From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years. In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision, and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision. Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision.

What happened between 1938 to 1995?

the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause.

What are most actions in the federal government known as?

Commerce Clause

What did the court reject in 1995?

the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision

What did the court reject in 1994?

rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act

What does the commerce clause include?

include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision

What happened between 1983 to 1995?

I'm not sure.

What happened between 1938 to 1959?

I'm not sure.

What are no actions in the federal government known as?

I'm not sure.

What did the court accept in 1995?

I'm not sure.

What did the court reject in 1949?

I'm not sure.


On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a third component. This specific dual form of federalism, with the special position of Brussels, consequently has a number of political issues—even minor ones—that are being fought out over the Dutch/French-language political division. With such issues, a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise. This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism, and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious.

How many components does the Belgian political landscape include?

two components

What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape?

the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels

What component is the Brussel Region?

third component

What happens with the Brussels special position?

consequently has a number of political issues

How many components does the Belgian political landscape exclude?

I'm not sure.

How many components doesn't the Belgian political landscape include?

I'm not sure.

What are the three components in the Belgian political landscape?

I'm not sure.

What component isn't the Brussel Region?

I'm not sure.

What happens without the Brussels special position?

I'm not sure.


Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.

The US Constitution says what to amendments?

provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent

What happens when certain constitutional amendments cannot occur?

cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state

Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what first?

would require unanimous consent of the provinces.

What is the German basic law?

provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.

The UN Constitution says what to amendments?

I'm not sure.

The US Constitution doesn't say what to amendments?

I'm not sure.

Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what last?

I'm not sure.

What happens when certain constitutional amendments can occur?

I'm not sure.

What is the German advanced law?

I'm not sure.


Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.

What does every component state of federation possess?

the same powers

Asymmetric federalism exist when?

where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do

What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?

Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians

Is Spain apart of federalism?

Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.

What does no components state of federation possess?

I'm not sure.

What does every component state of federation not possess?

I'm not sure.

Symmetric federalism exist when?

I'm not sure.

Why is Spain a part of federalism?

I'm not sure.


Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority.

What does federations have for amendments of the constitution?

special procedures

What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?

federal structure

What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?

required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole

What doesn't federations have for amendments of the constitution?

I'm not sure.

What does federations have for amendments of the conservation?

I'm not sure.

What may guarantee the self-governing status of the incompetent states?

I'm not sure.

What will not guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't need to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?

I'm not sure.


The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.

What does the structures of the federal government incorporate?

mechanisms to protect the rights of component states

What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?

intrastate federalism

What is intrastate federalism?

is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions

What is a bicameral legislature?

the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole

What does the structures of the federal government ignore?

I'm not sure.

What does the structures of the local government incorporate?

I'm not sure.

What is one method to strike the rights of the component states?

I'm not sure.

What isn't intrastate federalism?

I'm not sure.

What is a tricameral legislature?

I'm not sure.


Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.

What does federations often employ?

union of states

What is federalist paper no. 39?

that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both

What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?

it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..

What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?

which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.

What does federations never employ?

I'm not sure.

What does federalist paper no. 93 contain?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't federalist paper no. 93 contain?

I'm not sure.

What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 93?

I'm not sure.

What is the 10th Amendment in the United Nations?

I'm not sure.


Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.

When is a federation formed?

two levels

What two levels equal a federation?

the central government and the regions

Why is Brazil an exception?

because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite

What is each state divided into?

municipalities

What does each state have their own of?

with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito

When is a federation dissolved?

I'm not sure.

What two levels don't equal a federation?

I'm not sure.

Why is Brazil not an exception?

I'm not sure.

What is each city divided into?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't each state have their own of?

I'm not sure.


China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. On the other hand, Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial-level officials in the People's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism.

China is the largest what?

China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area

What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?

decentralization

Why is China's government similar to unity structure?

Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs

How long has China been with centralized power?

centuries

China is the smallest what?

I'm not sure.

What are Chinese nationalist in favor of?

I'm not sure.

What are Chinese socialists suspicious of?

I'm not sure.

Why is China's government not similar to unity structure?

I'm not sure.

How long has China been without centralized power?

I'm not sure.


