There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of the astronomical gnomon, armillary sphere, sight tube, and clepsydra, and described the use of drydocks to repair boats. After observing the natural process of the inundation of silt and the find of marine fossils in the Taihang Mountains (hundreds of miles from the Pacific Ocean), Shen Kuo devised a theory of land formation, or geomorphology. He also adopted a theory of gradual climate change in regions over time, after observing petrified bamboo found underground at Yan'an, Shaanxi province. If not for Shen Kuo's writing, the architectural works of Yu Hao would be little known, along with the inventor of movable type printing, Bi Sheng (990-1051). Shen's contemporary Su Song (1020–1101) was also a brilliant polymath, an astronomer who created a celestial atlas of star maps, wrote a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy, and had erected a large astronomical clocktower in Kaifeng city in 1088. To operate the crowning armillary sphere, his clocktower featured an escapement mechanism and the world's oldest known use of an endless power-transmitting chain drive.

Who discovered the idea of true north?

Shen Kuo

When was Shen Kuo alive?

What are drydocks used for?

to repair boats

What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo?

geomorphology

What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change?

petrified bamboo


The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries "learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture." Western academic thought on the history of Chinese technology and science was galvanized by the work of Joseph Needham and the Needham Research Institute. Among the technological accomplishments of China were, according to the British scholar Needham, early seismological detectors (Zhang Heng in the 2nd century), the water-powered celestial globe (Zhang Heng), matches, the independent invention of the decimal system, dry docks, sliding calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the blast furnace, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the winnowing machine, the rotary fan, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, and a solid fuel rocket, the multistage rocket, the horse collar, along with contributions in logic, astronomy, medicine, and other fields.

Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?

Joseph Needham

What type of bridge originated in China?

suspension

What type of map originated in China?

raised-relief

What type of fan originated in China?

rotary

What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?

water-powered celestial


With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden Age, lasted until the 13th century. This scholarship was aided by several factors. The use of a single language, Arabic, allowed communication without need of a translator. Access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, along with Indian sources of learning, provided Muslim scholars a knowledge base to build upon.

What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?

the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past

Where was support found for Greek philosophy?

Arab Empire

What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?

the 7th and 8th centuries

How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?

until the 13th century

What language did Muslim philosophers speak?

Arabic


Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where significant progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from c. 1000, in his Book of Optics. The law of refraction of light was known to the Persians. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the "first scientist" for his development of the modern scientific method.

What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks?

experiment

What book did Ibn al-Haytham write?

Book of Optics

What law did the Persians know of?

The law of refraction of light

What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname?

the father of optics

What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for?

the intromission theory of light


In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation. Sabian mathematician Al-Battani (850-929) contributed to astronomy and mathematics, while Persian scholar Al-Razi contributed to chemistry and medicine.

What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?

mathematician

Where does the word "algebra" come from?

al-jabr

Where did Arabic numerals originate?

India

What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?

decimal point notation

What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to?

chemistry and medicine


In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes and the Maragha astronomers such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir are similar to Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories may have also been discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Abu Said al-Sijzi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī.

Whose work did Al-Battani improve?

Hipparchus

What does He Megale Syntaxis mean?

The great treatise

Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon?

the Earth's axis

The geocentric model is similar to what other model?

Copernican heliocentric model


Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ ("Book of Healing") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe well into the 17th century. Amongst his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.

Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy?

Ibn Sina

What method did Ibn Sina introduce?

clinical trials

What does Kitab al-shifa mean?

Book of Healing

The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what?

standard medicinal texts

What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases?

contagious


An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, and Averroes. European scholars had access to the translation programs of Raymond of Toledo, who sponsored the 12th century Toledo School of Translators from Arabic to Latin. Later translators like Michael Scotus would learn Arabic in order to study these texts directly. The European universities aided materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communities. In fact, European university put many works about the natural world and the study of nature at the center of its curriculum, with the result that the "medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent."

When were medieval universities created?

the 12th century

Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators?

Raymond of Toledo

At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into?

Latin

Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly?

Michael Scotus


At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method, influenced by earlier contributions of the Islamic world, can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his Opus Majus. Pierre Duhem's provocative thesis of the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277 led to the study of medieval science as a serious discipline, "but no one in the field any longer endorses his view that modern science started in 1277". However, many scholars agree with Duhem's view that the Middle Ages were a period of important scientific developments.

What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?

Latin

Who favored empirical methods?

Bacon

Who favored mathematics?

Grosseteste

Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?

Pierre Duhem

What era was important for scientific advancements?

the Middle Ages


The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a distinct thing but is only the moving object and an intermediary "sensible species" is not needed to transmit an image of an object to the eye. Scholars such as Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme started to reinterpret elements of Aristotle's mechanics. In particular, Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia. The Oxford Calculators began to mathematically analyze the kinematics of motion, making this analysis without considering the causes of motion.

Who pioneered parsimony?

William of Ockham

What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?

impetus

What theory did impetus pave the way for?

inertia

What did the Oxford Calculators measure?

the kinematics of motion


In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction of printing was to have great effect on European society. The facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. New ideas also helped to influence the development of European science at this point: not least the introduction of Algebra. These developments paved the way for the Scientific Revolution, which may also be understood as a resumption of the process of scientific inquiry, halted at the start of the Black Death.

What year did the Black Death occur?

What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?

the Fall of Constantinople in 1453

The invention of printing improved which society?

European

Printed word enabled what?

a faster propagation of new ideas

What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?

Algebra


The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristoteleian natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine). Thus modern science in Europe was resumed in a period of great upheaval: the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation; the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus; the Fall of Constantinople; but also the re-discovery of Aristotle during the Scholastic period presaged large social and political changes. Thus, a suitable environment was created in which it became possible to question scientific doctrine, in much the same way that Martin Luther and John Calvin questioned religious doctrine. The works of Ptolemy (astronomy) and Galen (medicine) were found not always to match everyday observations. Work by Vesalius on human cadavers found problems with the Galenic view of anatomy.

The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what?

Scholasticism

What began at the same time Scholasticism ended?

the Black Death

Which era came after Scholasticism?

Italian Renaissance

What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance?

chemistry and the biological sciences

Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers?

Vesalius


The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius, and also De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, were first printed. The thesis of Copernicus' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton, representative of the unprecedented growth of scientific publications throughout Europe.

