell in a concert"

Alexander Campbell

Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?

Sir Walter Scott

What divides the worlds religions?

I'm not sure.

What was considered an Easter Catholic inovation?

I'm not sure.

What was first use introduced into worship in the 1800's?

I'm not sure.

Who opposed a capella music in worship during the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What did Luther refer to as "a cow bell in a concert"?

I'm not sure.

What has divided Catholics since they have been used in worship?

I'm not sure.

What did Catholics oppose to be used in worship?

I'm not sure.

What did Martin Luther mention about using instruments during church worship?

I'm not sure.

What did Ulrich Zwingli write that had Jeanie Deans as the heroine?

I'm not sure.

What type of religion is John Calvin a member of in the book?

I'm not sure.


Those who subscribe to this interpretation believe that since the Christian scriptures never counter instrumental language with any negative judgment on instruments, opposition to instruments instead comes from an interpretation of history. There is no written opposition to musical instruments in any setting in the first century and a half of Christian churches (33 AD to 180AD). The use of instruments for Christian worship during this period is also undocumented. Toward the end of the 2nd century, Christians began condemning the instruments themselves. Those who oppose instruments today believe these Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church,[citation needed] but there are significant differences between the teachings of these Church Fathers and Christian opposition to instruments today.

What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from?

an interpretation of history

During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship?

33 AD to 180AD

At what point did instruments begin to receive condemnation from Christians?

the 2nd century

For what reason do modern Christians continue to oppose the use of instruments?

Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church

What scriptures make negative judgments about instruments?

I'm not sure.

What scriptures does opposition to instruments come from?

I'm not sure.

During what time is there evidence of Christians using instruments for worship?

I'm not sure.

What did Christians condone starting in the 2nd century?

I'm not sure.

Whose teachings are in line with today's opposition to instruments?

I'm not sure.

During what time period was opposition to instruments being used in all settings discovered?

I'm not sure.

Where does rejection of using instruments according to God's will come from?

I'm not sure.

When is information about the use of instruments for Christian worship written?

I'm not sure.

What did Christians condemn from 33 AD to 180 AD?

I'm not sure.

What do Church Fathers believe today about using instruments?

I'm not sure.


While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music.

On what day is using musical instruments not allowed?

Sabbath

In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?

a cappella

What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?

sefirah music

How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?

What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?

a time of semi-mourning

What Temple forbade the use of instruments?

I'm not sure.

What was included in tradition Jewish services in synagogues?

I'm not sure.

What is forbidden on the Sabbath because it was considered work?

I'm not sure.

What prhabition has been relaxed in many traditional Jewish congregations?

I'm not sure.

What type of music is forbidden during Passover?

I'm not sure.

What did traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue include?

I'm not sure.

What is forbidden in Jerusalem?

I'm not sure.

When do Jewish families use musical instruments when singing Sabbath songs?

I'm not sure.

During what time is zemirot prohibited?

I'm not sure.

What kind of entertainment happens on the Sabbath for zemirot?

I'm not sure.


The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE. Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that "silent singing" (without even vocal chords) was better still. This view parted with the Jewish scriptures, where Israel offered praise with instruments by God's own command (2 Chronicles 29:25). The shofar is the only temple instrument still being used today in the synagogue, and it is only used from Rosh Chodesh Elul through the end of Yom Kippur. The shofar is used by itself, without any vocal accompaniment, and is limited to a very strictly defined set of sounds and specific places in the synagogue service.

What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?

Philo

What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?

Jewish scriptures

What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?

shofar

The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?

Yom Kippur

How is the shofar used?

by itself, without any vocal accompaniment

Who popularized Greek chant?

I'm not sure.

What did Philo promote in 20 BCE?

I'm not sure.

Who taught that a capella was the best form of whorship?

I'm not sure.

Who commanded Christians to offer praise with instruments?

I'm not sure.

What kind of accompaniment is used with the shofar?

I'm not sure.

When was the Greek philosopher Philo born?

I'm not sure.

What Jewish chant is still being used today in the synagogue?

I'm not sure.

During what periods of time is silent singing used in the synagogue?

I'm not sure.

How is silent singing used when practiced in a synagogue service?

I'm not sure.

What did Rosh Chodesh Elul write about that became popular?

I'm not sure.


A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed, at least partially, of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus. The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Augustana College (Rock Island, Illinois), Wartburg College (Waverly, Iowa), Luther College (Decorah, Iowa), Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota), Augustana College (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), and Augsburg College (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting.

When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?

What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?

The St. Olaf College Choir

How many singers are typically in the choirs?

40 to 80

Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?

other regional conductors

What tradition was started in the western US?

I'm not sure.

Who spoke against a cappella in 1911?

I'm not sure.

What was emulated by other conductors across the country?

I'm not sure.

What do a capella choirs struggle to perfect in a large choral setting?

I'm not sure.

Who started a prominent choir in 1911?

I'm not sure.

At what college was F. Melius Christiansen a student?

I'm not sure.

What church was Augsburg College connected to?

I'm not sure.

Who did Wartburg College influence?

I'm not sure.

How many singers are in a cappella?

I'm not sure.


In July 1943, as a result of the American Federation of Musicians boycott of US recording studios, the a cappella vocal group The Song Spinners had a best-seller with "Comin' In On A Wing And A Prayer". In the 1950s several recording groups, notably The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen, introduced complex jazz harmonies to a cappella performances. The King's Singers are credited with promoting interest in small-group a cappella performances in the 1960s. In 1983 an a cappella group known as The Flying Pickets had a Christmas 'number one' in the UK with a cover of Yazoo's (known in the US as Yaz) "Only You". A cappella music attained renewed prominence from the late 1980s onward, spurred by the success of Top 40 recordings by artists such as The Manhattan Transfer, Bobby McFerrin, Huey Lewis and the News, All-4-One, The Nylons, Backstreet Boys and Boyz II Men.[citation needed]

What a cappella group rose to popularity in 1943?

The Song Spinners

What was boycotted by American musicians in 1943?

US recording studios

Who is credited for first introducing elements of Jazz into a cappella?

The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen

What number one song was covered by an a cappella group in 1983?

"Only You"

During and after the 80's, what helped a cappella music rise in popularity?

the success of Top 40 recordings

Who boycotted concerts in 1943?

