The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.

What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?

nerve receptors

Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?

polio infections

What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?

zinc-based intranasal cold products

What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?

antimicrobial zinc pyrithione

What can zinc cause evolution to in the nose?

I'm not sure.

Why was zinc outlawed in the 1930's?

I'm not sure.

What did the FDA order remove from stores in 1709?

I'm not sure.

What product is suggested as a potent cold shock response inducer?

I'm not sure.


In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.

What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?

pennies

What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?

zinc toxicosis

Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?

ataxia

Why have people reported zinc intoxication?

ingestion of zinc coins

What coin as of 1983 is now only made of zinc?

I'm not sure.

What is a requirement with the new zinc pennies?

I'm not sure.

Why have people never reported zinc intoxication?

I'm not sure.

What did one reported case of ingestion of 4250 pennies result in?

I'm not sure.

What metal is no longer found in pennies?

I'm not sure.


Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.

What are dogs known to ingest?

Pennies

What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?

zinc toxicity

In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?

parrots

What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?

juices stored in galvanized cans

What are dogs unknown to ingest?

I'm not sure.

What does the chocolate coins ingested by dogs cause?

I'm not sure.

What animal is zinc beneficial to the point of miracles?

I'm not sure.

What has been a cause of mass rat poisonings attributed to zinc?

I'm not sure.

Why do pennies and other small coins help to heal when ingested by dogs?

I'm not sure.


Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?

Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux

What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?

eternality

What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?

sublime

What concept did Ledoux address?

architectural character

As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?

building should immediately communicate its function

What influence neoclassical architecture in the 1900s?

I'm not sure.

What did the drawings of Claude Nicholas Lediux depicts?

I'm not sure.

Whose ideas are linked to Boullee's ideas of the sublime?

I'm not sure.

What did Burke say about the concept of architectural character?

I'm not sure.


The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

What century were most four influential books published?

18th century

Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?

Colen Campbell

In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?

When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published?

What style was popular among the English?

I'm not sure.

What the books published in the 1800s highlight about classical architecture?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the four volumes of books written by Inigo Jones?

I'm not sure.

What book contain prints of famous British buildings inspired by Vitruvius andAedifacatoria

I'm not sure.

What book featured the work of an Inigo Jones and other architects from the 1800s?

I'm not sure.


At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

Who was the "architect earl"?

Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

When was Chiswick House designed?

What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?

Palladio's Villa Capra

What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?

Holkham Hall

Who was inspired by the archite Earl when building Chiswick House?

I'm not sure.

What was a reinterpretation of Richard Boyles Chiswick House?

I'm not sure.

What was the Villa Capra purified up?

I'm not sure.

What architectural style feature ornamentation?

I'm not sure.

Whose dictate did the wings of farm houses follow?

I'm not sure.


By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?

Ancient Greece

What englishman excavated pompeii?

Sir William Hamilton

In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?

Rome

What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?

Sweden and Russia.

What did movement incorporate by the mid-1800s?

I'm not sure.

When was the shift to classical architecture dated?

I'm not sure.

What archaeological dig influence the classical period?

I'm not sure.

What was influenced by Roman art students trained in France?

I'm not sure.

Where was neoclassical architecture adopted in conventional circles?

I'm not sure.


A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?

Napoleonic Empire

What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?

Louis XVI style

What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?

"Directoire" or Empire

Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?

The Rococo style

What is associated with the fall of the Napoleonic Empire?

I'm not sure.

What King was a style of architecture named after during the first wave of neoclassicism?

I'm not sure.

What was a famous style of first wave neoclassicism in Italy?

I'm not sure.

Who oppose the archaeological classism brought by the Napoleonic regimes?

I'm not sure.

The Louis XVI style was popular up until what regime?

I'm not sure.


Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?

Pompeii and Herculaneum.

What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?

Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).

What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?

pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts

What were William Kent's interior designs based from?

basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in

What re-discoveries inspired exterior design of neoclassicism

I'm not sure.

What gained a wider audience in 1740s?

I'm not sure.

What were classic exteriors of the Baroque based on?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of classic interior design?

I'm not sure.


The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.

What were interiors seeking to recreate?

authentically Roman

What colors were utilized for interiors?

"Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours

Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?

Marie Antoinette

What types of techniques were used to style motifs?

flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones

What were styles in France initially?

Parisian

What did new exteriors try to re-create?

I'm not sure.

What techniques were excluded from the style?

I'm not sure.

What was initially a Parisien style in Greece?

I'm not sure.

What we brought the Gout grec style to court?

I'm not sure.


A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?

Robert and James Adam

Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?

Italy and Dalmatia

What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?

The Works in Architecture

During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?

rococo and baroque styles

This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?

lighter and more elegant feel

What architects traveled Italy and Dalmatia in the mid-seventeenth century?

I'm not sure.

What did Robert and James Adam start in the seventeenth century?

I'm not sure.

Who was trying to simplify the neoclassical design?

I'm not sure.

What book outlines the trends of the baroque style?

I'm not sure.

How did the old-style feel compared to the new style?

I'm not sure.


From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.

From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?

Greek architectural

What was this new phase of neoclassicism?

Greek Revival

Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?

18th century

Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?

James Stuart and Nicholas Revett

What was the first Greek building in England?

garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)

What influenced neoclassicism during the eighteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What had there been very little of in Western Europe prior to the 1800s?

