Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam. Moreover, Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shayṭān) was said after it had already been born, not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have. The Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus. should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran, and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement. The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people, in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse [O Satan] surely thou shalt have no power over My servants, except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee (15:42)

Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?

Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam

What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?

in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate

Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?

her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam

What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?

Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.

What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran  is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the  the devil ?

Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan

How does the Qur\an confirm the Immaculat Conception of Mary?

I'm not sure.

What does the Qur'an say is dependent on Christian doctrine?

I'm not sure.

When did Mary pray for her child to remain protected from Satan?

I'm not sure.

What exonerates Mary and Jesus?

I'm not sure.

Who does the hadith refer to as servents?

I'm not sure.


Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother." That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother, not of her own virginal conception of Jesus, is shown by his footnote: "In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty." In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854, this charge was repeated: "Strange as it may appear, that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated, with so much pomp and ceremony, 'for the destruction of all heresies, and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents', should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon, and Sale, and Forster, and Gagnier, and Maracci, leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact."

What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?

The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother

Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?

Edward Gibbon

What was the group of volumes titled ?

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?

Mohametan Bible

Who's doctrine does Islam derive its teachings from?

I'm not sure.

What did St Bernard write in 1788?

I'm not sure.

What charge did St Bernard repeat in 1854?

I'm not sure.

What has its origin in the Bible?

I'm not sure.


The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary.) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music, polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner, Pablo Casals, Maurice Duruflé, Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, no:Ola Gjeilo, José Maurício Nunes Garcia, and Nikolaus Schapfl,

What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ?

Your clothing is white as snow,

The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?

The Roman Missal

What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?

Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours

What type of  melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and  unaccompanied sacred song?

polyphonic settings have been composed

What include refrences to Jesus's Immaculate Conception?

I'm not sure.

who is purified from original sin by Jesus?

I'm not sure.

What did Anton Bruckner compose base on the Litergy of the Hours?

I'm not sure.


The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1-2. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.

What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ?

in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God

What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?

moon is under her feet

What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?

a halo of twelve stars surround her head

What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?

clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.

What spread across Europe and the Near East?

I'm not sure.

What type of flowers does Mary hold in her hands?

I'm not sure.

What is under the feet of the Cherubs?

I'm not sure.

Where is Mary depicted before her creation?

I'm not sure.


Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education. Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja.

What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?

free

How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school?

How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools?

What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?

What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia?

National Institute for Educational Development

What is the capital of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

How many teachers are there in Namibia in primary and secondary schools?

I'm not sure.

How much of Namibia's GDP is spent on defense?

I'm not sure.

What was the pupil-teacher ratio in 2000?

I'm not sure.

What is the population of Okahandja?

I'm not sure.


Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German:  Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia?

Namibië

Where in Africa is Namibia?

southern

What ocean borders Namibia?

Atlantic Ocean

How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River?

200 metres

When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa?

21 March 1990

What is the French word for the Republic of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

With what country does Namibia share most of its northern border with?

I'm not sure.

On what date did the Namibian War of Independence start?

I'm not sure.

What type of border does Namibia share with Angola?

I'm not sure.


The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands had been annexed by the Cape Colony under the British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.

When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?

14th century

When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?

When did Namibia stop being a German colony?

end of World War I

What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?

When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?

Where did the Bantu come from in the 14th century?

I'm not sure.

In what year did World War I end?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the League of Nations formed?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the League of Nations shut down?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Cape Colony established?

I'm not sure.


Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time as South-West Africa. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, which remained under South African control until 1994.

What does SWAPO stand for?

South West Africa People's Organisation

When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people?

When Namibia was under South African administration, what was it called?

South-West Africa.

Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia?

internal violence

When did Namibia obtain full independence?

In what year was the South West Africa People's Organization formed?

I'm not sure.

In what region of Namibia is Walvis Bay?

I'm not sure.

In what region of Namibia is the Penguin Islands?

I'm not sure.

Which covers more area, Walvis Bay or the Penguin Islands?

I'm not sure.


The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, Nama and, since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was granted against an annual payment. On their way further northwards, however, the Orlams encountered clans of the Herero tribe at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja which were less accommodating. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.

Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?

Orange River

What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?

southern Namibia

When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?

18th century

When did the Nama-Herero war begin?

Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?

Imperial Germany

What type of people were the San?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Nama-Herero War hostilities stop?

I'm not sure.

What type of people were the Damara?

I'm not sure.

What type of people were the Herero tribe?

I'm not sure.


The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey.

When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia?

What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from?

Portuguese

When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?

Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?

Germany

Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?

Angola

In what year was Diogo Cao born?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Bartolmeu Dias born?

I'm not sure.

What nationality were the Dorsland trekkers?

I'm not sure.

Which country was the first to have European traders in Sub-Saharan Africa?

I'm not sure.

What was the first country to have European settlers in Sub-Saharan Africa?

I'm not sure.


From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, the 'first genocide of the Twentieth Century' was committed. In the Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were systematically murdered. The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation and discrimination in a system that in many ways anticipated apartheid.

Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers?

Namaqua

When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers?

1904 to 1907

What was the war against the German occupiers considered?

first genocide of the Twentieth Century

How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?

How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?

In what year did the "first genocide of the Twentieth Century" start?

I'm not sure.

Which group to German occupiers first start to commit genocide against?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Herero were murdered by Germans?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Namaqua were murdered by Germans?

I'm not sure.

In what year did "the first genocide of the Twentieth Century" end?

I'm not sure.


South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory. Although the South African government desired to incorporate 'South-West Africa' into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the de facto 'fifth province', with the white minority having representation in the whites-only Parliament of South Africa, as well as electing their own local administration the SWA Legislative Assembly. The South African government also appointed the SWA administrator, who had extensive powers. Following the League's replacement by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration (along with a definite independence schedule). The Herero Chief's Council submitted a number of petitions to the UN calling for it to grant Namibia independence during the 1950s. During the 1960s, when European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia. In 1966 the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, but the U.N. General Assembly subsequently revoked South Africa's mandate, while in 1971 the International Court of Justice issued an "advisory opinion" declaring South Africa's continued administration to be illegal.

