A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]

What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?

comprehensive school

What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?

selective school system

What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?

England and Wales

How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?

What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?

Gesamtschule

What kind of school bases its admissions on academic merit?

I'm not sure.

What kind of school system uses academic failure to judge admissions?

I'm not sure.

What countries unused comprehensive schools extensively?

I'm not sure.

How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in Scotland?

I'm not sure.

What is the Austrian analogue of the comprehensive school?

I'm not sure.


Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11–16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain.

What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?

design and technology and vocational learning

What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?

Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges

Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?

City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes

What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were found often in grammar schools?

I'm not sure.

What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in high schools?

I'm not sure.

What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-18 comprehensive school education?

I'm not sure.

What three kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?

I'm not sure.

Which types of school projects haven't called the model of comprehensive schools into question?

I'm not sure.


In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.

How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?

In what year were comprehensive schools first created?

How many selective high schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?

I'm not sure.

How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in Scotland and Wales?

I'm not sure.

How many selective grammar schools are no longer functioning in England and Wales?

I'm not sure.

In what year weren't comprehensive schools first created?

I'm not sure.

In what year were comprehensive schools first closed?

I'm not sure.


In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.

What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?

neighbourhood

What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?

Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges

What is a word that can't be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?

I'm not sure.

What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of an uncomprehensive school's intake?

I'm not sure.

What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's discharge?

I'm not sure.

What are some old initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of uncomprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.


Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1–6, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7–9, yläaste, yläkoulu) has been discontinued.

In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?

What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?

7 to 16

In what decade didn't Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did Sweden begin employing comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did Finland stop employing comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

What age ranges does Swedish comprehensive school cover?

I'm not sure.

What age ranges does Finnish uncomprehensive school cover?

I'm not sure.


Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.

What type of school is the Gesamtschule?

comprehensive

What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?

remedial

What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?

the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur

What type of school isn't the Gesamtschule?

I'm not sure.

What type of hospital is the Gesamtschule?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of courses aren't offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of courses are offered to students who are experiencing academic success?

I'm not sure.

What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can't earn?

I'm not sure.


The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.

What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?

What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?

less than 1%

What percentage of Brandenburg teachers went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2008?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Brandenburg students never went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Bavarian teachers went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2008?

I'm not sure.


Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).

What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?

Stadtteilschule

What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?

Sekundarschule

In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?

What wasn't the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?

I'm not sure.

What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburger?

I'm not sure.

What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen not called in Berlin?

I'm not sure.

What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlinberg?

I'm not sure.

In what school year were Hauptschulen last combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?

I'm not sure.


The "Mittelschule" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.

What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?

college preparatory classes

What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?

Abitur

What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?

Hauptschule

What kind of classes are offered in Mittelschule?

I'm not sure.

What kind of meetings are not offered in Mittelschule?

I'm not sure.

What certificate is available to Mittelschule students?

I'm not sure.

What certificate is not available to Mittelschule teachers?

I'm not sure.

What kind of school is available in some parts of Germany?

I'm not sure.


Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "Five", which means "Failed". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of "Three Plus". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule "Abitur light". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from "underprivileged groups" and sneering at their performance was a "piece of impudence".

What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?

grade inflation

Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?

Barbara Sommer

Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?

Sigrid Beer

Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?

Christian Democratic Union

Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?

Alliance '90/The Greens

What type of misconduct have uncomprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?

I'm not sure.

Which German mWhich German minister criticized uncomprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?inister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?

I'm not sure.

Which German politician defended uncomprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

Which party doesn't Barbara Sommer belong to?

I'm not sure.

Which party doesn't Sigrid Beer belong to?

I'm not sure.


Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest.

Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?

bright working class students

From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?

middle class peers

At which school do students achieve the least success?

Hauptschule

Who couldn't be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?

I'm not sure.

Who could be protected by the Gasemtschulen?

I'm not sure.

From what group doesn't an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at uncomprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

At which school do students achieve the most success?

I'm not sure.


According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.

Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?

Helmut Fend

To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?

tripartite system

Who never conducted a study on comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

Who conducted a study on uncomprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

To which system didn't Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?