I'm not sure.

I don't know: what was George Lyttelton commission to produce?

I'm not sure.

What was the final phase of neoclassicism

I'm not sure.

What was the first Greek building in Western Europe?

I'm not sure.


Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808–09), the General Post Office (1824–29) and the British Museum (1823–48), Wilkins University College London (1826–30) and the National Gallery (1832–38). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–29).

Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?

William Wilkins

What monument was created in 1818?

Burns Monument at Alloway

When was the General Post Office built?

In what year was the British Museum built?

When was the National Gallery constructed?

What do Greek revival and in architecture?

I'm not sure.

The design of what college marked the end of Greek revival?

I'm not sure.

What monument was built in 1823?

I'm not sure.

What high school was built in 1818?

I'm not sure.


At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".

How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?

more grandiose

What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?

Napoleon I

What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?

Regency

In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?

Federal style

What neoclassic style in France was less grandiose?

I'm not sure.

What took its name from the wall of Napoleon the second?

I'm not sure.

What did the colonial style in the United States correspond to?

I'm not sure.

What did Hugh Honour see as the culmination of the neoclassical movement?

I'm not sure.


High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.

What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?

Late Baroque architecture

What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?

planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes

In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?

isolated rather than interpenetrating

How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?

international movement

What was a national movement?

I'm not sure.

What used a different vocabulary then late Baroque architecture?

I'm not sure.

What emphasized its sculptural volumes?

I'm not sure.

What architectural features had a less flat effect on light and shade?

I'm not sure.

What architectural style had less isolated features?

I'm not sure.


Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.

What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?

ancient Romans

What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?

grid system

What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?

very logical and orderly

What kind of planning was influenced by classical architecture?

I'm not sure.

Why did Roman use and open ordered scheme for city planning?

I'm not sure.

What kind of city planning began with the Romans?

I'm not sure.

What type of city design frequently used diagonal streets?

I'm not sure.

What was oriented towards the importance of public buildings?

I'm not sure.


From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.

What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?

Ancient Greco-Roman ideal

What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?

Palmyra and Baalbec

Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?

James 'Athenian' Stuart

What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?

Adam Brothers

What changed the course of British architecture starting in the mid-1800s?

I'm not sure.

What move towards a less pure form of Greco-Roman architecture during the eighteenth century?

I'm not sure.

Who adopted a combination of complex forms and high levels of enrichment?

I'm not sure.

What revolution was begun by the Adams brothers?

I'm not sure.

Where were architects like George dance based?

I'm not sure.


In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period. In the British Raj in India, Sir Edwin Lutyens' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism. In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.

What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?

Albert Richardson

In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?

interwar period

Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?

New Delhi

What new design was trending after neoclassical?

Gothic Revival

Who reawakened interest in pure neoclassical design in the 2000's?

I'm not sure.

What type of building did Vincent Harris design during the interwar period?

I'm not sure.

Planning for what city marked the rise of neoclassicism?

I'm not sure.

What other area besides England experienced a strong Gothic revival?

I'm not sure.

What style was powerful and eccentric by the end of the 1900s?

I'm not sure.


The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the "Louis XVI" style to court.

What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?

Louis XVI style

France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?

Directoire and "Empire"

What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?

Robert Adam

Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?

Sir John Soane

Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?

Marie Antoinette

What style marked the first phase of neoclassicism in continental Europe?

I'm not sure.

What style replace neoclassicism in 1806?

I'm not sure.

What style was originally a court style and not a Parisien style?

I'm not sure.

What King brought the Louis XVI style to court?

I'm not sure.


What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France.

What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?

Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80

How concerned was France with Greek architecture?

Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French

Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?

Laboustre

In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?

second Empire

Who consider first-hand evidence of Greek architecture very important?

I'm not sure.

What sought to discern the practices of the Greeks?

I'm not sure.

What revival flourished in France?

I'm not sure.

What started with the crypt of Claude Nicholas Ludoux?

I'm not sure.


The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.

In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?

Vác

What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?

Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval

Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?

Charles Moreau

Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?

József Hild

What is one of the last examples of neoclassical architecture and hungry

I'm not sure.

What French architect designed Hungarian Cathedral in the seventeenth century?

I'm not sure.

Charles Moreau was a chief architect of what you hungry?

I'm not sure.

What two cathedrals did Pollack design and hungry

I'm not sure.


Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).

When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?

late 18th century

What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?

Hospitaller

When was RNH Bighi built?

In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built?

What was introduced in Malta in the late 1800s?

I'm not sure.

What became unpopular in Malta following the establishment of British rule?

I'm not sure.

Who was the ruler of Malta following the neoclassical period?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled Malta in the 1900s?

I'm not sure.


As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.

In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?

New Classical Architecture

What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?

Traditional Architecture

What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century?

The Driehaus Architecture Prize

What is another name for New Classical Architecture?

Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism

What was neoclassicism classified under starting in the twentieth century?

I'm not sure.

What is new classical architecture also referred to as

I'm not sure.

What refers to architecture that uses a wide variety of materials and craftsmanship from different regions?

I'm not sure.

What is awarded to architects who contribute to 21st-century classical architecture?

I'm not sure.


After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning.

When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?

roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s

What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?