The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines, including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system. In 2004, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution.

What type of state is the Philippines?

unitary state

What types of powers does the Philippines have?

some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code

What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution?

possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system.

What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish?

the Consultative Commission

What type of state isn't the Philippines?

I'm not sure.

What types of powers does the Philippines give up?

I'm not sure.

What type of modifications have been removed from the Philippines Constitution?

I'm not sure.

What type of songs have been added to the Philippines Constitution?

I'm not sure.

What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo desolve?

I'm not sure.


Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism". The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system. The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that, in many respects, Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal.

What type of state is Spain?

unitary state

What type of federalism system does Spain have?

unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism"

What type of government does Spain have?

central government

What does Spain's government accounts for?

8% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system

What type of state isn't Spain?

I'm not sure.

What type of federalism system does Spain reject?

I'm not sure.

What type of communism system does Spain have?

I'm not sure.

What type of government doesn't Spain have?

I'm not sure.

What does Spain's government not account for?

I'm not sure.


The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State (which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time. This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by direct rule during the period of conflict known as The Troubles.

How has United Kingdom been governed?

unitary state

Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do?

UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power

When did devolution in the UK begin?

What is Ireland Act 1914?

which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

What is Irish Free State?

eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland

How has United Kingdom not been governed?

I'm not sure.

Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what didn't they do?

I'm not sure.

When did revolution in the UK begin?

I'm not sure.

What isn't Ireland Act 1914?

I'm not sure.

What is Irish Cost State?

I'm not sure.


In modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly. England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament. In 1998 a set of eight unelected Regional assemblies, or chambers, was created to support the English Regional Development Agencies, but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010. The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions.

What has the process of devolution in the UK did?

decentralised power once again

What happened since 1997?

referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland

Does England have its own Parliament?

England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament

What does the region of England continue to use?

certain governmental administrative functions

What has the process of revolution in the UK did?

I'm not sure.

What has the process of devolution in the US did?

I'm not sure.

What happened since 1979?

I'm not sure.

Why does England have its own Parliament?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't the region of England continue to use?

I'm not sure.


Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly. Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members. In this governmental structure, each component has some level of sovereignty over itself. As in political federalism, in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty.

What is ecclesiology?

the doctrine of the church

What happens in Presbyterian denominations?

the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial.

In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?

shared sovereignty

What does each greater level of assembly have?

authority over its constituent members

What isn't ecclesiology?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't happen in Presbyterian denominations?

I'm not sure.

In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology not do?

I'm not sure.

In political communism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?

I'm not sure.

What does each lesser level of assembly have?

I'm not sure.


Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New Testament. In their arguments, this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem, described in Acts chapter 15, where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church, and elders being such for the local church. To this day, elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.

When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians?

is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible.

What was the structure that the early Christian church described?

in the New Testament

What happens in the council of Jerusalem?

the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church

Where can the elements of federalism can be found?

can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.

When was the latest source of political federalism according to Christians?

I'm not sure.

When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Muslims?

I'm not sure.

Where was the structure that the late Christian church described?

I'm not sure.

What never happens in the council of Jerusalem?

I'm not sure.

Where can't the elements of federalism can be found?

I'm not sure.


In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871. Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another. The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India, on the other hand, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.

In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?

the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers

Per the UN definition, what is federalism?

federation would not be a single sovereign state

What is the German Empire?

Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,

What is the libson treaty?

powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.

In nearly all federalism countries, decentralized powers enjoy what?

I'm not sure.

In nearly no federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?

I'm not sure.

Per the US definition, what is federalism?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the German Empire?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the Libson treaty?

I'm not sure.


The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.

What kind of symmetry do annelids have?

bilateral

What do annelids use to move?

parapodia

Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?

polychaetes

Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms?

oligochaetes

Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of?

oligochaetes

What kind of symmetry do annelids lack?

I'm not sure.

What do annelids use to fly?

I'm not sure.

Which subtype of annelids includes most space worms?

I'm not sure.

Which subtype of annelids includes marsworms?

I'm not sure.

What are leeches seen as a subgroup of since 1897?

I'm not sure.


The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.

What separates many annelids' segments?

Septa

Which annelids show no segmentation?

