Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?

Ado Grenzstein

In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?

What is another term for making up words from nothing?

formation ex nihilo

Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?

Ado Grenzstein

Who was the journalist refused to be a language planner?

I'm not sure.

In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Germany?

I'm not sure.

When was Ado Grenzstein born?

I'm not sure.

When did Ado Grenzstein die?

I'm not sure.

What is the word for creating new words out of old words?

I'm not sure.


The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?

Johannes Aavik

What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?

What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?

creations ex nihilo

In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?

Aavik’s dictionary

How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?

approximately 4000

Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the least well known?

I'm not sure.

What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik lived in Germany?

I'm not sure.

What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of old words?

I'm not sure.

In what publication were examples of ex nihilo words eliminated?

I'm not sure.

What dictionary has under 3000 words?

I'm not sure.


Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

What languages did Aavik know?

Ancient Greek, Latin and French

When was Aavik's dictionary published?

What is another term for words created by Aavik?

Aavikisms

Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?

foreign lexical items

What languages did Aavik create?

I'm not sure.

When was Aavik's dictionary destroyed?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for words Aavik destroyed?

I'm not sure.

Aavik's ex nihilo terms were not influenced by what?

I'm not sure.


Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What is a source for the particles in paper?

wood

What is a common use for paper?

writing

What is the last step in paper production?

drying

What is a thick material produced by pressing cellulose fibers?

I'm not sure.

From what type of fibers are rags made?

I'm not sure.

What fails to be a versatile material and has few uses?

I'm not sure.

How is writing produced?

I'm not sure.

What is a source for the non-particles in paper?

I'm not sure.

What is an uncommon use for paper?

I'm not sure.

What is the last step in wood production?

I'm not sure.


The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

When was the pulp papermaking process developed?

2nd century AD

What country was the process developed in?

China

What country is leading in production of paper?

China

What country is the second largest produced of paper?

United States

Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?

Cai Lun

When is the pulp papermaking process said to have been developed by Han court?

I'm not sure.

The United States is the leader of which industry, which China following right behind it?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Han court process said to have been developed?

I'm not sure.

From where do the earliest Han court fragments derive?

I'm not sure.

When was the pulp wood making process developed?

I'm not sure.

What country was the process not developed in?

I'm not sure.

What country is not leading in production of paper?

I'm not sure.

What country is the fifth largest produced of paper?

I'm not sure.

Which court non-eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?

I'm not sure.


The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

Who is credited with the papermaking process?

Cai Lun

What material did paper replace upon its invention?

silk

Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?

Golden Age

What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?

To where can the oldest known fragments of silk be traced?

I'm not sure.

To whom is the silk paper making process ascribed?

I'm not sure.

What is silk an effective substitute for in all applications?

I'm not sure.

What age did China's decreased exportation of silk lead to?

I'm not sure.

What did China decrease the export of during The Golden Age?

I'm not sure.

Who is uncredited with the papermaking process?

I'm not sure.

What material did paper not replace upon its invention?

I'm not sure.

Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process not contribute towards?

I'm not sure.

What century is the last papermaking process attributed to?

I'm not sure.


Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?

Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?

Baghdad

What name did the process take on in Baghdad?

bagdatikos

In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?

Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?

Charles Fenerty

In which century were the first oil powered paper mills built?

I'm not sure.

The knowledge and use of what traveled from the Middle East to China?

I'm not sure.

What greatly increased the cost of paper in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What did Charles Fenerty and FG Keller work together to develop in 1844?

I'm not sure.

What was developed by China in 1844?

I'm not sure.

In what century did the papermaking process spread from France to Europe?

I'm not sure.

Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to China from?

I'm not sure.

What name did the process take on in China?

I'm not sure.

In which century did the process become less cheaper than before?

I'm not sure.

Which French inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?

I'm not sure.


The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration.

What Latin word is paper derived from?

Papyrus

What language is papyrus derived from?

Greek

What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?

maceration

What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus?

Cyperus

What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus?

the pith

Where does the word papuros come from?

I'm not sure.

What is the word for the Mediterranean papyrus plant?

I'm not sure.

Paper is developed identically to what?

I'm not sure.

Paper is a lamination of natural plant fibers and what is papyrus?

I'm not sure.

Papyrus are fibers who have been changed through maceration and what is paper?

I'm not sure.

What Latin word is paper not derived from?

I'm not sure.

What language is papyrus not derived from?

I'm not sure.

What process doesn't change the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?

I'm not sure.

What part of the Cyperus wood was used in making papyrus?

I'm not sure.


To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.

What is separated from the cellulose fibres?

lignin

What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?

wood-free

What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?

What percentage of cotton is cellulose?

What is separated from pulp to make wood?

I'm not sure.

What is wood dissolved in to get clean from cellulose?

I'm not sure.

What is combined with cellulose fibers when making pulp?

I'm not sure.

What is combined with lignin when making pulp?

I'm not sure.

When separating lignin from cellulose fibers, what is cooking oil dissolved in?

I'm not sure.

What is combined with the cellulose fibres?

I'm not sure.

What type of paper is wood made from chemical pulps known as?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of fibres are used in the bleaching process?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of cotton is not cellulose?

I'm not sure.


There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content.

How many chemical pulping processes are there?

three

What decade does the sulfite process date to?

What process is most commonly used?

The kraft process

What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content?

Soda pulping

How many mechanical pulping processes exist?

I'm not sure.

What is a specialty process used to pulp paper mills?

I'm not sure.

What is a specialty process used to hardwoods with high silicate content?

I'm not sure.

What is a specialty process used to bagasse ?

I'm not sure.

Invented in the 1870s, when was soda pulping first used?

I'm not sure.

How many non-chemical pulping processes are there?

I'm not sure.

What decade did the sulfite process stop?

I'm not sure.

What process is least commonly used?

I'm not sure.

What is another process used to pulp straws with low silicate content?

I'm not sure.


There are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind.

Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?

groundwood pulp

What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?

debarked logs

What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?

weak

In which process is wood chipped and fed into small steam heated refiners?

I'm not sure.

In which process are the chips converted to fibers between three steel discs?

I'm not sure.

What is fed into mechanical pulps during the groundwood process?

I'm not sure.

Where are debarked logs fed into during the TMP process?

I'm not sure.

What are debarked logs pressed against to make pulp?

I'm not sure.

Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process not used in pulping?

I'm not sure.

What is not the main ingredient in the groundwood process?

I'm not sure.

What strength of wood is produced by mechanical pulps?