New Urbanism

Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way?

ironic

What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously?

Thomas Gordon Smith

What type of architecture flourished from post-World War I until the big 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What two types of architecture saw a rebirth due to neoclassicism?

I'm not sure.

What did Thomas Gordon Smith treat as ironic?

I'm not sure.

What university was purely dedicated to classical architecture?

I'm not sure.

Why does modernism shape urban planning?

I'm not sure.


In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the latter case. Recently, Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London. Writing to the Qatari Royal family (who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar) he condemned the accepted modernist plans, instead advocating a classical approach. His appeal was met with success and the plans were withdrawn. A new design by architecture house Dixon Jones is currently being drafted.

Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?

Prince Charles

What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?

Qatari Royal family

What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?

Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College

What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?

ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library

Is neoclassical design current in Britain?

a number of architects are active in the neoclassical

What country has a number of architects active in the Roman Greco style?

I'm not sure.

What architectural style is always traditional?

I'm not sure.

Who promoted a modern design for development on the former Chelsea barracks?

I'm not sure.

What building project was being funded by the British Royal family?

I'm not sure.


South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian", the latter often in combination with "Slavonian" or "Dalmatian".

What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?

"Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian"

What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?

expansion of the Ottoman Empire

Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans?

population migrations

What was historically formed by the Ottoman Empire?

I'm not sure.

What happened due to expansion of Shtokavian?

I'm not sure.

Due to population change, what became widespread in Kajkavian?

I'm not sure.

What dialect went into the area previously occupied by Bosniaks and Croats?

I'm not sure.

What was the Ottoman Empire often a part of?

I'm not sure.


Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac.

What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?

Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian

Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?

Serbo-Croatian

What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?

Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac

In what year was a Yugoslav state standardized?

I'm not sure.

What agreement helped standardize Eastern Herzegovinian?

I'm not sure.

What were Yugoaslav and Bosnian standards based on?

I'm not sure.

In the mid 19th century what was the official language of Yugoslavia?

I'm not sure.

How did the break-up of Croatia affect the language?

I'm not sure.


Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.

How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?

five

How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?

twenty-five

From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?

Common Slavic

Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?

Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin

What kind of phonology does Serbian Cyrillic have?

I'm not sure.

How many consonants are in Gaj's Latin alphabet?

I'm not sure.

Where did Serbian Cyrillic evolve from?

I'm not sure.

What kind of word order does Gaj's latin alphabet have?

I'm not sure.

Name another language that Common Slavic can be written in besides Serbian Cyrillic?

I'm not sure.


Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian". As such, the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language "Serbian" or "Croatian", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Bosnian", "Croatian", and "Serbian" were considered to be three names of a single official language. Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozović advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits (‘Bosnian’ and ‘Montenegrin’). Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal.

Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?

independently

What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?

"Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian"

Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?

Jacob Grimm

For what reason is the term "Serbo-Croatian" controversial today?

prejudice that nation and language must match

In 1854 and 1859 what were slavic languages called?

I'm not sure.

Prior to the 19th century what term was used by Jacob Grimm?

I'm not sure.

What was the language unofficialy known as according to the Ottoman emprire?

I'm not sure.

What were the three names of a single official langugae in independent Montenegrin?

I'm not sure.

What Croatian linguist supported the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?

I'm not sure.


In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karadžić standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Daničić standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbian or Croatian" and the Croats "Croato-Serbian", or "Croatian or Serbian". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or "Croatian or Serbian" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called "Bosnian" until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".

Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?

Shtokavian

Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?

most widespread dialect

What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?

Vienna Literary Agreement

After whose death in 1907 was the "Bosnian" name changed to "Serbo-Creation"?

administrator von Kállay

In 1850 what dialect did Serbian and Croatian writers propose to use as a standard language?

I'm not sure.

What did Ljudevit Gaj standardize in the Serbian language?

I'm not sure.

On what basis was Shtokavian standardized?

I'm not sure.

In the mid 19th century who signed the Vienna Literary Agreement?

I'm not sure.

What did the signers of the Shtokavian declare?

I'm not sure.


West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian). Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages, fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities. Only the Yugoslav Army used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army’s other activities—however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states, or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions. Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules). Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation. However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca. And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian, enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian. This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too. Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: "the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal".

What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?

pravopis

Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?

Serbo-Croatian

Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?

Serbian

How many languages do West European scientists use?

I'm not sure.

Where were all variants of Albanian used?

I'm not sure.

What does the Yougoslav Army think of Yugoslav language policy?

I'm not sure.

At what level was Yougoslav language policy declared?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the population in Turkey spoke Slovak and Romanian?

I'm not sure.


Like most Slavic languages, there are mostly three genders for nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter, a distinction which is still present even in the plural (unlike Russian and, in part, the Čakavian dialect). They also have two numbers: singular and plural. However, some consider there to be three numbers (paucal or dual, too), since (still preserved in closely related Slovene) after two (dva, dvije/dve), three (tri) and four (četiri), and all numbers ending in them (e.g. twenty-two, ninety-three, one hundred four) the genitive singular is used, and after all other numbers five (pet) and up, the genitive plural is used. (The number one [jedan] is treated as an adjective.) Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify and must agree in both case and number with it.