What was the Scientific Revolution?

a period of major scientific advancements

What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution?

What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543?

De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)

What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus?

the Earth moved around the Sun

What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica


The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century "Age of Reason" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century "Age of Enlightenment". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the development of modern mathematics, physics and technology by the generation of Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783), epitomized in the appearance of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie between 1751 and 1772. The impact of this process was not limited to science and technology, but affected philosophy (Immanuel Kant, David Hume), religion (the increasingly significant impact of science upon religion), and society and politics in general (Adam Smith, Voltaire), the French Revolution of 1789 setting a bloody cesura indicating the beginning of political modernity[citation needed]. The early modern period is seen as a flowering of the European Renaissance, in what is often known as the Scientific Revolution, viewed as a foundation of modern science.

The Age of Reason made way for which movement?

Age of Enlightenment

What event is considered to be the start of political modernity?

the French Revolution of 1789

What book did Denis Diderot write?

Encyclopédie


The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theory) and chemistry (organic chemistry). The decline of Romanticism occurred because a new movement, Positivism, began to take hold of the ideals of the intellectuals after 1840 and lasted until about 1880.

Which movement took place during the 19th century?

The Romantic Movement

What theory did Darwin introduce?

theory of evolution

Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?

electromagnetism

What caused Romanticism to end?

Positivism

What year did Positivism end?


The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo ("Father of Modern Physics") also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method.

Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics?

The scientific revolution

Who made the heliocentric model popular?

Nicolaus Copernicus

Johannes Kepler created a model of what?

planetary motion

What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets?

the planets follow elliptical orbits

What was Galileo's nickname?

Father of Modern Physics


In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by Faraday, Ohm, and others during the early 19th century. These studies led to the unification of the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (known as Maxwell's equations).

What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?

the Principia Mathematica

How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica?

two

What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with?

the fundamental force of gravity

What are Maxwell's equations about?

electromagnetism


The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales, but even more disturbingly, the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist. In 1925, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger formulated quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that the universe is expanding, and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lemaître.

What science subject explains anomalous results?

quantum theories

What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity?

Quantum theories became which subject in 1925?

quantum mechanics

Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?

Edwin Hubble

Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre?

the Big Bang theory


In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II, which led to the practical application of radar and the development and use of the atomic bomb. Though the process had begun with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest O. Lawrence in the 1930s, physics in the postwar period entered into a phase of what historians have called "Big Science", requiring massive machines, budgets, and laboratories in order to test their theories and move into new frontiers. The primary patron of physics became state governments, who recognized that the support of "basic" research could often lead to technologies useful to both military and industrial applications. Currently, general relativity and quantum mechanics are inconsistent with each other, and efforts are underway to unify the two.

Who discovered nuclear fission?

Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann

Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission?

Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler

What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb?

World War II

The atomic bomb was a part of which movement?

Big Science

What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics?

inconsistent with each other


Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after his work. Other important steps included the gravimetric experimental practices of medical chemists like William Cullen, Joseph Black, Torbern Bergman and Pierre Macquer and through the work of Antoine Lavoisier (Father of Modern Chemistry) on oxygen and the law of conservation of mass, which refuted phlogiston theory. The theory that all matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest constituents of matter that cannot be broken down without losing the basic chemical and physical properties of that matter, was provided by John Dalton in 1803, although the question took a hundred years to settle as proven. Dalton also formulated the law of mass relationships. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev composed his periodic table of elements on the basis of Dalton's discoveries.

When did modern chemistry come into existence?

the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries

Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different?

Robert Boyle

What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661?

The Sceptical Chymist

What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname?

Father of Modern Chemistry

Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with?

phlogiston theory


The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply from whaling. By the 20th century, systematic production of refined materials provided a ready supply of products which provided not only energy, but also synthetic materials for clothing, medicine, and everyday disposable resources. Application of the techniques of organic chemistry to living organisms resulted in physiological chemistry, the precursor to biochemistry. The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom. Linus Pauling's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever-more complicated molecules. Pauling's work culminated in the physical modelling of DNA, the secret of life (in the words of Francis Crick, 1953). In the same year, the Miller–Urey experiment demonstrated in a simulation of primordial processes, that basic constituents of proteins, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules.

What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for?

The synthesis of urea

What scientific field did Wohler discover?

organic chemistry

Late 19th century is marked by what event?

the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals

Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry?

physiological chemistry

Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?

Linus Pauling


Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polymath Shen Kua (1031–1095) first formulated hypotheses for the process of land formation. Based on his observation of fossils in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he deduced that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.

What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called?

Peri lithōn

When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false?

the Scientific Revolution

When did Shen Kua live?

What science did Shen Kua observe?

land formation


Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatures. Beginning with Thomas Burnet's Sacred Theory of the Earth in 1681, natural philosophers began to explore the idea that the Earth had changed over time. Burnet and his contemporaries interpreted Earth's past in terms of events described in the Bible, but their work laid the intellectual foundations for secular interpretations of Earth history.

What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution?

individual theorists made important contributions

What did Robert Hooke study?

earthquakes

What theory did Nicholas Steno discover?

the theory of superposition

What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681?

Sacred Theory of the Earth

What text did Burnet base his work off of?

the Bible


Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on some of the first geological maps. Aided by chemical experimentation, naturalists such as Scotland's John Walker, Sweden's Torbern Bergman, and Germany's Abraham Werner created comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals—a collective achievement that transformed geology into a cutting edge field by the end of the eighteenth century. These early geologists also proposed a generalized interpretations of Earth history that led James Hutton, Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, following in the steps of Steno, to argue that layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained: a principle first applied to the geology of the Paris Basin. The use of index fossils became a powerful tool for making geological maps, because it allowed geologists to correlate the rocks in one locality with those of similar age in other, distant localities. Over the first half of the 19th century, geologists such as Charles Lyell, Adam Sedgwick, and Roderick Murchison applied the new technique to rocks throughout Europe and eastern North America, setting the stage for more detailed, government-funded mapping projects in later decades.

How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was?