I'm not sure.

To which system did Fend compare uncomprehensive school alumni?

I'm not sure.

To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school faculty?

I'm not sure.


Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels.

When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?

Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?

sixth form

What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?

A-levels

When was the last comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?

I'm not sure.

When was the first comprehensive school closed in Gibraltar?

I'm not sure.

Where can't students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?

I'm not sure.

Where can students go after finishing uncomprehensive school in Gibraltar?

I'm not sure.

What examinations do students prepare for in the fifth form?

I'm not sure.


Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'

When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?

Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?

Patrick Hillery

What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?

vocational school system

What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?

community school

When did Ireland last open comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

When did Ireland first close comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

Who was unresponsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

What type of school has surpassed uncomprehensive schools in Ireland?

I'm not sure.


In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.

In what decade were community schools conceived?

Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?

The state

In what decade weren't community schools conceived?

I'm not sure.

In what decade were community schools closed?

I'm not sure.

Who rents the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?

I'm not sure.

Who owns the land on which Scotish comprehensive schools are found?

I'm not sure.

Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools aren't found?

I'm not sure.


The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.

What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?

the denominational basis of the schools

What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?

Community colleges

What didn't the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?

I'm not sure.

What did the community school system add to the comprehensive school model?

I'm not sure.

What did the community school system remove from the uncomprehensive school model?

I'm not sure.

What is a term for a grouping of local schools that can exist independently?

I'm not sure.

What is a term for a grouping of global schools that cannot exist independently?

I'm not sure.


The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.

In what year was the Walworth School established?

Who established the Walworth School?

London County Council

What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?

Holyhead County School

When was Holyhead County School established?

Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?

Woodlands Boys School

In what year was the Walworth School closed?

I'm not sure.

Who closed the Walworth School?

I'm not sure.

What uncomprehensive school was established in Anglesey?

I'm not sure.

When was Holyhead County School closed?

I'm not sure.

Which uncomprehensive school openend in coventry?

I'm not sure.


The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]

Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?

Anthony Crosland

what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?

Secretary of State for Education

Which type of school was not in widespread usage?

Secondary technical schools

Who was responsible for the proliferation of uncomprehensive schools in 1965?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1956?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?

I'm not sure.

what wasn't Anthony Crosland's role in government?

I'm not sure.

Which type of school was in widespread usage?

I'm not sure.


In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.

Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?

Margaret Thatcher

What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?

comprehensive

What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?

Conservative

Who wasn't made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?

I'm not sure.

Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1972?

I'm not sure.

What kind of school didn't Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?

I'm not sure.

What kind of school did Thatcher start the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?

I'm not sure.

What party wasn't in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?

I'm not sure.


By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.

By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?

What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?

neighbourhood comprehensives

Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?

comprehensive schools

What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?

Sandwell and Dudley

By what year didn't the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?

I'm not sure.

By what year did the 21-plus exam mainly fall out of use?

I'm not sure.

What didn't secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?

I'm not sure.

Grammar schools that closed were converted to what?

I'm not sure.

What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '60s?

I'm not sure.


In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.

Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?

James Callaghan

What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?

Comprehensive school

Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?

Labour

Who ended the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?

I'm not sure.

Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1967?

I'm not sure.

What is the only kind of school not operating in Wales?

I'm not sure.

What is the only kind of school operating in England?

I'm not sure.

Which political party was James Callaghan not a member of?

I'm not sure.


Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.

What law enables parents full control over their child's education?

Education Reform Act

In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?

What concept does the government currently support for education?

specialisation

Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?

league tables of school performance

What law disables parents full control over their child's education?

I'm not sure.

What law enables parents no control over their child's education?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Education Reform Act scrapped?

I'm not sure.

What concept does the government currently not support for education?

I'm not sure.

Parental choice hasn't informed what controversial practice?

I'm not sure.


Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.

All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?

comprehensive

What has Scotland refused to adopt?

specialist schools

When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?

All private primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?

I'm not sure.

All public primary and secondary schools in England are of what type?

I'm not sure.

What has England refused to adopt?

I'm not sure.

When was England's latest rejection of the specialist school model?

I'm not sure.