What three noun genders does Serbo-Croatian have?

masculine, feminine, and neuter

Where are adjectives properly placed in the Serbo-Croatian language?

in front of the noun they modify

Which number in the Serbo-Croatian language is treated as an adjective?

one [jedan]

What three genders does Slovene have?

I'm not sure.

What type of numbers are in Russian?

I'm not sure.

What are the three numbers treated as in Slavic languages?

I'm not sure.

In Russian where are adjectives placed?

I'm not sure.

In Slavic languages what must singular and plural numbers do when in front of a noun?

I'm not sure.


Comparative and historical linguistics offers some clues for memorising the accent position: If one compares many standard Serbo-Croatian words to e.g. cognate Russian words, the accent in the Serbo-Croatian word will be one syllable before the one in the Russian word, with the rising tone. Historically, the rising tone appeared when the place of the accent shifted to the preceding syllable (the so-called "Neoshtokavian retraction"), but the quality of this new accent was different – its melody still "gravitated" towards the original syllable. Most Shtokavian dialects (Neoshtokavian) dialects underwent this shift, but Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian dialects did not.

What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable?

"Neoshtokavian retraction"

Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction?

Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian

Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions?

Comparative and historical linguistics

What is the term used for shifting towards the orginal syllable?

I'm not sure.

When did the quality of the accent appear historically?

I'm not sure.

What offers some clues for how dialects were different?

I'm not sure.

What did Chakavian, Kajkavian and Old Shtokavian follow?

I'm not sure.

What was different about the sound of historical linguistics?

I'm not sure.


The Croatian Latin alphabet (Gajica) followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics, apparently borrowing much from Czech, but also from Polish, and inventing the unique digraphs "lj", "nj" and "dž". These digraphs are represented as "ļ, ń and ǵ" respectively in the "Rječnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika", published by the former Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used.

Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?

Latin and Cyrillic

Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?

Latin

How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?

five

How did Ljudevit Gaj define the Cyrillic alphabet?

I'm not sure.

How often is the Zagreb script used?

I'm not sure.

What is standard Latin represented as in the Rjecnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika?

I'm not sure.

What group published the Latin and Cyrillic scripts?

I'm not sure.

How is Polish used in the literary standard?

I'm not sure.


South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets. Migrations in the 20th century, primarily caused by urbanization and wars, also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences.

What is a dialect continuum?

each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance.

What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured?

migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans

Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century?

urbanization and wars

What did the spread of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century contribute to?

I'm not sure.

What are two characteristics of urbanization?

I'm not sure.

What did the Balkans create historically?

I'm not sure.

What did wars cause from the 16th to 18th centuries?

I'm not sure.

What broke urbanization into many geographical pockets?

I'm not sure.


The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced by Štokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries. These migrations caused the koinéisation of the Shtokavian dialects, that used to form the West Shtokavian (more closer and transitional towards the neighbouring Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects) and East Shtokavian (transitional towards the Torlakian and the whole Bulgaro-Macedonian area) dialect bundles, and their subsequent spread at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian. As a result, Štokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined, and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken.

Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined?

Štokavian

What is morphology to a language?

tense system

What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken?

migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans

What have Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects replaced?

I'm not sure.

What are three ways that Kajkavian dialects differ?

I'm not sure.

In the past where were Ottoman Turkish languages spoken?

I'm not sure.

What area does Chakavian cover after Ottoman Turkish conquests of the Balkans?

I'm not sure.

What language is progressing in the Balkans where non-literary dialects are spoken?

I'm not sure.


Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish". Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English, German,, Dutch, and Hindi-Urdu.

How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?

four

In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?

Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?

Daniel Bunčić

Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?

Enisa Kafadar

What do the Dutch argue about language?

I'm not sure.

What is the conclustion by Hindi-Urdu about Serbo-Croation language?

I'm not sure.

How many varieties does Enisa Kafadar aruge there are in Hindi-Urdu?

I'm not sure.

What is incluced into a new pluricentric language?

I'm not sure.

Where are four variants of English spoken?

I'm not sure.


The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Književna republika from 2001 to 2010. In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, huge overlap in linguistic system, and the same dialectic basis of standard language provide evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Igor Mandić states: "During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (…) in 21st-century Croatian culture". Inspired by that discussion, a monograph on language and nationalism has been published.

Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?

majority

Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the "longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?"

Igor Mandić

Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?

Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić

What is the opinion of the Croatian journal Knjizevna repulika about the Serban-Croatian language?

I'm not sure.

What criteria shows that Mandic is one of four language variants?

I'm not sure.

According to Snjezana Kordic how long has the language discussion lasted?

I'm not sure.

What has been published based on mutual intelligibility?

I'm not sure.

What is the opinion of most Bosnian linguists?

I'm not sure.


The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers. This has been used as an argument to state that Croatian literature Croatian per se, but also includes Serbian and other languages that are part of Serbo-Croatian, These facts undermine the Croatian language proponents' argument that modern-day Croatian is based on a language called Old Croatian.

Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century?

Italian or Slavic

Today's Croatian language has its roots in what other language?

Old Croatian

Prior to the 19th century, why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian?

two languages were not distinguished by most speakers

What language is modern day Dalmatian based on?

I'm not sure.

What did writers from Croatian literature make a distinction between prior to the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

Prior to the 19th century where did Croatians and Serbians live?