6,000 years

Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what?

the first geological maps

In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically?

comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals

What are used to create geological maps?

index fossils

What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin?

layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained


Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Louis Agassiz and others established the reality of continent-covering ice ages, and "fluvialists" like Andrew Crombie Ramsay argued that river valleys were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them. After the discovery of radioactivity, radiometric dating methods were developed, starting in the 20th century. Alfred Wegener's theory of "continental drift" was widely dismissed when he proposed it in the 1910s, but new data gathered in the 1950s and 1960s led to the theory of plate tectonics, which provided a plausible mechanism for it. Plate tectonics also provided a unified explanation for a wide range of seemingly unrelated geological phenomena. Since 1970 it has served as the unifying principle in geology.

What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century?

shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed

The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom?

Louis Agassiz

What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to?

fluvialists

What did Ramsay believe about river valleys?

were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them

What happened after radioactivity was realized?

radiometric dating methods were developed


In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to link microorganisms with disease, revolutionizing medicine. He also devised one of the most important methods in preventive medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine against rabies. Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, to help prevent the spread of disease through milk and other foods.

What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?

physician

How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?

requiring physicians to wash their hands

What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?

the germ theory of disease

What did Joseph Lister prove?

antisepsis

Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?

Louis Pasteur


Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of "man's place in the universe". In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1866. Mendel's laws provided the beginnings of the study of genetics, which became a major field of research for both scientific and industrial research. By 1953, James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins clarified the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms. In the late 20th century, the possibilities of genetic engineering became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human genome (the Human Genome Project).

Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?

Charles Darwin

What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?

On the Origin of Species

What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?

both opposition and support from different parts of society

Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?

Moravian monk Gregor Mendel

What was the major break through for the study of genetics?

the basic structure of DNA


The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn. The word ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel, whose particularly holistic view of nature in general (and Darwin's theory in particular) was important in the spread of ecological thinking. In the 1930s, Arthur Tansley and others began developing the field of ecosystem ecology, which combined experimental soil science with physiological concepts of energy and the techniques of field biology. The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism; the Gaia hypothesis, first formulated in the 1960s, and spreading in the 1970s, and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together.

The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?

Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography

What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?

the cycle of life concept

Who came up with the word "ecology"?

Ernst Haeckel

When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?

in the 1960s

What movement occurred during the 1970s?

Deep Ecology


Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal form of government. The roots of politics are in prehistory. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding.

What larger group does political science belong to?

social sciences

Where did the ideas of political science begin?

prehistory

In history, where could you find someone studying politics?

in almost every geographic area


In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and history- oriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato's analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis.

Where did studying politics originate?

Ancient Greece

What did Plato study?

political systems

What method did Plato use to understand political systems?

philosophy

What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?

historical empirical evidence


An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invaders, and Corporations are analysed and documented. Roger Boesche describes the Arthaśāstra as "a book of political realism, a book analysing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good."

Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?

Chāṇakya

What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?

brutal measures

When was Chanakya alive?

350–-283 BCE


With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period.

What allowed political studies to spread?

the fall of the Western Roman Empire

What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?

monotheism

Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?

churches and courts

Who wrote The City of God?

Augustine of Hippo

What did The City of God change?

the borders between what was religious and what was political


Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.

What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?

Historical linguistics

Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?

Sir William Jones

What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?

catalog all languages of the world

What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?

the development of generative linguistics

What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?

a mathematical model of language


The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an "invisible hand" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.

Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?

Adam Smith

What did Adam Smith's work cover?

The basis for classical economics

What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?

mercantilism

What idea did Adam Smith propose?

an "invisible hand"

Who is Marxian economics named after?

Karl Marx


In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.

What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?

microeconomics and macroeconomics

What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?

monetarism

How did monaterism aim to control the economy?

using the supply and demand of money

In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?

supply-side economics

How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?

reducing taxes


The above "history of economics" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The "invisible hand" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to "Wealth of Nations", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this "invisible hand" acts only "frequently" and that it is "no part of his [the individual's] intentions" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating "his" invention. That this "invisible hand" prefers "the support of domestic to foreign industry" is cleansed—often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the "Wealth" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: "Wealth" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.

When was Wealth of Nations written?

How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?

frequently

What happens in a market when there is competition?

lower prices

What is the most important part of "Wealth"?

the division of labour


The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.

What was the beginning of psychology classified as?

a scientific enterprise

What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?

Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?

memory studies

What was Ivan Pavlov known for?

classical conditioning


The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.

What is the group that human psychology belongs to?

cognitive science

What is investigated in cognitive science?

the mind

What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?

PET scans and CAT scans

What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?

artificial intelligence


Ibn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, understanding the cohesion of social groups, and developing an "antidote" to social disintegration. Max Weber was concerned with the modernization of society through the concept of rationalization, which he believed would trap individuals in an "iron cage" of rational thought. Some sociologists, including Georg Simmel and W. E. B. Du Bois, utilized more microsociological, qualitative analyses. This microlevel approach played an important role in American sociology, with the theories of George Herbert Mead and his student Herbert Blumer resulting in the creation of the symbolic interactionism approach to sociology.

What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?

scientific systematic sociologist

When did modern sociology surface?

early 19th century

What is the main goal of sociology?

understanding the cohesion of social groups

How did Max Weber view rationalization?

he believed would trap individuals in an "iron cage"


American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.

Who was the major proponent of American sociology?

Talcott Parsons

What did Parsons believe made a functional society?

structural integration

What was the problem with the views of Parsons?

inequalities present in the status quo

What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?

conflict theory

What is the main belief of conflict theory?

different groups compete for control over resources


Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering.

What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?

Computer science

How has computer science helped science as a whole?

by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data

What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?

emphasising mathematical 'theory'


As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.

What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?

History of the Inductive Sciences

Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?

George Sarton's

What was the history of science during the 20th century?

the history of great men and great ideas

How could Sarton's ideas be described?

Whiggish

Who studied the history of science?

interested scientists and physicians


Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the ways in which they "produce" and "construct" scientific knowledge. Since the 1960s, a common trend in science studies (the study of the sociology and history of science) has been to emphasize the "human component" of scientific knowledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data are self-evident, value-free, and context-free. The field of Science and Technology Studies, an area that overlaps and often informs historical studies of science, focuses on the social context of science in both contemporary and historical periods.

What is the large question that the history of science answers?

what science is

What did sociology in science explain?

the ways in which scientists work

What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?

to emphasize the "human component" of scientific knowledge


Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.

What did Humboldtian science aim to do?

combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals

Who was the model for Humboldtian science?