I'm not sure.


Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.

Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?

virgin

What is the only thing recycled papers can be made from?

I'm not sure.

What type of paper is generally brighter?

I'm not sure.

What type of paper is generally stronger?

I'm not sure.

What type of paper can be made from 10% recycled materials?

I'm not sure.

What are recycled materials blended with to make latter?

I'm not sure.

Recylced papers can be made with what old type of pulp?

I'm not sure.


Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.

What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?

china clay

What is added for sizing purposes?

Additives

What besides china clay is used as a filler?

chalk

Pulps only contain fibers and never what?

I'm not sure.

What are chalk, china clay and pulp an example of?

I'm not sure.

When are additives for pulp purposes mixed?

I'm not sure.

What purposes does sizing the filler serve?

I'm not sure.

What type of clay damages the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?

I'm not sure.

What besides china clay is not used as a filler?

I'm not sure.


Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead.

How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper?

Pressing

What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing?

felt

What is used to collect water when hand-making paper?

blotter sheet

Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water?

felt

How is the force removed from the sheet?

I'm not sure.

Once the felt is forced from the sheet, what is used to collect the water?

I'm not sure.

What is never used when making paper by hand?

I'm not sure.

What removes the blotter from the sheet?

I'm not sure.

How is a special kind of felt removed from the sheet?

I'm not sure.

How is the water removed by force from a sheet of wood?

I'm not sure.

What is used to collect the rain expelled from pressing?

I'm not sure.

What is used to collect rain when hand-making paper?

I'm not sure.

Besides a blotter sheet, what can not be used to collect water?

I'm not sure.


Drying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture.

What is the main component of drying the paper?

air

At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?

What involves using air and heat to add water to the paper sheets?

I'm not sure.

When was drying done by laying the sheets on the floor?

I'm not sure.

Which is the least common on the paper machine?

I'm not sure.

What is used in short sequences of less than 40 cans?

I'm not sure.

What is able to dry the paper to less than 200% moisture?

I'm not sure.

What is not the main component of drying the paper?

I'm not sure.

At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process not trying to achieve in the end?

I'm not sure.


Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.

Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?

china clay

What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?

calendering

What is the shiniest type of coated paper?

Gloss

What papers give the best optical density?

Gloss

What type of paper has a thick layer of material applied to create a more more suitable surface for halftone screens?

I'm not sure.

Which resolution are coated papers rarely suited for?

I'm not sure.

How should papers never have their surfaces polished?

I'm not sure.

Which type of papers have the lowest optical density in the printed image?

I'm not sure.

Which type of papers are not divided into matte, smei-matte or silk and gloss?

I'm not sure.

Besides calcium, coated paper has a thick layer of what?

I'm not sure.

What process is done to not polish the surface of the paper?

I'm not sure.

What is not the shiniest type of coated paper?

I'm not sure.

What papers give the worst optical density?

I'm not sure.


The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.

What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?

reels

In what manner are sheets normally cut?

long-grain

If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?

cut into sheets

What is the paper fed onto unless it is going to be used in web printing presses?

I'm not sure.

What is the paper fed onto unless it is going to be cut into sheets?

I'm not sure.

In which direction to the fibers in the paper run opposite of?

I'm not sure.

What is usually cut in a short-grain fashion?

I'm not sure.

What is usually cut with the grain perpendicular to the longer dimension of the sheet?

I'm not sure.

What contraption is not used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?

I'm not sure.

In what manner are sheets not usually cut?

I'm not sure.

If the paper is to be used in the web printing process, what is done?

I'm not sure.


All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.

What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?

wove paper

What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns?

rollers

What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?

density

What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise?

wire mesh

What type of paper is never produced by the Fourdrinier Machine?

I'm not sure.

How are watermarks applied to the Fourdrinier Machine?

I'm not sure.

How are wire patterns applied to the Fourdrinier Machine?

I'm not sure.

How are Textured finishes applied to the Fourdrinier Machine?

I'm not sure.

What type of paper is not produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?

I'm not sure.

What is used to not apply watermarks and other patterns?

I'm not sure.

What is in uncommon with the length along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?

I'm not sure.

What leaves a pattern on the paper that doesn't have a consistent density width and lengthwise?

I'm not sure.


Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.

What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?

Laidlines

What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?

Laidlines

What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?

chainlines

Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?

Laidlines

What type of lines run parallel to chainlines?

I'm not sure.

What type of paper exhibits laidlines?

I'm not sure.

In which way does handpaper run to chianlines?

I'm not sure.

Which type of paper exhibits smooth borders?

I'm not sure.

What type of lines are exhibited on woven paper?

I'm not sure.

What type of lines does wove paper exhibit?

I'm not sure.

What are large regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?

I'm not sure.

What runs parallel to the laidlines?

I'm not sure.

Which is lines are uncommonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?

I'm not sure.


The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.

What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?

caliper

In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?

thousandths of an inch

Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?

mm

Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?

0.0028 and 0.0071 in

What is the wetness of paper most often measured by?

I'm not sure.

What is often given in hundredths of an inch?

I'm not sure.

What is often given in hundredths of an mm?

I'm not sure.

In which part of the world maybe paper be between .07 and .18 mm thick?

I'm not sure.

What is the weight of paper measured by?

I'm not sure.

What tool is often used in measuring the width of paper?

I'm not sure.

In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper width?

I'm not sure.

Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the US is likely to use what unit?

I'm not sure.

Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper width?

I'm not sure.


Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.

What characteristic is paper usually classified by?

weight

In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?

a ream

Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?

card

What is weight most often characterized by?

I'm not sure.

How many sheets of reams are in a basic size?

I'm not sure.

In what sizes do pounds of paper come?

I'm not sure.

What happens to the paper after it is sold to end customers?

I'm not sure.

How much does a ream of 5 lb, 8.5 in x 11 in paper weigh?

I'm not sure.

What characteristic is paper not usually classified by?

I'm not sure.

In the UK, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?

I'm not sure.

Paper rated at over 210lb is considered what type of stock?

I'm not sure.


In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.

What ISO sizing system does Europe use?

ISO 216

If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?

card

Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?

dimensions

Where is the dampness of paper expressed in grammes per square meter?

I'm not sure.

Where is the thickness of paper expressed in grams per square meter?

I'm not sure.

Where is the dryness of paper expressed in grams per square meter?

I'm not sure.

What is anything heavier than 60g considered?

I'm not sure.

What does the weight of a gram depend on?

I'm not sure.

What ISO sizing system does Asia use?