I'm not sure.

What two city states were not distinguished by most speakers prior to the 9th century?

I'm not sure.

What is undermined by facts about Dalmatia and Dubrovnik?

I'm not sure.


However, most intellectuals and writers from Dalmatia who used the Štokavian dialect and practiced the Catholic faith saw themselves as part of a Croatian nation as far back as the mid-16th to 17th centuries, some 300 years before Serbo-Croatian ideology appeared. Their loyalty was first and foremost to Catholic Christendom, but when they professed an ethnic identity, they referred to themselves as "Slovin" and "Illyrian" (a sort of forerunner of Catholic baroque pan-Slavism) and Croat – these 30-odd writers over the span of c. 350 years always saw themselves as Croats first and never as part of a Serbian nation. It should also be noted that, in the pre-national era, Catholic religious orientation did not necessarily equate with Croat ethnic identity in Dalmatia. A Croatian follower of Vuk Karadžić, Ivan Broz, noted that for a Dalmatian to identify oneself as a Serb was seen as foreign as identifying oneself as Macedonian or Greek. Vatroslav Jagić pointed out in 1864:

To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily?

Catholic Christendom

After allowing for their religion, did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian?

Croatian

Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities?

Macedonian or Greek

What did most Croatians who were Catholic see themselves a part of?

I'm not sure.

To what group were Macedonians loyal to first?

I'm not sure.

What did 30 Serbs see themselves over a span of 350 years?

I'm not sure.

What did most intellectuals and writers note about Dalmations?

I'm not sure.

What was Serbo-Croatian ideology not equal with in Dalmatia?

I'm not sure.


The luxurious and ornate representative texts of Serbo-Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Serbo-Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "Missal of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), Hrvoje's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404), and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian, the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483).

What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian?

Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483)

For what was "Evangel from Reims" named?

the town of its final destination

In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian?

What region is the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice from?

I'm not sure.

What did the Bosnia Church Slavonic coexist with?

I'm not sure.

Where did the luxurious and ornate texts of Evangel from Reims belong?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the first printed book in Lika made?

I'm not sure.

What town was the Missal of Duke Novak named after?

I'm not sure.


In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: "Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babić complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet— which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babić further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rječnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication’s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.

Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?

Novi Sad Agreement

On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?

equal status

Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?

Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska

What did Serbian writers and linguists sign in 1967?

I'm not sure.

What was the conclusion of the agreement backed by Matica srpska and Matikca hrvatska in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What did use of the latin alphabet insist upon?

I'm not sure.

In official contexts what should be the name of the Dictionary?

I'm not sure.

During 1967 how many books were published at the same time?

I'm not sure.


In addition, like most Slavic languages, the Shtokavian verb also has one of two aspects: perfective or imperfective. Most verbs come in pairs, with the perfective verb being created out of the imperfective by adding a prefix or making a stem change. The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished, in progress, or repetitive; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration. Some Štokavian tenses (namely, aorist and imperfect) favor a particular aspect (but they are rarer or absent in Čakavian and Kajkavian). Actually, aspects "compensate" for the relative lack of tenses, because aspect of the verb determines whether the act is completed or in progress in the referred time.

Which tense indicates that an action hasn't finished?

imperfective

Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have?

perfective or imperfective

When is the perspective aspect of a verb used?

action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration

What are two aspects the Kajkavian verb has?

I'm not sure.

What do prefixes come in usually?

I'm not sure.

What is the stem change created out of?

I'm not sure.

What do some Shtokavian verbs favor?

I'm not sure.

What do limited duration actions compensate for?

I'm not sure.


The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- ("approach, come close to"). For verbs that had -ěti in their infinitive, the past participle ending -ěl evolved into -io in Ijekavian Neoštokavian.

To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian?

-io

What is the western equivalent of the prefix "pre"?

prije

Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled "pre"?

due to potential ambiguity with pri

What is the meaning of "pri"?

approach, come close to

What did the short jat preceeded by r develop into in western dialects?

I'm not sure.

What are the past participle rules not without?

I'm not sure.

In western Neostokavian dialects what did the pre prefix become when its long?

I'm not sure.

In Ikavian pronunications what did ri evolve into?

I'm not sure.

Why did re or ri develop instead of pre?

I'm not sure.


On the other hand, the opinion of Jagić from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagić says "Croatian", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, other written monuments are found that mention srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbian), and some that mention Croatian. By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue, Milan Rešetar, who was born in Dubrovnik himself, wrote behalf of language characteristics: "The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always (linguistically) used to be Serbian."

All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans?

(Illyrian)

Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language?

Milan Rešetar

Where was Milan Resetar born?

Dubrovnik

Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from?

Serbian

What does the opinion of Roman inhabitants not have?

I'm not sure.

What were all Croatian vernaculars called among Romans?

I'm not sure.

Where was Jagic born?

I'm not sure.

What did Roman inhabitants write about Croatian and Serbian?

I'm not sure.

Who is the most competent Croatian scientist on language?

I'm not sure.


