Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called 'depression of the Renaissance'. In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made.

What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?

demographic crisis

What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?

depression of the Renaissance

What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?

statistical

What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance?

greater opulence

What caused the increase in commerce and production in the 14th century?

I'm not sure.

What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance wasn't a time of great opulence?

I'm not sure.

What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of no opulence?

I'm not sure.

What type of evidence is too complete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?

I'm not sure.

What is posited as the cause of decreased artistic output during the Renaissance?

I'm not sure.


The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or Occam's razor – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.

Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?

Thomistic

Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?

University of Paris

Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?

William of Ockham

What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?

Occam's razor

On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?

heretical

Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 12th century?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Condemnation of 1727 enacted?

I'm not sure.

Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept together?

I'm not sure.

What is the uncommon name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?

I'm not sure.

On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1272 place restrictions?

I'm not sure.


This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.

What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?

the theory of impetus

What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?

Aristotelian

What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?

Nicolaus Copernicus

Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?

Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators

Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?

inertia

What didn't Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?

I'm not sure.

What did Jean Buridan destroy to explain the motion of projectiles?

I'm not sure.

What school of scientific thought was accepted by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?

I'm not sure.

What scientist is least associated with the heliocentric worldview?

I'm not sure.

Which scholars made no advances in the theories of motion?

I'm not sure.


Certain technological inventions of the period – whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations – were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.

Who invented the movable printing press?

Gutenberg

What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?

the Reformation

Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?

eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock

Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?

gunpowder

Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?

shipbuilding

Who invented the stationary printing press?

I'm not sure.

What religious movement was halted by the invention of the printing press?

I'm not sure.

Which inventions of the period had no impact on everyday life?

I'm not sure.

Which invention with no military applications helped bring about the nation state?

I'm not sure.

Advances in what construction trade helped to decrease global navigation?

I'm not sure.


The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio, and later described by Brunelleschi. Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy, championed by artists like Donatello. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.

Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?

Donatello

Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?

linear perspective

Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?

Michelangelo and Raphael

What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?

Greater realism

What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?

classical models

Who rejected the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?

I'm not sure.

Which artistic principle was renovated by Brunelleschi?

I'm not sure.

Along with da Vinci, who weren't two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Donatello study that inspired sculptures?

I'm not sure.


The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not – as previously believed – the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.

What was the focus of paintings in Italy?

idealized compositions

Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?

the Netherlands

What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?

Jan van Eyck

Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?

great realism and minute detail

What wasn't the focus of paintings in Italy?

I'm not sure.

Where wasn't the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?

I'm not sure.

What painter was a late champion of oil as a medium in painting?

I'm not sure.

What painter wasn't an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?

I'm not sure.

Jan van Eyck's paintings are unknown for what characteristics?

I'm not sure.


Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

Who wrote the Divine Comedy?

Dante Alighieri

In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?

Latin as well as Italian

Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?

Tuscan

What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?

Decameron

Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?

Petrarch

Who didn't wrote the Divine Comedy?

I'm not sure.

In what languages didn't Dante and Boccaccio create their works?

I'm not sure.

Which dialect became the norm for the ancient Italian language?

I'm not sure.

What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped demote the Italian language?

I'm not sure.

Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the last example of modern lyric poetry?

I'm not sure.


Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic style, which was a more complex fusion of independent voices. Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the Provençal troubadours. Many of these had fallen victim to the 13th-century Albigensian Crusade, but their influence reached the papal court at Avignon.

What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?

the motet

What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?

polyphonic

Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?

Provençal

What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?

the quadrivium

What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 12th century?

I'm not sure.

What was the nondominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?

I'm not sure.

What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1320s?

I'm not sure.

Polyphony was uncommon in the secular music of which French region?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?

I'm not sure.


The main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.

Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?

John Kukuzelis

What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?

ars nova

Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century?

ars antiqua

Who were the leading composers of the trecento period?

Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini

Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion?

Orthodox Church

Who introduced a system of nonmusical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the old musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 13th century?

I'm not sure.

Who were the nonleading composers of the trecento period?

I'm not sure.

Kukuzelis kept the music of which religion?

I'm not sure.


Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550. The most interesting morality play is The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind's progress from birth to death. However, the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman. Everyman receives Death's summons, struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity. Along the way, he is deserted by Kindred, Goods, and Fellowship - only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave.

What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period?

Everyman

Which dramatic form was created around 1400?

Morality plays

What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play?