When did South Africa occupy Namibia?

When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia?

Which council submitted petitions for Namibia's independence?

Herero Chief's Council

When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?

When was the League replaced by the United Nations?

In what year did World War I start?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the League of Nations founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Parliament of South Africa formed?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the International Court of Justice established?

I'm not sure.


In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice, South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) military wing, People's Liberation Army of Namibia, a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia, in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. During the South African occupation of Namibia, white commercial farmers, most of whom came as settlers from South Africa and represented 0.2% of the national population, owned 74% of the arable land. Outside the central-southern area of Namibia (known as the "Police Zone" since the German era and which contained the main towns, industries, mines and best arable land), the country was divided into "homelands", the version of South African bantustan applied to Namibia, although only a few were actually established because indigenous Namibians often did not cooperate.

Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia's independence?

People's Liberation Army of Namibia

When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia's independence?

When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia?

Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia?

UN peace plan

What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as?

Police Zone

In what year was the South-West Africa People's Organization started?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the population Of South Africa was white people?

I'm not sure.

How much of South Africa's arable land did white people control?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the UN start developing a peace plan for the whole region?

I'm not sure.


South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory's name by Resolution 2372 (XXII) of 12 June 1968. In 1978 the UN Security Council passed UN Resolution 435 which planned a transition toward independence for Namibia. Attempts to persuade South Africa to agree to the plan's implementation were not successful until 1988 when the transition to independence finally started under a diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola and Cuba, with the USSR and the USA as observers, under which South Africa agreed to withdraw and demobilise its forces in Namibia. As a result, Cuba agreed to pull back its troops in southern Angola sent to support the MPLA in its war for control of Angola with UNITA.

What was Namibia previously called?

South West Africa

What date did Namibia get it's official name?

12 June 1968

What was the resolution that granted Namibia it's name?

Resolution 2372 (XXII)

How long did it take for South Africa to agree to the implantation of Namibia's new name?

The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country?

USA

On what date  in 1978 did the UN Security Council pass Resolution 2372?

I'm not sure.

In what year had Cuba sent troops to Angola?

I'm not sure.

In what year had the MPLA formed?

I'm not sure.

Since what year had UNITA controlled Angola?

I'm not sure.

Among which countries had been trying to persuade South Africa to give Namibia independence?

I'm not sure.


A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observers, police, and political workers, hostilities were briefly renewed on the day the transition process was supposed to begin. After a new round of negotiations, a second date was set and the elections process began in earnest. After the return of SWAPO exiles (over 46,000 exiles), Namibia's first one-person one-vote elections for the constitutional assembly took place in November 1989. The official election slogan was "Free and Fair Elections". This was won by SWAPO although it did not gain the two-thirds majority it had hoped for; the South African-backed Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) became the official opposition. The elections were peaceful and declared free and fair.

What does UNTAG stand for?

United Nations Transition Assistance Group

Who was the diplomat for UNTAG?

Martti Ahtisaari

What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG?

Finnish

When was the diplomat for UNTAG deployed to supervise withdrawals from Namibia?

April 1989 to March 1990

What was the official election slogan in the first Namibia election?

Free and Fair Elections

In what month in 1989 did campaigning begin for the constitutional assembly election?

I'm not sure.

Who was the head of the SWAPO party?

I'm not sure.

Who backed SWAPO?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Martti Ahtisaarsi become a diplomat?

I'm not sure.

When had SWAPO members been exiled?

I'm not sure.


The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights, compensation for state expropriations of private property, an independent judiciary and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa.[citation needed]

When was the Namibian Constitution adopted?

February 1990

When did the country of Namibia officially become a country?

21 March 1990

Who was the first President of Namibia?

Sam Nujoma

Who swore in the first President of Namibia?

Nelson Mandela

What was ceded to Namibia in 1994?

Walvis Bay

Until what year did Sam Nujoma serve as President of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

For how many days had Nelson Mandela been imprisoned?

I'm not sure.

In what month and year did Namibian leaders start to develop their constitution?

I'm not sure.

When was the first Namibian vote held for president?

I'm not sure.

What was one of the countries that sent a head of state to Namibia for the first presidential swearing-in?

I'm not sure.


Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the Swapo Party has won every election since independence. The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.

What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule?

parliamentary democracy

What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence?

Multiparty democracy

What party has won every election in Namibia?

Swapo Party

How long did president Same Nujoma rule?

Who succeeded Sam Nujoma?

Hifikepunye Pohamba

In what year was multiparty democracy introduced to Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What political party was President Sam Nujoma a member of?

I'm not sure.

What political party is Hifikepunye Pohamba a member of?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Namibia successfully transition to parliamentary democracy?

I'm not sure.

What is the presidential term limit in Namibia?

I'm not sure.


The Kalahari Desert, an arid region shared with South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. One of these, known as the Succulent Karoo, is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; Approximately 10 percent of the world's succulents are found in the Karoo. The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.

What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana?

Kalahari Desert

How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo?

How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo?

half

How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo?

10 percent

What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo?

stable nature of precipitation

What country lies to the east of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

How many species of plants are there in the Kalahari Desert?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the world's succulents are found in all of the Kalahari Desert?

I'm not sure.

What country lies north of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What country lies south of Namibia?

I'm not sure.


Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid (mean rain above 500 mm) through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid from 150 to 300 mm (these three regions are inland from the western escarpment) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, Warmbad for instance, are mid-40 °C maxima recorded.

What is the climate range for Namibia?

17°S to 25°S

What is the overall climate description for Namibia?

arid

What is the mean rain above in Namibia?

