The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is located in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading center over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lhasa Newar merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia. Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.

What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants?

Buddhism

Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade?

India and China

Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy?

agriculture


The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $2200 per capital income approx three times national average. Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its finances.[which?] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products. Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%). Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls.

Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area?

one third

What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year?

What is the GDP of Kathmandu?

What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade?

What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?


Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.

Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin?

What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway?

Raxaul

When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin?


Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999/2000. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining[why?]. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.

What is the most significant industry in Nepal?

tourism

Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu?

Hindu

How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62?

What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009?

end of the Maoist insurgency

What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?

Himalayas


The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.

What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?

Thamel

What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?

Jhamsikhel

What is the traditional name for Freak Street?

Jhochhen Tol

What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?

hippies


With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.

How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?

four

What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?

three-star

De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?

five-star

What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?

casinos


Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions. The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.

How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area?

five

What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name?

City Core

What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards?

civic administration

How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election?

How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?


The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighboring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu airport. In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service. The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.

What is Kathmandu's fire department called?

Barun Yantra Karyalaya

What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department?

When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?

How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?

seven

What is the mission of FAN?

raising public awareness about fire and improving safety


Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) has expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.

What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?

About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021?

How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?

How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001?


The largest ethnic groups are Newar (29.6%), Matwali (25.1% Sunuwar, Gurung, Magars, Tamang etc.), Khas Brahmins (20.51%) and Chettris (18.5%) . Tamangs originating from surrounding hill districts can be seen in Kathmandu. More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from Terai have come to represent a substantial proportion of the city's population. The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa, while English is understood by many, particularly in the service industry. The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism.

What percentage of Kathmandu residents are Chettris?

What is the third largest ethnic group in Kathmandu?

Khas Brahmins

What are Kathmandu's primary religions?

Hinduism and Buddhism

What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers?

service

Along with Nepali, what is Kathmandu's main language?

Nepal Bhasa


The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares (466.9 acres), with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares (591.4 acres). The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath.

What religion does Changunarayan belong to?

Hindu

What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath?

stupas

How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones?

In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone?

When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status?


The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved?

Kirtipur

What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?

Licchavi

How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?

When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square?

April 2015

How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu?

four


Kumari Ghar is a palace in the center of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a Royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury are also causes for her to revert to common status. The current Royal Kumari, Matina Shakya, age four, was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy.

What is Durga called in Nepali?

Taleju

How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju?

until she menstruates

Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008?

Matina Shakya

What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy?

Maoist


The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.[citation needed]

When was the Pashupatinath Temple built?

5th century

What faith does the Pashupatinath Temple serve?

Hindu

What is another name for Pashupati?

Lord Shiva

Prior to the secularization of Nepal, who was the country's national god?

Lord Pashupatinath

Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century?

Mughal invaders


Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River. The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka, South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla. This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya.

What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers?

Hindus

In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate?

South

What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to?

Malla

Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple?

Adi Shankaracharya

What is another term for Bharatam?

Unified India


The Boudhanath, (also written Bouddhanath, Bodhnath, Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with Swayambhu. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali. Located about 11 km (7 mi) from the center and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal. Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.

To what religion is Boudhanath holy?

Buddhist

What do the Newars call Boudhanath?

Khāsti

What is Boudhanath called in Nepali?

Bauddha or Bodhnāth

How far is Boudhanath from Kathmandu in miles?

When did UNESCO make Boudhanath a World Heritage Site?


The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.

Who is pictured on the stupa's base?

Dhyani Buddha Amitabha

What is Ajima the deity of?

smallpox

What are gompas?

monasteries

Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa?

Tibetan Buddhist

What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels?

om mani padme hum


Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal Toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur.

In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located?

northwestern

What faith does Swayambhu belong to?

Buddhist

Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu?

Hindus

In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look?

four

In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers?

gajur


Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950.

Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal, terracotta, wood and what other substance?

stone

What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley?

icons

In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world?


The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.

What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga?

Mother Goddesses

What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of?

wealth

By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ?

Ashoka

When did the Licchavi period end?

What is another name for the Licchavi period?

classical


Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artifacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archeological exportation.

Along with the National Museum of Nepal, what notable Nepalese museum is present in Kathmandu?

Natural History Museum of Nepal

From what time period are the oldest artifacts in Kathmandu museums?

5th century

Along with Buddhism, what religion has had a significant influence on Nepal?

Hinduism

What Kathmandu valley area was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO?