Good Deeds

Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?

The Castle of Perseverance

In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?

Death

What is the least famous morality play from the medieval period?

I'm not sure.

Which dramatic form was created around 1300?

I'm not sure.

What goes to the store with Everyman in the morality play?

I'm not sure.

Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to mid-life?

I'm not sure.

In the morality play, who never summoned Everyman?

I'm not sure.


At the end of the Late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. Richard III and Henry VII both maintained small companies of professional actors. Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman's residence, often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a "screen" at the other for the actors. Also important were Mummers' plays, performed during the Christmas season, and court masques. These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545.

Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?

Richard III and Henry VII

Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?

Mummers

In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?

What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?

House of Revels

In what part of a nobleman's house were plays performed?

the Great Hall

Which Early Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?

I'm not sure.

Who performed the seasonal non-Christmas plays?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Henry VII establish an Office of Revels?

I'm not sure.

What did Henry VIII build in 1554 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?

I'm not sure.

In what part of a nobleman's house weren't plays performed?

I'm not sure.


The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.

What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?

religious plays

In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?

In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?

What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?

secular

Where were religious plays banned in 1548?

Paris

What wasn't banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Elizabeth II ban religious plays?

I'm not sure.

In what year weren't religious plays banned in the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

What types of subjects didn't dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?

I'm not sure.

Where were religious plays banned in 1584?

I'm not sure.


After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?

democratized learning

Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?

Africa and India

What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?

strengthened the economy and power

What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?

the Renaissance

What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?

new trading routes

Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is not believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?

I'm not sure.

Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1489?

I'm not sure.

What effect didn't the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?

I'm not sure.

What historical era isn't viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?

I'm not sure.


At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446–1453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe.

Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?

Ottoman

In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?

Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?

Vladislaus I

Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?

count John Hunyadi

Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?

Pope Pius II

Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 14th century?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't the Battle of Varna take place?

I'm not sure.

Which Hungarian ruler was saved at the Battle of Varna?

I'm not sure.

Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1464?

I'm not sure.

Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to Sean Hyundai?

I'm not sure.


Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano, who came from Italy predicating Holy War. The effect that it created in that time was one of the main factors that helped in achieving the victory. However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned.

Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?

Saint John of Capistrano

In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought?

Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?

Matthias

Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?

Italy

When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in chaos?

Pannonia

Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight for Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?

I'm not sure.

In what year wasn't the Siege of Belgrade fought?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?

I'm not sure.

Which country didn't Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?

I'm not sure.

When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in peace?

I'm not sure.


King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458–1490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Mohács, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, Pál Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times.

How did Louis II of Hungary die?

drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape

Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?

Pál Tomori

In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?

Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia?

Hussite Protestants

Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?

the forces of the Ottoman Empire

How did Louis XII of Hungary die?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?

I'm not sure.

In what years didn't Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?

I'm not sure.

Who did Matthias lose to conquer Bohemia?

I'm not sure.

Who supported the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?

I'm not sure.


The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.

Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?

Italy

What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?

classical antiquity

What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?

the Renaissance

What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?

modern history and early modern Europe

Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Early Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What never provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?

I'm not sure.

What period do Italian historians not believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the Low Period of the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the end of?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.

When was Ann Arbor founded?

Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?

University of Michigan

During  the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?

center for left-wing politics

Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?

Bur Oak

What college moved to Ann Arbor in 1873?

I'm not sure.

What Michigan city was founded in 1842?

I'm not sure.

During the 1950's and 60's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as "Annarbour;" this represents the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.

Who founded Ann Arbor?

John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey

What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor?

land speculators

Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick?

Ojibwa

For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government?

What were the names of the founders wives?

Ann

Ann Arbor was registered with Wayne County on May 24th of what year?

I'm not sure.

Who founded Ann Arbor in 1842?

I'm not sure.

What name did the Ojibwa give the settlement because of the sound of Rumsey's sawmill?

I'm not sure.

How much did the founder's wives pay for the settlement?

I'm not sure.

How many acres did the founders buy at $1.52 per acre?

I'm not sure.


Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north—south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.

Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?

University of Michigan

Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?

Ann Arbor

Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?

British

In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?

In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?

Beth Israel Congregation

What railroad arrived in 1893?

I'm not sure.

In 1887 a north-south railway connected Ann Arbor to what Ohio city?

I'm not sure.

In 1815, what was Ann Arbor chartered as?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the synagogue founded in 1961?