500 mm

What is the semi-arid measurements in Namibia?

300 and 500 mm

What is the arid measurement in Namibia?

150 to 300 mm

At what coordinate is Warmbad?

I'm not sure.

What is the climate description for the northern half of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What is the climate description for the southern half of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What is the climate description for the middle band of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What is the wettest area of Namibia?

I'm not sure.


Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the Tropic of Capricorn cuts the country about in half. The winter (June – August) is generally dry, both rainy seasons occur in summer, the small rainy season between September and November, the big one between February and April. Humidity is low, and average rainfall varies from almost zero in the coastal desert to more than 600 mm in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is however highly variable, and droughts are common. The last[update] bad rainy season with rainfall far below the annual average occurred in summer 2006/07.

What is the typical amount of sunshine days in Tropical high pressure belt?

300 days

What feature cuts Namibia in half?

the Tropic of Capricorn

What is the winter in Namibia like?

dry

When is the rainiest season in Namibia?

between February and April

What is humidity like in Namibia?

low

How much rain fell during the summer of 2006/07?

I'm not sure.

How much rain typically falls in February each year in the Caprivi Strip?

I'm not sure.

What is the record amount of rain in the Caprivi Strip?

I'm not sure.

What is the record rainfall in the coastal desert?

I'm not sure.

What is the least amount of rainfall to ever fall in the Caprivi Strip in one year?

I'm not sure.


Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.

What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia?

Benguela

What direction does the current in the coastal area flow?

north

Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia?

Atlantic

What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?

Bergwind

What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create?

sand storms

What lies to the east of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What is the wind direction outside of the coastal area?

I'm not sure.

What is the temperature of the wind outside the coastal area?

I'm not sure.

What is the German expression for Oosweer?

I'm not sure.

What is the Afrikaans expression for Bergwind?

I'm not sure.


Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi. In the interior of the country surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their runoff. Thus, where people don’t live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. The advantage of using groundwater sources is that even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources such as mining, agriculture, and tourism can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.

What is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa?

Namibia

What is the average rainfall in Namibia?

350 mm per annum

Where does the highest rainfall occur in Namibia?

Caprivi

How much of the country does dam water supply the rest of the country with?

What is the wettest country in sub-Saharan Africa?

I'm not sure.

What is the record amount of rain in a year on the coast?

I'm not sure.

What is the record least amount of rain in a year in the Caprivi?

I'm not sure.

What is the average annual rainfall in Zambia?

I'm not sure.

What is the average annual rainfall in Angola?

I'm not sure.


Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address conservation and protection of natural resources in its constitution. Article 95 states, "The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future."

What does Namibia protect in it's constitution?

natural resources

What article in the Namibia constitution supports natural conservation?

Article 95

What do Namibians believe sustains them?

utilisation of living natural resources

What is Article 94 about?

I'm not sure.

What do Namibians believe destroys them?

I'm not sure.

What is the biggest country in the world to address conservation in its constitution?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest country in the world to address conservation in its constitution?

I'm not sure.

What is Article 93 about?

I'm not sure.


In 1993, the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE) Project. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism with the financial support from organisations such as USAID, Endangered Wildlife Trust, WWF, and Canadian Ambassador's Fund, together form a Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) support structure. The main goal of this project is promote sustainable natural resource management by giving local communities rights to wildlife management and tourism.

When did Namibia receive funding from USAID?

What does USAID stands for?

United States Agency for International Development

What does LIFE project stand for?

Living in a Finite Environment

What does CBNRM stand for?

Community Based Natural Resource Management

When did the Living in a Finite Environment Project start?

I'm not sure.

When was the Canadian Ambassador's Fund established?

I'm not sure.

When was the Endangered Wildlife Trust started?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the WWF formed?

I'm not sure.

What is the primary focus of USAID?

I'm not sure.


Namibia follows a largely independent foreign policy, with persisting affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle, including Cuba. With a small army and a fragile economy, the Namibian Government's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the Southern African region. A dynamic member of the Southern African Development Community, Namibia is a vocal advocate for greater regional integration. Namibia became the 160th member of the UN on 23 April 1990. On its independence it became the fiftieth member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Who does Namibia have affiliation with in their foreign policy?

states that aided the independence

What ties does Namibia want to strengthen?

Southern African

Which number member is Namibia in the UN?

When did Namibia join the UN?

23 April 1990

Which number member is Namibia in the Commonwealth of Nations?

fiftieth

To what year does Namibia and Cuba relationship go back to?

I'm not sure.

Which  sub-Saharan African country has a large army?

I'm not sure.

Where did Cuba come in regarding joining the UN?

I'm not sure.

Besides Namibia what is one other country that is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations?

I'm not sure.

What sub-Saharan country has a strong economy?

I'm not sure.


According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the Namibia Statistics Agency, the country's unemployment rate is 27.4%. "Strict unemployment" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20.2% in 2000, 21.9% in 2004 and spiraled to 29.4% in 2008. Under a broader definition (including people that have given up searching for employment) unemployment rose to 36.7% in 2004. This estimate considers people in the informal economy as employed. Labour and Social Welfare Minister Immanuel Ngatjizeko praised the 2008 study as "by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously", but its methodology has also received criticism.

What is Namibian's unemployment rate?

What was the highest unemployment rate in Namibia?

Who is the Labour and Social Welfare Minister?

Immanuel Ngatjizeko

When was the lowest unemployment rate in Namibia?

What was the "Strict unemployment" figure for Namibia in 2012?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Immanuel Ngatjizeko become the Labour and Social Welfare Minister?

I'm not sure.

Who leads the Namibia Statistics Agency?

I'm not sure.

What was the unemployment rate in 2000?

I'm not sure.

What was the unemployment rate in 2012 including people who had given up looking for work?

I'm not sure.