Nationalists have conflicting views about the language(s). The nationalists among the Croats conflictingly claim either that they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians or that these two peoples have, due to the longer lexicographic tradition among Croats, somehow "borrowed" their standard languages from them.[citation needed] Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have "appropriated" the Bosnian language, since Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadžić preferred the Neoštokavian-Ijekavian dialect, widely spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as the basis for language standardization, whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial, or claim that the Štokavian dialect is theirs and the Čakavian Croats'— in more extreme formulations Croats have "taken" or "stolen" their language from the Serbs.[citation needed]

What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?

they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians

Which language did Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic prefer?

Neoštokavian-Ijekavian

Where is the Neostokavian-Ijekavian language predominantely spoken?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language?

Croats have "taken" or "stolen" their language

What do Bosnians have conflicting views on?

I'm not sure.

Who claims that the Stokavian dialect has appropriated the Bosnian language?

I'm not sure.

What do Cakavian Croats claim about language divergence?

I'm not sure.

What do Bosnians claim in extreme formulations about language?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing Neostokavian nationalists claim about Serbs and Bosnians?

I'm not sure.


In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the "official recognition" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar. However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as "Bosniak" (bošnjački) rather than "Bosnian" (bosanski) (see Bosnian language for details).

In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial?

Vojvodina

To what should the language be referred to instead of "Bosnian"?

"Bosniak" (bošnjački)

In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course?

1st and 2nd

What languages are the official ones in Sanzak?

I'm not sure.

Where is a large Serbian minority located?

I'm not sure.

What is controversial in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school.

I'm not sure.

What is considered moot in Novi Pazar?

I'm not sure.

What should Novi Pazar be referred to rather than "Bosnian?"

I'm not sure.


On October 9, 2006 at 6:00 a.m., the network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.). Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations, or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel, the CBC uses the time to air repeats, including local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library. Its French counterpart, Ici Radio-Canada Télé, still signs off every night.

Was CBC one of the first or last stations to adopt a 24 hour schedule?

last

When did stations previously sign off the air?

early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.)

What did private stations air when programming was not ticketed?

infomercials

What does CBC use unallotted airtime for?

local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library

Which French station has refused to adopt a 24 hour schedule?

Ici Radio-Canada Télé

When did the CBC begin to air programming on their network?

I'm not sure.

What time period did the FCC once require broadcasters to sign off the air?

I'm not sure.

Polls show that viewers prefer when 24 hour stations air what type of content?

I'm not sure.

What popular news network was CBC News Network inspired by?

I'm not sure.

Which French news station is CBC News greatest competitor?

I'm not sure.


Until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global. Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs, a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats. Since this change, the CBC has sometimes struggled to maintain ratings comparable to those it achieved before 1995, although it has seen somewhat of a ratings resurgence in recent years. In the 2007-08 season, hit series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border helped the network achieve its strongest ratings performance in over half a decade.

In what year did the network end American programming?

Which recent (2007-2008) shows helped the network regain popularity?

Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border

What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998?

a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats

What two private Canadian broadcasters did the CBC merge with?

I'm not sure.

What were two controversial shows that lowered the ratings of the CBC?

I'm not sure.

What type of programming is permitted to be broadcast in Canada?

I'm not sure.

For how long has the CBC maintained its lead over other broadcast networks?

I'm not sure.


Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was required by the CRTC as Rogers exercises editorial control and sells all advertising time during the HNIC broadcasts, even though the CBC bug and promos for other CBC Television programs appear throughout HNIC.

Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?

Rogers Communications

Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?

a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers

Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?

on CBC-owned stations

What company was purchased by the CBC in order to air the National Hockey League?

I'm not sure.

What is the most popular program that is aired by CBC-television networks?

I'm not sure.

Why was it necessary to the CBC to purchase Rogers Communication?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC has limited The CBC promos and other CBC television programs that can appear during which broadcast?

I'm not sure.


The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. EST and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment. This second airing was later replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBC's major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a short news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada.

What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit?

analysis and documentary segment

Which title is CBC's flagship newscast?

The National

When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National?

October 2006

During hockey season, when does the late night news update occur?

during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada

Why did the CBC cancel the 11pm broadcast of The National?

I'm not sure.

When did the first episode of The National air?

I'm not sure.

During what television season did the CBC start broadcasting Hockey Night In Canada?

I'm not sure.

The CBC has found that newscasts should not take up more time than this event?

I'm not sure.


In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs, generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays). Other newscasts include parts of CBC News Now airing weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon. Weekly newsmagazine the fifth estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone.

What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?

from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

When do most other stations view their local newscasts?

weekend evenings

When does CBC News Now air?

weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon

Consumers have complained that CBC stations tend to fill early evenings with what type of programming?

I'm not sure.

What popular CBC news program has won awards for their newscasts?

I'm not sure.

What documentary series did the CBC recently gain rights to in order to increase their ratings?

I'm not sure.

What weekly newsmagizine has played since the inception of the CBC station?

I'm not sure.


One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games, Hockey Night in Canada. It has been televised by the network since 1952. During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season, CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies, branded as Movie Night in Canada, on Saturday nights. Many cultural groups criticized this and suggested the CBC air games from minor hockey leagues; the CBC responded that most such broadcast rights were already held by other groups, but it did base each Movie Night broadcast from a different Canadian hockey venue. Other than hockey, CBC Sports properties include Toronto Raptors basketball, Toronto FC Soccer, and various other amateur and professional events.

What year did HNIC begin being broadcasted on CBC?