Monument Zones

How many Monument Zones are present in the Kathmandu valley?

seven


The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings.

In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum?

western

What stupa is close to the National Museum?

Swayambhunath

Who built the building that contains the National Museum?

Bhimsen Thapa

When was the National Museum founded?

What does Chhauni Silkhana mean?

the stone house of arms and ammunition


The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to king Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, Birendra of Nepal.

When did Tribhuvan die?

What was the birth year of King Mahendra?

How many museums are in the Hanumandhoka Palace?

three

Who was the penultimate king of Nepal?

Birendra

During what era was the Hanumandhoka Palace constructed?

medieval


The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhity" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning "water spout" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers (30 hectares (74 acres)) and is fully secured with gates on all sides. This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum.

Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located?

north-central

In what year was Narayanhity constructed?

Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity?

Birenda Bir Bikram Shah

How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace?

What god is Narayana?

Vishnu


The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley. It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists photographers architects anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the Museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley ) in 1970 and constructed in 1971. Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares. The Museum is within a short walk from the Boudhnath stupa, which itself can be seen from the Museum tower.

What is the Taragaon Museum dedicated to?

modern history of the Kathmandu Valley

Who is the designer of the Taragaon Museum?

Carl Pruscha

In what year was the Taragaon Museum built?

What stupa is located close to the Taragaon Museum?

Boudhnath

What was the Taragaon Museum prior to being a museum?

hostel


Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for. Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.

Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art?

modern

How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into?

two

What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings?

Thangkas

What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art?

Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre

What do the Nepalese call Thangkas?

Paubhas


The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, located in a three storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery is also located in Kathmandu, near the Royal Palace in Durbarmarg, Kathmandu and displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, located in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.

Where can one find the Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery?

Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds

The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period?

medieval

What art gallery is located close to the Durbarmarg Royal Palace?

J

Where can the Nepal Art Council Gallery be found?

Babar Mahal

In which of Nepal's art galleries can one take an art class?

Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery


The National Library of Nepal is located in Patan. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books. English, Nepali, Sanskrit, Hindi, and Nepal Bhasa books are found here. The library is in possession of rare scholarly books in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library, located in the Kaiser Mahal on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building. This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. It covers a wide range of subjects including history, law, art, religion, and philosophy, as well as a Sanskrit manual of Tantra, which is believed to be over 1,000 years old. The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building, and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated.

How many volumes are contained in Nepal's National Library?

Along with Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali and English, the National Library contains books in what language?

Nepal Bhasa

What government department is located in the same building as the Kaiser Library?

Ministry of Education

How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain?

Who did the Kaiser Library's books previously belong to?

Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana


Kathmandu is home to Nepali cinema and theaters. The city contains several theaters, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world. A mini theater is also located at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee.

Where can the National Dance Theatre be found in Kathmandu?

Kanti Path

What year saw the beginning of the Aarohan Theater Group?

What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre?

Kathmandu International Theater Festival

Who constructed the theater in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square?

Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee


Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu, especially among Newars, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Quran while Hindus eat all varieties except Cow's meat as the consider Cow to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief breakfast for locals and visitors is mostly Momo or Chowmein.

What meat is very rarely eaten in Kathmandu?

beef

What animal does buff come from?

water buffalo

What people are particularly known for eating buff?

Newars

What cuisine notably makes use of pork?

Kirat

What do Kathmandu residents typically eat for breakfast?

Momo or Chowmein


Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955. A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins

How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955?

one

What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu?

Pizza Hut and KFC

How is the egg in American chop suey prepared?

fried

Along with locals and tourists, who eats at Kathmandu's restaurants?

expatriates

Along with Nepali, Indian and Chinese cuisines, what cuisine has been a focus of Kathmandu restaurants?

Tibetan


Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero tolerance policy. Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or barley) and rakshi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers.

What beverage is consumed by more people in Kathmandu, coffee or tea?

tea

How might a western traveler find the tea served in Kathmandu?

extremely weak

What is used to make thwon?

rice

What are bhattis?

alcohol serving eateries

What goes through a fermentation process to create tongba?

millet or barley


Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporate Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of Buddhist religion.

To what era do a majority of Kathmandu's festivals date back to?

Malla

Before the modern era, who mostly celebrated Kathmandu festivals?

Newars

In what direction out of Kathmandu did the Khas originate from?

west

What does Ghode mean?

horse

In relation to Kathmandu, where do the Tibetans hale?

north


The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati River or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.