When wasn't Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?

I'm not sure.


Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.

Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?

Scotland

Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?

England and Wales

Which country isn't Northern England's school system most different from?

I'm not sure.

Which country is Northern Ireland's school system most different from?

I'm not sure.

Which country is Northern England's school system most same as?

I'm not sure.

Which countries have school systems very different from Northern Ireland?

I'm not sure.

Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern England?

I'm not sure.


There is some controversy about comprehensive schools. As a rule of thumb those supporting The Left Party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Alliance '90/The Greens are in favour of comprehensive schools, while those supporting the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party are opposed to them.

What isn't some controversy about?

I'm not sure.

What aren't generally in favor of comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

What are generally in favor of uncomprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

What are generally in favor of comprehensive schools?

I'm not sure.

What are generally in favor of comprehensive hospitals?

I'm not sure.


The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.

What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?

République du Congo

Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?

Central African Republic

Whic country lies on Congo's western border?

Gabon

Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?

Cameroon

In what part of Africa is the Congo located?

Central Africa

What is the Angolan name for The Republic of the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What country borders the west of Gabon?

I'm not sure.

What borders northwest Cameroon?

I'm not sure.

What is the French name for Gabon?

I'm not sure.

What is the Central African Republic also known as?

I'm not sure.


The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.

What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?

Bantu

When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?

Who is the ruler of the Congo?

Denis Sassou Nguesso

What title does Nguesso hold?

President

What language dominated Equatorial Africa?

I'm not sure.

When did the Congo lose its independence from colonial rule?

I'm not sure.

What year was President Denis Sassou Nguesso ousted?

I'm not sure.

What conflict removed President Denis Sassou Nguesso from power?

I'm not sure.

How many years did President Denis Sassou Nguesso rule the democratically elected government?

I'm not sure.


The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.

What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?

fourth

What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?

oil revenues

What factors led to the Republic of Congo being the third largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea?

I'm not sure.

What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world?

I'm not sure.

What income is evenly distributed in the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What economic status did oil revenue fail to provide for the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What kind of services in the Congo are in good shape?

I'm not sure.


Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.

What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?

Pygmy

When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?

1500 BC

The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?

Bantu

What language did the Pygmy people speak?

I'm not sure.

When did the Pygmy people displace the Bantu?

I'm not sure.

What did the Pygmy people form a basis for?

I'm not sure.

What Bantu kingdom never traded with the Congo River basin?

I'm not sure.

What Pygmy kingdom built trade links with the Congo River basin?

I'm not sure.


The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.

Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?

Diogo Cão

What was Diogo Cao's nationality?

Portuguese

What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?

commodities, manufactured goods, and people

When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?

late 19th century

Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?

Bantu societies

What Bantu explorer reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of something that was not traded between the Bantu and European merchants?

I'm not sure.

What was responsible for the power of Bantu societies growing in the late 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What area did the Bantu colonize in the late 19th century?

I'm not sure.

Colonization increased the power of what group in the Congo River basin?

I'm not sure.


The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.

When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?

Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?

Pierre de Brazza

What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?

Middle Congo

What group of French colonies was created in 1908?

French Equatorial Africa

How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?

When did the area south of the Congo River come under French sovereignty?

I'm not sure.

When did Middle Congo become known as French Congo?

I'm not sure.

What did the Bateke designate as the federal capital?

I'm not sure.

What did economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule ignore?

I'm not sure.

How many lives were lost building the Congo-Ocean Railroad before World War I?

I'm not sure.


During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.

What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?

Brazzaville

What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?

Brazzaville Conference of 1944

When did Brazzaville get its own local government?

What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?

the Fourth Republic

What served as the symbolic capital of France during World War I?

I'm not sure.

When was Brazzaville established as the Third Republic?

I'm not sure.

What was the symbolic capital of the Nazis from 1940 to 1943?

I'm not sure.

What stopped Congo from benefiting from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending?

I'm not sure.

What kind of legislature did Brazzaville receive prior to 1946?

I'm not sure.


Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.

When was the Fifth Republic founded?