I'm not sure.

Who introduced jazz harmonies to a capella in the 40's?

I'm not sure.

What number one hit did Yazoo have in 1983?

I'm not sure.

What gained renewed intrest the 1950's?

I'm not sure.

What did The Song Spinners have in the 1950's?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of The Song Spinners best seller in the 1950's?

I'm not sure.

When did the American Federation of Musicians introduce jazz to a cappella?

I'm not sure.

In 1983 what did The King's Singers promote?

I'm not sure.

What did A cappella gain in July 1943?

I'm not sure.


Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound, in some cases very similar to bands with instruments. Examples of such professional groups include Straight No Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, and M-pact. There also remains a strong a cappella presence within Christian music, as some denominations purposefully do not use instruments during worship. Examples of such groups are Take 6, Glad and Acappella. Arrangements of popular music for small a cappella ensembles typically include one voice singing the lead melody, one singing a rhythmic bass line, and the remaining voices contributing chordal or polyphonic accompaniment.

In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?

vocal percussion

Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?

Christian music

In a cappella, what do the voices not contributing lead vocals or a bass line contribute?

chordal or polyphonic accompaniment

What has been added to contemporary instrumental music?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of instrumental bands?

I'm not sure.

What has maintained a strong presence in all types of worship?

I'm not sure.

What do arrangments for popular secular music include?

I'm not sure.

What music type includes bands who add instruments to create a pop/rock/gospel sound?

I'm not sure.

In Christian music who uses beatboxing during worship?

I'm not sure.

What do some a cappella groups use instead of chordal accompanyment?

I'm not sure.

Where does one voice singing still remain strong?

I'm not sure.

What groups don't use vocal percussion during worship?

I'm not sure.


A cappella has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theater that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theaters in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times. The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances. It was produced by Playwrights Horizons with book by John Jiler, music and lyrics by Ray Leslee. The musical style of the show's score was primarily Doo-Wop as the plot revolved around Doo-Wop group singers of the 1960s.

How many works of a cappella in musical theater have been successful in Off-Broadway productions?

four

What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994?

Avenue X

What time period was Avenue X set in?

the 1960s

What was the final number of performances in Avenue X's original run?

Who was responsible for the lyrics of Avenue X?

Ray Leslee

What has been used in musical theater on Broadway?

I'm not sure.

What performance was the first to use a cappella on Broadway?

I'm not sure.

What show had 77 performances on Broadway?

I'm not sure.

What did John Jiler write the lyrics for?

I'm not sure.

What did Ray Leslee produce?

I'm not sure.

When Playwrights Horizons first open in an Off-Broadway theater?

I'm not sure.

For how many performances did Playwrights Horizons run?

I'm not sure.

What was the musical style of Playwrights Horizon's score?

I'm not sure.


The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Perfect Harmony features the hit music of The Jackson 5, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, Marvin Gaye, Scandal, Tiffany, The Romantics, The Pretenders, The Temptations, The Contours, The Commodores, Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family, and has been compared to a cross between Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.

What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?

Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre

Before coming to New York, at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful?

Stoneham Theatre

Perfect Harmony has been called a combination of which two musicals?

Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.

In what month was Perfect Harmony's Off-Brodway debut?

October

What genre best describes Perfect Harmony?

comedy

What Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?

I'm not sure.

What drama was based on two a cappella groups?

I'm not sure.

Who's music influenced Perfect Harmoney

I'm not sure.

What have The Romantics been compared to?

I'm not sure.

What Off-Broadway theater did Pat Benatar open at?

I'm not sure.

Before New York, at what other theater was Billy Idol successful?

I'm not sure.

When was The Jackson 5's debut Off-Broadway?

I'm not sure.

What type of genre describes The Partridge Family?

I'm not sure.


The fourth a cappella musical to appear Off-Broadway, In Transit, premiered 5 October 2010 and was produced by Primary Stages with book, music, and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez, James-Allen Ford, Russ Kaplan, and Sara Wordsworth. Set primarily in the New York City subway system its score features an eclectic mix of musical genres (including jazz, hip hop, Latin, rock, and country). In Transit incorporates vocal beat boxing into its contemporary a cappella arrangements through the use of a subway beat boxer character. Beat boxer and actor Chesney Snow performed this role for the 2010 Primary Stages production. According to the show's website, it is scheduled to reopen for an open-ended commercial run in the Fall of 2011. In 2011 the production received four Lucille Lortel Award nominations including Outstanding Musical, Outer Critics Circle and Drama League nominations, as well as five Drama Desk nominations including Outstanding Musical and won for Outstanding Ensemble Performance.

What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony?

In Transit

Where does most of In Transit take place?

the New York City subway system

What a cappella vocal style is implemented in many of In Transit's songs?

beat boxing

How many Lucille Lortel Awards was In Transit nominated for?

four

What is the name of the actor who played the subway beat boxer?

Chesney Snow

What role is set in the NY subway system?

I'm not sure.

When did Chesney Snow premier Off-Broadway?

I'm not sure.

Who were involved in the production of Primary Stages?

I'm not sure.

What does Russ Kaplan incorporate in his performance?

I'm not sure.

When is Primary Stages set to reopen according to the website?

I'm not sure.


Barbershop music is one of several uniquely American art forms. The earliest reports of this style of a cappella music involved African Americans. The earliest documented quartets all began in barbershops. In 1938, the first formal men's barbershop organization was formed, known as the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America (S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A), and in 2004 rebranded itself and officially changed its public name to the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS). Today the BHS has over 22,000 members in approximately 800 chapters across the United States, and the barbershop style has spread around the world with organizations in many other countries. The Barbershop Harmony Society provides a highly organized competition structure for a cappella quartets and choruses singing in the barbershop style.

What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture?

Barbershop music

What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004?

Barbershop Harmony Society

How many people currently have membership to the BHS?

over 22,000

What racial group was primarily involved in babershop a cappella in its earliest days?

African Americans

What were the initials of the BHS before it changes its name in 2004?

S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A

What is one uniquely African art form?

I'm not sure.

In 1938 where did documented quartets begin?

I'm not sure.

What group was formed in 2004?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the barbershop group formed in 2004?

I'm not sure.

What did the barbershop group change its name to officially in 1938?

I'm not sure.