In 2013, global business and financial news provider, Bloomberg, named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world. Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of Morocco (19th), South Africa (15th) and Zambia (14th). Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil and Mexico. Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria. The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank. The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom. In order to attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations making the country one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region. However, facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures. Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the World Bank, and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business.

What did Bloomberg name Namibia?

top emerging market economy in Africa

What rank did Bloomberg name Namibia's economy?

13th best in the world

How many African countries made the list for top Emerging Markets?

four

Who did Bloomberg name as 2013's best emerging market in the world?

I'm not sure.

How many South American countries made the list for top emerging economies?

I'm not sure.

How many Asian countries made the list for top emerging economies?

I'm not sure.

What was named as one of the reasons Zambia made the list?

I'm not sure.

Why did South Africa make this list?

I'm not sure.


About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food. Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistence way of life. Namibia has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cash-less economy. The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival. Although arable land accounts for only 1% of Namibia, nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture.

How much of the population depends on agriculture?

half

How much more is the per capita GDP in Namibia compared to the rest of Africa's countries?

five times

Where does a majority of Namibia's people live?

rural

Namibia has one of the highest rates of what type of income problems in the world?

inequality

How much of Namibia's land is arable?

How much of Africa's poorest countries land is arable?

I'm not sure.

From where does Namibia import food?

I'm not sure.

What countries have an even higher rate of income disparity than Namibia?

I'm not sure.

In Africa's poorest countries in which industry do most people work?

I'm not sure.


Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of uranium. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc. There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future. According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive".

How much revenue does mining provide Namibia?

Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium?

fourth

Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015?

uranium

What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of?

gem-quality diamonds

What is the second most important contributor to Namibia's economy?

I'm not sure.

Who is the world's biggest exporter of uranium?

I'm not sure.

In what year does Namibia plan to start drilling for oil and gas offshore?

I'm not sure.

Who is the world's biggest exporter of diamonds?

I'm not sure.

What country is Africa's biggest exporter of non-fuel minerals?

I'm not sure.


There are many lodges and reserves to accommodate eco-tourists. Sport hunting is also a large, and growing component of the Namibian economy, accounting for 14% of total tourism in the year 2000, or $19.6 million US dollars, with Namibia boasting numerous species sought after by international sport hunters. In addition, extreme sports such as sandboarding, skydiving and 4x4ing have become popular, and many cities have companies that provide tours.[citation needed] The most visited places include the capital city of Windhoek, Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, the Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund, Walvis Bay and Lüderitz.

What accounts for almost 14% of total tourism in Namibia?

Sport hunting

How much economic assistance does Namibia get from tourism from hunting?

$19.6 million US dollars

What other types of sports are popular in Namibia?

extreme sports

What is the most visited city in Namibia?

Windhoek

What type of town is Swakopmund?

coastal

From what country do most tourists to Namibia come from?

I'm not sure.

In what country was the extreme sport sandboarding invented?

I'm not sure.

How much did tourism account for the Namibian economy in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What is the most visited city in Namibia by foreign tourists?

I'm not sure.

How much money was tourism bringing into Namibia in 2010?

I'm not sure.


The capital city of Windhoek plays a very important role in Namibia's tourism due to its central location and close proximity to Hosea Kutako International Airport. According to The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, which was produced by the Millennium Challenge Corporation for the Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% of all tourists visiting Namibia during the time period, 2012 - 2013, visited Windhoek. Many of Namibia's tourism related parastatals and governing bodies such as Namibia Wildlife Resorts, Air Namibia and the Namibia Tourism Board as well as Namibia's tourism related trade associations such as the Hospitality Association of Namibia are also all headquartered in Windhoek. There are also a number of notable hotels in Windhoek such as Windhoek Country Club Resort and some international hotel chains also operate in Windhoek, such as Avani Hotels and Resorts and Hilton Hotels and Resorts.

What is the capital of Namibia?

Windhoek

What is the airport in Namibia?

Hosea Kutako International Airport

What is the most popular hotel in Windhoek?

Windhoek Country Club Resort

Avani Hotels and resorts is a chain resort in Windhoek, what is another?

Hilton Hotels and Resorts

What percentage of tourists arrive in Namibia at Hosea Kutako International Airport?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Namibia Wildlife Resorts established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Namibia Tourism Board get established?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the tourists to Windhoek stay at one of the international hotel chains?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the HIlton Hotels and Resorts built in Windhoek?

I'm not sure.


Namibia's primary tourism related governing body, the Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), was established by an Act of Parliament: the Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000). Its primary objectives are to regulate the tourism industry and to market Namibia as a tourist destination. There are also a number of trade associations that represent the tourism sector in Namibia, such as the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (the umbrella body for all tourism associations in Namibia), the Hospitality Association of Namibia, the Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia and the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia.

What does NTB stand for?

Namibia Tourism Board

What is act 21 of 2000 in Namibia?

Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000

What does act 21 in Namibia regulate?

tourism industry

What market does Act 21 promote?

tourism

What was Act 20 of 2000?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Hospitality Association of Namibia established?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Association of Namibian Travel Agents founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia founded?

I'm not sure.


Apart from residences for upper and middle class households, sanitation is insufficient in most residential areas. Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in townships due to their water consumption and installation cost. As a result, access to improved sanitation has not increased much since independence: In Namibia's rural areas 13% of the population had more than basic sanitation, up from 8% in 1990. Many of Namibia's inhabitants have to resort to "flying toilets", plastic bags to defecate which after use are flung into the bush. The use of open areas close to residential land to urinate and defecate is very common and has been identified as a major health hazard.

Most residential areas are insufficient in what area of Namibia?

sanitation

Besides installation cost, why are private flush toilets too expensive for most residents in Namibia?

water consumption

What do Namibian's use as a toilet?

flying toilets

Where do flying toilets end up after use?

bush

Urinating and defecating in public has been identified as what?

major health hazard

In what African country is sanitation sufficient for most residential areas?