I'm not sure.

What city became a regional transport hub in 1878?

I'm not sure.


During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance; many of these remain in effect in modified form. Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small group of conservative institutions were born in Ann Arbor. These include Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999), a religious-conservative advocacy group.

When was the Thomas More Law center established?

What was the Thomas More law group?

a religious-conservative advocacy group

During the early & mid 70's, which party won the city council seats?

Human Rights Party

Ann Arbor was a hub for supporting what War?

I'm not sure.

In 1956, Ann Arbor was home to the first U.S. teach-in against what war?

I'm not sure.

In 1976 what religious group was founded?

I'm not sure.

In what decades was Ann Arbor an important center for conservative politics?

I'm not sure.


In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On 4 November 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2008, it was ranked by CNNMoney.com 27th out of 100 "America's best small cities". And in the year 2010, Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States of America.

Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?

Forbes

For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?

sharply rising land values

What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?

greenbelt plan

What kind of plan did voters approve on November 4, 2300?

I'm not sure.

What year was Ann Arbor listed 27th by Forbes?

I'm not sure.

What year was Ann Arbor listed as one of the most liveable cities by CNNMoney.com?

I'm not sure.


According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.70 square miles (74.33 km2), of which, 27.83 square miles (72.08 km2) of it is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is water, much of which is part of the Huron River. Ann Arbor is about 35 miles (56 km) west of Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter Township adjoins the city's north and east sides. Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region. The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city and U-M's North Campus are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42°13.38′N 83°44.74′W / 42.22300°N 83.74567°W / 42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).

On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated?

Huron

What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like?

hills and valleys

What is the name of the city's airport?

Ann Arbor Municipal Airport

Ann Arbor is 56 miles west of what Michigan city?

I'm not sure.

What airport has an elevation of 893 feet?

I'm not sure.

What river has an elevation of 570 feet?

I'm not sure.

What side of the city has elevation of 1,510 feet?

I'm not sure.

The highest parts of the city are along what river?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor's "Tree Town" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.

What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?

Tree Town

How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?

What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?

Nichols Arboretum

How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?

300 acres

What pest has destroyed many of the 15,000 ash trees?

I'm not sure.

What arboretum is situated on 132 acres?

I'm not sure.

What city has 175 municipal parks?

I'm not sure.

What arboretum is owned by the University Hospital?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the gardens that contains 30 acres of gardens?

I'm not sure.


The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.

Which district has the farmers market in the city?

Kerrytown district

Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures?

commercial districts

Which area in the city contains 19th&20th century as well as modern structures?

Downtown

Which area in the city is composed mostly of two-to-three story buildings?

I'm not sure.

What Mall is north of downtown Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

What stadium is on the east side of Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

The farmers market is in what west side district?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.

Which century does the Kit houses belong to?

20th century

Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?

student renters

Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?

Tower Plaza

When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?

What 62-story condominium is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

In 1927, the Old West Side neighborhood was placed on what list?

I'm not sure.

Kit houses were built late in what century?

I'm not sure.

What 62-story condominium is located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold with moderate to heavy snowfall, while summers are very warm and humid, and spring and autumn are short but mild. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 °F (22.6 °C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 °F (−4.2 °C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 10 days, and drop to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was −23 °F (−31 °C) on 11 February 1885 and the highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on 24 July 1934.

How many seasons are experienced in the city of Ann Arbor?

four

When is the precipitation highest in Ann Arbor?

summer

What is the average snowfall for the city?

58 inches

What month has an average daily temperature of 72.6 Celsius?

I'm not sure.

What was the lowest recorded temperature on 11 February 1858?

I'm not sure.

What was the highest recorded temperature on 24 July 1943?

I'm not sure.

What kind of weather is most frequent during summer?

I'm not sure.

What month has an average daily temperature of 24.5 Celsius?

I'm not sure.


As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,394 people, 45,634 households, and 21,704 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,270.33 people per square mile (2653.47/km²). There were 49,982 housing units at an average density of 1,748.0 per square mile (675.0/km²), making it less densely populated than inner-ring Detroit suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale (and than Detroit proper), but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia or Troy. The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 4.1% of the population.

What is the population density of the city?

4,270.33 people per square mile

What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city?

Which parts of the city of Detroit are densely populated?

Oak Park and Ferndale

During what census were there 21,407 families residing in the city?

I'm not sure.