I'm not sure.

If paper is over 110g what is it considered as?

I'm not sure.

Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Asia?

I'm not sure.


Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.

Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?

length and width

Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?

standard paper sizes

Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?

length and width

How is most paper sold in South America?

I'm not sure.

How is paper cut for sale in South America?

I'm not sure.

Based on what type of units is North America cut for sale?

I'm not sure.

What is defined by the length and moistness of paper?

I'm not sure.

Commercial paper is not commonly defined by what?

I'm not sure.

Most commercial paper in South America is cut in what manner?

I'm not sure.

Standard paper sizes are never described with what terms?

I'm not sure.


The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).

Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?

ISO 216

What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?

Germany

What is the largest standard size paper?

How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?

What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?

Instead of the surface area of paper, what is the ISO 216 system based on?

I'm not sure.

When was the ISO 1189 system first adopted in Germany?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest standard paper size?

I'm not sure.

How many sheets of A1 fit into a sheet of A2?

I'm not sure.

What are some common sizes never used in the home or office?

I'm not sure.

Most countries besides the UK use what ISO System?

I'm not sure.

What country first rejected the ISO 216 standard?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest standard size paper?

I'm not sure.

How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of AD paper?

I'm not sure.

What is the lowest numbered A paper that is uncommonly used at home?

I'm not sure.


The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).

What is the lightest density of paper produced?

tissue paper

What is the common density of printing paper?

800 kg/m3

What is the range of paper weight?

I'm not sure.

What is the range of paper thickness?

I'm not sure.

What is the range of paper dampness?

I'm not sure.

What is the range of paper dryness?

I'm not sure.

How thick is printing paper?

I'm not sure.

What is the lightest density of wood produced?

I'm not sure.

What is the uncommon density of printing paper?

I'm not sure.


Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.

What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?

Alum

Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?

sizing

How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?

more stable

What did a lot of the wood pulp made from paper contain?

I'm not sure.

What was took out of paper to assist in sizing?

I'm not sure.

What is more of an issue with papers made with non acidic additives?

I'm not sure.

What is becoming less prevalent when making paper?

I'm not sure.

By what are the acid fibers that make up paper hydrolyzed?

I'm not sure.

What acidic salts were uncommonly found in the early types of paper produced?

I'm not sure.

Late papermakers added alum to help in what process?

I'm not sure.

How was rag paper inferior to the early types of paper made using alum?

I'm not sure.


Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.

What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?

lignin

A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?

lignin

What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?

light and oxygen

What does lignin made from mechanical pulp contain significant amounts of?

I'm not sure.

What is a major component of lignin?

I'm not sure.

When lacking light and oxygen, what type of materials does lignin react to give?

I'm not sure.

What does paper made from bleached kraft contain a significant amount of?

I'm not sure.

What does paper made from sulfite pulps contain a significant amount of?

I'm not sure.

What particle is associated with the greening of newspapers?

I'm not sure.

A book is likely made with paper that has high amounts of what component of wood?

I'm not sure.

What does lignin react to to produce the greening you see in newspapers?

I'm not sure.


Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.

Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?

Library of Congress

Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?

oxalic

What is definitely more durable than rag paper?

I'm not sure.

What is determined by the ageing behavior of paper?

I'm not sure.

Who sponsored tests that proved all paper is risk free from acid decay?

I'm not sure.

What does oxalic acid produce?

I'm not sure.

What does lactic acid produce?

I'm not sure.

Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are not subject to acid decay?

I'm not sure.

Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose not produce?

I'm not sure.


Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?

twice

What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?

Mechanical

What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?

acid-free

What type of pulping yields nearly a tonne of dry wood per pulp tonne used?

I'm not sure.

What type of pumps are sometimes called low yield pumps?

I'm not sure.

Because it has a lower yield, what type of pulping is often cheaper?

I'm not sure.

Mechanical pulps are often more expensive than what?

I'm not sure.

What type of paper do mechanical pulps tend to use?

I'm not sure.

How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when not compared to to the chemical pulping process?

I'm not sure.

What type of process is used to produce least paper used in paperback books?

I'm not sure.

What level of acid is not usually found in the paper used by book publishers?

I'm not sure.


Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?

What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?

What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?

plant trees

What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?

What has risen by 35% over the last 400 years?

I'm not sure.

By how much has worldwide consumption of paper decreased over the last 40 years?

I'm not sure.

What to most forest plant to help regrow companies?

I'm not sure.

What accounts for more than 10% of wood pulp?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of trees harvested are not used for making paper?

I'm not sure.

In the last 10 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of harvested bushes are used in the manufacturing of paper?

I'm not sure.

What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of oceans?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of wood pulp comes from new-growth trees?

I'm not sure.


Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.

What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?

How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?

71.6 million

How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?

16 billion

How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?

How much percent of total waste does paper waste account for in Europe?

I'm not sure.

How many tons of paper are wasted per year in Europe?

I'm not sure.

How many pages of paper does the average worker in Europe print per day?

I'm not sure.

How many paper cups per year do Europeans use?

I'm not sure.

In what country does an average office worker print 71.6 million pages of paper every day?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of total waste can not be attributed to paper?

I'm not sure.

How many hundreds of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?

I'm not sure.

How many paper bags are used by Americans each year?

I'm not sure.

How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the UK each day?

I'm not sure.


Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?

bleaching

How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?

through food

Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?

fatty tissue

What agency internationally regulates dioxins?

the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

What does bleaching of meat release into the environment?

I'm not sure.

What does bleaching of dairy release into the environment?

I'm not sure.

What does bleaching of fish release into the environment?

I'm not sure.

Which agency nationally regulates dioxins?

I'm not sure.

What process of papermaking is least heavily linked to the pollution?

I'm not sure.

How are humans uncommonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?

I'm not sure.

Where are dioxins expelled in our animal sources of food?

I'm not sure.

What agency nationally regulates dioxins?

I'm not sure.


Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.

What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?

paperfoam

What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?

biodegradable

What is paperfoam primarily made of?

paper

How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?

recycled

What is made out of plastic and is being used instead of expanded plastic packaging?

I'm not sure.

To what does the new packaging have very different mechanical properties?

I'm not sure.

With what can paperfoam not be recycled?

I'm not sure.

How can some manufacturers be disposed of?

I'm not sure.

What is ordinary paper made out of?

I'm not sure.

What product used in the sale of paper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be less environmentally friendly?

I'm not sure.

What is the least benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?

I'm not sure.

What is paperfoam uncommonly made of?

I'm not sure.