What did CBC air during the NHL lockout?

various recent and classic movies

What did CBC call it's movie showings during the NHL Lockout?

Movie Night in Canada

On what nights does CBC generally reserve broadcasting for hockey?

Saturday

what popular show has aired on the CBC since its inception in 1952?

I'm not sure.

The NHL refused the CBC access to hockey games during which season?

I'm not sure.

The CBC lost sponsorship when they refused to air what games?

I'm not sure.

When movie Night in Canada was not successful, what other sports team rights did the CBC acquire?

I'm not sure.


It was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004–2005 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada (now called Cottage Life Television, the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004. After the CBC threatened legal action, both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN. On June 15, 2006, the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008-09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years.

CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season?

Curling

What is CBC Country Canada now called?

Cottage Life Television

Who became the new exclusive carrier of curling broadcasts during the 2008-2009 season?

TSN

On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting?

June 15, 2006

What popular Canadian sport event overtook hockey viewership in 2004-2005?

I'm not sure.

The CBC created which network in hopes of retaining their contract with the curling association?

I'm not sure.

After numerous court battles, the CBC agreed to transfer exclusive rights to curling events to what broadcast station?

I'm not sure.

The 2008-2009 curling championship games led to the highest ratings in how many years?

I'm not sure.


Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.

Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?

The One

Why did CBC move The National in some areas?

to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer

For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?

to attract a younger audience to the network

The CDC decided to model their news program after what American show?

I'm not sure.

The National was taken off the air due to what problem?

I'm not sure.

The CCA was concerned that schedule changes would cause what problem?

I'm not sure.

Twice a year, the CBC will retain new talent in order to serve what purpose?

I'm not sure.


Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, Torchwood. More recently, the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series, including the drama series Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me.

What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who?

When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions?

the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008

Which Doctor Who spinoff did CBC contribute to?

Torchwood

Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in?

Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me

What was the CBC's most popular show in 2005?

I'm not sure.

What Doctor Who spinoff only lasted 2 seasons?

I'm not sure.

The BBC stopped giving the CBC special credit for Doctor Who in what year?

I'm not sure.

Some of the Australian dramas that are currently very popular in Canada, include what shows?

I'm not sure.


On March 5, 2005, CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT) stations. Since that time, the network has also launched HD simulcasts in Vancouver (CBUT-DT), Ottawa (CBOT-DT), Edmonton (CBXT-DT), Calgary (CBRT-DT), Halifax (CBHT-DT), Windsor, (CBET-DT), Winnipeg (CBWT-DT) and St. John's (CBNT-DT). CBC HD is available nationally via satellite and on digital cable as well as for free over-the-air using a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner (included in most new television sets) on the following channels:

What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005?

Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)

Where is CBC available for free?

over-the-air

What is required to view over-the-air broadcasts?

a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner

CBC television had to fight the CCA to launch it's station in what 2 cities in 2005?

I'm not sure.

One of the advantages the CBC has over competitors is the ability to broadcast in this British Columbia city?

I'm not sure.

The CCA would not allow the CBC to broadcast unless they allowed this type of viewing?

I'm not sure.

What has helped to make the CBC Canada's most popular station?

I'm not sure.


Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are "CB" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is "T". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with "CF" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting.

What station does not identify itself by its call letters?

Toronto's CBLT

Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations?

CBC itself

What are the first two letters of nearly all CBC stations?

"CB"

What is the last letter of nearly all CBC stations?

"T"

Which stations break convention and begin with "CF" instead of "CB"?

CBC North

The CBC does not allow on air call letter identification with which of their stations?

I'm not sure.

The CBC receives most of its funding from this entity?

I'm not sure.

The CBC only offered radio broadcasting in its northern regions before the advent of what?

I'm not sure.

In order to join the CBC broadcasting network, owners and operators change their call letters to conform to this rule?

I'm not sure.


Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming. However, they may opt out of some CBC programming in order to air locally produced programs, syndicated series or programs purchased from other broadcasters, such as CTV Two, which do not have a broadcast outlet in the same market. In these cases, the CBC programming being displaced may be broadcast at a different time than the network, or may not be broadcast on the station at all. Most private affiliates generally opt out of CBC's afternoon schedule and Thursday night arts programming. Private affiliates carry the 10 p.m. broadcast of The National as a core part of the CBC schedule, but generally omitted the 11 p.m. repeat (which is no longer broadcast). Most private affiliates produce their own local newscasts for a duration of at least 35 minutes. Some of the private affiliates have begun adding CBC's overnight programming to their schedules since the network began broadcasting 24 hours a day.

What are private affiliates?

stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules

Minimally, how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC's private affiliates?

Which broadcast do affiliates generally carry?

10 p.m

Much of the CBC's income is generated not from advertisements, but other stations known as what?

I'm not sure.

The CBC tries to dedicate how many hours a week to public broadcasting programs?

I'm not sure.

CBC will terminate contracts when private affiliates opt to air what programs?

I'm not sure.

The CBC Private news usually will air at what time?

I'm not sure.

CBC's contract states all affiliates must broadcast how many hours a day?

I'm not sure.