Alexander von Humboldt

What idea did positivism provide?

the only valid knowledge is scientific


The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science. As Thomas Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. "Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific."

Where did the social aspect of science originate?

Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962

What idea did social science add to science as a whole?

positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science

How did Kuhn view the history of science?

competing paradigms or conceptual systems


Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?"

What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?

a social construct

What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?

The Science wars

What was positivism called after it was revived?

scientism

What did scientism aim to do?

settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies


(デジモン Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for "Digital Monsters" (デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which are monsters living in a "Digital World", a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks. In many incarnations, Digimon are raised by humans called "Digidestined" or "Tamers", and they team up to defeat evil Digimon and human villains who are trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world.

What does Digimon stand for?

Digital Monsters

What forms of entertainment does the Digimon franchise include?

virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game

What is the Digital World in which the Digimon creatures live?

a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks

What are the people who raise Digimon called?

"Digidestined" or "Tamers"

What are the Digimon villians main goals?

trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world

What does Digi Monster stand for?

I'm not sure.

What term refers to the Chinese media franchise?

I'm not sure.

What you Digi tamers do?

I'm not sure.

What are digidestined trying to destroy?

I'm not sure.

What is a world far from Earth?

I'm not sure.


The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influenced by American comics. The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation, Digimon Adventure, and an early video game, Digimon World, both released in 1999. Several seasons of the anime and films based on them have aired, and the video game series has expanded into genres such as role-playing, racing, fighting, and MMORPGs. Other media forms have also been released.

When did Digimon first appear?

Name the original Digimon anime.

Digimon Adventure

Name the Digimon video game that was released in 1999.

Digimon World

Name two types of toys the original Digimon bore a close resemblence to.

Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys

When was the Digimon series created?

What influenced the look of the Digimons?

Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys

In what year was the Digimon video game released?

What started with a series of real pets?

I'm not sure.

What cause the franchise to lose momentum?

I'm not sure.

What was released in 1990

I'm not sure.

What is aired for several seasons based on the films?

I'm not sure.

What American media for the original did you mom based on?

I'm not sure.


Digimon was first conceived as a virtual pet toy in the vein of Tamagotchis and, as such, took influence from Tamagotchis' cute and round designs. The small areas of the screens (16 by 16 pixels) meant that character designers had to create monsters whose forms would be easily recognizable. As such, many of the early Digimon—including Tyrannomon, the first one ever created—were based on dinosaurs. Many further designs were created by Kenji Watanabe, who was brought in to help with the "X-Antibody" creatures and art for the Digimon collectible card game. Watanabe was one influenced by American comics, which were beginning to gain popularity in Japan, and as such began to make his characters look stronger and "cool." The character creation process, however, has for most of the franchise's history been collaborative and reliant on conversation and brainstorming.

What kind of toy were the original Digimon?

virtual pet toy

What kind of creatures where the early digimon patterned after?

dinosaurs

What properties of american comics were the later generations of digimon trying to capture?

stronger and "cool."

Who was the designer responsible for the westernization of Digimon character design?

Kenji Watanabe

What was the name of the original Digimon character?

Tyrannomon

What was the screen size of the Digimon toy?

16 by 16 pixels

What animals were the digimon based off of?

dinosaurs

Who was the designer of the Digimon card game?

Kenji Watanabe

How did Watanabe get his influence?

American comics

What was originally based on an actual pet?

I'm not sure.

Many of the most popular Digimon on?

I'm not sure.

What American media influenced the first Digimon?

I'm not sure.

What were becoming unpopular in Japan?

I'm not sure.

What has mostly been in individual process throughout the franchise history?

I'm not sure.


Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs (デジタマ, Dejitama?). In the English iterations of the franchise there is another type of Digi-Egg that can be used to digivolve, or transform, Digimon. This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental (デジメンタル, Dejimentaru?) in Japanese. (This type of Digi-Egg was also featured as a major object throughout season 2 as a way of Digivolution available only to certain characters at certain points throughout the season.) They age via a process called "Digivolution" which changes their appearance and increases their powers. The effect of Digivolution, however, is not permanent in the partner Digimon of the main characters in the anime, and Digimon who have digivolved will most of the time revert to their previous form after a battle or if they are too weak to continue. Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech. They are able to digivolve by the use of Digivices that their human partners have. In some cases, as in the first series, the DigiDestined (known as the 'Chosen Children' in the original Japanese) had to find some special items such as crests and tags so the Digimon could digivolve into further stages of evolution known as Ultimate and Mega in the dub.

How do digimon evolve?

Digimental

How are digimon born?

Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs

What is the process of aging called for digimon?

Digivolution

What effect does digivolution have on digimon?

changes their appearance and increases their powers

Are digimon all mindless monsters?

Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech

What were the eggs called that the Digimon were hatched from?

Digi-Eggs

What is the second type of Digi-Eggs called?

Digimental

What is the process called of how Digi-Eggs age?

Digivolution

What items were used to help the Digimon evolve?

Digivices

Did you birds hatched from what?

I'm not sure.

What kind of egg do Digimon use to evolve mentally?

I'm not sure.

How do Digi eggs evolve

I'm not sure.

What permanently increases when Digimon evolve?

I'm not sure.

How do most Digimon act?

I'm not sure.


The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data. The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently, and the Digimon goes through its life cycle again. Digimon who are reincarnated in this way will sometimes retain some or all their memories of their previous life. However, if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die.

Are there any circumstances under which a digimon cannot be reborn?

if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die

What typically happens when digimon are killed?

Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data

What are digimon made of?

reconfigurable data

How is a digimon reborn?

The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently

When was the digimon life cycle first described?

The first Digimon anime

What was introduced during the first Digimon anime?

Digimon life cycle

What happened to a digimon that receives a fatal wound?

dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data

What happens to a digimon after it dissolves?

goes through its life cycle again

What happens if a Digimons data is completely destroyed?

they will die

Under what conditions must Digimon be reborn?

I'm not sure.

What happens when a Digimon receives a nonfatal wound?

I'm not sure.

What did the first Digimon game introduce?

I'm not sure.

Doing what to the causes the Digimon to be reborn?

I'm not sure.

What is made of a set configuration of data?

I'm not sure.