How is paperfoam uncommonly disposed of?

I'm not sure.


With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.

What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?

corn protein

Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?

corn protein

PFOA is what type of coating?

synthetic

In what way can zein not be used?

I'm not sure.

What type of coating would a hydrocarbon bag likely have?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for synthetic protein?

I'm not sure.

To what are there decreasing environmental concerns?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a natural coating?

I'm not sure.

What is no longer used as a coating in high grease applications?

I'm not sure.

Garbage bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?

I'm not sure.

PFOA is what type of paper?

I'm not sure.


Paper recycling processes can use either chemically or mechanically produced pulp; by mixing it with water and applying mechanical action the hydrogen bonds in the paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Most recycled paper contains a proportion of virgin fibre for the sake of quality; generally speaking, de-inked pulp is of the same quality or lower than the collected paper it was made from.

What type of processes can only use chemically produced pulp?

I'm not sure.

What type of processes can only use mechanically produced pulp?

I'm not sure.

What does most water contain for quality sake?

I'm not sure.

What quality does inked pulp generally have?

I'm not sure.

From what paper does de-inked pulp generally have a higher quality?

I'm not sure.

What's the third way paper recycling process can use?

I'm not sure.

What does mixing it with milk do?

I'm not sure.

How much non-recycled paper contains virgin fibre?

I'm not sure.


Adult contemporary music (AC) is a style of music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day, with varying degrees of easy listening, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock influence. Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music.

Along with pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock, what musical style influenced adult contemporary?

easy listening

What was the prevailing style of adult contemporary music in the 1970s?

soft rock

What type of adult contemporary music was popular in the 1960s?

vocal

What does the acronym AC stand for?

Adult contemporary

Along with easy listening, adult contemporary is a modern day continuation of what style of music?

soft rock


Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated. It is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure.

Along with harmonies, what aspect of music is emphasized in adult contemporary?

melody

What is the typical structure of an adult contemporary song?

verse–chorus structure

With what broader style of music does adult contemporary share its structure?

pop music

Along with being pleasurable, what trait makes adult contemporary appropriate for background music?

inoffensive


Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments (though bass guitar is usually used) such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched. However, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).

What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre?

romantic sentimental ballads

Along with synthesizers, what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary?

drum machines

What general type of instruments tend to be used in adult contemporary?

acoustic

What electric instrument is often seen in adult contemporary?

bass guitar

Along with being faint, what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary?

high-pitched


AC radio stations may play mainstream music, but they will exclude hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as they are less popular amongst the target demographic of these radio stations, which is intended for an adult audience. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s. A common practice in recent years is that many adult contemporary stations play less newer music because they also give ample airtime to hits of the past, so the de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart.

What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on?

Along with teen pop, dance and hard rock, what form of music is typically not heard on AC radio?

hip hop

When did advertisers begin to focus on the adult contemporary age demographic?

What type of music are AC stations noted as playing less of versus hits of the past?

newer music


Over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including "hot AC", "soft AC" (also known as "lite AC"), "urban AC", "rhythmic AC", and "Christian AC" (a softer type of contemporary Christian music). Some stations play only "hot AC", "soft AC", or only one of the variety of subgenres. Therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music; it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres.

What is lite AC otherwise known as?

soft AC

What is Christian AC a subgenre of?

contemporary Christian music

Along with hot, soft, urban and Christian AC, what is another prominent time of adult contemporary music?

rhythmic AC


Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, which adopted a 70-80% instrumental - 20-30% vocal mix. A few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. The easy listening format, as it was first known, was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as "rock and roll" stations. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was "Boll Weevil Song" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as "not too far out in either direction".

From what decade of easy listening radio does adult contemporary trace its heritage?

Generally speaking, what percentage of music on easy listening stations was instrumental?

On what date was the Billboard easy listening chart first published?

July 17, 1961

How many songs were on the first Billboard easy listening chart?

Who performed the first #1 on the easy listening chart?

Brook Benton


Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal without selling out. Some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s.

Along with Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Nat King Cole, and Perry Como, who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist?

Connie Francis

What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on adult contemporary?

instrumental

What songs from the 1940s and 1950s would adult contemporary stations play?

big band-era recordings


After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced. Better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the early half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the chart's most popular performers.

What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from?

the Hot 100 chart

In what year did the Easy Listening and Hot 100 charts begin to diverge?

Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand, who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era?

Bobby Vinton

Why did the crossover between Hot 100 and Easy Listening decrease?

rock music continued to harden


One big impetus for the development of the AC radio format was that, when rock and roll music first became popular in the mid-1950s, many more conservative radio stations wanted to continue to play current hit songs while shying away from rock. These middle of the road (or "MOR") stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs.

During what decade did rock and roll music first rise to popularity?

What does the acronym MOR stand for?

middle of the road

Along with pre-rock standards, what type of older songs did MOR stations play?

big band titles


Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or "beautiful music" stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient. Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental, created by relatively unknown artists, and rarely purchased, AC was an attempt to create a similar "lite" format by choosing certain tracks (both hit singles and album cuts) of popular artists.

What was another term for easy listening stations?

beautiful music

Easy listening was predominately what type of music?

instrumental

What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play?

hit singles and album cuts

What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share?

lite


Hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965. From the end of the 1960s, it became common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock, with both emerging as major radio formats in the US. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. Major artists included Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Cat Stevens, James Taylor and Bread.

As of what year was hard rock a mainstream type of music?

Along with soft rock, what type of music made up mainstream rock music in the late 1960s?

hard rock

What type of instruments were prominent in soft rock?

acoustic

What genre of music was soft rock descended from?

folk rock

Along with Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Cat Stevens and Bread, who was a prominent soft rock artist of this era?

James Taylor


The Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts became more similar again toward the end of the 1960s and into the early and mid-1970s, when the texture of much of the music played on Top 40 radio once more began to soften. The adult contemporary format began evolving into the sound that later defined it, with rock-oriented acts as Chicago, The Eagles, and Elton John becoming associated with the format.

At the end of what decade did the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts begin to converge?

During the middle and early parts of what decade did the similarity of Easy Listening and Hot 100 increase?

How did Top 40 radio what ifmusic change during this era?

began to soften

With Elton John and the Eagles, what was a prominent adult contemporary artist in this period?