Echiura and Sipuncula

What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts?

front

What is movement by ripples called?

peristalsis

What movement method do some burrowing annelids use?

turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves

What integrates many annelids' segments?

I'm not sure.

Which annelids show only segmentation?

I'm not sure.

What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation have muscles that act like brains?

I'm not sure.

What is movement by ripples no longer called?

I'm not sure.

What movement method do some extinct annelids use?

I'm not sure.


Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults. Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon around their bodies, in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge.

How do annelids normally reproduce?

sexual reproduction

What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do?

regenerate after severe injuries

What larvae live like plankton?

trochophore

What annelids are hermaphrodites?

Oligochaetes

What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves?

Oligochaetes

How do annelids never reproduce?

I'm not sure.

What can asexual reproduction techniques prevent annelids from doing?

I'm not sure.

What larvae live like whales?

I'm not sure.

What annelids dislike hermaphrodites?

I'm not sure.

What annelids make a cocoon in a pyramid around themselves?

I'm not sure.


Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.

How do earthworms help the soil they live in?

aeration and enriching

How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing?

up to a third

How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems?

enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor

What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers?

Ragworms

Why are some leeches endangered?

they have been over-harvested

How do earthworms ruin the soil they live in?

I'm not sure.

How much of near-shore aerial annelids are burrowing?

I'm not sure.

How do burrowing marine annelids remove ocean ecosystems?

I'm not sure.

What annelids' ears are being studied by engineers?

I'm not sure.

Why are no leeches endangered?

I'm not sure.


Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago.

Why are annelid fossils rare?

annelids are soft-bodied

What fossil signs of annelids are found?

jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted

How old is the earliest annelid fossil?

518 million years ago

What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?

modern mobile polychaete groups

What period started around 472 million years ago?

the mid Ordovician

Why are annelid fossils common?

I'm not sure.

What fossil signs of annelids can no longer be found?

I'm not sure.

How old is the oldest living annelid?

I'm not sure.

What types of annelids disappeared 299 million years ago?

I'm not sure.

What period started around 372 million years ago?

I'm not sure.


No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.

What externally divides annelids' segments?

shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli

What divides annelids' segments internally?

septa ("partitions")

What do the segments of an annelid share?

a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system

What covers an annelid's exterior?

a cuticle

What is an annelid's cuticle made of?

collagen

What externally combines annelids' segments?

I'm not sure.

What combines annelids' segments internally?

I'm not sure.

What do the segments of an annelid lack?

I'm not sure.

What conceals an annelid's exterior?

I'm not sure.

What is an annelid's cuticle made into?

I'm not sure.


Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek προ- meaning "in front of" and στομα meaning "mouth") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek πυγιδιον, meaning "little tail") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.

What language does the term 'chaetae' come from?

Greek

What does 'chaetae' mean?

hair

Which parts of annelids are different from true segments?

the frontmost and rearmost sections

What language does 'prostomium' come from?

Greek

What does 'pygidium' mean?

little tail

What language is the term 'chaetae' banned in?

I'm not sure.

What does 'chaetae' no longer mean?

I'm not sure.

Which parts of annelids are different from fake segments?

I'm not sure.

What kind of annelid has four true segments?

I'm not sure.


Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips, whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side.

How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles?

spiral in alternating directions

What are annelids' cuticles made out of?

collagen fibers

What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin?

mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis

What layer is under the epidermis?

the dermis

What does 'coelom' mean?

(body cavity

How are the eyes arranged in annelids' cuticles?

I'm not sure.

What are annelids' brain made out of?

I'm not sure.

What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their offspring?

I'm not sure.

What annelid is under the epidermis?

I'm not sure.


The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae ("bristles") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.

What do chetoblast cells do?

hair-forming

What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?

microvilli

What are setae?

bristles

What are parapodia against?

I'm not sure.

What do chetoblast cells destroy?

I'm not sure.

What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts eat?

I'm not sure.

What are setae never considered?

I'm not sure.


Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae. In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri (fused bundles of cilia) and gills.

What are cirri?

fused bundles of cilia

What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have?

ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae

What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia?

polychaetes

What are parapodia?

unjointed paired extensions of the body wall

Where are cirri never found?