Digimon started out as digital pets called "Digital Monsters", similar in style and concept to the Tamagotchi. It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26, 1997. The toy began as the simple concept of a Tamagotchi mainly for boys. The V-Pet is similar to its predecessors, with the exceptions of being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets. Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners to see who was stronger. The Digimon pet had several evolution capabilities and abilities too, so many owners had different Digimon. In December, the second generation of Digital Monster was released, followed by a third edition in 1998.

What companies were responsible for the creation and subsequent release of the original digimon?

planned by WiZ and released by Bandai

What made digimon different from similar digital pets?

being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets

What year was the second generation of digimon released?

What was involved in the original digimon virtual pet gameplay?

Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners

Who was the main market for the original digimon?

mainly for boys

What did the Digimon pets originally start out as?

Digital Monsters

When was the Digimon released by WiZ?

June 26, 1997

In what month was the second generation of the Digital Monsters Released?

December

What year was the third edition released?

What companies were responsible for the re-release Digimon

I'm not sure.

What was originally intended for mainly girls?

I'm not sure.

What predecessor's a Digimon similar to?

I'm not sure.

What do many owners have the same Digimon?

I'm not sure.


"Digimon" are "Digital Monsters". According to the stories, they are inhabitants of the "DigiWorld", a manifestation of Earth's communication network. The stories tell of a group of mostly pre-teens, who accompany special Digimon born to defend their world (and ours) from various evil forces. To help them surmount the most difficult obstacles found within both realms, the Digimon have the ability to evolve (Digivolve) In this process, the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well. The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series.

What is the world in which the digimon live?

a manifestation of Earth's communication network

What happens to a digimon after they evolve?

the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well

Who accompanies the digimon as they work to save their world?

a group of mostly pre-teens

Are the children who accompany the digimon always the same?

The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series

What is the world of the digimon called?

DigiWorld

Where are Digimon the inhabitants of?

DigiWorld

What group of kids are in charge of the Digimons?

mostly pre-teens

What is the process called when Digimon get stronger?

Digivolve

What is a manifestation of a world far from work?

I'm not sure.

What are specially trained Digimon defending the world from?

I'm not sure.

Who accompanies special humans born to save the world?

I'm not sure.

What children stay the same from series to series?

I'm not sure.

What stays the same as Digimon become stronger?

I'm not sure.


As of 2011, there have been six series — Digimon Adventure, the follow-up sequel Digimon Adventure 02, Digimon Tamers, Digimon Frontier, Digimon Data Squad and Digimon Fusion. The first two series take place in the same fictional universe, but the third, fourth, fifth and sixth each occupy their own unique world. Each series is commonly based on the original storyline but things are added to make them unique. However, in Tamers, the Adventure universe is referred to as a commercial enterprise — a trading card game in Japan, plus a show-within-a-show in the English dub. It also features an appearance by a character from the Adventure universe. In addition, each series has spawned assorted feature films. Digimon still shows popularity, as new card series, video games, and movies are still being produced and released: new card series include Eternal Courage, Hybrid Warriors, Generations, and Operation X; the video game, Digimon Rumble Arena 2; and the previously unreleased movies Revenge of Diaboromon, Runaway Locomon, Battle of Adventurers, and Island of Lost Digimon. In Japan, Digital Monster X-Evolution, the eighth TV movie, was released on January 3, 2005, and on December 23, 2005 at Jump Festa 2006, the fifth series, Digimon Savers was announced for Japan to begin airing after a three-year hiatus of the show. A sixth television series, Digimon Xros Wars, began airing in 2010, and was followed by a second season, which started on October 2, 2011 as a direct sequel to Digimon Xros Wars.

How many series have aired since 2011?

six series

What is the name of the second Digimon series?

Digimon Adventure 02

When was the movie Digital Monster X-Evolution released?

January 3, 2005

When did Digimon Xros Wars begin airing?

How many series of aired as of 2001?

I'm not sure.

What world the first 5 Series Take Pl. in?

I'm not sure.

What is unique in each series?

I'm not sure.

What was announced in December 2006?

I'm not sure.

Which series began in 2011

I'm not sure.


The first Digimon television series, which began airing on March 7, 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14, 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version. Its premise is a group of 7 kids who, while at summer camp, travel to the Digital World, inhabited by creatures known as Digital Monsters, or Digimon, learning they are chosen to be "DigiDestined" ("Chosen Children" in the Japanese version) to save both the Digital and Real World from evil. Each Kid was given a Digivice which selected them to be transported to the DigiWorld and was destined to be paired up with a Digimon Partner, such as Tai being paired up with Agumon and Matt with Gabumon. The children are helped by a mysterious man/digimon named Gennai, who helps them via hologram. The Digivices help their Digimon allies to Digivolve into stronger creatures in times of peril. The Digimon usually reached higher forms when their human partners are placed in dangerous situations, such as fighting the evil forces of Devimon, Etemon and Myotismon in their Champion forms. Later, each character discovered a crest that each belonged to a person; Tai the Crest of Courage, Matt the Crest of Friendship, Sora the Crest of Love, Izzy the Crest of Knowledge, Mimi the Crest of Sincerity, Joe the Crest of Reliability, T.K. the Crest of Hope, and later Kari the Crest of Light which allowed their Digimon to digivolve into their Ultimate forms. The group consisted of seven original characters: Taichi "Tai" Kamiya, Yamato "Matt" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro "Izzy" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido, and Takeru "T.K." Takaishi. Later on in the series, an eighth character was introduced: Hikari "Kari" Kamiya (who is Taichi's younger sister).

When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?

March 7, 1999 in Japan

When did Digimon begin airing in America?

August 14, 1999

What was the premise of Digimon?

travel to the Digital World

How many people are in the original Digimon?

seven original characters

When did the first Digimon series air in United States?

I'm not sure.

What aired on Japanese TV in August 1999?

I'm not sure.

What keeps the Digimon from evolving into stronger creatures?

I'm not sure.

What did each kid select?

I'm not sure.