In 1945, the first formal women's barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines, was formed. In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization, although it didn't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991. The membership of nearly 25,000 women, all singing in English, includes choruses in most of the fifty United States as well as in Australia, Canada, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, Wales and the Netherlands. Headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the organization encompasses more than 1,200 registered quartets and 600 choruses.

What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?

Sweet Adelines

When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?

How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines?

nearly 25,000

Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ?

Tulsa, Oklahoma

In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group?

What group was formed in 1953?

I'm not sure.

In 1945 what did Sweet Adelines change its name to?

I'm not sure.

How many women from Japan are members of the Sweet Adelines?

I'm not sure.

How many Australian choruses are registered with the organization?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Sweet Adelines become a German organization?

I'm not sure.


The reasons for the strong Swedish dominance are as explained by Richard Sparks manifold; suffice to say here that there is a long-standing tradition, an unsusually large proportion of the populations (5% is often cited) regularly sing in choirs, the Swedish choral director Eric Ericson had an enormous impact on a cappella choral development not only in Sweden but around the world, and finally there are a large number of very popular primary and secondary schools (music schools) with high admission standards based on auditions that combine a rigid academic regimen with high level choral singing on every school day, a system that started with Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm in 1939 but has spread over the country.

What is the name of the Swedish man known for being a large influence to a cappella across the world?

Eric Ericson

Which music school began the implementation of high musical standards?

Adolf Fredrik's Music School

What portion of the Swedish population engages in a cappella singing?

Who describes the many reasons for Sweden's heavy involvement in a cappella?

Richard Sparks

What does Eric Erickson explain about Swedish dominance in choirs?

I'm not sure.

What did Richard Sparks influence in Sweden and world wide?

I'm not sure.

What has high admission standards based on tradition?

I'm not sure.

What a cappella group began implementing high music standards?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the world takes part in a cappella singing?

I'm not sure.


It is not clear exactly where collegiate a cappella began. The Rensselyrics of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (formerly known as the RPI Glee Club), established in 1873 is perhaps the oldest known collegiate a cappella group.[citation needed] However the longest continuously-singing group is probably The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University, which was formed in 1909 and once included Cole Porter as a member. Collegiate a cappella groups grew throughout the 20th century. Some notable historical groups formed along the way include Princeton University's Tigertones (1946), Colgate University's The Colgate 13 (1942), Dartmouth College's Aires (1946), Cornell University's Cayuga's Waiters (1949) and The Hangovers (1968), the University of Maine Maine Steiners (1958), the Columbia University Kingsmen (1949), the Jabberwocks of Brown University (1949), and the University of Rochester YellowJackets (1956). All-women a cappella groups followed shortly, frequently as a parody of the men's groups: the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College (1936), The Shwiffs of Connecticut College (The She-Whiffenpoofs, 1944), and The Chattertocks of Brown University (1951). A cappella groups exploded in popularity beginning in the 1990s, fueled in part by a change in style popularized by the Tufts University Beelzebubs and the Boston University Dear Abbeys. The new style used voices to emulate modern rock instruments, including vocal percussion/"beatboxing". Some larger universities now have multiple groups. Groups often join one another in on-campus concerts, such as the Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre, a 3-weekend a cappella festival held each February since 1975, where over a hundred collegiate groups have appeared, as well as International Quartet Champions The Boston Common and the contemporary commercial a cappella group Rockapella. Co-ed groups have produced many up-and-coming and major artists, including John Legend, an alumnus of the Counterparts at the University of Pennsylvania, and Sara Bareilles, an alumna of Awaken A Cappella at University of California, Los Angeles. Mira Sorvino is an alumna of the Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones of Harvard College where she had the solo on Only You by Yaz.

What is the previous name of oldest recorded college a cappella group?

RPI Glee Club

What prominent composer was once a member of The Whiffenpoofs?

Cole Porter

What is the name of the a capella group that was a parody of The Whiffenpoofs?

the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College

What is the name of the college a capella event that's been held since 1975?

Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre

What well-known musician was once part of the college a capella group The Counterparts?

John Legend

Who was formerly a member of The Rensselyrics of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute?

I'm not sure.

What group was formed in 1873 and is is the longest continually singing group?

I'm not sure.

During what time period did continuously-singing groups grow?

I'm not sure.

What were The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University often a parody of?

I'm not sure.

When did women's groups popularity explode?

I'm not sure.


A cappella is gaining popularity among South Asians with the emergence of primarily Hindi-English College groups. The first South Asian a cappella group was Penn Masala, founded in 1996 at the University of Pennsylvania. Co-ed South Asian a cappella groups are also gaining in popularity. The first co-ed south Asian a cappella was Anokha, from the University of Maryland, formed in 2001. Also, Dil se, another co-ed a cappella from UC Berkeley, hosts the "Anahat" competition at the University of California, Berkeley annually. Maize Mirchi, the co-ed a cappella group from the University of Michigan hosts "Sa Re Ga Ma Pella", an annual South Asian a cappella invitational with various groups from the Midwest.

Whas is the name of the ethnic a capella group founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1996?

Penn Masala

Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent?

South Asians

What is the name of the first South Asian a capella group to accept both men and women?

Anokha

What a capella competition is hosted at UC Berkeley?

Anahat

What group hosts the a capella competition "Sa Re Ga Ma Pella"?

Maize Mirchi

What is gaining in popularity among Anokha?

I'm not sure.

What was the first Midwest a cappella group?

I'm not sure.

What kind of groups are emerging among various groups from the Midwest?

I'm not sure.

When was the first Maize Mirchi formed from the University of Maryland?

I'm not sure.

Who hosts the Penn Masala competition at the University of California?

I'm not sure.


Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively.

What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?

Harmony Sweepstakes

Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?

a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music

What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?

Nota

Who won The Sing-Off final season?

Pentatonix

In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?

Puerto Rico

When did the  A Cappella Recording Awards air on NBC?

I'm not sure.

What prize did Ben Folds win on The Sing-Off tv competition series?

I'm not sure.

What show was judged by Harmony Sweepstakes?

I'm not sure.

How many groups were competing for the prize from the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards?

I'm not sure.

Who won the Contemporary A Cappella Society final season?

I'm not sure.