What was disbanded in 1958?

the AEF

In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?

the Republic of the Congo

When did the Congo establish its first constitution?

When was the Second Republic established?

I'm not sure.

What established the Third Republic?

I'm not sure.

When did the Republic of the Congo become known as Middle Congo?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Mbochis subdue a riot?

I'm not sure.

Who subdued a series of riots in 1959?

I'm not sure.


The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.

On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?

August 15, 1960

Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?

Fulbert Youlou

Who replaced Youlou?

Alphonse Massamba-Débat

Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?

labour elements and rival political parties

Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?

Congolese military

When did the Congo lose independence from colonial rule?

I'm not sure.

What ousted Alphonse Massamba-Débat from power?

I'm not sure.

Who installed Fulbert Youlou as head of the civilian provisional government?

I'm not sure.

What took charge of the country for a long time?

I'm not sure.

When did France receive independence from the Republic of Congo?

I'm not sure.


Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.

Who became president of the Congo in 1963?

Massamba-Débat

What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?

scientific socialism

Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?

Cuban

When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?

September 1968

What was the country's ideology before Massamba-Débat's term in office?

I'm not sure.

When did the Soviet Union establish relations with North Korea?

I'm not sure.

Who was elected president for a 10 year term?

I'm not sure.

How many Chinese troops were invited into the Congo?

I'm not sure.

When was there a coup led by paratroopers loyal to Massamba-Débat?

I'm not sure.


Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.

Who became president of the Congo in 1968?

Marien Ngouabi

What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?

People's Republic of the Congo

What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?

Congolese Labour Party

In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?

On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?

March 16, 1977

Who left the presidency on December 31, 1968?

I'm not sure.

Who became president after Denis Sassou Nguesso?

I'm not sure.

What did the Congo's name change to under Denis Sassou Nguesso?

I'm not sure.

When did Denis Sassou Nguesso survive a coup?

I'm not sure.

When was Joachim Yhombi-Opango assassinated?

I'm not sure.


Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.

Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?

Eastern Bloc

Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?

the Soviet Union

What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?

dictatorship

What was an important tool of the Sassou government?

political repression

Who aligned the country with the Western Bloc?

I'm not sure.

Who relied more on patronage to maintain his dictatorship?

I'm not sure.

What was the least important tool of the Sassou government?

I'm not sure.

What did Sassou sign a ten year friendship pact with?

I'm not sure.

How long was the friendship pact Sassou signed with the Eastern Bloc?

I'm not sure.


Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.

Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?

Pascal Lissouba

Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?

IMF

What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?

civil war

What does ESAF stand for?

enhanced structural adjustment facility

Who was Congo's last elected president?

I'm not sure.

What year did the IMF turn down  a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility?

I'm not sure.

When did civil war end in Congo?

I'm not sure.

Who was president during the period of single party democracy?

I'm not sure.


Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.

Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?

Lissouba and Sassou

What is the name of Sassou's personal army?

Cobras

What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?

Angolan

In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?

October

When did Congo's democratic progress get back on track?

I'm not sure.

When did the tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps start to dissipate?

I'm not sure.

When did government forces surround Lissouba's compound?

I'm not sure.

Where was Lissouba's compound located?

I'm not sure.

What were members of Lissouba's militia called?

I'm not sure.


In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.

Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?

Milongo

How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?

seven years

When was the new constitution ratified?

January 2002

When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?

April 2003

Who won more than 90% of the vote?

I'm not sure.

When did Bernard Kolelas win the election?

I'm not sure.

What did Lissouba advise his supporters to do?

I'm not sure.

What did international observers see no problem with?

I'm not sure.

What reduced the president's term to seven years?

I'm not sure.


Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".

Who won the presidential election in 2009?

Sassou

Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?

Congolese Observatory of Human Rights

What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?

very low

What election did Sassou lose?

I'm not sure.

What year did Sassou lose re-election?

I'm not sure.

Who said the election was marked by very high turnout?

I'm not sure.

What governmental organization commented on the election?

I'm not sure.

What month did Sassou lose an election in?

I'm not sure.


Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.

What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?

multi-party

Which party does Sassou belong to?

Congolese Labour Party

What is the French term for Sassou's political party?