The second Digimon series is direct continuation of the first one, and began airing on April 2, 2000. Three years later, with most of the original DigiDestined now in high school at age fourteen, the Digital World was supposedly secure and peaceful. However, a new evil has appeared in the form of the Digimon Emperor (Digimon Kaiser) who as opposed to previous enemies is a human just like the DigiDestined. The Digimon Emperor has been enslaving Digimon with Dark Rings and Control Spires and has somehow made regular Digivolution impossible. However, five set Digi-Eggs with engraved emblems had been appointed to three new DigiDestined along with T.K. and Kari, two of the DigiDestined from the previous series. This new evolutionary process, dubbed Armor Digivolution helps the new DigiDestined to defeat evil lurking in the Digital World. Eventually, the DigiDestined defeat the Digimon Emperor, more commonly known as Ken Ichijouji on Earth, only with the great sacrifice of Ken's own Digimon, Wormmon. Just when things were thought to be settled, new Digimon enemies made from the deactivated Control Spires start to appear and cause trouble in the Digital World. To atone for his past mistakes, Ken joins the DigiDestined, being a DigiDestined himself, with his Partner Wormmon revived to fight against them. They soon save countries including France and Australia from control spires and defeat MaloMyotismon (BelialVamdemon), the digivolved form of Myotismon (Vamdemon) from the previous series. They stop the evil from destroying the two worlds, and at the end, every person on Earth gains their own Digimon partner.

When did the second series of Digimon air?

April 2, 2000

What age are the original DigiDestined now that they are in High School?

fourteen

Who is the new evil force that has been enslaving people?

Digimon Kaiser

What did Ken do in order to atone for his mistakes?

joins the DigiDestined

What aired in April 2010?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Digimon Empress?

I'm not sure.

What has the Emperor been doing with dark spires and control rings?

I'm not sure.

What do all the people on earth lose in the end?

I'm not sure.

What countries are lost to the controls spires?

I'm not sure.


The third Digimon series, which began airing on April 1, 2001, is set largely in a "real world" where the Adventure and Adventure 02 series are television shows, and where Digimon game merchandise (based on actual items) become key to providing power boosts to real Digimon which appear in that world. The plot revolves around three Tamers, Takato Matsuki, Rika Nonaka, and Henry Wong. It began with Takato creating his own Digimon partner by sliding a mysterious blue card through his card reader, which then became a D-Power. Guilmon takes form from Takato's sketchings of a new Digimon. (Tamers’ only human connection to the Adventure series is Ryo Akiyama, a character featured in some of the Digimon video games and who made an appearance in some occasions of the Adventure story-line.) Some of the changes in this series include the way the Digimon digivolve with the introduction of Biomerge-Digivolution and the way their "Digivices" work. In this series, the Tamers can slide game cards through their "Digivices" and give their Digimon partners certain advantages, as in the card game. This act is called "Digi-Modify" (Card Slash in the Japanese version). The same process was often used to Digivolve the Digimon, but as usual, emotions play a big part in the digivolving process. Unlike the two seasons before it and most of the seasons that followed, Digimon Tamers takes a darker and more realistic approach to its story featuring Digimon who do not reincarnate after their deaths and more complex character development in the original Japanese. The anime has become controversial over the decade, with debates about how appropriate this show actually is for its "target" audience, especially due to the Lovecraftian nature of the last arc. The English dub is more lighthearted dialogue-wise, though still not as much as previous series.

When did the third Digimon series begin?

April 1, 2001

What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?

slide game cards through their "Digivices

What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?

Digi-Modify

Which series beginning April 2000?

I'm not sure.

What is not needed to provide power boost to Digimon

I'm not sure.

Why is the card game controversial?

I'm not sure.

Howdy Henry create his own Digimon partner?

I'm not sure.

What did Rika sketch?

I'm not sure.


The fourth Digimon series, which began airing on April 7, 2002, radically departs from the previous three by focusing on a new and very different kind of evolution, Spirit Evolution, in which the human characters use their D-Tectors (this series' Digivice) to transform themselves into special Digimon called Legendary Warriors, detracting from the customary formula of having digital partners. After receiving unusual phone messages from Ophanimon (one of the three ruling Digimon alongside Seraphimon and Cherubimon) Takuya Kanbara, Koji Minamoto, Junpei Shibayama, Zoe Orimoto, Tommy Himi, and Koichi Kimura go to a subway station and take a train to the Digital World. Summoned by Ophanimon, the Digidestined realize that they must find the ten legendary spirits and stop the forces of Cherubimon from physically destroying the Digital World. After finding the ten spirits of the Legendary Warriors and defeating Mercurymon, Grumblemon, Ranamon, and Arbormon, they finally end up fighting Cherubimon hoping to foil his effort to dominate the Digital World. After the defeat of Cherubimon, the Digidestined find they must face an even greater challenge as they try to stop the Royal Knights—Dynasmon and Crusadermon—from destroying the Digital World and using the collected data to revive the original ruler of the Digital World: the tyrannical Lucemon. Ultimately the Digidestined fail in preventing Lucemon from reawakening but they do manage to prevent him from escaping into the Real World. In the final battle, all of the legendary spirits the digidestined have collected thus far merge and create Susanoomon. With this new form, the digidestined are able to effectively defeat Lucemon and save the Digital World. In general, Frontier has a much lighter tone than that of Tamers, yet remains darker than Adventure and Adventure 02.

When did the fourth series of Digimon begin?

April 7, 2002

What was the main focus surrounding the fourth series?

Spirit Evolution

What did the characters use to transform themselves into special Digimons?

D-Tectors

After the characters transformed into special Digimons, what were they called?

Legendary Warriors

What began in August 2002?

I'm not sure.

What season spirit power the focus of?

I'm not sure.

What device transformed regular Digimon into special Digimon?

I'm not sure.

What were special humans called?

I'm not sure.

To the Digidestined stop from reawakening?

I'm not sure.