In addition to singing words, some a cappella singers also emulate instrumentation by reproducing instrumental sounds with their vocal cords and mouth. One of the earliest 20th century practitioners of this method were The Mills Brothers whose early recordings of the 1930s clearly stated on the label that all instrumentation was done vocally. More recently, "Twilight Zone" by 2 Unlimited was sung a cappella to the instrumentation on the comedy television series Tompkins Square. Another famous example of emulating instrumentation instead of singing the words is the theme song for The New Addams Family series on Fox Family Channel (now ABC Family). Groups such as Vocal Sampling and Undivided emulate Latin rhythms a cappella. In the 1960s, the Swingle Singers used their voices to emulate musical instruments to Baroque and Classical music. Vocal artist Bobby McFerrin is famous for his instrumental emulation. A cappella group Naturally Seven recreates entire songs using vocal tones for every instrument.

What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?

emulate instrumentation

What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation?

The Mills Brothers

What types of music did the Swingle Singers implement instrumental emulation for?

Baroque and Classical music

What is the name of the ABC Family show whose theme is entirely a capella?

The New Addams Family

What groups recordings in the 1960's stated all instruments were done vocally?

I'm not sure.

On what series did the Swingle Singers sing Twilight Zone in a cappella?

I'm not sure.

What is another example of emulating Bobby McFerrin without singing the words?

I'm not sure.

What early recordings emulate Latin rhythms in a cappella?

I'm not sure.

In the 1930's what was Bobby McFerrin famous for?

I'm not sure.


The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments, but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments. Like the other groups, examples of their music can be found on YouTube. Beatboxing, more accurately known as vocal percussion, is a technique used in a cappella music popularized by the hip-hop community, where rap is often performed a cappella also. The advent of vocal percussion added new dimensions to the a cappella genre and has become very prevalent in modern arrangements. Petra Haden used a four-track recorder to produce an a cappella version of The Who Sell Out including the instruments and fake advertisements on her album Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out in 2005. Haden has also released a cappella versions of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'", The Beach Boys' "God Only Knows" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller". In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of The Bellamy Brothers' 1970s song "Let Your Love Flow".[citation needed]

What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?

nonsense words

What is another term for beatboxing?

vocal percussion

What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out?

a four-track recorder

What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car?

Toyota

On what website can many a capella groups' music be listened to?

YouTube

What did the Beach Boys use so they would sound like instruments?

I'm not sure.

What added new dimensions to nonsense words?

I'm not sure.

What is one song version The Swingle Singers released in 2005?

I'm not sure.

What did Toyota hire The Bellamy Brothers to advertise in their commercials?

I'm not sure.

What was used by Journey to make an a cappella recording of The Who Sells Out?

I'm not sure.


The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OP used by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) on 22 December 1216. Membership in this "mendicant" order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of Associates, who are unrelated to the tertiaries) affiliated with the order.

What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?

Ordo Praedicatorum

What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?

Pope Honorius III

After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?

the Dominican Order

What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?

Roman Catholic

What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?

Saint Dominic de Guzman

What was the Order of Preachers more commonly known as after the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

What is not the Latin term for the Order of Preachers?

I'm not sure.

What religious order was founded by French priest Saint Dominic de Guzman?

I'm not sure.

Which pope did not approve the Dominican order?

I'm not sure.

What did the Dominican Order's membership not include?

I'm not sure.


Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, who is currently Bruno Cadoré. Members of the order generally carry the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers, after their names.

During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?

the Middle Ages

What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?

to combat heresy

The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?

Master of the Order

Who is the current Master of the Order?

Bruno Cadoré

What is the Order of Preachers known for?

its intellectual tradition

What  was the order not founded to do?

I'm not sure.

What did not place the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What was the order not famed for?

I'm not sure.

Who headed the Dominican order in 1980?

I'm not sure.

What does O.P. not stand for>

I'm not sure.


The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars: one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman. Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.

During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?

Men of God

How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?

two

Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?

Francis of Assisi

Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars?

the Friars Preachers

What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages?

the Dominicans and Franciscans

What was not occurring when the Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What were Men of God expected to stay behind?

I'm not sure.

How many orders of mendicant friars did not come out of the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

Who led the Friars Major order at this time?

I'm not sure.

Who led the Friars Teachers order at this time?

I'm not sure.


Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. Dominic's new order was to be a preaching order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, the new friars would survive by begging, "selling" themselves through persuasive preaching.

The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?

the Benedictines

What type of order was the Dominican Order?

a preaching order

What did previous religious orders do for a living?

farms

How did the Dominican Order earn money?

by begging

What did Dominic not seek to do?

I'm not sure.

What order did not influence the Dominican Order?

I'm not sure.

What did the Dominican Order not seek to be?

I'm not sure.

How did previous religious orders not do for a living?

I'm not sure.


Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.

How did Dominic inspire his followers?

with loyalty to learning and virtue

What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?

nuns

In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?

England

What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?

a "mixed" spirituality

How did Dominic not inspire his followers?

I'm not sure.

What type of governmental structure did Dominic not inspire his followers to form?

I'm not sure.

Who developed an order where its members had a homogeneous spirituality?

I'm not sure.

What order was rural and ignorant?

I'm not sure.

What country did Benedictine Order nuns thrive?

I'm not sure.


As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of St. Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood.

What subject did Dominic particularly love?

theology

Why did Dominic sell his books?

to help his neighbors

In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?

Spain

At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?

twenty-five

After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?

St. Augustine

What subject did Dominic particularly hate?

I'm not sure.

What happened to Dominic during his studies in Paris, France?

I'm not sure.

Why did Dominic refuse to sell his beloved books?

I'm not sure.

Where did Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes refuse to appoint Dominic to?

I'm not sure.

Who entered the priesthood at the age of 30?

I'm not sure.


In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.

With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?

Prior Diego de Acebo

Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?

monarchy of Spain

In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?

south of France

During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?

Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?

to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark


Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, "for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for."

How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?

with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony

Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?

the Cathars

How did the Cathars live?

in a state of self-sacrifice

In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?

a strong leader

Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?

the Albigensians

Who did not immediately see one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement?

I'm not sure.

Who did not act or move with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony?

I'm not sure.

Who did Dominic admire more than the Holy Church?

I'm not sure.

What state did the Cathers not live in?