Parti Congolais du Travail

Since when has Congo-Brazzaville has a single party political system?

I'm not sure.

Who has serious competition in the presidential elections?

I'm not sure.

What is the Congolese Labour Party called in German?

I'm not sure.

What party does not back Sassou?

I'm not sure.

What is not dominated by Sassou?

I'm not sure.


Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".

What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?

corruption revelations

What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?

France

What did Sassou's regime not attempt to censor?

I'm not sure.

What has Sassou's regime been hit by nationally?

I'm not sure.

What did one German investigation find?

I'm not sure.

What did France denounce embezzlement investigations as?

I'm not sure.

What country were no lavish properties found in?

I'm not sure.


On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.

When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?

March 27, 2015

Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?

third

When did Sassou announce that his government would not change the 2002 constitution?

I'm not sure.

What changed the 2015 constitution?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people did the government claim opposed the proposal?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people did the government claim did not vote?

I'm not sure.

What allowed Sassou to run for a second term?

I'm not sure.


In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.

Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008

the government

How many government TV stations exist?

one

How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?

When was the main media not owned by the government?

I'm not sure.

When were many privately run forms of media being destroyed?

I'm not sure.

How many large private television channels were there?

I'm not sure.

How many government owned radio stations were there?

I'm not sure.

How many privately owned radio stations were running?

I'm not sure.


Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.

Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?

Bantus

The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?

pets

When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?

December 30, 2010

Who do many Bantus belong to?

I'm not sure.

When did the Congolese parliament strike down a law to protect indigenous people?

I'm not sure.

What is the last of its kind in Africa?

I'm not sure.

What does the Congolese Human Rights Observatory say Bantus are treated as?

I'm not sure.

What does no one refer to as slavery?

I'm not sure.


Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.

Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?

4°N and 5°S

Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?

11° and 19°E

What ocean connects to the Congo?

Atlantic Ocean

Which country lies southwest of the Congo?

Cabinda

What is another name for Cabinda?

Angola

What is located in the northern part of sub-Saharan Africa?

I'm not sure.

What is outside of latitudes 4°N and 5°S?

I'm not sure.

What is to the west of Gabon?

I'm not sure.

What is to the north of Cameroon?

I'm not sure.

What has a long coast on the Atlantic Ocean?

I'm not sure.


The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

What is the capital of the Congo?

Brazzaville

On what river can Brazzaville be found?

Congo River

What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?

Kinshasa

What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Where is Kinshasa located?

I'm not sure.

What is located in the north of the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What is located in the south of the Republic of the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What city is not located on the Congo River?

I'm not sure.

What city is located far away from Brazzaville?

I'm not sure.


The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.

What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?

coastal plain

Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?

Kouilou-Niari River

The middle of the country features what kind of geography?

plateau

What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?

Forests

What is not under increasing exploitation pressure?

I'm not sure.

What river is the source of drainage for the interior of the country?

I'm not sure.

What kind of geography does the northeast of the country have?

I'm not sure.

How many basins are located outside of the country?

I'm not sure.

What do forests in the Congo not have to face?

I'm not sure.


Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March–May and another in September–November.

On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?

Equator

What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up?

24 °C (75 °F)

What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time?

16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F)

When does the Congo experience dry season?

June to August

Why does the country's climate vary year-round?

I'm not sure.

What is the temperature on an unusual day?

I'm not sure.

What is the yearly rainfall in the north of the country?

I'm not sure.

How many rainfall maxima does the minority of the country have?

I'm not sure.

What is not located on the Equator?

I'm not sure.


In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.

Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?

Wildlife Conservation Society

What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?

Sangha Region

What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?

inhospitable swamps

When did researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society study chimps?

I'm not sure.

Where did researchers study chimps in heavily forested regions?

I'm not sure.

How many chimpanzees live in the area?

I'm not sure.

What has kept the chimps isolated from humans?

I'm not sure.

In what kind of regions did researchers not find any gorillas?

I'm not sure.


The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth.

What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?

Petroleum

What are two issues in the Congolese government?

budget problems and overstaffing

What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?

forestry

What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?

What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?