After a three-year hiatus, a fifth Digimon series began airing on April 2, 2006. Like Frontier, Savers has no connection with the previous installments, and also marks a new start for the Digimon franchise, with a drastic change in character designs and story-line, in order to reach a broader audience. The story focuses on the challenges faced by the members of D.A.T.S. ("Digital Accident Tactics Squad"), an organization created to conceal the existence of the Digital World and Digimon from the rest of mankind, and secretly solve any Digimon-related incidents occurring on Earth. Later the D.A.T.S. is dragged into a massive conflict between Earth and the Digital World, triggered by an ambitious human scientist named Akihiro Kurata, determined to make use of the Digimon for his own personal gains. The English version was dubbed by Studiopolis and it premiered on the Jetix block on Toon Disney on October 1, 2007. Digivolution in Data Squad requires the human partner's DNA ("Digital Natural Ability" in the English version and "Digisoul" in the Japanese version) to activate, a strong empathy with their Digimon and a will to succeed. 'Digimon Savers' also introduces a new form of digivolving called Burst Mode which is essentially the level above Mega (previously the strongest form a digimon could take). Like previously in Tamers, this plot takes on a dark tone throughout the story and the anime was aimed, originally in Japan, at an older audience consisting of late teens and people in their early twenties from ages 16 to 21. Because of that, along with the designs, the anime being heavily edited and localized for western US audiences like past series, and the English dub being aimed mostly toward younger audiences of children aged 6 to 10 and having a lower TV-Y7-FV rating just like past dubs, Studiopolis dubbed the anime on Jetix with far more edits, changes, censorship, and cut footage. This included giving the Japanese characters full Americanized names and American surnames as well as applying far more Americanization (Marcus Damon as opposed to the Japanese Daimon Masaru), cultural streamlining and more edits to their version similar to the changes 4Kids often made (such as removal of Japanese text for the purpose of cultural streamlining). Despite all that, the setting of the country was still in Japan and the characters were Japanese in the dub. This series was the first to show any Japanese cultural concepts that were unfamiliar with American audiences (such as the manju), which were left unedited and used in the English dub. Also despite the heavy censorship and the English dub aimed at young children, some of the Digimon's attacks named after real weapons such as RizeGreymon's Trident Revolver are not edited and used in the English dub. Well Go USA released it on DVD instead of Disney. The North American English dub was televised on Jetix in the U.S. and on the Family Channel in Canada.

How long did Digimon stay off the air before returning?

three-year hiatus

What year did the fifth  series start?

April 2, 2006

What was the main focus of the 5th season?

D.A.T.S. ("Digital Accident Tactics Squad")

What age group did the season target with its darker theme?

ages 16 to 21

What was the original target age for the Digimon series?

children aged 6 to 10

What season followed a four year break?

I'm not sure.

How did they attempt to reconnect with her old audience?

I'm not sure.

What age group was targeted with the seasons lighter theme?

I'm not sure.

The darker themed English dubbed version was aimed at what order age group?

I'm not sure.

What was released on Disney instead of DVD?

I'm not sure.


Three and a quarter years after the end of the fifth series, a new sixth series was confirmed by Bandai for the Digimon anime, its official name of the series revealed in the June issue of Shueisha's V Jump magazine being Digimon Xros Wars. It began airing in Japan on TV Asahi from July 6, 2010 onwards. Reverting to the design style of the first four series as well as the plot taking on the younger, lighter tone present in series one, two and four throughout the story. The story follows a boy named Mikey Kudō (Taiki Kudo in Japan) who, along with his friends, ends up in the Digital World where they meet Shoutmon and his Digimon friends. Wielding a digivice known as a Fusion Loader (Xros Loader in Japan), Mikey is able to combine multiple Digimon onto one to enhance his power, Shoutmon being the usual core of the combination, using a technique known as 'DigiFuse' (Digi-Xros in Japan). Forming Team Fusion Fighters (Team Xros Heart in Japan), Mikey, Shoutmon and their friends travel through the Digital World to liberate it from the evil Bagra Army, led by Bagramon(Lord Bagra in English), and Midnight, a shady group led by AxeKnightmon with Nene as a figurehead before joining the Fusion Fighters. The Fusion Fighters also finds themselves at odds with Blue Flare, led by Christopher Aonuma (Kiriha Anouma in Japan). The second arc of Xros Wars was subtitled The Evil Death Generals and the Seven Kingdoms. It saw the main cast reshuffled with a new wardrobe while Angie (Akari in Japan) and Jeremy (Zenjiro in Japan) stay behind in the Human World; thus making Mikey, Christopher and Nene the lead protagonists as they set off to face the Seven Death Generals of the Bagra Army and AxeKnightmon's new pawn: Nene's brother Ewan (Yuu in Japan). A new evolution known as Super Digivolution was introduced at the end of the first arc. The English dub of the series began airing on Nickelodeon on September 7, 2013, which is produced by Saban Brands.

How long after the 5th season did the next one start?

Three and a quarter years

When did the sixth season of Digimon begin airing?

July 6, 2010

Who is the main character in the sixth Digimon series?

Mikey Kudō

Who did the Fusion fighters find themselves in battle with?

Blue Flare

When did the English dub for the sixth season start airing?

September 7, 2013

Wendy did a fifth season begin airing in the United States?

I'm not sure.

How did the six season differ from the first four seasons?

I'm not sure.

What was Shotmon able to combine

I'm not sure.

What did Nickelodeon refuse to air?

I'm not sure.


On August 17, 2011, Shueisha's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later, a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time, which aired from October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012, following on from the previous arc. It focuses on a new protagonist, Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon who embark on a new journey with an older Mikey, Shoutmon, an older Ewan and the revived Damemon, along with other new comrades as they deal with a hidden dimension that lies between the Human World and the Digital World called DigiQuartz. The series finale reintroduces the heroes of the previous five seasons as they all come together and help the current heroes in the final battle due to the fact that the DigiQuartz is essentially a tear in Space and Time, allowing all of the Digimon universes to converge.

When was the sequel announcement for the third arc?

August 17, 2011

What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?

October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012

Who was the main character in the third arc series?

Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon

What is the dimension called between the human world and digital world?

DigiQuartz

What was announced in October 2011

I'm not sure.

When was the third season aired?

I'm not sure.

What lies between the digital world?

I'm not sure.

What causes all the Digimon universe to scatter?

I'm not sure.


A new Digimon series was announced 30 months after the end of Digimon Fusion at a 15th anniversary concert and theater event for the franchise in August 2014. The series announced the return of the protagonists from the original Digimon Adventure series, most of them now as high school students. A countdown clicking game was posted on the show's official website, offering news when specific clicks were met. On December 13, 2014 the series title and a key visual featuring character designs by Atsuya Uki were revealed with Keitaro Motonaga announced as director with a tentative premiere date of Spring, 2015. However, on May 6, 2015, it was announced that tri. would not be a television series, but rather a 6-part theatrical film series. The films are being streamed in episodic format outside Japan by Crunchyroll and Hulu from the same day they premiere on Japanese theaters.

How long after Digimon Fusion was a new series announced?

30 months

When was the 15th year anniversary held for Digimon?