Private CBC affiliates are not as common as they were in the past, as many such stations have been purchased either by the CBC itself or by Canwest Global or CHUM Limited, respectively becoming E! or A-Channel (later A, now CTV Two) stations. One private CBC affiliate, CHBC-TV in Kelowna, joined E! (then known as CH) on February 27, 2006. When a private CBC affiliate reaffiliates with another network, the CBC has normally added a retransmitter of its nearest O&O station to ensure that CBC service is continued. However, due to an agreement between CHBC and CFJC-TV in Kamloops, CFJC also disaffiliated from the CBC on February 27, 2006, but no retransmitters were installed in the licence area. Former private CBC affiliates CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat disaffiliated on August 31, 2008 and joined E!, but the CBC announced it will not add new retransmitters to these areas. Incidentally, CFJC, CKPG and CHAT are all owned by an independent media company, Jim Pattison Group. With the closure of E! and other changes in the media landscape, several former CBC affiliates have since joined City or Global, or closed altogether.

Which CBC affiliate joined E! in February 2006?

CHBC-TV in Kelowna

Which affiliate left CBC due to an agreement with CHBC?

CFJC-TV in Kamloops

What two affiliates joined E! in late August, 2008 after which transmitters were not replaced?

CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat

CJFC, CHAT, and CKPG are owned by whom?

Jim Pattison Group

The CBC is losing influence to what to broadcasting groups?

I'm not sure.

On what day in 2006, did the CBC lose a large percentage of their private affiliates due to the CHBC?

I'm not sure.

CHBC is the only broadcaster licensed in British Columbia after the CBC experienced a CRTC disagreement with what station?

I'm not sure.

What independent media company has attempted to merge with the CBC?

I'm not sure.

What is the CBC's largest challenge with retaining viewers?

I'm not sure.


According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) by Thunder Bay Electronics (owner of CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT) and Bell Media (owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek),[citation needed] the CBC informed them that it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31, 2011. Incidentally, that was also the date for analogue to digital transition in Canada. Given recent practice and the CBC's decision not to convert any retransmitters to digital, even in markets with populations in the hundreds in thousands, it is not expected that the CBC will open new transmitters to replace its affiliates, and indeed may pare back its existing transmitter network. However, in March 2011, CKPR announced that it had come to a programming agreement with the CBC, in which the station will continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years. On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media, owners of CTV and CTV Two, for $3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition. Whether the stations will remain CBC affiliates or become owned-and-operated stations of CTV or CTV Two following the completion of the merger is undetermined.

What was Canada's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission?

August 31, 2011

What did CBC announce on August 31, 2011?

it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates

In March 2011, CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years?

five

Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012?

Bell Media

The CBC cited not wanting to pay for the transition from analog to digital as it's reason for doing this?

I'm not sure.

The CBC's refusal meant that hundreds of thousands would not have television access after what date?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC requested that the CBC negotiate with this station in order to extend their contract?

I'm not sure.

CTV and CTV2 purchased Bell Media in 2012 for what sum?

I'm not sure.


CBC Television stations can be received in many United States communities along the Canadian border over-the-air and have a significant audience in those areas. Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula, Ohio, which received programming from the CBC's London, Ontario, transmitter, based upon prevailing atmospheric conditions over Lake Erie. As of September 2010 CBC shut down its analogue transmitter and decided not to replace it with a digital transmitter. As a result, there is now a giant hole in the coverage of CBC in South-Western Ontario. Both CBC - Toronto and CBC - Windsor are both over 100 miles from London, ON and out of range for even the largest antennas[citation needed].

When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?

September 2010

Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?

South-Western Ontario

Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?

Ashtabula, Ohio

What location in the United States has the highest viewership of CBC programming?

I'm not sure.

What has caused the ratings of the CBC to lapse since September 2010?

I'm not sure.

Economic conditions and societal inequality has caused the CBC to ignore this problem?

I'm not sure.

What is the maximum distance that a city can be from a transmission antenna?

I'm not sure.


CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions, primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC's coverage, which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime, even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East (where it would still be delayed for West coast primetime).

Why is CBC's coverage preferable to other networks in the US?

more complete and consistent

Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC?

more

Why was NBC criticized over its Olympic coverage?

tape delaying events to air in primetime

People prefer CBS's coverage of sports for this reason?

I'm not sure.

The CBC's has a great deal of competition with what American network?

I'm not sure.

It is difficult to find a broadcast network that does not engage in this practice?

I'm not sure.

NBC allowed border cities in Canada to watch these games?

I'm not sure.


While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline.

What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?

August 31, 2011

How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?

only about half

Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?

London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)

The CBC petitioned to change what original deadline for converting transmission from digital to analog?

I'm not sure.

The CBC held elaborate fundraisers when it realized that it lacked the funds to transmit what percent of their transmitters?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC reported that the population in what two cities were no longer profitable for their operations and recommended terminating broadcasts?

I'm not sure.

Other Canadian broadcasters accounted for how many of the rebroadcast transmitters?

I'm not sure.


Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.

When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?

August 31, 2012

At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?

Barrie, Ontario

Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?

both

How many of the transmitters were purchased by the CRTC in order to be converted to digial?

I'm not sure.

What did the complete loss of service prompt the CRTC to grant?

I'm not sure.

What city in Canada started a new network after losing all coverage from the CBC and Radio-Canada?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC realized that it needed to break up the CBC's monopoly after it extended the deadline in order to prevent what?

I'm not sure.