In addition to Hindus, who regards the Bagmati River as sacred?

Buddhists

What is done with Hindus after they die?

cremated

What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death?

buried

In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner?

first son

Before Hindus are cremated, how many times are their bodies placed in the Bagmati?

three


Legendary Princess Bhrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245 - 1306 AD) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Bahis) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established.

In what century was Bhrikuti said to live?

When did Araniko die?

What religion did Araniko help to evangelize?

Buddhism

How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu?

Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists?

fifty


Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in the city.

What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum?

animistic

Who follows the Kirant Mudhum faith?

Kirat people

Who worshipped at Wanga Akash Bhairabh in ancient times?

Kirats

What is another name for ancestor worship?

worship of Ajima


Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley. They have a National Office located in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baha'is also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu. Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.[citation needed] It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular.

Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found?

Gyaneshwar

Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i?

Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal?

Shantinagar, Baneshwor

About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam?

About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu?


Institute of Medicine, the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is located in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. A number of medical colleges including Kathmandu Medical College, Nepal Medical College, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also located in or around Kathmandu.

Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college?

Tribhuwan

In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found?

Maharajgunj

When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine?

What does KUSMS stand for?

Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences

What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS?

National Academy of Medical Sciences


Football and Cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city. The sport is governed by the All Nepal Football Association (ANFA) from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The only international football stadium in the city is the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium used mostly for football matches and cultural events, located in the neighborhood of Tripureshwor. It is the largest stadium in Nepal with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, built in 1956. Martyr's Memorial League is also held in this ground every year. The stadium was renovated with Chinese help before the 8th South Asian Games were held in Kathmandu and had floodlights installed. Kathmandu is home to the oldest football clubs of Nepal such as RCT, Sankata and NRT. Other prominent clubs include MMC, Machhindra FC, Tribhuwan Army Club (TAC) and MPC.

Along with cricket, what sport is highly popular among Nepali youth?

Football

What body oversees soccer in Nepal?

All Nepal Football Association

How many people can fit in Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?

In what part of Kathmandu is Dasarath Rangasala Stadium located?

Tripureshwor

Who assisted Nepal in renovating Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?

Chinese


The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be (17,182 km (10,676 mi)), as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism. In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan Highway to the south, Prithvi Highway to the west and Araniko Highway to the north. The BP Highway, connecting Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal is under construction.

As of 2004, how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal?

Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft?

hilly terrain

What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built?

BP

In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel?

west

If one wished to travel north out of Kathmandu, what highway would be used?

Araniko


The main international airport serving Kathmandu and thus Nepal is the Tribhuvan International Airport, located about six kilometers (6 km (3.7 mi)) from the city centre. Operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal it has two terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, about 22 international airlines connect Nepal to other destinations in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to cities such as Istanbul, Delhi, Kolkata, Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Dhaka, Islamabad, Paro, Lhasa, Chengdu, and Guangzhou. A recent extension to the international terminal has made the distance to the airplanes shorter and in October 2009 it became possible to fly directly to Kathmandu from Amsterdam with Arkefly. Since 2013, Turkish Airlines connects Istanbul to Kathmandu. Regionally, several Nepali airlines operate from the city, including Agni Air, Buddha Air, Cosmic Air, Nepal Airlines and Yeti Airlines, to other major towns across Nepal.

What is Nepal's primary airport for international travel?

Tribhuvan International Airport

Starting in the center of Kathmandu, how many kilometers must one travel to reach Tribhuvan International Airport?

How many airlines use Tribhuvan International for international flights?

From what city does Arkefly offer nonstop flights to Kathmandu?

Amsterdam

Who operates flights between Kathmandu and Istanbul?

Turkish Airlines


Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), in order to promote international relations has established an International Relations Secretariat (IRC). KMC's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of Eugene, Oregon, United States. This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relationships with 8 other cities: Motsumoto City of Japan, Rochester of the USA, Yangon (formerly Rangoon) of Myanmar, Xi'an of the People's Republic of China, Minsk of Belarus, and Pyongyang of the Democratic Republic of Korea. KMC's constant endeavor is to enhance its interaction with SAARC countries, other International agencies and many other major cities of the world to achieve better urban management and developmental programs for Kathmandu.

In what US state did Kathmandu first establish an international relationship?

Oregon

What was Yangon previously known as?

Rangoon

With what Belorussian city does Kathmandu have a relationship?