I'm not sure.

What was meet with much success?

I'm not sure.


Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs. The monastery was at Prouille would later become Dominic's headquarters for his missionary effort there. After two years on the mission field, Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain. When his preaching companions heard of his death, all save Dominic and a very small number of others returned to their homes.

In what year did Dominic establish a convent?

What women did Dominic convert for his convent?

Albigensian

What group are older than the Dominican Friars?

Dominican nuns

Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery?

too poor

How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?

two years

Who became the spiritual father of several Albigensian women?

I'm not sure.

What did Dominic establish in 1306?

I'm not sure.

What would become a foundation of the Benedictine nuns?

I'm not sure.

What later became the Benedictine headquarters for Dominic's missionary effort?

I'm not sure.

Why did families not send their girls to Diego's monastery?

I'm not sure.


In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize these components. The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order, according to Dominic's successor, Jordan of Saxony, because it lent itself to the "salvation of souls through preaching". By this choice, however, the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks, but canons-regular. They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty.

What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?

Rule of St. Augustine

In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?

Who was the successor to Dominic?

Jordan of Saxony

What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?

the "salvation of souls through preaching"

What were the Dominican Brothers?

canons-regular

What framework did Dominic not use in order to stifle his institution?

I'm not sure.

What year did Diego order his followers into an institutional life?

I'm not sure.

What did the Rule of St. Augustine not believe in?

I'm not sure.

What were the Dominican Brothers not?

I'm not sure.

Who could not practice ministry and common life while existing in poverty?

I'm not sure.


Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world. In Dominic's thinking, it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand. When the brethren left Prouille, then, to begin their apostolic work, Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris. This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren, some near large universities throughout Europe.

Dominic studied in what city?

Palencia

Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?

the Manicheans

What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?

charity

In what city did Dominic establish a school?

Paris

Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?

Matthew of Paris

What city did Dominic not study in?

I'm not sure.

What did the city of Palencia not give Dominic?

I'm not sure.

What method was not used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against peril?

I'm not sure.

What did not help define the work of the Dominican Order?

I'm not sure.

What city did Dominic not establish a school?

I'm not sure.


In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?

the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina

Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?

Pope Honorius III

What was required of each new priory?

its own studium conventuale

When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?

June 5, 1222

The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?

the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum

Where did Dominic and his followers live in during early 1320?

I'm not sure.

What pope did not invite Dominic to stay in the Roman basilica of Santa Sabina?

I'm not sure.

When did Pope John Paul II transfer property to the Order of Preachers?

I'm not sure.


The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Its members included popes, cardinals, bishops, legates, inquisitors, confessors of princes, ambassadors, and paciarii (enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils). The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition. In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.

What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?

England

What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?

Oxford

What did the Dominican Order fight against?

paganism

What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?

Thomas Aquinas

Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?

Pope Gregory IX

What order did not quickly spread through England?

I'm not sure.

What happened to the order in the 14th century?

I'm not sure.

What French university did the Dominican friars appear in?

I'm not sure.

What are the three branches of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?

I'm not sure.

Who appointed the Benedictine Order to begin the inquisition?

I'm not sure.


The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called "Dominican mysticism.") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.

The term "Dominican mysticism" is also knows as what?

German mysticism

In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?

Germany and Italy

What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?

St. Catherine of Siena

Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?

the Netherlands

What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?

Savonarola

What did not produce change within the order?

I'm not sure.

What is the term "Dominican mysticism" not known as?

I'm not sure.

What sprang up in Switzerland and Monaco?

I'm not sure.

What saint is associated with the new Benedictine mysticism?

I'm not sure.

What nun helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?

I'm not sure.


At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) and Matteo Bandello. Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age, the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo.

What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?

the Renaissance

What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?

pagan tendencies

The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?

Cologne

What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?

Matteo Bandello

What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?

Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo

What did the order not find itself faced with?

I'm not sure.

What did the order embrace during the the Renaissance?

I'm not sure.

What theologians of what English city gave the Dominican Order resistance?

I'm not sure.

What did many Benedictines take part in?

I'm not sure.

Which friars were celebrated in the science of the Renaissance age?

I'm not sure.


During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.

In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?

In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?

How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?

In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?

How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?

How many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order in 1867?

I'm not sure.

How many Dominicans were actively engages in Order work in 1867?

I'm not sure.

How many Dominican friars were there in 2018?

I'm not sure.

What year were there 5,570 priests in the Dominican Order?

I'm not sure.

How many students were there in the year 2001?

I'm not sure.


In the revival movement France held a foremost place, owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861). He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome (1839), and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850. From this province were detached the province of Lyon, called Occitania (1862), that of Toulouse (1869), and that of Canada (1909). The French restoration likewise furnished many laborers to other provinces, to assist in their organization and progress. From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century, Père Vincent Jandel (1850–1872). Here should be mentioned the province of St. Joseph in the United States. Founded in 1805 by Edward Fenwick, afterwards first Bishop of Cincinnati, Ohio (1821–1832), this province has developed slowly, but now ranks among the most flourishing and active provinces of the order. In 1910 it numbered seventeen convents or secondary houses. In 1905, it established a large house of studies at Washington, D.C., called the Dominican House of Studies. There are now four Dominican provinces in the United States.

What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?

France

What orator was very famous during the revival movement?

Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire

When was the province of France canonically erected?

What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?

master general

What country held a minor place in the revival movement?

I'm not sure.

What orator was not well known during the revival movement?

I'm not sure.

What year did Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire take the habit of a Friar Preacher in Paris?

I'm not sure.

When was the province of England canonically erected?

I'm not sure.

What title did Pere Vincent Jandel not hold during this time?

I'm not sure.


The province of France has produced a large number of preachers. The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by Père Lacordaire. The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire (1835–1836, 1843–1851), Jacques Monsabré (1869–1870, 1872–1890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898–1902).[citation needed] Since 1903 the pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans. Père Henri Didon (d. 1900) was a Dominican. The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Année Dominicaine (founded 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), and La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855–1938), one of the leading international centres for Biblical research. It is at the École Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible (both editions) was prepared.

What country has produced a large number of preachers?

France

What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?

Père Lacordaire

What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?

Thomas Etourneau

What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?

the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem

What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?