What inner-ring suburbs were less densely populated than Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

What outer-ring suburbs were more densely populated than Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

The white makeup of the city was 37.0% white during which U.S. Census?

I'm not sure.


In 2000, out of 45,693 households, 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.5% were nonfamilies. 35.5% of households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90. The age distribution was 16.8% under 18, 26.8% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% were 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 97.7 males; while for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

What is the average household size in the city of Ann Arbor?

What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor?

What is the median age for the city of Ann Arbor?

In what year was the average family size was 2.22?

I'm not sure.

What age group did 9.7% of the population fall into?

I'm not sure.

What age group did 13.7% of the population fall into?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the median age 82 years old?

I'm not sure.

When was 87.3% of the population married couples?

I'm not sure.


The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.

Name some automobile manufacturers in the city of Ann Arbor

General Motors and Visteon

What is the employee count of the University of Michigan?

Nam the major components for the City's growth.

High tech, health services and biotechnology

What university employs about 30,000 workers in the medical center?

I'm not sure.

What university employs about 12,000 workers?

I'm not sure.

Who are the automobile manufacturers that are the major components of the city's economy?

I'm not sure.

What are the four major components of the city's economy?

I'm not sure.


High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). The Argus camera company, originally a subsidiary of International Radio, manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s. Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI. Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s. Barracuda Networks, which provides networking, security, and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services, opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St. and recently announced it will move downtown to occupy the building previously used as the Borders headquarters.

Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?

Argus camera company

Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security, storage & networking?

Barracuda Networks

International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor?

AC/DC radio

What radio was mass produced in 1913?

I'm not sure.

What camera company started manufacturing cameras in Ann Arbor in 1963?

I'm not sure.

What year was the first pocket radio (the Kadette) made in?

I'm not sure.

In what decade was the Ann Arbor Ambassador manufactured  by Barracuda Networks?

I'm not sure.


Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation. The city is also home to the headquarters of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream. The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of 31 December 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.

Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?

Google

Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor.

All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo

What company is Merit network?

education computer network

On December 13, 2012 what was the total market vacancy rate?

I'm not sure.

What year did the flex vacancy rate drop to 15.20%?

I'm not sure.

What year was the office vacancy rate 12.80%?

I'm not sure.

What year was the flex vacancy rate at 16.05%?

I'm not sure.

What city is home to the headquarters of Zattoo's AdWords program?

I'm not sure.


Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On 22 January 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.

Who is the city's 2nd largest employer?

Pfizer

Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor?

National Sanitation Foundation International

How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire?

What pharmaceutical company was Ann Arbor's largest employer?

I'm not sure.

What company announced it would close operations by the end of 2007?

I'm not sure.

What month in 2007 did the University of Michigan Board of Regents approve the purchase of the facilities?

I'm not sure.

Who automobile manufactures has a Fuel Emissions Laboratory in Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.


Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011. Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education). Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor. Aastrom Biosciences, a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.

When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor?

Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?

Tom and Louis Borders

Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor?

Domino's Pizza's

Which company was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer till 2005?

Flint Ink Corp

Avfuel, a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor?

aviation fuels

What book store opened in 1917?

I'm not sure.

What pizza chain has their headquarters located on a 217 acre complex?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the complex located on 217 acres just northeast of the city?

I'm not sure.

What is the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer?

I'm not sure.

What bookstore was started by Tom and Lois Borders?

I'm not sure.


Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown. Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater, the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (established in 1954 as Michigan's first chartered ballet company), The Ark, and Performance Network Theatre. Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.

When was the University Musical Society founded?

How many events does the University Musical Society present in a year?

over 60

When was the Ann Arbor civic Ballet established?

Name Michigan's first Civic chartered company.

Ann Arbor Civic Ballet

What society was found in 1897 in Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

What ballet company was established in 1945?

I'm not sure.

What organization presents over 6 events each year?

I'm not sure.

What Civic Theatre is associated with the university?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the yearly event featuring Shakespeare that started in 2011?

I'm not sure.


The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.

Which museum is located at Ann Arbors historic downtown fire station?

The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum

Ann Arbor ranks 1st among what goods sold?

books

Which presidential library is located in Ann Arbor?

Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library

What museum is located in a renovated historic downtown police station?

I'm not sure.

How many branch outlets does the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library have?

I'm not sure.

What kind of business is notably found in the downtown area?

I'm not sure.

Where does Ann Arbor rank among U.S. cities in the number of restaurants per capita?

I'm not sure.


Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Wednesday through Saturday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.

What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor?

juried fairs

What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor?

Ann Arbor Film Festival

How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive?

What festival receives more than 5,200 submissions annually?

I'm not sure.

What month is the Ann Arbor Film Festival held during the second week?

I'm not sure.

What event draws upward of half a billion visitors?

I'm not sure.

What week in March is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs held?

I'm not sure.

What week in July is the Ann Arbor Film Festival held?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis, the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the City's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.

What medical dispensarys are there in Ann Arbor?

medical marijuana dispensaries

What are the Medical marijuana dispensaries called in the city?

People's Co-op

What annual event is held on the 1st saturday of april?

annual Hash Bash

What was legal to smoke on the University of Michigan property/

I'm not sure.

What drug are a large number of residents against?

I'm not sure.

What dispensary was forced by zoning to move one mile to the east?

I'm not sure.

What stadium is People's Co-op currently across the street from?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.

Who is the member of the Big Ten Conference in college sports in the city?

University of Michigan

Which is the largest American football stadium in the world?

Michigan Stadium

What is the Michigan Stadium called colloquially?

The Big House

What stadium was completed in 1972?

I'm not sure.

Ice hockey is played at what Center?

I'm not sure.

What stadium cost more than $590,000 to build?

I'm not sure.

What conference is Concordia University a member of?

I'm not sure.

What is the nickname of Crisler Center?

I'm not sure.


A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality", the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Ann Arbor has become increasingly gentrified in recent years.

What is a person from Ann Arbor called?

Ann Arborite

In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?

gentrified

Which city is referred to as the "People's Republic of Ann Arbor"?

Ann Arbor

What city is known as 52 square miles surrounded by reality?

I'm not sure.

What phrase did Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus use to describe Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

What does the academic degree MI stand for?

I'm not sure.

What do they sometimes refer to Ann Arbor as because of the city's conservative political leanings?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). Two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. The mayor is elected citywide. The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.

What form of government does Ann Arbor have?

council-manager

How many voting members are there in the city- council?

How many terms does the mayor of the city serve?

two-year

Who is elected every even numbered year?

mayor

How many council members are elected for the city's ward?

Two

Who is the current Republican mayor of Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

What administrator manages day to day operations and is chosen by the mayor?

I'm not sure.

Who was chosen mayor in the last odd numbered year?

I'm not sure.


Ann Arbor is part of Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented in Congress by Representative Debbie Dingell, a Democrat. On the state level, the city is part of the 18th district in the Michigan Senate, represented by Democrat Rebekah Warren. In the Michigan House of Representatives, representation is split between the 55th district (northern Ann Arbor, part of Ann Arbor Township, and other surrounding areas, represented by Democrat Adam Zemke), the 53rd district (most of downtown and the southern half of the city, represented by Democrat Jeff Irwin) and the 52nd district (southwestern areas outside Ann Arbor proper and western Washtenaw County, represented by Democrat Gretchen Driskell).

Who represents the congress in Ann Arbor?

Debbie Dingell

On a state level the city is part of which district number?

18th district

Who represents the city in Michigan senate?

Rebekah Warren

What city is represented in the 21st congressional district?

I'm not sure.

What is the 35th district comprised of?

I'm not sure.

Who represents the 25th district?

I'm not sure.

Who represents the 81st district?

I'm not sure.

Who represents the 21st district?

I'm not sure.


Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. As of August 2009, Democrats hold the mayorship and all council seats. The left tilt of politics in the city has earned it the nickname "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor". Nationally, Ann Arbor is located in Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell.

Voters in the city approve which kind of amendment?

charter

What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government?

Left-wing politics

Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?

instant-runoff

What charter amendment was approved in 1947?

I'm not sure.

Who was the first openly homosexual to win office in 1947?

I'm not sure.

What kind of voting did Ann arbor use in 1957?

I'm not sure.

What process was repealed in 1967 after use in only one election?

I'm not sure.

Who is the representative for Ann Arbor in the 21st congressional district?

I'm not sure.


Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution; a campus of the University of Phoenix; and Cleary University, a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009, and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.

Name a private business school located in Ann arbor.

Cleary University

Who founded Domino's pizza?

Tom Monaghan

Which school acquired the former Ave Maria building after a Roman catholic school moved from there?

Thomas M. Cooley Law School

What law school moved to Florida in 2000?

I'm not sure.