I'm not sure.

In what African country are private flush toilets reasonably priced?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Namibia's rural areas have 13% of the population with more than basic sanitation?

I'm not sure.

In what African country is water plentiful?

I'm not sure.


Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%).

Whites make up how much of Namibia's population?

4.0 and 7.0%

What is the language of Namibia?

Afrikaans

Where do a large minority of whites trace their Namibian roots to?

German settlers

What was the population in South-West Africa in 1960?

How much of the population was white in South-West Africa in 1960?

How many people of British descent make up the population of Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the Namibia population is German?

I'm not sure.

What is the most spoken language in Namibia?

I'm not sure.

How many white people were there in Namibia in the 2000 census?

I'm not sure.

How many people in total was there in Namibia in the 2000 census?

I'm not sure.


Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011. The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the de facto method. For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well.

How often does Namibia conduct a census?

every ten years

When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia?

What is it called when the census counts every person wherever they are the night of the census?

de facto method

How many enumeration areas are there in Namibia?

The enumeration areas in Namibia do not overlap with what in order to get reliable data?

constituency boundaries

How were people counted in Namibia prior to 1991?

I'm not sure.

How many enumeration areas are there in a typical nation using the de facto method?

I'm not sure.

How many census workers were there in the 1991 Population and Housing Census?

I'm not sure.


Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which was seen by them as "a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation." Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system. Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. It is expected of private schools to follow the same policy as state schools, and "English language" is a compulsory subject. As in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low.

German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?

SWAPO thought Namibia should have what type of official language?

monolingual

What is the primary language of Namibia, as SWAPO instituted?

English

How many Namibian's speak English?

There was a high rate of what due to monolingual instruction?

school drop-outs

What is one of the 11 official languages of South Africa?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people speak Afrikaans in Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people speak German in Namibia?

I'm not sure.

The push for monolingual instruction has been a success in what African country?

I'm not sure.

How many people in Namibia can speak English at all?

I'm not sure.


Inline hockey was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's inline hockey National Team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon. The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks, sprinter (100 and 200 m). He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several World Athletics Championships. He is also known for humanitarian activities in Namibia and beyond.

What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995?

Inline hockey

Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?

Women's inline hockey National Team

What is the toughest footrace around the world?

Namibian ultra marathon

Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia?

Frankie Fredericks

What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in?

sprinter

When was the Women's inline hockey National Team first formed?

I'm not sure.

Which country won the women's 2008 FIRS World Championships?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the first Namibian ultra marathon first held?

I'm not sure.

How many Olympic silver medals did Frankie Fredericks win at the 1992 Olympics?

I'm not sure.

How many medals has Frankie Fredericks won at World Athletic Championships?

I'm not sure.


The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the "South West African" media system. Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, critical journalists threatened.

What was the first Namibian newspaper?

Windhoeker Anzeiger

What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?

German

When was the first Namibian newspaper founded?

When was radio introduced in Namibia?

When was TV introduced in Namibia?

What was the first English newspaper in Namibia?

I'm not sure.

When did South Africa take over ruling Namibia?

I'm not sure.

When did Germany take over ruling Namibia?

I'm not sure.

What was the first newspaper in Namibia that reflected the realities of the black citizens?

I'm not sure.

When was the first black-focused radio channel introduced?

I'm not sure.


Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine[citation needed] and Prime FOCUS. Sister Namibia Magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia, while Namibia Sport is the only national sport magazine. Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications.

What is a popular tabloid magazine in Namibia?

Windhoek Observer

What is the economical magazine in Namibia?

Namibia Economist

What is the regional magazine in Namibia?

Namib Times

What is the most popular current affairs magazine in Namibia?

Insight Namibia

What is the only sport newspaper in Namibia?

Namibia Sport

Who owns the Windhoek Observer?

I'm not sure.

Who owns the Namib Times?

I'm not sure.

Who owns Prime FOCUS?

I'm not sure.

Who owns Sister Namibia Magazine?

I'm not sure.

How often is Informante published?

I'm not sure.


Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom. Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country. The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results.[citation needed] However, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia. In 2009, Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index. In 2013, it was 19th. In 2014 it ranked 22nd

Compared to neighbouring countries, what freedom does Namibia have?

media

Namibia is on par with what country in terms of media and reporting?

Canada

Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2009?

Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2013?

Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2014?

What was Namibia's position on the Press Freedom Index in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What was Namibia's Press Freedom Index in 2015?

I'm not sure.

What was Namibia's Press Freedom Index position in 2008?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the African Media Barometer founded?

I'm not sure.

When was Reporters Without Borders founded?

I'm not sure.


Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 52.2 years in 2012 – among the lowest in the world. The AIDS epidemic is a large problem in Namibia. Though its rate of infection is substantially lower than that of its eastern neighbour, Botswana, approximately 13.1% of the adult population is[update] infected with HIV. In 2001, there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, the epidemic in Namibia "appears to be leveling off." As the HIV/AIDS epidemic has reduced the working-aged population, the number of orphans has increased. It falls to the government to provide education, food, shelter and clothing for these orphans.

What is the life expectancy in Namibia?

What epidemic is a large problem in Namibia?

AIDS

How much of the Namibian population is infected with HIV?

How many people living in 2001 had HIV/AIDS in Namibia?

How many deaths were associated with HIV/AIDS in Namibia in 2003?

How many orphans are there in Namibia?

I'm not sure.

How many people in Botswana have HIV/AIDS?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the people in Botswana have HIV?

I'm not sure.

What is the HIV/AIDS epidemic numbers doing in Botswana?

I'm not sure.

What is the age expectancy in Botswana as of 2012?

I'm not sure.


The malaria problem seems to be compounded by the AIDS epidemic. Research has shown that in Namibia the risk of contracting malaria is 14.5% greater if a person is also infected with HIV. The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50% with a concurrent HIV infection. Given infection rates this large, as well as a looming malaria problem, it may be very difficult for the government to deal with both the medical and economic impacts of this epidemic. The country had only 598 physicians in 2002.