Jerusalem Bible

What country has produced a large number of nuns?

I'm not sure.

What Benedictine Friar inaugurated the conference of Notre Dame of Paris?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of another English Benedictine friar during this time?

I'm not sure.

What did English Dominican found and administer?

I'm not sure.

What was not prepared at the Ecole Biblique?

I'm not sure.


Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. Several institutions, besides those already mentioned, played important parts. Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem, open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics, which publishes the Revue Biblique. The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg, confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890, is flourishing, and has about 250 students. The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier, opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences. In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste, founded by Père Thomas Coconnier (d. 1908), and the Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum (1893). Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) and Zephirin González (d. 1894), two esteemed philosophers; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history (d. 1905).[citation needed]

What school publishes the Revue Biblique?

Biblical school at Jerusalem

How many students does the University of Fribourg have?

When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order's care?

What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning?

Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas

What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste?

Père Thomas Coconnier

What school does not publish the Reve Biblique?

I'm not sure.

How many students does the Monastery of Fribourg have?

I'm not sure.

What year was the University of Fribourg put into the Benedictine Order's care?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of one Benedictine Order institute of learning?

I'm not sure.

What Benedictine founded the Revue Thomiste?

I'm not sure.


Today, there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism. Dominican Associates are Christian women and men; married, single, divorced, and widowed; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to praise, to bless, to preach. Associates do not take vows, but rather make a commitment to be partners with vowed members, and to share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family in their own lives, families, churches, neighborhoods, workplaces, and cities.

What do present day Dominican Order associates do?

share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family

What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?

Christian women and men

What draws many people into following the Dominican Order?

charism

Present day members continue to do what for the Dominican Order?

to praise, to bless, to preach

What do present day Benedictine Order associates do?

I'm not sure.

What is there not a growing number of?

I'm not sure.

Who does not share the Dominican charism?

I'm not sure.

What is not an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?

I'm not sure.

What do present day members continue to do for the Dominican Order?

I'm not sure.


The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ. These religious also struggled for a deeply personal, intimate relationship with God. When the order reached England, many of these attributes were kept, but the English gave the order additional, specialized characteristics. This topic is discussed below.

The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?

charity

What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?

learning

What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?

charity

In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?

England

What is the spiritual tradition of Dominic's order not only punctuated by?

I'm not sure.

What order does not include mystical union?

I'm not sure.

What order was first developed on the Asian continent?

I'm not sure.

What country did some of the Dominican Order not attribute change to?

I'm not sure.

What did the friars and sisters in Christ not struggle with?

I'm not sure.


Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, singing was apparently one of Dominic's great delights. Dominic practiced self-scourging and would mortify himself as he prayed alone in the chapel at night for 'poor sinners.' He owned a single habit, refused to carry money, and would allow no one to serve him.

What did Dominic greatly struggle with?

relationship with God

Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?

St. Cecilia

What did Dominic enjoy doing?

sing

Who did Dominic pray for?

poor sinners

What did Dominic refuse to do?

carry money

What did Dominic not struggle with?

I'm not sure.

Who remembered Dominic as a sour fellow?

I'm not sure.

What did Dominic not like to greatly do?

I'm not sure.

Who did Dominic not pray for?

I'm not sure.

Who owned multiple habits?

I'm not sure.


The spirituality evidenced throughout all of the branches of the order reflects the spirit and intentions of its founder, though some of the elements of what later developed might have surprised the Castilian friar. Fundamentally, Dominic was "... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach, to teach, and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ. It is that spirit which [Dominic] bequeathed to his followers".

What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?

to assist those searching for the truth

Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?

gospel of Christ

What type of man was Dominic?

a man of prayer

What was not evidenced throughout all the branches of the order?

I'm not sure.

What did the spirituality not reflect?

I'm not sure.

What spirit did Dominic not give to his followers?

I'm not sure.

What type of man was Dominic not?

I'm not sure.

What did Dominic not fully utilize?

I'm not sure.


Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching, and this was his most lasting contribution to the order. The growth of the spirituality of young preachers was his first priority. He once cried to his students: "... consider how excellent this office [of preaching] is, because it is apostolic; how useful, because it is directly ordained for the salvation of souls; how perilous, because few have in them, or perform, what the office requires, for it is not without great danger ... , vol. xxv. (Lyon, 1677)

Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?

Humbert of Romans

What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?

1254 to 1263

What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?

the sisters in the order were given official membership

What did subject did Humbert love very much?

languages

What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?

Arabic

Who was the Master general of the Dominican order during the early 1200s?

I'm not sure.

During whose tenure was the sisters of the order not given official membership?

I'm not sure.

Who did not have a great love of languages?

I'm not sure.

What did Hobart not want the friars to reach?

I'm not sure.

What was not Hobart's first priority?

I'm not sure.


Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with "religious good sense," and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, "[Young Dominicans] are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles, since these avail little to salvation, and sometimes we are fooled by them; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists. Also, they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these. Again, they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will, which is all that God regards".

What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?

uncomplicated language

What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?

miracles

According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?

good will

What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?

sad

Who was not at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order?

I'm not sure.

Who did not significantly add to the order's spirituality?

I'm not sure.

What did Hobart's writing's not permeate with?

I'm not sure.

What were young Dominicans encouraged not to do?

I'm not sure.

What did Humbert instruct the students to be?

I'm not sure.


Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus, the only person of the period to be given the appellation "Great". His influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life. Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, spiritual writer, ecumenist, and diplomat. Under the auspices of Humbert of Romans, Albert molded the curriculum of studies for all Dominican students, introduced Aristotle to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus. Indeed, it was the thirty years of work done by Thomas Aquinas and himself (1245–1274) that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian study in the curriculum of Dominican schools.

The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar?

Albertus Magnus

Albert Magnus was also known as "Albert the what"?

Great

What was a discipline of Albert the Great?

ecumenist

Who did Albert Magnus introduce to Dominican Order students?

Aristotle

Who helped Albert Magnus bring Aristotelian curriculum to Dominican classrooms?

Thomas Aquinas

Who did not greatly help the Dominican Order?

I'm not sure.

What was Albert Magnus not also known as "Albert the what?

I'm not sure.

What was not a discipline of Albert the Great?

I'm not sure.

Whose curriculum did Albert not mold?

I'm not sure.