What is not a part of Congo's economy?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest part of the industrial sector?

I'm not sure.

What is characterized by under staffing?

I'm not sure.

What percent of the GDP did forestry account for in 2008?

I'm not sure.

What percent of exports in 2008 were handicrafts?

I'm not sure.


In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.

What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?

large-scale development projects

What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?

By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?

How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?

When did oil revenues rapidly decline?

I'm not sure.

What enabled the government to finance small development projects?

I'm not sure.

What was financed by rising forestry revenues?

I'm not sure.

What contributed to an excess of revenues?

I'm not sure.

What year was inflation at its lowest point?

I'm not sure.


Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.

What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?

civil war

What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?

slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict

When did military conflict resume in the Congo?

December 1998

What organization never supported economic reform efforts?

I'm not sure.

When did the reform program start?

I'm not sure.

When did Sassou leave power?

I'm not sure.

What was helped by slumping oil prices?

I'm not sure.

Who did not express interest in economic reforms?

I'm not sure.


The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.

What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?

stimulating recovery and reducing poverty

What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?

Natural gas and diamonds

When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?

Who presides over a stable peace?

I'm not sure.

When were oil prices at a record low?

I'm not sure.

What country allegedly smuggled diamonds out of the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What is not a Congolese export?

I'm not sure.

When was the Democratic Republic of Congo excluded from the Kimberly process?

I'm not sure.


The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.

What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?

base metal, gold, iron and phosphate

What business organization is the Congo a member of?

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?

200,000 hectares

What country doesn't have many metal deposits?

I'm not sure.

When did the South African government sign an agreement to lease land to Congolese farmers?

I'm not sure.

What country did the South African government lease land to?

I'm not sure.

How much land did South Africa lease to the Congo?

I'm not sure.

Why did South Africa lease land to the Democratic Republic of Congo?

I'm not sure.


Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.

What forms of transport are available in the Congo?

land, air and water

When was the Congo's train system built?

What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?

Paris

On what ocean is a major port located?

Atlantic Ocean

What method of transport is not available in the Republic of the Congo?

I'm not sure.

When did the country's rail system get taken out of operation?

I'm not sure.

How many kilometers of unpaved roads are in the Congo?

I'm not sure.

How many domestic airports are located in the Republic of the Congo?

I'm not sure.

Which ocean does the Congo have no ports on?

I'm not sure.


The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.

In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?

southwest

How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?

534-kilometre (332 mi)

What percent of the population of the Congo lives outside urban areas?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the small cities in the Congo?

I'm not sure.

How long is the road that connects the largest cities?

I'm not sure.

Where has commercial activity increased rapidly?

I'm not sure.

What are urban economies dependent on the government for?

I'm not sure.


Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.

How many languages are used in the Congo?

What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?

Kongo

How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?

What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?

What country has a narrow range of languages?

I'm not sure.

How many languages are spoken outside of the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What amount of the Kongo are Laari?

I'm not sure.

What group lives on the Pacific coast?

I'm not sure.

How many groups can the Teke be categorized into?

I'm not sure.


Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.

Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?

about 9,000

What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?

French

How many Americans live in the Congo?

Around 300

How many Americans lived in the Congo before 1997?

I'm not sure.

How many French expatriates reside in the Congo?

I'm not sure.

How many Congolese expatriates live in America?

I'm not sure.

Where did 9000 Europeans and other non-Africans live after the 1997 war?

I'm not sure.


According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.

What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?

Catholics

What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?

What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?

What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?

Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?

foreign workers

What religion is notable due to an influx of foreign workers in the rural areas?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Congolese are atheist?

I'm not sure.

What is the most popular religion in South Africa, according to the CIA World Factbook?

I'm not sure.

What religion is not found in the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What is the percentage of Protestants in South Africa?

I'm not sure.


Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).

How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?

What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?

How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?

For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?

What percentage of the GDP was public expenditure health after 2004?

I'm not sure.

What was the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in people over 49?

I'm not sure.

How much was spent on health per capita after 2004?

I'm not sure.

What is happening to only a small portion of the population?

I'm not sure.