What health issue is compounded by the AIDS epidemic in Namibia?

malaria

What is the risk of contracting malaria if an individual is already infected with HIV?

14.5% greater

The risk of death by malaria raises by how much with a concurrent HIV infection?

How many physicians did Namibia have in 2002?

How many physicians did Namibia have as of 2012?

I'm not sure.

What is the risk of contracting malaria in Namibia if a person is healthy?

I'm not sure.

What is the risk of death if a person has HIV but not a concurrent infection?

I'm not sure.

How many health professionals in total did Namibia have in 2002?

I'm not sure.


Russian (ру́сский язы́к, russkiy yazyk, pronounced [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] ( listen)) is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. It is an unofficial but widely-spoken language in Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, and to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the Soviet Union and former participants of the Eastern Bloc. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the three living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onwards.

What language sub-family is Russian in?

East Slavic

Where is Russian an official language?

Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories

Where is Russian popular but not an official language?

Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia

How many living East Slavic languages are there?

three

When was the earliest writing in Old East Slavonic?

10th century

What kind of language is Ukranian?

I'm not sure.

In what countries is Ukrainian officially spoken?

I'm not sure.

Where is Ukrainian also widely spoken, but not officially?

I'm not sure.

What family does Ukrainian belong to?

I'm not sure.

When was Ukrainian first officially written?

I'm not sure.


Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent (знак ударения, znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example замо́к (zamok, meaning a lock) and за́мок (zamok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names.

What kind of phonemes are soft sounds?

consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation

What kind of accent can mark stress?

optional acute accent

What kind of words can acute accents distinguish?

homographic words

What word means both lock and castle, depending on its accent?

zamok

What kind of phenomes are uncommon words?

I'm not sure.

Where are uncommon words usually found?

I'm not sure.

What feature of the language is an uncommon word considered?

I'm not sure.

What are uncommon words or names considered to be and not usually indicated?

I'm not sure.

What is an uncommon word used to mark?

I'm not sure.


Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family. It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus'. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the other three languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures, e.g. Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, as well as because of later interaction in the 19th–20th centuries, although Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian".

What language does Russian descend from?

the language used in Kievan Rus'

What are Russian's closest relatives?

Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn

Where is Surzhyk used?

eastern Ukraine

Where is Trasianka used?

Belarus

What was 'Little Russian'?

Ukrainian

What is Ukranian a descendant of that is used in Kievan Rus'?

I'm not sure.

In what countries are Surzhyk and Trasianka spoken interchangeably?

I'm not sure.

In what centuries is it thought that the Surzhyk language disappeared?

I'm not sure.

What is Ukrainian thought to have played a role in forming?

I'm not sure.

What language does Trasianka have similar words with?

I'm not sure.


The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language.

What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use?

South Slavic Old Church Slavonic

What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic?

mainly abstract and literary words

What word forms are used together in some cases?

East Slavic and the Church Slavonic

What church uses mainly the Russian language?

I'm not sure.

What has the Russian Orthodox Church been experiencing in attendance recently?

I'm not sure.

What has the vocabulary of East Slavic been influenced by?

I'm not sure.

How many meanings are there in modern forms of Russian?

I'm not sure.

What has the literary style of East Slavic been influenced by?

I'm not sure.


Until the 20th century, the language's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population, as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [ɣ] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech.

When did Russian language spread to the peasants?

the 20th century

Who spoke Russian before the 20th century?

the upper noble classes and urban population

When did the Soviets establish required education?

the mid-20th century

What nonstandard feature does Southern Russian use?

fricative

When did the Soviet government begin only speaking fricative?

I'm not sure.

What kind of education system was used to teach the history of the noble classes to peasants?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for formalizing colloquial speech?

I'm not sure.

What nonstandard feature do the noble classes have?

I'm not sure.

In the mid 20th century what  group was the only one that used colloquial speech?

I'm not sure.


Ethnic Russians constitute 25.5% of the country's current population and 58.6% of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian. In all, 67.8% of Estonia's population can speak Russian. Command of Russian language, however, is rapidly decreasing among younger Estonians (primarily being replaced by the command of English). For example, if 53% of ethnic Estonians between 15 and 19 claim to speak some Russian, then among the 10- to 14-year-old group, command of Russian has fallen to 19% (which is about one-third the percentage of those who claim to have command of English in the same age group).

How much of Estonia is ethnic Russians?

How much of Estonia speaks Russian?

What is the ratio of young Estonians who speak Russian relative to those who speak English?

about one-third

How much of Estonia's native Estonians speaks Russian?

What percentage of ethnic Russians speak English?

I'm not sure.

How much of the native Estonian population speaks English?

I'm not sure.

What is decreasing among ethnic Russians?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Russians are between 15 and 19?

I'm not sure.

What has the percentage of 10-14 year olds in Russia fallen to?

I'm not sure.


As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918, a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland. There are 33,400 Russian-speaking Finns, amounting to 0.6% of the population. Five thousand (0.1%) of them are late 19th century and 20th century immigrants or their descendants, and the remaining majority are recent immigrants who moved there in the 1990s and later.[citation needed] Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population of Finland according to a 2014 estimate from the World Factbook.

When did Finland join the Russian Empire?

When did Finland leave the Russian Empire?

What percent of Finns speak Russian?

How many Finns speak Russian?

How many Russian-speaking Finns are descended from early immigrants?

Five thousand

When did immigrants form the Russian Empire?

I'm not sure.

How many immigrants came to Russia from 1809 to 1918?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of Russia in 1908?

I'm not sure.

What book was written in 1918 by a prominent Russian author?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the World Factbook republished?

I'm not sure.


In Ukraine, Russian is seen as a language of inter-ethnic communication, and a minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook. 20% of school students receive their education primarily in Russian.