I'm not sure.

What kind of parapodia do aerial annelids often have?

I'm not sure.

What type of annelids have dream-like parapodia?

I'm not sure.

What are parapodia no longer considered?

I'm not sure.


The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the central nervous system is generally "ladder-like", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis.

What are ganglia?

local control centers

What is an annelid's brain in a ring around?

the pharynx

What is a pharynx?

throat

Where are clitellates' brains?

in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium

Where are polychaetes' brains?

in the prostomium

What is an annelid's brain in a sphere around?

I'm not sure.

Where are clitellates' teeth?

I'm not sure.

Where are polychaetes' bodies?

I'm not sure.

What is rarely "ladder-like"?

I'm not sure.

What nerve cords are never fused in polychaetes?

I'm not sure.


As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons (the output signal lines of nerve cells). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement.

What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to?

arthropods

What are giant axons?

the output signal lines of nerve cells

How do annelids withdraw from danger?

shortening their bodies

What species group are annelids' mind control similar to?

I'm not sure.

What do giant axons destroy?

I'm not sure.

How do annelids increase danger?

I'm not sure.

What worms are very slow to retreat from danger?

I'm not sure.


The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli ("little eyes") that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images. The compound eyes probably evolved independently of arthropods' eyes. Some tube-worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes. Some burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes have statocysts (tilt and balance sensors) that tell them which way is down. A few polychaete genera have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as "feelers", and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as "feelers".

What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect?

light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact

What does 'nuchal' mean?

on the neck

What type of annelids have nuchal organs?

polychaetes

What are the nuchal organs thought to do?

chemosensors

What term means 'little eyes'?

ocelli

What kind of things can annelids' sensors remove?

I'm not sure.

What type of annelids have human organs?

I'm not sure.

What are nuchal organs thought to kill?

I'm not sure.

What term means 'massive eyes'?

I'm not sure.


Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it. The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted.

What are coelomata?

body cavities

What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by?

septa

What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by?

vertical mesenteries

What is the mesothelium made of?

modified epitheliomuscular cells

What are coelomata removed from?

I'm not sure.

What are annelids' body cavities combined with other segments by?

I'm not sure.

What are annelids' body cavities separated from eyes by?

I'm not sure.

What is the mesothelium never made of?

I'm not sure.


Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.

How does peristalsis work?

waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body

Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?

the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments

What are phrynges?

throats

What are cilia?

fine muscle-powered hairs

How does peristalsis stop working?

I'm not sure.

Why are annelids' segments like helium-balloons?

I'm not sure.

What are often complete in annelids?

I'm not sure.

What do not have throats?

I'm not sure.


The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segments. Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma. Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards. Networks of capillaries in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients. Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting. In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many earthworms some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts. Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen.

What can coelomocyte cells defend against?

parasites and infections

What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids' blood?

Respiratory

What runs the length of annelids' bodies with well-developed septa?

blood vessels

What do annelids without septa have to use for circulation?

circulation within the coelom

What can coelomocyte cells heal?

I'm not sure.

What type of pigment is created in annelids' blood?

I'm not sure.

What runs the length of annelids' brains with well-developed septa?

I'm not sure.

What do annelids with septa have to use for blood?

I'm not sure.


However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body, and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body. They function as the main blood vessels, although they are side-by-side rather than upper and lower. However, they are lined with mesothelium, like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids. Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like inchworms. The anus is on the upper surface of the pygidium.

What type of annelids are very different from others?

leeches and their closest relatives

What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech?

connective tissue layer of the body wall

How many coelomata do leeches have?

two

What lines the coelomata of leeches?

mesothelium

What do leeches use to move?

suckers at their front and rear ends

What type of annelids are very identical to others?

I'm not sure.

What type of tissue eats most of the body of a leech?

I'm not sure.

How many brains do leeches have?

I'm not sure.

What lines the bones of leeches?

I'm not sure.

What do leeches use to fly?

I'm not sure.


Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use "crowns" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth.

What does 'everted' mean?

turned inside out to extend

What part of a polychaete can be everted?

pharynx

What types of annelids have evolved jaws?

Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae

What do annelids use jaws for?

seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter

What do some annelids have 'crowns' of?

palps covered in cilia

What part of a polychaete can be inverted?

I'm not sure.

What types of annelids are missing jaws?

I'm not sure.

What do annelids use robots for?

I'm not sure.

What do some annelids have 'trophies' of?

I'm not sure.


The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight. The bacteria convert inorganic matter – such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents, or methane from seeps – to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria.

What type of annelids are tube-dwelling?

Siboglinidae

What blocks the Siboglinidae's gut?

a swollen lining

How much of a Siboglinidae's weight is symbiotic bacteria?

What gases come from hydrothermal vents?

hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide

What gases come from seeps?

methane

What type of annelids are brain-dwelling?

I'm not sure.

What blocks the Siboglinidae's blood?

I'm not sure.

How much of a Siboglinidae's consciousness is symbiotic bacteria?

I'm not sure.

What liquids come from hydrothermal bottles?

I'm not sure.

What foods come from seeps?

I'm not sure.


Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.

What do metanephridia remove?

soluble waste products

What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste?

protonephridia

How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration?

two

What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ?

protonephridia

What do metanephridia produce?

I'm not sure.

What do annelids without blood vessels do to increase waste?

I'm not sure.

How many stages are there in annelids' water filtration?

I'm not sure.

What annelid system combines both filtration states in eight organs?

I'm not sure.


It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head); a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).

How many sexes of annelids were there originally?

two

What releases sperm from annelids?

nephridia

What do annelid eggs become?

trochophore larvae

What do annelids' larvae live like?

plankton

What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?

the prostomium (head)

What releases sperm from annelids eyes?

I'm not sure.

What do annelid eggs explode inside?

I'm not sure.

What do annelids' larvae like to eat?

I'm not sure.

What does the trochophore become when annelids die?

I'm not sure.


However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge.

How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?

about 25%

What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?

What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs?

reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton

What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in?

jelly

How many species of polychaetes have impossible lifecycles?

I'm not sure.

What percent of polychaetes produce milk?

I'm not sure.

What is the benefit of rotten eggs?

I'm not sure.

What are all polychaetes' eggs covered in?

I'm not sure.


Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm. In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn.

What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do?

change sex

What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction?

permanent gonads

How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot?

the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual

What do all non-single-sex polychaetes do?

I'm not sure.

What are no polychaetes lacking for reproduction?

I'm not sure.

How do some annelids get a three-time chance at a better spawning spot?

I'm not sure.

How many polychaetes breed an infinite amount of times?

I'm not sure.


Most mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae ("sperm stores") and then the clitellum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spermathecae. Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon. Leeches' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon. In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while they are developing. All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae.

What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms?

clitellates

What type of sex are most earthworms?

hermaphrodites

Where are leeches' eggs fertilized?

in the ovaries

Where do leeches move their eggs to?

the cocoon

What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults?

clitellates

What annelid group dislikes leeches and earthworms?

I'm not sure.

What type of creature are most earthworms?

I'm not sure.

Where are leeches' gardens fertilized?

I'm not sure.

Where do leeches eat their eggs?

I'm not sure.

What type of annelids hatch as giant adults?

I'm not sure.


Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily. Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds.

Who published a book about worms in 1881?

Charles Darwin

What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?

The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface?

generally in moist leaf litter

How does burrowers' loosening help the soil?

oxygen and water can penetrate it

What is the largest bird that eats earthworms?

storks

Who published a book about worms in 1781?

I'm not sure.

What was the only scientific study of how earthworms help soil?

I'm not sure.

Where do earthworms prefer to live in space?

I'm not sure.

How does burrowers' tightening help the soil?

I'm not sure.

What is the only bird that can eat earthworms?

I'm not sure.


Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from Asia. Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity. Especially of concern is Amynthas agrestis and at least one state (Wisconsin) has listed it as a prohibited species.

Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers?

glaciated areas of North America

Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from?

Europe

What type of forests can be hurt by invasive worms?

Northern hardwood forests

Where were asian earthworms killed by glaciers?

I'm not sure.

Where did all of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from?

I'm not sure.

What type of forests are immune to invasive worms?

I'm not sure.