Chicago


Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade. By 1977, some radio stations, like New York's WTFM and NBC-owned WYNY, had switched to an all-soft rock format. By the 1980s, tastes had changed and radio formats reflected this change, including musical artists such as Journey. Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience. The addition of major radio stars such as Dan Daniel, Steve O'Brien, Dick Summers, Don Bleu and Tom Parker made it possible to fully monetize the format and provide the foundation for financial success enjoyed to this day

During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful?

the mid-to-late 1970s

What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?

Fleetwood Mac

In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released?

What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock?

WYNY

Who was a prominent figure at NBC's radio division?

Walter Sabo


Radio stations played Top 40 hits regardless of genre; although, most were in the same genre until the mid-1970s when different forms of popular music started to target different demographic groups, such as disco vs. hard rock. This evolved into specialized radio stations that played specific genres of music, and generally followed the evolution of artists in those genres.

What genre of music was was listening to by a different demographic than hard rock?

disco

In what decade did genres begin to diverge on the basis of demographic groups?


By the early 1970s, softer songs by artists like The Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow, and even Streisand, began to be played more often on "Top 40" radio and others were added to the mix on many AC stations. Also, some of these stations even played softer songs by Elvis Presley, Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart, Billy Joel, and other rock-based artists.

Along with Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley, what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio?

Billy Joel

During what period were artists like Anne Murray and Barbra Streisand featured on Top 40 radio?

the early 1970s


Much of the music recorded by singer-songwriters such as Diana Ross, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Carole King and Janis Ian got as much, if not more, airplay on this format than on Top 40 stations. Easy Listening radio also began including songs by artists who had begun in other genres, such as rock and roll or R&B. In addition, several early disco songs, did well on the Adult Contemporary format.

Along with rock and roll, what genre of music was sometimes featured on Easy Listening radio?

R&B

What genre of music was surprisingly successful on adult contemporary radio?

disco

What type of musicians were artists such as Diana Ross, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Carole King and Janis Ian?

singer-songwriters


On April 7, 1979, the Easy Listening chart officially became known as Adult Contemporary, and those two words have remained consistent in the name of the chart ever since. Adult contemporary music became one of the most popular radio formats of the 1980s. The growth of AC was a natural result of the generation that first listened to the more "specialized" music of the mid-late 1970s growing older and not being interested in the heavy metal and rap/hip-hop music that a new generation helped to play a significant role in the Top 40 charts by the end of the decade.

When did the Adult Contemporary chart receive its current name?

April 7, 1979

What was the Adult Contemporary chart previously known as?

the Easy Listening chart

Along with rap/hip-hop, what genre of music were aging listeners not as interested in?

heavy metal

During what decade did adult contemporary become a very popular format for radio?


Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years; traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow, John Denver, and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on, and due to the influence of MTV, artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format, such as Richard Marx, Michael Jackson, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency. Collins has been described by AllMusic as "one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond". However, with the combination of MTV and AC radio, adult contemporary appeared harder to define as a genre, with established soft-rock artists of the past still charting pop hits and receiving airplay alongside mainstream radio fare from newer artists at the time.

Along with Richard Marx, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan, what artist was also frequently played on Contemporary Hit Radio stations?

Michael Jackson

What television station was responsible for the increasing success of Contemporary Hit Radio artists on the AC charts?

MTV

Along with Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow and Olivia Newton-John, what adult contemporary staple found it more difficult to score chart hits in the 1980s?

John Denver

Who did Allmusic refer to as "one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond"?

Phil Collins


The amount of crossover between the AC chart and the Hot 100 has varied based on how much the passing pop music trends of the times appealed to adult listeners. Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio.

In the 1970s, what two genres were not particularly successful on the adult contemporary charts?

disco or new wave

What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?

hip-hop and harder rock music

During what decade did hip-hop begin to be featured on the radio?


Although dance-oriented, electronic pop and ballad-oriented rock dominated the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed a mild success thanks to artists like Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias, Bertie Higgins and Tommy Page. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, "You Are" in 1983 and "Hello" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100.

Along with electronic pop, what type of music was the most successful in the 1980s?

ballad-oriented rock

What genre did the music of Billy Ocean belong to?

soft rock

What was the longest that a song spent at #1 on the adult contemporary charts in the 1980s?

six weeks

In what year did Lionel Richie record "You Are"?

Aside from the adult contemporary chart, on what other chart did Lionel Richie's "Hello" reach the top spot?

Hot 100


In 1989, Linda Ronstadt released Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind, described by critics as "the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade", featuring American soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the twelve tracks. The album was certified Triple Platinum in the United States alone and became a major success throughout the globe. The Grammy Award-winning singles, "Don't Know Much" and "All My Life", were both long-running #1 Adult Contemporary hits. Several additional singles from the disc made the AC Top 10 as well. The album won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play.

What artist issued the album known as "the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade"?

Linda Ronstadt

In what year was the album Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind released?

What male singer featured on several songs from Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind?

Aaron Neville

What certification did Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind receive?

Triple Platinum

Along with "Don't Know Much," what single won a Grammy?

"All My Life"


The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles.

What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?

What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s?

softening

The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market?

widening of the market


Unlike the majority of 1980s mainstream singers, the 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such as All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera, Backstreet Boys and Savage Garden generally crossed over to the AC charts. Latin pop artists such as Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony, Selena, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel also enjoyed success in the AC charts.

Mainstream artists from what decade generally did not have success on the adult contemporary charts?

Along with All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera and Backstreet Boys, what 90s artists were notable in the pop/R&B genre?

Savage Garden

What genre of music did Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Selena, Marc Anthony, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel make?

Latin pop


In addition to Celine Dion, who has had significant success on this chart, other artists with multiple number ones on the AC chart in the 1990s include Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain. Newer female singer-songwriters such as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow also broke through on the AC chart during this time.

What milestone did Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain share on the 1990s adult contemporary charts?

multiple number ones

Along with Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow, what female singer-songwriter had chart success in the 1990s?

Jewel

On what chart did Whitney Houston see success?

AC


In 1996, Billboard created a new chart called Adult Top 40, which reflects programming on radio stations that exists somewhere between "adult contemporary" music and "pop" music. Although they are sometimes mistaken for each other, the Adult Contemporary chart and the Adult Top 40 chart are separate charts, and songs reaching one chart might not reach the other. In addition, hot AC is another subgenre of radio programming that is distinct from the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart as it exists today, despite the apparent similarity in name.

What was the name of the chart created by Billboard in 1996?

Adult Top 40

Adult Top 40 represented a midpoint between what two radio formats?

"adult contemporary" music and "pop" music

What chart is the Adult Top 40 chart sometimes confused with?