How many physicians per 100,000 people were there in the late 2000s?

I'm not sure.


As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.

As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?

What does FGM stand for?

Female genital mutilation

How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?

What was the maternal mortality rate of the Congo in the year 2000?

I'm not sure.

What was the infant mortality rate of the Congo in 1990?

I'm not sure.

What procedure is common in the country?

I'm not sure.

Where is female genital mutilation not found in the Congo?

I'm not sure.

What is the infant mortality rate in South Africa?

I'm not sure.


Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields—is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.

Public schooling is required for people under what age?

What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?

What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?

baccalaureate

What language is used in Congolese schools?

French

What was higher in 2002 than in 1991?

I'm not sure.

What is theoretically free for people over 16?

I'm not sure.

When is education not compulsory?

I'm not sure.

What is the country's only private university?

I'm not sure.

What courses are not offered at Marien Ngouabi University?

I'm not sure.


A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.

What branch of government does the prime minister lead?

executive

What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?

cabinet

In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?

civil service

Who is the senior minister of the judicial branch?

I'm not sure.

What group oversees the Prime Minister?

I'm not sure.

Who selects the Prime Minister?

I'm not sure.

In what type of system is the prime minister the head of state?

I'm not sure.


In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?

Westminster system

What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?

ceremonial

In wich parlimentry system is the monarch the head of state?

I'm not sure.

In what system does the prime minister have reserve powers?

I'm not sure.


The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.

What is a central duty of the prime minister?

ensure the passage of bills

What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?

royal prerogative

Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?

parliament

Who has no reponsibility for passing bills with the rest of the cabinet?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when the monarch has all the executive powers?

I'm not sure.

Who must consent to the use of royal perogative?

I'm not sure.


As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior

What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?

First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service

In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?

Minister of Defence

What are former titles once held by the Prime Minister of the UK?

I'm not sure.

What role did Winton Churchhill serve in during World War II rather than Prime Minister?

I'm not sure.

What roles did Benjamin Netanyahu serve in prior to serving on the cabinet of Israel?

I'm not sure.


The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.

When was the title of prime minister first used?

Who coined the term prime minister?

Cardinal Richelieu

What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?

France

Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?

Louis XIV

What term was first used in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

Who used the term Prme Minister in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

Who was named head of the royal council in the 16th century

I'm not sure.

Who avoided giving the title of Prime Minister to their chief ministers?

I'm not sure.


The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.

When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?

18th century

Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?

Sir Robert Walpole

What came into use in the 1800's?

I'm not sure.

Who was the first person to be called Prime Minister?

I'm not sure.

What title is no longer honorific?

I'm not sure.

What term was used negatively in the 1800's?

I'm not sure.


The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".

Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?

Thomas Cromwell

Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?

Godolphin

Who served as the head minister under Charles II?

Clarendon

Who did the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom not trust?

I'm not sure.

What position did Thomas Cromwell hold under Queen Anne?

I'm not sure.


The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.

From whom did ministers derive their power?

the monarch

Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?

the monarch

What majority was the prime minister dependent on?

I'm not sure.

What body did the monarch have no control over?

I'm not sure.

What body had life long membership?

I'm not sure.


When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.

Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?

Harley and St John

Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?

Clarendon

What two ministers fought for power uner Anne?

I'm not sure.

Who exiled the monarch?

I'm not sure.

Who did the monarch refuse to have executed?

I'm not sure.


In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.

What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?

Glorious Revolution

What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?

Bill of Rights

What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?

House of Commons

What war took place in the 1700's?

I'm not sure.

What war strenthened the monarchs position?

I'm not sure.

What Revolution took place in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

What bill was passed in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

What bill gave the monarch the power to establish law and impose taxes?

I'm not sure.


A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.

The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?

George I

In what year did Queen Anne die?

Where was George I's home?

Hanover

When did George I die?

I'm not sure.

What language did George speak?

I'm not sure.

Who did George appoint head of the government?

I'm not sure.


From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."

For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?

twenty-one years

What party did Walpole belong to?

Whig

What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?

doctrine of cabinet solidarity

What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?

resign

Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?