What are no longer considered an invasive species?

I'm not sure.


Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations.

What type of annelid tunnels through coral?

Palolo worm

What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?

Palolo worm

What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?

spawning modules

What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?

molluscs

What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?

Ragworms

What type of annelid tunnels through gold?

I'm not sure.

What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to drink?

I'm not sure.

What type of bait do experienced anglers dislike?

I'm not sure.

What do some polychaetes eat that is harmless?

I'm not sure.

What type of worm have there been proposals to kill?

I'm not sure.


Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading.

When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?

30 AD

Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?

China

When did Rome begin using leeches?

50 AD

When did India begin using leeches?

200 AD

Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?

IUCN and CITES

Where did leeches begin being used for blood transfusions?

I'm not sure.

When did Russia begin using leeches?

I'm not sure.

Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as extinct?

I'm not sure.

When did India stop using leeches?

I'm not sure.


Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes  , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago.

When did Cloudina exist?

549 to 542 million years ago

What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?

cnidarian

How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?

505 million years

What era was underway 505 million years ago?

early Cambrian

Where was Myoscolex found?

Australia

When did Cloudina disappear?

I'm not sure.

What do all people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?

I'm not sure.

How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Australia?

I'm not sure.

Where was Myoscolex unknown?

I'm not sure.


The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.

When did the Tertiary period begin?

65 million years ago

What era did oligochaetes evolve in?

early Cretaceous

What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?

oligochaetes

When were the earliest annelid fossils found?

472 to 461 million years ago

When did the Tertiary period stop existing?

I'm not sure.

What era did oligochaetes devolve in?

I'm not sure.

What type of annelid fossils have been lost during the mid Ordovician period?

I'm not sure.

When were the only annelid fossils found?

I'm not sure.


Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:

What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?

polychaetes and clitellates

What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?

oligochaetes

What subtype of clitellates contains leeches?

hirudinomorphs

How many polychaete families are there?

approximately 80

When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?

What three groups are annelids traditionally divided among?

I'm not sure.

What subtype of clitellates contains spaceworms?

I'm not sure.

What subtype of clitellates contains lemurs?

I'm not sure.

How many polychaete political parties are there?

I'm not sure.

When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize planets?

I'm not sure.


In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in 10 taxa. This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree. It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa. In addition, it also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates. Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain.

Who compared annelid genes in 2007?

Torsten Struck and colleagues

How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare?

How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check?

What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study?

Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata

What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of?

oligochaetes

Who compared annelid genes in 1807?

I'm not sure.

How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first discover?

I'm not sure.

How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck never compare for a cross-check?

I'm not sure.

What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 1997 study?

I'm not sure.

What did Rouse decide leeches were a supergroup of?

I'm not sure.


In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.[n 2]

How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?

What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?

Polychaetes

What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented?

echiurans and sipunculan

What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear?

pogonophores

What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?

ladder-like

How many previously-separate phyla did the 1837 study reclassify?

I'm not sure.

What did the 2007 study decide was the slave group for annelids?

I'm not sure.

What offshoots of polychaetes are immortal?

I'm not sure.

What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the head?

I'm not sure.

What nervous system structure is less universal among annelids than was thought before 1907?

I'm not sure.


Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

What superphylum are annelids in?

protostomes

What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?

deuterostomes

What superphylum are vertebrates in?

deuterostomes

What does 'Articulata' mean?

jointed animals

What are lophophores?

fan-like feeding structures

What superphylum are annelids now excluded from?

I'm not sure.

What is one of many superphylums besides protostomes?

I'm not sure.

What superpower are vertebrates in?

I'm not sure.

What are lophosmores?

I'm not sure.


The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate cleavage".

Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?

annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms

How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?

after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern

What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?

spiral determinate cleavage

Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have no egg development?

I'm not sure.

How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs destroy themselves?

I'm not sure.

What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern required to be called?

I'm not sure.

What animal contains no cells?

I'm not sure.

What phyla is no longer able to make eggs?

I'm not sure.