Minsk

In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship?

What is KMC an initialism of?

Kathmandu Metropolitan City


Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, or cardiac arrest.

What is the scientific name for blood flow?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of women have had a heart attack?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people have chest pain when experiencing an MI?

I'm not sure.

What is heartburn a commonly known as?

I'm not sure.

How long does heartburn last?

I'm not sure.


Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake, among others. The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress, and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography. An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.

What is used to confirm a artery spasm?

I'm not sure.

What test includes cocaine?

I'm not sure.

What type of rupture helps prevent MI?

I'm not sure.

What causes extreme cold?

I'm not sure.

What does a coronary angiography look for?

I'm not sure.


Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.

What drugstore item is a poor treatment for MI?

I'm not sure.

Supplemental oxygen does not improve what?

I'm not sure.

What medicine is used to remove blockages?

I'm not sure.

What surgery is designed to slow blood flow?

I'm not sure.

What blood thinner is used in ST elevation treatments?

I'm not sure.


The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous. Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen, where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching their fists over their sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value.

What type of heart problem has a typically instantaneous onset?

I'm not sure.

How is pain in the left arm often described?

I'm not sure.

What is a good way to predict a heart attack?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for pain in the left arm?

I'm not sure.

What does a lack of oxygen supply cause?

I'm not sure.


Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs in response to pain and the blood flow abnormalities that result from dysfunction of the heart muscle. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.

What is excessive weakness called?

I'm not sure.

Diaphoresis causes a massive surge of what hormones?

I'm not sure.

Which nervous system is responsible for shortness of breath?

I'm not sure.

What is left ventricular failure called?

I'm not sure.

What kind of shock can cause sudden death?

I'm not sure.


Atypical symptoms are more frequently reported by women, the elderly, and those with diabetes when compared to their male and younger counterparts. Women also report more numerous symptoms compared with men (2.6 on average vs. 1.8 symptoms in men). The most common symptoms of MI in women include dyspnea, weakness, and fatigue. Fatigue, sleep disturbances, and dyspnea have been reported as frequently occurring symptoms that may manifest as long as one month before the actual clinically manifested ischemic event. In women, chest pain may be less predictive of coronary ischemia than in men. Women may also experience back or jaw pain during an episode.

How many symptoms do people with diabetes typically report?

I'm not sure.

What are the most common symptoms for men?

I'm not sure.

How long after the ischemic event do symptoms manifest?

I'm not sure.

What is more predictive of coronary ischemia for women?

I'm not sure.


At least one quarter of all MIs are silent, without chest pain or other symptoms. These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms, using blood enzyme tests, or at autopsy without a prior history of related complaints. Estimates of the prevalence of silent MIs vary between 22 and 64%. A silent course is more common in the elderly, in people with diabetes mellitus and after heart transplantation, probably because the donor heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient. In people with diabetes, differences in pain threshold, autonomic neuropathy, and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms.

What percentage of silent cases are later discovered on electrocardiograms?

I'm not sure.

People with what disease are least likely to experience a silent MI?

I'm not sure.

Why is a donor heart more sensitive to pain from MIs?

I'm not sure.

What have been ruled out as possible explanations for silent MIs in diabetics?

I'm not sure.

What fraction of MIs are discovered with blood enzyme tests?

I'm not sure.


Tobacco smoking (including secondhand smoke) and short-term exposure to air pollution such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide (but not ozone) have been associated with MI. Other factors that increase the risk of MI and are associated with worse outcomes after an MI include lack of physical activity and psychosocial factors including low socioeconomic status, social isolation, and negative emotions. Shift work is also associated with a higher risk of MI. Acute and prolonged intake of high quantities of alcoholic drinks (3-4 or more) increase the risk of a heart attack.

What forms of air pollution does smoking tobacco cause?

I'm not sure.

How many cigarettes per day increase the risk of a heart attack?

I'm not sure.

Increased physical activity is bad for what?

I'm not sure.

Short term exposure to 3-4 servings of what is dangerous?

I'm not sure.


The evidence for saturated fat is unclear. Some state there is evidence of benefit from reducing saturated fat, specifically a benefit from eating polyunsaturated fat instead of saturated fat. While others state there is little evidence that reducing dietary saturated fat or increasing polyunsaturated fat intake affects heart attack risk. Dietary cholesterol does not appear to have a significant effect on blood cholesterol and thus recommendations about its consumption may not be needed. Trans fats do appear to increase risk.