August 2014

Rather than a TV series, What kind of series would the Digimon become?

6-part theatrical film series

Where are you able to watch the new series when it is released?

Crunchyroll and Hulu

When was it announced a tri would be a television series?

I'm not sure.

Is streaming the television series the same day that premieres

I'm not sure.

What was announced thirty months after the franchises fifteenth anniversary?

I'm not sure.

Who were now in middle school?

I'm not sure.


The series is set three years after the events of Digimon Adventure 02, when Digimon who turn rogue by a mysterious infection appear to wreak havoc in the Human World. Tai and the other DigiDestined from the original series reunite with their partners and start fighting back with support from the Japanese government, while Davis, Yolei, Cody and Ken are defeated by a powerful enemy called Alphamon and disappear without a trace. Tai and the others also meet another DigiDestined called Meiko Mochizuki and her partner Meicoomon who become their friends, until Meicoomon turns hostile as well and flees after an encounter with Ken, who reappears suddenly, once again as the Digimon Emperor. The film series also feature several DigiDestined having their partners Digivolve up to the Mega level for the first time, a feat only Tai and Matt had achieved previously.

How soon after did another series start after the Digimon Adventure 02?

three years

Whats the name of the group that defeats Cody and Ken?

Alphamon

What happened for the first time to the DigiDestined in the film series?

the Mega level


There have been nine Digimon movies released in Japan. The first seven were directly connected to their respective anime series; Digital Monster X-Evolution originated from the Digimon Chronicle merchandise line. All movies except X-Evolution and Ultimate Power! Activate Burst Mode have been released and distributed internationally. Digimon: The Movie, released in the U.S. and Canada territory by Fox Kids through 20th Century Fox on October 6, 2000, consists of the union of the first three Japanese movies.

How many Digimon movies have been released in Japan?

nine Digimon movies

How many movies were directly connected to the anime series?

seven

What year was Digimon: The movie released in the US/Canada?

October 6, 2000

How many Digimon movies have been released in the United States?

I'm not sure.

What were the first seven not connected to?

I'm not sure.

What were the first three Japanese movies released in the United States and Canada?

I'm not sure.

What were the only two movies distributed internationally?

I'm not sure.


The European publishing company, Panini, approached Digimon in different ways in different countries. While Germany created their own adaptations of episodes, the United Kingdom (UK) reprinted the Dark Horse titles, then translated some of the German adaptations of Adventure 02 episodes. Eventually the UK comics were given their own original stories, which appeared in both the UK's official Digimon Magazine and the official UK Fox Kids companion magazine, Wickid. These original stories only roughly followed the continuity of Adventure 02. When the comic switched to the Tamers series the storylines adhered to continuity more strictly; sometimes it would expand on subject matter not covered by the original Japanese anime (such as Mitsuo Yamaki's past) or the English adaptations of the television shows and movies (such as Ryo's story or the movies that remained undubbed until 2005). In a money saving venture, the original stories were later removed from Digimon Magazine, which returned to printing translated German adaptations of Tamers episodes. Eventually, both magazines were cancelled.

What magazine were given their own original stories of Digimon?

UK comics

What series did the UK magazine storyline follow?

Adventure 02

What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon?

both magazines were cancelled

What did the UK create the adaptations of?

I'm not sure.

What did Germany retreat?

I'm not sure.

What words that replicas of adventure 02?

I'm not sure.

What remains unloved until 2008?

I'm not sure.


The Digimon series has a large number of video games which usually have their own independent storylines with a few sometimes tying into the stories of the anime series or manga series. The games consists of a number of genres including life simulation, adventure, video card game, strategy and racing games, though they are mainly action role-playing games. The games released in North America are: Digimon World, Digimon World 2, Digimon World 3, Digimon World 4, Digimon Digital Card Battle, Digimon Rumble Arena, Digimon Rumble Arena 2, Digimon Battle Spirit, Digimon Battle Spirit 2, Digimon Racing, Digimon World DS, Digimon World Data Squad, Digimon World Dawn and Dusk, Digimon World Championship, and Digimon Masters.

What did the Digimon series end up having lots of during the series?

video games

What were the first two North American games released?

Digimon World, Digimon World 2

Name one of the genres from any of the Digimon video games?

strategy

What did the Digimon series only have a few of?

I'm not sure.

What usually follows the anime storyline?

I'm not sure.

Over the first two Japanese games released?

I'm not sure.

The card games included what genre

I'm not sure.


In 2011, Bandai posted a countdown on a teaser site. Once the countdown was finished, it revealed a reboot of the Digimon World series titled Digimon World Re:Digitize. An enhanced version of the game released on Nintendo 3DS as Digimon World Re:Digitize Decode in 2013. Another role-playing game by the name Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth is set for release in 2015 for PlayStation Vita. It is part of the Digimon Story sub-series, originally on Nintendo DS and has also been released with English subtitles in North America.

In what year did Bandai post information about a reboot on his website?

What year is the video game Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth set to be released?

When was the Nintendo 3DS Digimon World Re:Digitize released?

What did bandai do in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What revealed a real release of the Digimon series?

I'm not sure.

What did Sony release enhanced version of

I'm not sure.

What release was canceled for 2015

I'm not sure.

What's been released in North America with Japanese subtitles?

I'm not sure.


A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.

How long does it take glaciers to form?

many years, often centuries

Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?

only on land

Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?

sea ice and lake ice

What causes glaciers to deform and flow?

stresses induced by their weight

What are some distinguishing glacial features?

crevasses, seracs

What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight?

I'm not sure.

What forms were ice accumulates?

I'm not sure.

What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform?

I'm not sure.

What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers?

I'm not sure.


On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers.

How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?

Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?

Australia

How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?

about 10 percent

What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?

2,100 m (7,000 ft)

What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?

98 percent

Where is 99% of the world snow contained?

I'm not sure.

What can be found on every continent of the world?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers?

I'm not sure.

What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers?

I'm not sure.

Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys?

I'm not sure.


Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.

Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?

glaciers

What causes glaciers to release meltwater?

warmer summer temperatures

In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?

Antarctic environments

Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?

when other sources may be scant

Where is all the fresh water on earth contained?

I'm not sure.

What glaciers often release place during warm periods?

I'm not sure.

What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans?

I'm not sure.

Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater?

I'm not sure.