Who did Albert Magnus not introduce to Dominican Order students?

I'm not sure.


One of Albert's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite, a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period. Magnus' writings made a significant contribution to German mysticism, which became vibrant in the minds of the Beguines and women such as Hildegard of Bingen and Mechthild of Magdeburg. Mysticism, for the purposes of this study, refers to the conviction that all believers have the capability to experience God's love. This love may manifest itself through brief ecstatic experiences, such that one may be engulfed by God and gain an immediate knowledge of Him, which is unknowable through the intellect alone.

Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period?

medieval

What was one of Albert the Great's biggest contributions during the medieval period?

his study of Dionysus the Areopagite

Who was Dionysus?

a mystical theologian

What refers to the conviction that all believers are capable of experiencing God's love?

Mysticism

Albert magnus' writings contributed greatly to what?

German mysticism

What was not one of Albert's great contributions?

I'm not sure.

When did Dionysus the Areopagite words not leave an indelible imprint?

I'm not sure.

What of Magnus' did not make a significant contribution to German mysticism?

I'm not sure.

Who was not a mystical theologian?

I'm not sure.

What refers to the conviction that all non-believers are capable of experiencing God's love?

I'm not sure.


Albertus Magnus championed the idea, drawn from Dionysus, that positive knowledge of God is possible, but obscure. Thus, it is easier to state what God is not, than to state what God is: "... we affirm things of God only relatively, that is, casually, whereas we deny things of God absolutely, that is, with reference to what He is in Himself. And there is no contradiction between a relative affirmation and an absolute negation. It is not contradictory to say that someone is white-toothed and not white".

What idea did Albertus champion?

positive knowledge of God is possible

Who influenced Magnus at this time?

Dionysus

What is it easier to do regarding God?

state what God is not

How do we deny things of God?

absolutely

Who did not champion the idea drawn from Dionysus?

I'm not sure.

Who believed that negative knowledge of God is possible, but obsure?

I'm not sure.

What is not easier to do regarding God?

I'm not sure.

How do we accept things of God?

I'm not sure.

What is there contradiction between?

I'm not sure.


Albert the Great wrote that wisdom and understanding enhance one's faith in God. According to him, these are the tools that God uses to commune with a contemplative. Love in the soul is both the cause and result of true understanding and judgement. It causes not only an intellectual knowledge of God, but a spiritual and emotional knowledge as well. Contemplation is the means whereby one can obtain this goal of understanding. Things that once seemed static and unchanging become full of possibility and perfection. The contemplative then knows that God is, but she does not know what God is. Thus, contemplation forever produces a mystified, imperfect knowledge of God. The soul is exalted beyond the rest of God's creation but it cannot see God Himself.

What enhances man's faith in God according to Albertus Magnus?

wisdom

What is a tool that God uses to speak to the average man?

understanding

How can man obtain understanding of God?

Contemplation

If someone contemplates God forever, what type of knowledge will they obtain?

imperfect

What cannot see God itself?

The soul

Who did not write the wisdom and understanding enhance one's faith in God?

I'm not sure.

What does God not use to speak with an average man?

I'm not sure.

What is not the cause or result of true understanding and judgment?

I'm not sure.

What can the soul see in perfect clarity?

I'm not sure.

How does one not obtain a goal of understanding?

I'm not sure.


As the image of God grows within man, he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness. Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One (God/Christ) who created them, sustains them, and guides them. Thus, man then directs his path to that One, and the love for, and of, Christ guides man's very nature to become centered on the One, and on his neighbor as well. Charity is the manifestation of the pure love of Christ, both for and by His follower.

What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God?

Meekness

According to Christianity, who is the "One"?

God/Christ

What is Charity to a Christian?

manifestation of the pure love of Christ

What should man's nature be centered on?

the One

What happened within a man as the image of God decreases?

I'm not sure.

What does not guide Christians to acknowledge that are are nothing without God?

I'm not sure.

Who do Christians not consider to the "One"?

I'm not sure.

Who did not create, sustain, or guide man?

I'm not sure.

What should man;s nature not be centered on?

I'm not sure.


The Dominican Order was affected by a number of elemental influences. Its early members imbued the order with a mysticism and learning. The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator. The English Dominicans looked for this complete unity as well, but were not so focused on ecstatic experiences. Instead, their goal was to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely. The Dartford nuns were surrounded by all of these legacies, and used them to create something unique. Though they are not called mystics, they are known for their piety toward God and their determination to live lives devoted to, and in emulation of, Him.

What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group?

ecstatic mysticism

What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order?

to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely

What group of nuns are used all aspects of the Dominican Order for their work?

Dartford

The Dartford Nuns are similar to what group?

mystics

What do ecstatic mystics hope to achieve?

a union with the Creator

What was not affected by a number of elemental influences?

I'm not sure.

What did later members imbue the order with?

I'm not sure.

What did the Europeans of the order not embrace?

I'm not sure.

What of type of experiences were English Dominicans entirely focused on?

I'm not sure.

What did the English Dominicans not hope to do within the order?

I'm not sure.


Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers, it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible. In the tradition of Holy Writ, the impossibility of coming face to face with God is a recurring motif, thus the commandment against graven images (Exodus 20.4-5). As time passed, Jewish and early Christian writings presented the idea of 'unknowing,' where God's presence was enveloped in a dark cloud. These images arose out of a confusing mass of ambiguous and ambivalent statements regarding the nature of God and man's relationship to Him.

The search for mysticism in the Dominican Order goes back to what?

Hebrew Bible

What is the Holy Writ?

Bible

Who wanted to put mysticism into the Dominican Order?

Albertus Magnus

Whose writings introduced the idea of 'unknowing' to the Order of Preachers?

Jewish and early Christian writings

What concept does not reach back to the Hebrew Bible?

I'm not sure.

What tradition believed that it was possible to come face to face with God?

I'm not sure.

What does the commandment of Exodus 20.4-5 allow?

I'm not sure.

Who did not want to instill mysticism in the Dominican order?

I'm not sure.

What writings introduced the idea of "knowing" to the Order of Preachers?

I'm not sure.


Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage. In spite of these doubts, women's houses dotted the countryside throughout Europe. There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany, forty-two in Italy, nine in France, eight in Spain, six in Bohemia, three in Hungary, and three in Poland. Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women, such as Beguines, that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure. A number of these houses became centers of study and mystical spirituality in the 14th century. There were one hundred and fifty-seven nunneries in the order by 1358. In that year, the number lessened due to disasters like the Black Death.

Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?

female Dominican houses

Where was one female Dominican house located?

Prouille

How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?

seventy-four

Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?

Beguines

How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?

one hundred and fifty-seven

Who did some early Dominican followers not have trouble reconciling?

I'm not sure.

What did some of the brethren not have issues with?

I'm not sure.

Where in England was one female Dominican house located?

I'm not sure.

What dotted the countryside throughout Asia?

I'm not sure.

How many female Benedictine houses  were in France?

I'm not sure.


Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women. Instead, the sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances. Their lives were often much more strict than their brothers' lives. The sisters had no government of their own, but lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order. They were compelled to obey all the rules and shared in all the applicable privileges of the order. Like the Priory of Dartford, all Dominican nunneries were under the jurisdiction of friars. The friars served as their confessors, priests, teachers and spiritual mentors.

How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?

lack of apostolic work

What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?

chanted the Divine Office

What did the sisters not have?

government of their own

Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of?

friars

What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?

teachers

How did female house not differ from male Dominican houses?

I'm not sure.

What did the Benedictine sisters do instead of apostolic work?

I'm not sure.

What did the sisters have?

I'm not sure.

Whose authority did the sisters not live under?

I'm not sure.

What roles did the friars not serve as to the nuns?

I'm not sure.


Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen. The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory (1250) demands that nuns pledge obedience to God, the Blessed Virgin, their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the institute of the order, until death. The clothing of the sisters consisted of a white tunic and scapular, a leather belt, a black mantle, and a black veil. Candidates to profession were tested to reveal whether they were actually married women who had merely separated from their husbands. Their intellectual abilities were also tested. Nuns were to be silent in places of prayer, the cloister, the dormitory, and refectory. Silence was maintained unless the prioress granted an exception for a specific cause. Speaking was allowed in the common parlor, but it was subordinate to strict rules, and the prioress, subprioress or other senior nun had to be present.

After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order?

thirteen

What type of veil must the sisters wear?

black

The formula for profession into the Dominican Order is presented in what text?

the Constitutions of Montargis Priory

What were the nuns allowed to minimally do?

Speak

What were the nuns tested on?

intellectual abilities

What age could women become members of the Benedictine order?

I'm not sure.

What did the Constitutions of Montargis not demand of the nuns?

I'm not sure.

What type of veil did the sisters not have to wear?

I'm not sure.

What was not required of the sisters to wear?

I'm not sure.

What were candidates to profession not tested to do?

I'm not sure.


Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people, the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men. They did participate, however, in a number of intellectual activities. Along with sewing and embroidery, nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church leaders. In the Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret, some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin. Learning still had an elevated place in the lives of these religious. In fact, Margarette Reglerin, a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family, was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn.

What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order?

preach among the people

What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed?

embroidery

Who was expelled from a nunnery for not wanting to learn?

Margarette Reglerin

Where was Margarette Reglerin from?

Nuremberg

What monastery did the nuns belong to who could speak Latin fluently?

Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret

What did the nuns of the Dominican order do among people?

I'm not sure.

What was immediate or intense for the nuns as it was for men?

I'm not sure.

What activities did the nuns not have to do?

I'm not sure.

What Strasbourg monastery did some nuns not converse fluently in Latin?

I'm not sure.


As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France, the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety. Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford's library, such as Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois' Somme le Roi, show that the "ghoostli" link to Europe was not lost in the crossing of the Channel. It survived in the minds of the nuns. Also, the nuns shared a unique identity with Poissy as a religious house founded by a royal house. The English nuns were proud of this heritage, and aware that many of them shared in England's great history as members of the noble class, as seen in the next chapter.

The Dartford sisters were heirs of what priory?

priory of Poissy

Where was the priory of Poissy located?

France

What book could be found in The Dartford sister's library?

Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom

What did the Dartford nunnery have in common with the priory of Poissy?

a religious house founded by a royal house

What priory were the Dartford sisters not heirs to?

I'm not sure.

What country in Asia was the priory of Poissy located?

I'm not sure.

What book could not be found in the Dartford's sister's library?

I'm not sure.

What does not show that a "ghoostli" link to Europe was not lost in the Channel crossing?

I'm not sure.

What were the French nuns proud of?

I'm not sure.


The English Province was a component of the international order from which it obtained its laws, direction, and instructions. It was also, however, a group of Englishmen. Its direct supervisors were from England, and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities, towns, villages, and roadways. English and European ingredients constantly came in contact. The international side of the province's existence influenced the national, and the national responded to, adapted, and sometimes constrained the international.

The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who?

Englishmen

The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side?

international

Why was the English order of the Dominicans so successful in England?

Its direct supervisors were from England

Who was the Benedictine Order in England controlled by?

I'm not sure.

What component of the French Province was it influenced by?

I'm not sure.

Where did members of the French province dwell and labor?

I'm not sure.

What did not constantly come into contact?

I'm not sure.

What did not influence the national side of the Order?

I'm not sure.


The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford, in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide. The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265, the brethren, in keeping with their devotion to study, began erecting a school. Actually, the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after their arrival, as priories were legally schools. Information about the schools of the English Province is limited, but a few facts are known. Much of the information available is taken from visitation records. The "visitation" was a section of the province through which visitors to each priory could describe the state of its religious life and its studies to the next chapter. There were four such visits in England and Wales—Oxford, London, Cambridge and York. All Dominican students were required to learn grammar, old and new logic, natural philosophy and theology. Of all of the curricular areas, however, theology was the most important. This is not surprising when one remembers Dominic's zeal for it.

What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?

Oxford

Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?

the Blessed Virgin Mary

What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?

natural philosophy

What was the most important subject for Dominican students?

theology

By what year was the school in Oxford completed?

Where was the first Benedictine site in England?

I'm not sure.

What did Benedictine friars build?

I'm not sure.

What did the Dominican friars build in 1260?

I'm not sure.

What were the subjects that all Benedictine students had to learn?

I'm not sure.

What was the most important subject that all Benedictine students had to learn?

I'm not sure.