Lord Melbourne

Who was the prime minister in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

Who waited 21 years to become Prime minister?

I'm not sure.

Who's opponents packed the House of Commons?

I'm not sure.

Who did the monarch declare could see him in private?

I'm not sure.


Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.

Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?

parliamentarians and legal scholars

Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?

George II and George III

During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?

Benjamin Disraeli

When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?

Who tried to prove the exitence of the Prime Minister?

I'm not sure.

What monarch gave more power to the prime minister?

I'm not sure.

Who was loyal to the Commons?

I'm not sure.

What prime minster was mentally ill?

I'm not sure.


By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.

In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?

president

What did most countries have by the late 2000's?

I'm not sure.

Where in the Amaricas has the British system been adopted?

I'm not sure.


Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.

Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?

Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah

When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?

What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?

Bahrain

who is the longest serving elected prime minister?

I'm not sure.


The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister".

Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?

parliamentary republics

In whic type of government is the leader elected?

parliamentary republics

What other country besides Greece is a constitutional monarch?

I'm not sure.

Who is elected in a constitutional monarch?

I'm not sure.


This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.

What is the term for the head of China's government?

Premier of the State Council

What is another name for the Republic of China?

Taiwan

Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?

legislature

Who is both head of state and the head of government in France?

I'm not sure.

Who is appointed by the president and approved by the legislature in Taiwan?

I'm not sure.


Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.

What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?

cohabitation

What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?

resignation of the government

What french official must be approved by the parliment?

I'm not sure.

what can the prime minister force in order to oust the government in France?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when the president and and legislature are controlled by the same party

I'm not sure.


Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?

Bangladesh's

What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?

the process of his/her appointment and dismissal

What contry only vaugly outlines the role of prime minister?

I'm not sure.


The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.

What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?

the National People's Congress

What is the pinyin form of premier?

Zŏnglĭ

Who is directly below the premier in the People's Republic of China?

I'm not sure.


Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.

Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?

the Constitution Act

When was the Constitution Act passed?

The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?

federal and provincial first ministers

What country has completly uncodified constitution?

I'm not sure.

What document in Canada has allowed for a prime minister since it was drafted?

I'm not sure.

What act was passed in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.


Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?

constitution

Who's constitution is not clear on how a prime minster should be removed?

I'm not sure.


The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).

When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?

first decade of the twentieth century

Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?

Balfour

When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?

Who's constitution is well codefied?

I'm not sure.

What office did not exist in any form in the UK until the early twentieth century?

I'm not sure.

Who was the forst prime minister to also be Chancellor of the Exchequer?

I'm not sure.

When did Balfour leave the offeice of Chancellor of the Exchequer to become Prime Minisater?

I'm not sure.


Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.

Which prime minister was appointed only one time?

Margaret Thatcher

When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?

When did Thatcher last hold power?

What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?

cabinet

What leader of the cabinet has a limeted term?

I'm not sure.

What Prime Minister was appointed multiple times?

I'm not sure.


Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.

What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland?

Taoiseach

From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?

the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament

When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated?

after every general election

Who is chosen from the party that hold a minority of seats in the lower hhouse of parliment?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Taoiseach in the UK?

I'm not sure.

When is the Taoiseach reelected?

I'm not sure.


In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:

Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?

lower house of parliament

Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?

upper houses

What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?

vote of confidence

What needs the support of the upper house of parliment?

I'm not sure.

What does the lower house seldom use?

I'm not sure.

What kind of referendum can the lower house take against the upper house of parliment?

I'm not sure.


The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.

Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?

head of state

If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?

resignation of the prime minister and his or her government

In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?

prime minister

who has the power to disolve parliment?

I'm not sure.

Who can the prime minister damand a resignation from?

I'm not sure.

what kind of dissalution can parliment request?

I'm not sure.


Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).

When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?

In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?

The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?

the Executive Council

What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?

cabinet

Who lost the power to request a dissolution of parliment in 1918?

I'm not sure.

since when has the power to request a dissalution belonged to the whole government?

I'm not sure.

What does the Executive Council have the power to do in Ireland?

I'm not sure.

What could the Taoiseach due prior to 1922

I'm not sure.