How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004?

How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004?

29 million

What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006?

What percent of Ukraine use Russian as their main language as of 2006?

What is Russian's legal status in Ukraine?

minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine

How does the World Factbook describe Russian as?

I'm not sure.

How many people worldwide read the World Factbook in 2001?

I'm not sure.

How many school students used the World Factbook in school in Ukraine in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of Russia in 2001?

I'm not sure.

How many readers does Demoskop Weekly have in Ukraine?

I'm not sure.


In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria).

What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries?

Warsaw Pact

Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century?

Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba

Which countries speak other Slavic languages?

Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria

What pact was formed by Cuba?

I'm not sure.

What three countries are former satellites of East Germany?

I'm not sure.

Where is Polish no longer mandatory?

I'm not sure.

What is the fluency in Polish in some countries according to the Eurobarometer?

I'm not sure.


Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities. According to the 2011 Census of Ireland, there were 21,639 people in the nation who use Russian as a home language. However, of this only 13% were Russian nationals. 20% held Irish citizenship, while 27% and 14% were holding the passports of Latvia and Lithuania respectively.

In which European countries do many Russian immigrants live?

The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria

How many people in Ireland speak Russian?

How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Russian citizens?

How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Irish citizens?

How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Latvian citizens?

In which countries do Spanish immigrants live?

I'm not sure.

When was the census of Norway taken?

I'm not sure.

How many people in Norway speak Russian at home?

I'm not sure.

How many Russian nationals are there in Norway?

I'm not sure.

How many people living in Norway have passports from Latvia and Lithuania?

I'm not sure.


In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population according to a 2009 estimate from the World Factbook.

What convention recognizes Russian in Armenia?

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

How many Armenians speak Russian natively?

How many Armenians speak Russian actively?

1 million

What percent of Armenia speaks Russian?

What percent of Armenia uses Russian as their main language?

How many people read Demoskop Weekly in 2004?

I'm not sure.

How much of the population used the World Factbook in school?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the World Factbook first released in Armenia?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of Armenia in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the Armenian population writes articles for the World Factbook?

I'm not sure.


In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 1% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language.

What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia?

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

How many Georgians speak Russian natively?

How many Georgians speak Russian actively?

1.7 million

What percent of Georgia is fluent in Russian?

What percent of Georgia use Russian as their main language?

What does Demoskop Weekly cite Russian as being in Ethnologue?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of Georgia in 2006?

I'm not sure.

How much of the population of Georgia had read the World Factbook by 2006?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the population of Georgia works at home?

I'm not sure.

What status does Ethnologue have in Georgia's government?

I'm not sure.


In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language.

What is the legal status of Russian in Kazakhstan?

according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration

How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively?

How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian actively?

10 million

What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently?

What percent of people in Kazakhstan use Russian as their main language?

According to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan, what do public employees have the same as the administration?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of Kazakhstan in 2004?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the population of Kazakhstan was employed in 2006?

I'm not sure.

How many people in Kazakhstan were able to read the World Factbook in 2004?

I'm not sure.

How much of the population aged 15 and above used the World Factbook in school in 2009?

I'm not sure.


The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the U.S. and Canada, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Toronto, Baltimore, Miami, Chicago, Denver and Cleveland. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States.

Where did Russian explorers first reach North America?

Alaska

When did Russian explorers first reach North America?

When did the US buy Alaska?

What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians?

about 25%

What is the term for Russian-speaking people?

Russophones

What did New York buy in the 1700's?

I'm not sure.

When did explorers from North America first reach Russia?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for Jews living in Russia?

I'm not sure.

How many Jews lived in Russia in the 1700's?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Central Asians immigrate to Russia?

I'm not sure.


Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975.

For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?

Apollo-Soyuz

When did Apollo-Soyuz fly?

What are Russian astronauts called?

cosmonauts

What math competition has Russian as an official language?

International Mathematical Olympiad

When was the International Space Station launched into space?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the IMF created?

I'm not sure.

What did the UN take part in launching in 1975?

I'm not sure.

What organization supports NASA astronauts?

I'm not sure.

What organization first began taking donations in 1975?

I'm not sure.


In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian is the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German and Japanese.

What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013?

Russian

What percent of all websites are in English?

What percent of all websites are in Russian?

What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian?

What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian?

What is Japanese on the internet after English?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of sites with the .su domain use English?

I'm not sure.

How many websites in Ukraine use English?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of websites in Tajikistan use English?

I'm not sure.

In March 2013 how many people used Japanese on all websites?

I'm not sure.


Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. All dialects also divided in two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the Eastern Rus' or Muscovy, roughly consists of the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts); and secondary formation (other territory). Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language.

What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into?

"Northern" and "Southern"

What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into?

Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern

What distinguishes Russian dialects?

non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar

What two groupings are linguists divided into?

I'm not sure.

What does Muscovy lie on between the two divisions?

I'm not sure.

How many ancient relics were found in Moscow after 1900?

I'm not sure.

How many categories of ancient relics are there?

I'm not sure.

Why were ancient relics lying in the central region of Russia?

I'm not sure.


The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.

What is okanye?

pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly

What articles are similar to Bulgarian?

post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te

What do some Russian dialects do about vowels?

absence of vowel reduction

What region of dialects is the Volga River area in?

Northern Russian

Along what river is Macedonian spoken?

I'm not sure.

How does Macedonian pronounce unstressed o?

I'm not sure.

What do some Macedonian dialects do with vowels?

I'm not sure.

In okanye what does Macedonian have in place of -to, -ta, -te?

I'm not sure.

What dialects are spoken in Macedonia?

I'm not sure.


In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye/яканье. Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and /x~xv~xw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited /ɡ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum.

What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian?

unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable

What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect?

unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable

What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?

modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)

What is called yakanye in Standard and Northern dialects?