In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God is also usually defined as a non-corporeal being without any human biological gender, but the concept of God actively (as opposed to receptively) creating the universe has caused some religions to give "Him" the metaphorical name of "Father". Because God is conceived as not being a corporeal being, God cannot(some say should not) be portrayed in a literal visual image; some religious groups use a man (sometimes old and bearded) to symbolize God because of His deed of creating man's mind in the image of His own.

What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?

unlimited power

What is the feeling of God being everywhere?

omnipresence

What is the extent of God's knowledge?

infinite knowledge

What is infinite knowledge classified as?

omniscience

What is the benevolence of God called?

omnibenevolence

Does God have a gender?

without any human biological gender

What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?

a man (sometimes old and bearded)

What is a God in monotheism?

Supreme Being and principal object of faith

How should monotheism not be portrayed?

I'm not sure.

What gender do theologians usually use to define human biological gender?

I'm not sure.

What has creating a non-corporeal being caused some religions to do regarding divine simplicity?

I'm not sure.

In biological gender, what is the universe conceived of?

I'm not sure.

What are some concepts of the universe according to theologians?

I'm not sure.


In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.

In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?

theism

What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?

the creator, but not the sustainer

Which belief is that God is the universe?

pantheism

Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?

atheism

Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?

agnosticism

What is God in theism?

creator and sustainer of the universe

What is God in deism?

the creator

What is monotheism?

belief in the existence of one God

What is atheism?

God is not believed to exist

What two attributes describe God in deism?

I'm not sure.

In theism what does God not do regarding the universe?

I'm not sure.

According to monotheism, what does God consist of?

I'm not sure.

When you are an agnostic, what do you think doesn't exist?

I'm not sure.

What have many notable agnostics developed about pantheism?

I'm not sure.


There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one "true" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, "He Who Is", "I Am that I Am", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, "Al-El", or "Al-Elah" ("the God") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bahá'í Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.

What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH?

Yahweh and Jehovah

What is the Holy Trinity?

the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit

In the time of Atenism, what was God called?

Aten

What is the Islamic name for God?

Allah

What do members of the Bahá'í Faith call God?

Baha

What was the first monotheistic religion?

Atenism

What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called?

YHWH

What is the Christian God called?

Yahweh and Jehovah

What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion?

Elohim or Adonai

Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from?

Aten

In the Egyptian era of Atenism, what were YHWH and I am that I am used as?

I'm not sure.

What are Yaweh and Jehovah used in Atenism as?

I'm not sure.

In Christianity what is Bramen considered?

I'm not sure.

In Aten what is the name for the Holy Spirit?

I'm not sure.

In Sikhism, how many persons are attributed to God?

I'm not sure.


The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.

Where is the English word God derived from?

the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan

Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?

neuter—applying to both genders

When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?

Christianization of the Germanic peoples

What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?

Germanic paganism

What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?

"to call" or "to invoke"

Where does the word God come from originally?

Codex Argenteus

What language does the English word God come from?

German

What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?

neuter

Where does the earliest masculine form of the English word for God come from?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Codex form of the word from?

I'm not sure.

What was the Argenteus usage based on?

I'm not sure.

What does Argenteus mean?

I'm not sure.

How were the English words for to call originally applied?

I'm not sure.


In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.

What differentiates God from gods?

the capitalized form of God

What belief has many gods?

polytheism

What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?

signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton

What is the tetragrammaton gor God?

YHWH

No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?

God

What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?

gods

What is the name of God in Judaism?

YHWH

What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?

YHWH

In Edom what does the capitalized form of God represent?

I'm not sure.

How is the Midianite word for God normally used?

I'm not sure.

Related to the Midianite deity, what does the word remain in Edom?

I'm not sure.

What proper name is God given in Midian?

I'm not sure.

What does the word El signify in English?

I'm not sure.


There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]

What type of view do Christians take on God?

trinitarian

How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?

region, sect, and caste

Does hinduism only believe in a single god?

ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic

What view does the Jewish community take on God?

monotheistic

What kind of religion is Hinduism considered?

dharmic

What type of religion is Judaism?

monotheistic

What type of religion is Christianity?

trinitarian

How many gods do the Hindu's have?

monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic.

How many gods do Christians have?

I'm not sure.

What do the Buddhist religions do regarding God?

I'm not sure.

How do views of God in Sakra vary?

I'm not sure.