Adult Contemporary

What radio programming genre is sometimes confused with the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart?

hot AC


In response to the pressure on Hot AC, a new kind of AC format cropped up among American radio recently. The urban adult contemporary format (a term coined by Barry Mayo) usually attracts a large number of African Americans and sometimes Caucasian listeners through playing a great deal of R&B (without any form of rapping), gospel music, classic soul and dance music (including disco).

Who invented the term "urban adult contemporary format"?

Barry Mayo

What demographic group is the urban adult contemporary format marketed to?

African Americans

What style of singing is absent from R&B played on urban adult contemporary format stations?

rapping

Along with R&B, gospel and dance music, what type of music is represented on urban adult contemporary stations?

classic soul

Urban adult contemporary music came into being because of pressure on what previously existing format?

Hot AC


Another format, rhythmic AC, in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music, past and present, places a heavy emphasis on disco as well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits, such as those by Amber, C&C Music Factory and Black Box, and includes dance remixes of pop songs, such as the Soul Solution mix of Toni Braxton's "Unbreak My Heart".

Who performed the song "Unbreak My Heart"?

Toni Braxton

What is the name of a notable dance artist along with C&C Music Factory and Black Box?

Amber

What radio station format plays soft AC, hot AC, disco and dance?

rhythmic AC

What artist notably remixed "Unbreak My Heart"?

Soul Solution


In its early years of existence, the smooth jazz format was considered to be a form of AC, although it was mainly instrumental, and related a stronger resemblance to the soft AC-styled music. For many years, artists like George Benson, Kenny G and Dave Koz had crossover hits that were played on both smooth jazz and soft AC stations.

What radio station format was sometimes regarded as a type of adult contemporary?

smooth jazz

What type of music was predominantly played on smooth jazz stations?

instrumental

Along with Kenny G and Dave Koz, what artist was featured on smooth jazz stations?

George Benson

What other format of station were smooth jazz artists sometimes featured on?

soft AC


A notable pattern that developed during the 2000s and 2010s has been for certain pop songs to have lengthy runs on AC charts, even after the songs have fallen off the Hot 100. Adrian Moreira, senior vice president for adult music for RCA Music Group, said, "We've seen a fairly tidal shift in what AC will play". Rather than emphasizing older songs, adult contemporary was playing many of the same songs as top 40 and adult top 40, but only after the hits had become established. An article on MTV's website by Corey Moss describes this trend: "In other words, AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death. Or, to optimists, to get a second life."

What is Adrian Moreira's job title?

senior vice president for adult music

For what company does Adrian Moreira work?

RCA Music Group

Who wrote, "In other words, AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death. Or, to optimists, to get a second life"?

Corey Moss

Where was Corey Moss' article published?

MTV's website

When do adult contemporary stations begin to play Top 40 songs?

after the hits had become established


With the mixture of radio friendly AC tunes with some rock and pop fare also landing on the pop charts, mainstream songs won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play. Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stations are forced to change is that less and less new music fits their bill; most new rock is too alternative for mainstream radio and most new pop is now influenced heavily by dance-pop and electronic dance music.

Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?

less and less new music fits their bill

By what two genres are modern pop songs heavily influenced?

dance-pop and electronic dance music

Why is new rock not suitable for mainstream radio?

too alternative


A popular trend in this era was remixing dance music hits into adult contemporary ballads, especially in the US, (for example, the "Candlelight Mix" versions of "Heaven" by DJ Sammy, "Listen To Your Heart" by D.H.T., and "Everytime We Touch" by Cascada). Adult contemporary has long characterized itself as family-friendly, but edited versions of "Perfect" by P!nk and "Forget You" by Cee Lo Green showed up in the format in 2011.

What was the name of DJ Sammy's mix of "Heaven"?

the "Candlelight Mix"

Who recorded the song "Listen To Your Heart"?

D.H.T.

Who is known for the song "Everytime We Touch"?

Cascada

What artist performed the song "Forget You"?

Cee Lo Green

What version of P!nk's "Perfect" appeared on adult contemporary radio in 2011?

edited


While most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts.

Along with Josh Groban, what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?

Michael Bublé

What sort of sound does the music of Susan Boyle have?

ballad heavy

Along with Faith Hill, Shania Twain and LeAnn Rimes, what country artist has had adult contemporary hits?

Carrie Underwood

What genre of music has soft AC found common ground with?

country


Since the mid-2000s, the mainstreaming of bands like Wilco and Feist have pushed indie rock into the adult contemporary conversation. In the early 2010s, indie musicians like Imagine Dragons, Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, The Lumineers and Ed Sheeran also had indie songs that crossed over to the adult contemporary charts.

What genre of music are bands like Feist and Wilco?

indie rock

Along with Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, Ed Sheeran and The Lumineers, what indie artist has had adult contemporary success?

Imagine Dragons

In what decade did indie musicians first began getting attention from the adult contemporary audience?


The consolidation of the "hot AC" format contrasted with the near-demise of most other AC formats: Beginning with the 2005-2007 economic downturn and eventual recession most stations went for the more chart-based CHR, along with the top 40, urban and even Latino formats. Diminishing physical record sales also proved a major blow to the AC genre.

Along with the recession, what broad economic trend marked the decline of adult contemporary radio stations?

the 2005-2007 economic downturn

Along with CHR, Top 40 and Latino, what format have former AC stations transitioned to?

urban

What AC format is still viable?

hot AC

Declining sales of what items harmed the adult contemporary genre?

physical record


The "soft" AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s as a result of its declining relevance, adopting a more upmarket, middle-of-the-road approach, with a selection of "oldies" (usually from the 1960s/70s onwards), primarily rock, jazz, R&B and pop music. Newer songs are more often (but not limited to) "easy listening" fare, this amount varying depending on the age of the station's target demographic.

Generally speaking, what is the earliest decade represented by the "oldies" on soft AC stations?

Along with R&B, pop and rock, what genre of music is represented on modern soft AC stations?

jazz

What genre of music do new songs on soft AC stations often belong to?

"easy listening"

During what period did soft AC stations attempt to reinvent themselves?

the late 2000s/early 2010s


Termed "the acoustic equivalent to Prozac", soft adult contemporary, a more adult-oriented version of AC, was born in the late 1970s and grew in the early 1980s. WEEI-FM in Boston was the first station to use the term "soft rock", with ad slogans such as, "Fleetwood Mac ... without the yack" and "Joni ... without the baloney". The vast majority of music played on soft AC stations is mellow, more acoustic, and primarily solo vocalists.