What Lutheran school did Tom Monaghan found?

I'm not sure.

What law school acquired the former Ave Maria buildings in 2000?

I'm not sure.

What community college is located in Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

What private business school is in Ann Arbor Township?

I'm not sure.


Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. There were 21 elementary schools, five middle schools (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, and Clague) three traditional high schools (Pioneer, Huron, and Skyline), and three alternative high schools (Community High, Stone School, and Roberto Clemente) in the district. The district also operates a K-8 open school program, Ann Arbor Open School, out of the former Mack School. This program is open to all families who live within the district. Ann Arbor Public Schools also operates a preschool and family center, with programs for at-risk infants and children before kindergarten. The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.

Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject?

music

What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?

Ann Arbor Open School

In 2008, how many were enrolled in public schools?

What year did Ann Arbor public schools have 12 elementary schools?

I'm not sure.

In what year was 16,935 students enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools?

I'm not sure.

What high school operates in the former Mack School?

I'm not sure.

Is Forsythe a traditional or alternative high school?

I'm not sure.

What kind of high school is Forsythe?

I'm not sure.


The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties. It was replaced by AnnArbor.com, but returned to a limited print publication under its former name in 2013. Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly. Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper. The Ann Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.

Who owns Ann Arbor news?

Booth Newspapers

When did the Ann Arbor news end its print?

Which was the only city in the US to loose its only daily paper?

Ann Arbor

What newspaper ran for 147 years?

I'm not sure.

What online newspaper stopped printing in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What newspaper covered local news until September 13, 2014?

I'm not sure.

When did the Ann Arbor Paper start a limited print publication?

I'm not sure.


Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; the Ann Arbor Independent, a locally owned, independent weekly; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.

What magazine covers Ann Arbor's local businesses?

Ann Arbor Business Review

Which automobile magazines are based from Ann Arbor?

Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine

Which university magazine reports local, state & regional issues in addition to campus news?

Michigan Daily student newspaper

What automobile magazines are run by the University of Michigan?

I'm not sure.

What political student newspaper is run by the University of Michigan?

I'm not sure.

Which university magazine is a free entertainment magazine?

I'm not sure.

Which university magazine is a free monthly local magazine?

I'm not sure.


Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.

What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor?

WAAM 1600

What is the name of the city's FM radio channel?

WUOM 91.7

What is the name of the local free community college radio?

WCBN-FM 88.3

What FM station is known as Catholic radio?

I'm not sure.

What FM station is a sports station?

I'm not sure.

What AM station plays country music?

I'm not sure.

What AM station is run by the University of Michigan?

I'm not sure.


WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.

WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?

ION

What is the abbreviation of CTN?

Community Television Network

What affiliate of the ION Television Network broadcasts from Lyndon Township?

I'm not sure.

What MyNetworkTV-affiliated station is licensed to the city of Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

Where is WHTV channel 81 based?

I'm not sure.

Where is WPXD channel 13 based?

I'm not sure.


The University of Michigan Medical Center, the only teaching hospital in the city, took the number 1 slot in U.S. News & World Report for best hospital in the state of Michigan, as of 2015. The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities throughout the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor, and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby Superior Township.

What is the children's hospital located in nearby Superior Township?

I'm not sure.

What hospital was rated number 1 in Michigan in 2014?

I'm not sure.

What Catholic hospital is in Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.


The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the Huron River and groundwater sources. There are two water-treatment plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, four pump stations, and two water towers. These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River, two of which provide hydroelectric power. The city also offers waste management services, with Recycle Ann Arbor handling recycling service. Other utilities are provided by private entities. Electrical power and gas are provided by DTE Energy. AT&T Inc. is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Cable TV service is primarily provided by Comcast.

What is the name of the city owned cable company?

I'm not sure.

What is the river that private entities use for water supply services?

I'm not sure.

How many pump stations do private entities have?

I'm not sure.

Who is the private entity that handles recycling for the city?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the city owned telephone provider?

I'm not sure.


The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a grid pattern, though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas. Major roads branch out from the downtown district like spokes on a wheel to the highways surrounding the city. The city is belted by three freeways: I-94, which runs along the southern portion of the city; U.S. Highway 23 (US 23), which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor; and M-14, which runs along the northern edge of the city. Other nearby highways include US 12, M-17, and M-153. Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 interchange in the west, US 23 in the east, and the city's southern areas. The city also has a system of bike routes and paths and includes the nearly complete Washtenaw County Border-to-Border Trail.