What role does Mahayana tradition have in salvation?

I'm not sure.

How is the concept of God handled in dharmic religions?

I'm not sure.


Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning "oneness" or "uniqueness"). God is described in the Quran as: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.

What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?

polytheism

Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?

iconodules

What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?

tawhid

What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?

Quran

What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?

"oneness" or "uniqueness"

What do monotheists believe?

one god

What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?

Hinduism and Sikhism

What is the trinity in Christianity?

one God in three persons

What do Muslims think of Christianity?

comparing it to polytheism

What are Christians not expected to do, since they are iconodules?

I'm not sure.

What view about monotheists is emphasized by Islam?

I'm not sure.

What does the Trinity doctrine describe according to theists?

I'm not sure.

What do Hindus compare the divinity of Jesus to?

I'm not sure.

In Christianity what does Jesus not resemble?

I'm not sure.


Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.

What is the basis behind Catholic theology?

God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time

What ways can God interact with the universe?

religious experience and the prayers of humans

Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?

God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world

What is the suffix theism used for?

used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods

What are examples of different types of theism?

monotheism or polytheism

What three points do most theists agree on?

God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,

What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?

Catholic

What does theism mean in general?

belief in a god or gods

What is one attribute of the universe?

I'm not sure.

What does the universe act through?

I'm not sure.

What does the term Catholicism sometimes refer to?

I'm not sure.

What two things make it hard for theists to believe the universe is benevolent?

I'm not sure.

What do Catholics believe about Gods limited omniscience?

I'm not sure.


Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.

What is a deistic view of God?

God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it

How does a deistic God feel about us?

no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity

What is Pandeism?

why God would create a universe and then abandon it

What does a deistic God not do?

neither answers prayers nor produces miracles

What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?

Deism

What is deism?

God has no interest in humanity

In deism is God represented in human form?

God is not anthropomorphic

In deism, does God answer prayers?

neither answers prayers

What does Deism usually combine?

I'm not sure.

What is the view of Pantheism about God abandoning His creation?

I'm not sure.

What does a pandeistic god not do?

I'm not sure.

What belief is common about deism in Pandeism?

I'm not sure.

Does the universe answer prayers in Pantheism?

I'm not sure.


Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God—which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov—but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]

What is Pantheism?

God is the universe and the universe is God

WHat is Panentheism?

God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe

WHat is Kabbalah?

Jewish mysticism

Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?

The Baal Shem Tov

Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?

The Baal Shem Tov

What is Panentheism?

God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe

What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?

Vaishnavism

What is another name for Jewish mysticism?

Kabbalah

What is pantheism?

God is the universe

In Panentheism what is God identical to?

I'm not sure.

What does Baal Shem Tov believe if God is the universe?

I'm not sure.

Who is the founder of the Liberal Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

What group does Vaishnavism have acceptance in as part of Jewish mysticism?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for Vaishnavism?

I'm not sure.


Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", because "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.

What do some non-theists view God as?

a symbol of human values and aspirations

Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"?

Charles Bradlaugh

What is NOMA?

non-overlapping magisteria

In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world?

science

What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning?

theology

Name the nineteenth century English atheist?

Charles Bradlaugh

What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural?

non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA)

What category does NOMA fall under?

theology

What did the 19th century non-theist Stephen Jay say specifically about God?

I'm not sure.

What should Christianity be used for in relation to nature?

I'm not sure.

What should philosophy be used for in relation to morality?

I'm not sure.

Where does a lack of supernatural influence make human values a sole player in?

I'm not sure.

What does NOMA avoid about God?

I'm not sure.


Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference." Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.

What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God?

the discovery that the universe is infinitely old

What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God?

"a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference."

What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God?

a scientific difference

Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question?

Richard Dawkins

Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove?

Carl Sagan

How could science discover if there was not a creator?

the universe is infinitely old.

How would the universe be different according to Carl Sagan?

I'm not sure.

What grounds did Carl Sagan use to explain God's existence and how it would change the universe?

I'm not sure.

What did Richard Dawkins believe was difficult to prove?

I'm not sure.

What did Richard Dawkins believe could disprove the existence of a Creator?

I'm not sure.

What view did Carl Sagan have about the question of the existence of God?

I'm not sure.