Evidence for what product has proven to be unequivocally dangerous?

I'm not sure.

Study show you should replace polyunsaturated fat with what?

I'm not sure.

Blood cholesterol has a significant impact on what?

I'm not sure.

What type of cholesterol requires careful limitations?

I'm not sure.

Trans what decreases risk?

I'm not sure.


Genome-wide association studies have found 27 genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Strongest association of MI has been found with the 9p21 genomic locus, which contains genes CDKN2A & 2B, although the single nucleotide polymorphisms that are implicated are within a non-coding region. The majority of these variants are in regions that have not been previously implicated in coronary artery disease. The following genes have an association with MI: PCSK9, SORT1, MIA3, WDR12, MRAS, PHACTR1, LPA, TCF21, MTHFDSL, ZC3HC1, CDKN2A, 2B, ABO, PDGF0, APOA5, MNF1ASM283, COL4A1, HHIPC1, SMAD3, ADAMTS7, RAS1, SMG6, SNF8, LDLR, SLC5A3, MRPS6, KCNE2.

How many genetic variants are shown to decrease risk of an MI?

I'm not sure.

PCSK9 is found in what locus?

I'm not sure.

How many genetic variants are in the 9p21 genomic locus?

I'm not sure.

What was implicated in the coding region of 9p21?

I'm not sure.

SORT1 is associated with decreasing risk of what?

I'm not sure.


Acute myocardial infarction refers to two subtypes of acute coronary syndrome, namely non-ST-elevated and ST-elevated MIs, which are most frequently (but not always) a manifestation of coronary artery disease. The most common triggering event is the disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque in an epicardial coronary artery, which leads to a clotting cascade, sometimes resulting in total occlusion of the artery. Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of cholesterol and fibrous tissue in plaques in the wall of arteries (in this case, the coronary arteries), typically over decades. Bloodstream column irregularities visible on angiography reflect artery lumen narrowing as a result of decades of advancing atherosclerosis. Plaques can become unstable, rupture, and additionally promote the formation of a blood clot that occludes the artery; this can occur in minutes. When a severe enough plaque rupture occurs in the coronary arteries, it leads to MI (necrosis of downstream myocardium). It is estimated that one billion cardiac cells are lost in a typical MI.

How many subtypes does ST-elevated MI have?

I'm not sure.

What are always a manifestation of artery disease?

I'm not sure.

How long does an MI take?

I'm not sure.

How many plaques become unstable in a typical MI?

I'm not sure.

How long does an angiography take?

I'm not sure.


If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade; the heart cells in the territory of the occluded coronary artery die (chiefly through necrosis) and do not grow back. A collagen scar forms in their place. Recent studies indicate that another form of cell death, apoptosis, also plays a role in the process of tissue damage following an MI. As a result, the person's heart will be permanently damaged. This myocardial scarring also puts the person at risk for potentially life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), and may result in the formation of a ventricular aneurysm that can rupture with catastrophic consequences.

What does necrosis trigger?

I'm not sure.

What is a collagen scar called?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for a ventricular aneurysm?

I'm not sure.

apoptosis is the death of what artery?

I'm not sure.

What is impaired blood flow called?

I'm not sure.


Injured heart tissue conducts electrical impulses more slowly than normal heart tissue. The difference in conduction velocity between injured and uninjured tissue can trigger re-entry or a feedback loop that is believed to be the cause of many lethal arrhythmias. The most serious of these arrhythmias is ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib/VF), an extremely fast and chaotic heart rhythm that is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death. Another life-threatening arrhythmia is ventricular tachycardia (V-tach/VT), which can cause sudden cardiac death. However, VT usually results in rapid heart rates that prevent the heart from pumping blood effectively. Cardiac output and blood pressure may fall to dangerous levels, which can lead to further coronary ischemia and extension of the infarct.

Normal heart tissue is slower than what?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the arrhythmia that is slower than normal?

I'm not sure.

V-tach is the leading cause of what?

I'm not sure.

Electrical impulses trigger what?

I'm not sure.

A rising blood pressure can cause additional what?

I'm not sure.


Myocardial infarction in the setting of plaque results from underlying atherosclerosis. Inflammation is known to be an important step in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive but nonspecific marker for inflammation. Elevated CRP blood levels, especially measured with high-sensitivity assays, can predict the risk of MI, as well as stroke and development of diabetes. Moreover, some drugs for MI might also reduce CRP levels. The use of high-sensitivity CRP assays as a means of screening the general population is advised against, but it may be used optionally at the physician's discretion in those who already present with other risk factors or known coronary artery disease. Whether CRP plays a direct role in atherosclerosis remains uncertain.