US Highway 32 runs along what edge of Ann Arbor?

I'm not sure.

M-41 runs along what edge of the city?

I'm not sure.

What portion of the city does I-49 run along?

I'm not sure.

Where is the I-49/M-14 interchange located?

I'm not sure.

What is the completed bike trail called?

I'm not sure.


Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.

What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?

late medieval period

What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?

Romanesque architecture

What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?

Renaissance architecture

Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?

France

Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?

private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms

What is one time period in which Gothic architecture was not allowed?

I'm not sure.

What style of architecture did Gothic architecture devolve from?

I'm not sure.

What style of architecture came along with the Gothic style?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Gothic architecture style fail originally?

I'm not sure.

What style of architecture no longer exists for castles?

I'm not sure.


It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.

What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly?

churches and cathedrals

Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent, originate from?

faith or from civic pride

A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today?

ecclesiastical

With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites?

UNESCO

Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?

larger churches are considered priceless works of art

Where is the Gothic style expressed least strongly?

I'm not sure.

What are the emotions which traits of the Gothic style diminish?

I'm not sure.

What is the only style of building that still remains from this period today?

I'm not sure.

With what organization are many Gothic cathedrals unlisted as World Heritage Sites?

I'm not sure.

Why are only smaller cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?

I'm not sure.


The term "Gothic architecture" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term "barbarous German style" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to "the Goths" whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. At the time in which Vasari was writing, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement.

What type of description did the term "Gothic architecture" originate as?

a pejorative description

Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?

Giorgio Vasari

Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?

"the Goths"

How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?

a century

In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived?

the Renaissance

What type of description did the term "Gothic architecture" dismiss?

I'm not sure.

Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Modern style?

I'm not sure.

Who does Vasari believe destroyed new buildings after they fell to Rome?

I'm not sure.

How long had Italy stopped building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?

I'm not sure.

What period was the Classical architecture vocabulary forgotten?

I'm not sure.


The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, the Low Countries, England and Spain, with other fine examples occurring across Europe.

What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style?

churches

What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

Northern France

What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

the Low Countries

What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

England

What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

Spain

What type of structures remaining today have the only examples of the Gothic style?

I'm not sure.

What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly forbidden?

I'm not sure.

What is the only region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

I'm not sure.

What country no longer has examples of Gothic buildings?

I'm not sure.


At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.

At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?

the end of the 12th century

What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?

the Holy Roman Empire

What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?

modern France

Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?

the Hanseatic League

What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?

Angevin kings

What century was Europe split into two city states and kingdoms?

I'm not sure.

What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled small domains?

I'm not sure.

What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Asia?

I'm not sure.

What league affected trade connections with Peru?

I'm not sure.

What was the region covering modern Germany, northern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of southern Italy known as?

I'm not sure.


Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns. Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other, or united for mutual weal, as in the Hanseatic League. Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, rather than grand town halls for their burghers.

Europe experienced a rapid growth in what at this time?

trade

What is one country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time?

Germany

What type of building was considered to be very important and a sign of affluence and achievement?

Civic building

What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?

England

What is another country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?

France

What did Europe experience a rapid decline in at this time?

I'm not sure.

What is the only country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time?

I'm not sure.

What type of building was considered to be very unimportant and a sign of affluence and achievement?

I'm not sure.

What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its burghers rather than its royalty?

I'm not sure.


The Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England. A part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce. The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France, the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries.

What church was widespread across Europe at this time?

The Catholic Church

Who were bishops appointed by?

by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)

Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism?

The early Medieval periods

What types of church were the Benedictines known for?

great abbey churches

What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France?

Cistercian Orders

What church was widespread across Asia at this time?

I'm not sure.

Who were bishops killed by?

I'm not sure.

Which periods saw a very slow growth in Monasticism?

I'm not sure.

What types of church were the Benedictines unknown for?

I'm not sure.

What is one type of Benedictine order that was rare in France?

I'm not sure.


From the 10th to the 13th century, Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland, Croatia, Sweden and Sicily. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders do not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops. Regional differences that are apparent in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period often become even more apparent in the Gothic.

During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?

10th to the 13th century

What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?

Croatia

Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?

proximity of some regions

During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?

the Gothic

England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?

Spain

What time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of destruction?

I'm not sure.

What is the only country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?

I'm not sure.

Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?

I'm not sure.