What radio format was described as being "the acoustic equivalent to Prozac"?

soft adult contemporary

What decade saw the birth of the soft adult contemporary format?

What radio station introduced the term "soft rock"?

WEEI-FM

Where was the station that introduced the term "soft rock" based?

Boston

What processed meat, featured in WEEI-FM's ad slogan, rhymes with Joni?

baloney


Other popular names for the format include "Warm", "Sunny", "Bee" (or "B") and (particularly in Canada) "EZ Rock". The format can be seen as a more contemporary successor to and combination of the middle of the road (MOR), beautiful music, easy listening and soft rock formats. Many stations in the soft AC format capitalize on its appeal to office workers (many of them females aged 25–54, a key advertiser demographic), and brand themselves as stations "everyone at work can agree on" (KOST originated that phrase as a primary tagline, and other soft AC stations have followed suit).

In what country is soft adult contemporary called "EZ Rock"?

Canada

Along with MOR, easy listening and soft rock, what format is soft adult contemporary a successor to?

beautiful music

What occupation is stereotypical held by soft adult contemporary listeners?

office workers

What advertising demographic is soft adult contemporary marketed towards?

females aged 25–54

What station first introduced the tagline "everyone at work can agree on"?

KOST


A large portion of music played on this format are either considered oldies or recurrent. It often deals with modern romantic and sexual relationships (and sometimes other adult themes such as work, raising children, and family) in a thoughtful and complex way. Soft AC, which has never minded keeping songs in high rotation literally for years in some cases, does not appear necessarily to be facing similar pressures to expand its format. Soft AC includes a larger amount of older music, especially classic R&B, soul, and 1960s and 1970s music, than hot AC.

Along with romantic and sexual relationships, family and work, what do soft adult contemporary songs sometimes discuss?

raising children

Music from what two decades is notably featured on the soft AC format?

1960s and 1970s

Along with classic R&B, what genre is notably featured on soft AC stations?

soul

What radio station format is soft AC often contrasted with?

hot AC


The soft AC format may soon be facing the demographic pressures that the jazz and big band formats faced in the 1960s and 1970s and that the oldies format is starting to face today, with the result that one may hear soft AC less on over-the-air radio and more on satellite radio systems in coming years. Much of the music and artists that were traditionally played on soft AC stations have been relegated to the adult standards format, which is itself disappearing because of aging demographics. Some soft AC stations have found a niche by incorporating more oldies into their playlists and are more open to playing softer songs that fit the "traditional" definition of AC.

What radio station formats faced demographic pressures in the 1960s and 70s?

jazz and big band

What radio station format is facing demographic pressures in the present day?

oldies

What radio station format have many of the former soft AC artists moved to?

adult standards

Certain soft AC stations have found a niche on the radio by doing what?

incorporating more oldies

Why are adult standards format radio stations declining?

aging demographics


Artists contributing to this format include mainly soft rock/pop singers such as, Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion, Julio Iglesias, Frank Sinatra, Barry Manilow, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Marc Anthony.

Along with Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion, Julio Iglesias, Barry Manilow, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Marc Anthony, what notable artist is featured on the soft AC format?

Frank Sinatra


Hot adult contemporary radio stations play a variety of classic hits and contemporary mainstream music aimed at an adult audience. Some Hot AC stations concentrate slightly more on pop music and alternative rock to target the Generation Z audience, though they include the more youth-oriented teen pop, urban and rhythmic dance tracks.

Along with classic hits, what type of music do hot adult contemporary stations feature?

contemporary mainstream music

What is the primary audience of hot adult contemporary format stations?

adult

What demographic do hot AC stations featuring more pop and alternative rock focus on?

Generation Z

Along with urban and rhythmic dance tracks, what genre is featured on hot AC stations with a younger audience?

teen pop


This format often includes dance-pop (such as upbeat songs by Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue), power pops (mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife), and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven (typically by Aerosmith[citation needed], The Eagles, Sting, Toto and The Moody Blues). Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women.

Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music?

dance-pop

What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife?

boybands

What genre of music is played by Westlife?

power pops

What genre of music is played by The Eagles?

soft rock

What is the target age range of Hot AC stations?


Modern adult contemporary can be a variation of hot AC, and includes modern rock titles in its presentation. In 1997, Mike Marino of KMXB in Las Vegas described the format as reaching "an audience that has outgrown the edgier hip-hop or alternative music but hasn't gotten old and sappy enough for the soft ACs." The format's artists included Alanis Morissette, Counting Crows, Gin Blossoms, Bon Jovi, Train, No Doubt, The Script, The Cranberries, Lifehouse, Sarah McLachlan, Sara Bareilles, John Mayer, Jewel, and Ingrid Michaelson. Unlike modern rock, which went after 18-34 men, this format appealed to women.

What station did Mike Marino work for in 1997?

KMXB

Where was the radio station KMXB based in 1997?

Las Vegas

What age demographic is modern rock radio focused on?

What is the sex of the listeners modern rock radio is geared towards?

men

Unlike modern rock radio, what sex is adult contemporary radio said to appeal to?

women


Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences, and therefore, the artists that are played on these stations are most often black, such as Des'ree, whose album I Ain't Movin' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience.

What age group is Urban AC focused towards?

adult

What race is the target demographic of Urban AC radio?

African-American

Who is an example of an artist played on Urban AC format radio stations?

Des'ree

What is the name of the popular album released by Des'ree?

I Ain't Movin'

What is the ethnicity of artists commonly played on urban adult contemporary radio?

black


The urban AC stations resemble soft AC rather than hot AC; they play predominantly R&B and soul music with little hip-hop. This is reflected in many of the urban AC radio stations' taglines, such as "Today's R&B and classic soul", "The best variety of R&B hits and oldies" and "(City/Region)'s R&B leader". Urban AC's core artists include Luther Vandross, Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey.

What other adult contemporary radio format is urban AC similar to?

soft AC

What genre of music is not played frequently on urban AC?

hip-hop

What two genres of music are popular on urban AC?

R&B and soul music

Along with Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey, who is a well-known urban AC artist?

Luther Vandross

What adult contemporary radio format is urban AC not similar to?

hot AC


A more elaborate form of urban AC is the rhythmic oldies format, which focuses primarily on "old school" R&B and soul hits from the 1960s to the 1990s, including Motown and disco hits. The format includes soul or disco artists such as ABBA, The Village People, The Jackson 5, Donna Summer, Tina Charles, Gloria Gaynor and the Bee Gees. Rhythmic oldies stations still exist today, but target African-Americans as opposed to a mass audience.