I'm not sure.

What do Standard dialects have a linguistic continuum with?

I'm not sure.

In a semivowel what is unpalatalized?

I'm not sure.

What consonants are included in Belarusian?

I'm not sure.

What do consonants include in Ukranian?

I'm not sure.


Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Диалектологический атлас русского языка [dʲɪɐˌlʲɛktəlɐˈɡʲitɕɪskʲɪj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]), was published in three folio volumes 1986–1989, after four decades of preparatory work.

Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?

Vladimir Dal

In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?

When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?

18th century

When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?

turn of the 20th century

How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?

four decades

What was created by Lomonosov at the turn of the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

How many volumes of the first dictionary were published in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take for the first dictionary to be published?

I'm not sure.

What kind of vocabulary did Lomonosov create in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

When did Lomonosov map Russian dialects?

I'm not sure.


Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ъ⟩ and ⟨ь⟩ originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/, /ĭ/.

What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become?

⟨е⟩

What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become?

⟨и⟩

What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become?

⟨ф⟩

What did the old letter ⟨ѫ⟩ become?

⟨у⟩

What did the old letter ⟨ѭ⟩ become?

⟨ю⟩

What  did the ja or a originally indicate the pronunciation of?

I'm not sure.

What did the r become?

I'm not sure.

What did the h become phonetically?

I'm not sure.

The ja or a indicated the pronunciation of a reduced what?

I'm not sure.

What was ja merged into?

I'm not sure.


Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs leveraging this Unicode extension are available which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards.

What is 'moroz' a transliteration of?

мороз

What is 'mysh' a transliteration of?

мышь

What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration?

Unicode character encoding,

What does 'moroz' mean?

frost

What does 'mysh' mean?

mouse

What kind of restrictions are there on Russian speaking typists?

I'm not sure.

What coding was created in Russia?

I'm not sure.

What alphabet is used to transliterate English?

I'm not sure.

What language was the QWERTY keyboard first programmed to be used in?

I'm not sure.

What extension fully incorporates the Latin alphabet?

I'm not sure.


The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995–2005.

Who created KOI8-R encoding?

the Soviet government

What system used CP1251 encoding?

Microsoft Windows

What systems used IBM866 encoding?

MS-DOS and OS/2

What encoding did early Macs use?

ISO/IEC 8859-5

In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage?

When was KO18-R designed by Microsoft?

I'm not sure.

During what period was MS-DOS created?

I'm not sure.

What adverse event did the creation of K018-R create?

I'm not sure.

How did the chaos created by the K018-R end?

I'm not sure.

What did K018-R become a defacto standard in?

I'm not sure.


According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/castle), сто́ящий/стоя́щий (worthwhile/standing), чудно́/чу́дно (this is odd/this is marvelous), молоде́ц/мо́лодец (attaboy/fine young man), узна́ю/узнаю́ (I shall learn it/I recognize it), отреза́ть/отре́зать (to be cutting/to have cut); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names (афе́ра, гу́ру, Гарси́я, Оле́ша, Фе́рми), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence (Ты́ съел печенье?/Ты съе́л печенье?/Ты съел пече́нье? – Was it you who ate the cookie?/Did you eat the cookie?/Was it the cookie that you ate?). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.

What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of?

Russian Academy of Sciences

What can optional acute accents indicate?

stress

What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?

castle

What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?

this is marvelous

What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?

standing

What organization writes books for Russian learners?

I'm not sure.

What should be used to teach Russian learners according to the Russian Academy of Sciences?

I'm not sure.

What do children feel when they are learning Russian?

I'm not sure.

Where is context mandatory for children and Russian learners?

I'm not sure.

Where can a Russian learner usually find uncommon words?

I'm not sure.


The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish). The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian.)

Who says Russian has 6 vowels?

St. Petersburg Phonological School

When are Russian vowels written differently?

depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized

What dialect is standard Russian based on?

Moscow dialect

What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?

Irish

What is done to unstressed vowels?

reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa

How many classes are there at the St. Petersburg Phonological School?

I'm not sure.

When are Irish vowels written differently?

I'm not sure.

What pairs do vowels come in, in Irish?

I'm not sure.

What kind of stress is there in the Irish language?

I'm not sure.

What is the variation in pitch in Irish?

I'm not sure.


Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a separate phoneme is "это ткёт" ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt], 'it weaves')/"этот кот" ([ˈɛtət kot], 'this cat')). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of /tʲ/ and /dʲ/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). These sounds: /t, d, ts, s, z, n and rʲ/ are dental, that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.

What might /kʲ/ be considered?

a phoneme

What is palatalization?

the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant

How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?

with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge

What might r be considered?

I'm not sure.

G is considered marginal but not considered what?

I'm not sure.

What is the only minimal pair that shows g is a separate phoneme?

I'm not sure.

What does allophone mean?

I'm not sure.

What does the tongue produce with g and x?

I'm not sure.


Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.

When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?

approximately 1000 AD

When was Kievan Rus' formed?

about 880

What countries did Kievan Rus' become?

modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus

What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?

Old East Slavic

When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?

What group of dialects did Christians speak in 1000 AD?

I'm not sure.

When was Byzantine Greek formed?

I'm not sure.

When were historic records first kept?

I'm not sure.

What commercial language was adopted by Christians in 880?

I'm not sure.

What countries trace their origins to Greece?

I'm not sure.


The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (Лев Толсто́й) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.

Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?

the languages of Western Europe

What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?

French

What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?

German

Who wrote 'War and Peace'?

Leo Tolstoy

What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?

French

In what year did Peter the Great come to power?

I'm not sure.

What did Peter the Great write in 1800?

I'm not sure.

What was Peter the Great's goal for writing War and Peace?

I'm not sure.

How many Germans immigrated to France in 1800?

I'm not sure.

What did Tolstoy write to reform Germany?

I'm not sure.