Which period did regional similarities in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?

I'm not sure.

What other country aside from England showed identical architectural style frequently observed everywhere else?

I'm not sure.


In Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick. The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik" in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League. In Italy, stone was used for fortifications, but brick was preferred for other buildings. Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble, many buildings were faced in marble, or were left with undecorated façade so that this might be achieved at a later date.

Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone?

brick

What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?

Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik"

What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia?

"Backsteingotik"

Why were many buildings covered with marble?

Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble

With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time?

undecorated façade

What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of one brick?

I'm not sure.

What building style was the Hanseatic League disconnected with in Germany and Scandinavia?

I'm not sure.

Why were many buildings covered with marbles?

I'm not sure.

With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to never be completed at a later time?

I'm not sure.


By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.

What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?

Norman architecture

By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?

the 12th century

The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire  the basic architectural forms throughout which period?

the Medieval period

What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?

the cathedral church

What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?

the palace

What is Romanesque architecture no longer known as in England?

I'm not sure.

What century was the Romanesque style forgotten all over Europe?

I'm not sure.

What is one useless category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?

I'm not sure.

What is the only category of building that was demolished during the Romanesque period?

I'm not sure.


It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France.

What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque?

the pointed arch

What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?

the flying buttresses

What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?

traceried windows

What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?

Durham Cathedral

What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?

Cathedral of Cefalù

What was the least important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque?

I'm not sure.

What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be ignored because of technological innovation?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the cathedral in Southern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the twisted arch?

I'm not sure.

What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be forgotten because of technological innovation?

I'm not sure.


The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman context, evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures, like the Roman Karamagara Bridge; in Sassanid architecture, in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction.

What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?

The pointed arch

Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?

Islamic architecture

What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?

Sassanian architecture

The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?

secular structures

Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?

palace and sacred construction

What is the only defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?

I'm not sure.

Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the fifth century?

I'm not sure.

What other type of architecture also made use of the curved arch?

I'm not sure.

What type of construction involved many twisted arches?

I'm not sure.


Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, as seen, for example, in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals, the Alcázar of Seville, and Teruel Cathedral.

What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

cultural contacts with the Muslim world

What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily

In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?

those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control

What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?

Cefalù Cathedrals

What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?

Teruel Cathedral

What could have eliminated Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

I'm not sure.

What event in the year 1290 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

I'm not sure.

Which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Asian and Islamic styles occur?

I'm not sure.

What is the only cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?

I'm not sure.

What is the worst example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, French and Islamic styles can be seen?

I'm not sure.


The characteristic forms that were to define Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture and developed at several different geographic locations, as the result of different influences and structural requirements. While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture, ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen, Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120. Another early example is the nave and apse area of the Cathedral of Cefalù in 1131. The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England, built from 1128 to 1133, is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault.

The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style?

Romanesque

Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture?

Romanesque architecture

What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames?

ribbed vaults

When was Durham Cathedral constructed?

from 1128 to 1133

What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults?

Durham Cathedral in England

What style helped to destroy Gothic architecture?

I'm not sure.

What type of vaults were lost in the Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames?

I'm not sure.

When was Durham Cathedral abandoned?

I'm not sure.

What cathedral last made use of pointed arches in low vaults?

I'm not sure.


The Basilica of Saint Denis is generally cited as the first truly Gothic building, however the distinction is best reserved for the choir, of which the ambulatory remains intact. Noyon Cathedral, also in France, saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231. While using all those features that came to be known as Gothic, including pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting, the builders continued to employ many of the features and much of the character of Romanesque architecture including round-headed arch throughout the building, varying the shape to pointed where it was functionally practical to do so.

What is considered the first truly Gothic building?

The Basilica of Saint Denis

Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?

Noyon Cathedral

What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?

ribbed vaulting

What is considered the last true Gothic building?

I'm not sure.

Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1140 to 1241?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the features that is no longer an important part of the Gothic style?

I'm not sure.

When was the Noyon Cathedral abandoned?

I'm not sure.


At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral.

What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?

Abbey Saint-Denis

When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?

in 1175

Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230?

Adam Locke

Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral?

Wells Cathedral

What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?

Notre Dame de Paris

What is one cathedral in which complex cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?

I'm not sure.

When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England halted?

I'm not sure.

Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1130?

I'm not sure.

Which Cathedral is considered the only thoroughly Gothic cathedral?

I'm not sure.