What radio format is similar to urban AC but features older soul and R&B songs?

rhythmic oldies

What is the earliest decade of music typically featured on the rhythmic oldies format?

What is the most recent decade music from which music can be heard on a rhythmic oldies station?

What is the target demographic of the rhythmic oldies format?

African-Americans


A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary, and is often played during the evening, blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music. The music that is played is strictly ballads and slow jams, mostly but not limited to Black and Latino artists. Popular artists in the quiet storm format are Teena Marie, Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Lalah Hathaway, Vanessa L. Williams, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue among others.

What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams?

quiet storm

What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary?

quiet storm

At what time of day is the quiet storm format played?

the evening

What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations?

Black and Latino

Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?

Vanessa L. Williams


Anita Baker, Sade, Regina Belle, and Luther Vandross are other examples of artists who appeal to mainstream AC, urban AC and smooth jazz listeners. Some soft AC and urban AC stations like to play smooth jazz on the weekends. In recent years, the Smooth Jazz format has been renamed to Smooth AC, as an attempt to lure younger listeners.

Along with urban adult contemporary and smooth jazz, what station format might feature music from Sade?

mainstream AC

What other format is sometimes played on urban AC stations?

smooth jazz

When might you hear smooth jazz on a soft AC station?

the weekends

What is a more recent name for the smooth jazz format?

Smooth AC

What was the smooth jazz format renamed?

to lure younger listeners


Adult contemporary R&B may be played on both soft AC stations and urban AC. It is a form of neo soul R&B that places emphasis on songcraft and sophistication. As the use of drum machines, synthesizers, and sequencers dominates R&B-rooted music, adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul, such as smooth soul, Philly soul and quiet storm. Classic songwriting touches and organic-leaning instrumentation, often featuring string arrangements and horn charts, were constants.

Along with soft AC, on what station format might adult contemporary R&B be featured?

urban AC

What features are emphasized in adult contemporary R&B music?

songcraft and sophistication

Along with smooth soul and quiet storm, what genre influenced adult contemporary R&B?

Philly soul

During what decade was smooth soul popular?

Along with drum machines and synthesizers, what electronic instruments are often found in modern R&B-based music?

sequencers


In the 1980s, lush jazz-R&B fusion (George Benson, Patti Austin, Al Jarreau) and stylish crossover R&B (Anita Baker and Luther Vandross, New Edition and Keith Sweat) were equally successful within the mainstream. In the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), artists as sonically contrasting as R. Kelly, Leona Lewis (mainly ballads) and Jill Scott both fit the bill, provided the audience for the material was mature. By riding and contributing to nearly all of the trends, no one has exemplified the style more than Babyface, whose career thrived over 20 years as a member of the Deele (Two Occasions), a solo artist (Whip Appeal, When Can I See You), and a songwriter/producer (Toni Braxton's Breathe Again, Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You).

What genre of music did Patti Austin perform?

jazz-R&B fusion

Of what genre was the musician Keith Sweat?

crossover R&B

During what decade were musicians like Al Jarreau and Luther Vandross notably successful?

What type of songs was Leona Lewis known for?

ballads

Who wrote Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You?

Babyface


Contemporary Christian music (CCM) has several subgenres, one being "Christian AC". Radio & Records, for instance, lists Christian AC among its format charts. There has been crossover to mainstream and hot AC formats by many of the core artists of the Christian AC genre, notably Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith, Kathy Troccoli, Steven Curtis Chapman, Plumb, and more recently, MercyMe.

What is CCM an acronym of?

Contemporary Christian music

What genre of music is performed by MercyMe?

Christian AC

What publication includes Christian AC with its format charts?

Radio & Records

Along with mainstream AC, what format has also featured Christian AC artists on a crossover basis?

hot AC


In recent years it has become common for many AC stations, particularly soft AC stations, to play primarily or exclusively Christmas music during the Christmas season in November and December. While these tend mostly to be contemporary seasonal recordings by the same few artists featured under the normal format, most stations will also air some vintage holiday tunes from older pop, MOR, and adult standards artists – such as Nat King Cole, Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, The Carpenters, Percy Faith, Johnny Mathis and Andy Williams – many of whom would never be played on these stations during the rest of the year.

What AC format is especially known for playing Christmas music in the Christmas season?

soft AC

During what two months does the Christmas season take place?

November and December

Along with Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, The Carpenters, Percy Faith and Andy Williams, who is an artist played on AC stations around Christmastime but not otherwise?

Johnny Mathis


These Christmas music marathons typically start during the week before Thanksgiving Day and end after Christmas Day, or sometimes extending to New Year's Day. Afterwards, the stations usually resume their normal music fare. Several stations begin the holiday format much earlier, at the beginning of November. The roots of this tradition can be traced back to the beautiful music and easy listening stations of the 1960s and 1970s.

When does Christmas music on AC format stations usually begin?

the week before Thanksgiving Day

When is the earlier of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations typically ends?

after Christmas Day

When is the later of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations usually ends?

New Year's Day

When is the earliest an AC station will switch to a Christmas format?

the beginning of November

What two formats pioneered the Christmas music tradition in the 1960s?

beautiful music and easy listening


Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time.

What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?

summer time

What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?

one hour

What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?

daylight

In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?

autumn

By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?

sunrise


New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895. Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on 30 April 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s.

Who first suggested daylight saving?

George Hudson

From what country did George Hudson hail?

New Zealand

In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?

Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?

Germany


The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory.

What used to be the main draw on electricity?

incandescent lighting

What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?

retailing

In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?

farming

Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?

energy


DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing.

What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?

travel

When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?

Computer software

What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?

policy

What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?

sleep patterns


Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt. North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics.

What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?

Industrialized

What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?

agrarian

In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?

North and south of the tropics

What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?

axial tilt


By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.

How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?

one hour

In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?

winter

Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?

after

What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?

Standard Time


While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?

lighting and heating

What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?

equal

Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?

after

Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?

Supporters


The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock. DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year.

What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?

higher latitudes

What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?

near the equator

How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska?

little

Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes?

small

As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?

extreme


Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.

What kind of clocks did the Romans use?

water clocks

What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?

hora tertia

During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?

What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?

Jewish


During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.

Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be "healthy, wealthy, and wise"?

Benjamin Franklin

Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?

Parisians

In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?

What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?

rail

In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?

ringing church bells