The setting of plaque is called what?

I'm not sure.

CRP is known to play a direct role in what?

I'm not sure.

What specific marker indicates inflammation?

I'm not sure.

Drugs for MI tend to raise what?

I'm not sure.

What type of screening is generally recommended?

I'm not sure.


For a person to qualify as having a STEMI, in addition to reported angina, the ECG must show new ST elevation in two or more adjacent ECG leads. This must be greater than 2 mm (0.2 mV) for males and greater than 1.5 mm (0.15 mV) in females if in leads V2 and V3 or greater than 1 mm (0.1 mV) if it is in other ECG leads. A left bundle branch block that is believed to be new used to be considered the same as ST elevation; however, this is no longer the case. In early STEMIs there may just be peaked T waves with ST elevation developing later.

How many anginas must a person report to have a STEMI?

I'm not sure.

ST elevation can develop into what?

I'm not sure.

The ECG must show less than how many mV for a male to be considered a STEMI?

I'm not sure.

What has recently been added as a qualification for a STEMI?

I'm not sure.

Which two named leads only have to be above 1 mm to be counted?

I'm not sure.


In stable patients whose symptoms have resolved by the time of evaluation, technetium (99mTc) sestamibi (i.e. a "MIBI scan") or thallium-201 chloride can be used in nuclear medicine to visualize areas of reduced blood flow in conjunction with physiological or pharmacological stress. Thallium may also be used to determine viability of tissue, distinguishing whether nonfunctional myocardium is actually dead or merely in a state of hibernation or of being stunned. Medical societies and professional guidelines recommend that the physician confirm a person is at high risk for myocardial infarction before conducting imaging tests to make a diagnosis. Patients who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise, for example, do not merit routine imaging. Imaging tests such as stress radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography can confirm a diagnosis when a patient's history, physical exam, ECG, and cardiac biomarkers suggest the likelihood of a problem.

What is used to examine blood flood in unstable patients?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for thallium-201?

I'm not sure.

What purpose does technetium serve in terms of identifying tissue?

I'm not sure.

What must be determined after taking an imaging test?

I'm not sure.

A patient does not need routine imaging when they have what kind of biomarker?

I'm not sure.


There is some controversy surrounding the effect of dietary fat on the development of cardiovascular disease. People are often advised to keep a diet where less than 30% of the energy intake derives from fat, a diet that contains less than 7% of the energy intake in the form of saturated fat, and a diet that contains less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol. Replacing saturated with mono- polyunsaturated fat is also recommended, as the consumption of polyunsaturated fat instead of saturated fat may decrease coronary heart disease. Olive oil, rapeseed oil and related products are to be used instead of saturated fat.

How many mg of fat is suggested for a healthy person's diet?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of mono-polyunsaturated fat should make up a person's daily energy requirements?

I'm not sure.

What is a good replacement for olive oil?

I'm not sure.

Nutritionists recommend an intake of more than 30% of what in one's diet?

I'm not sure.

What controversy have dieticians largely settled?

I'm not sure.


Aspirin has been studied extensively in people considered at increased risk of myocardial infarction. Based on numerous studies in different groups (e.g. people with or without diabetes), there does not appear to be a benefit strong enough to outweigh the risk of excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, many clinical practice guidelines continue to recommend aspirin for primary prevention, and some researchers feel that those with very high cardiovascular risk but low risk of bleeding should continue to receive aspirin.

What drug has been shown to have significant benefits for people at risk of an MI?

I'm not sure.

Most studies tend to focus on people with what disease?

I'm not sure.

People with diabetes have an increased likelihood of what side effect?

I'm not sure.

Based on the lack of benefits, what has largely stopped recommending asprin?

I'm not sure.

Aspirin is recommended for people with a high risk both cardiovascular disease and what?

I'm not sure.


The main treatment for MI with ECG evidence of ST elevation (STEMI) include thrombolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the treatment of choice for STEMI if it can be performed in a timely manner. If PCI cannot be performed within 90 to 120 minutes then thrombolysis, preferably within 30 minutes of arrival to hospital, is recommended. If a person has had symptoms for 12 to 24 hours evidence for thrombolysis is less and if they have had symptoms for more than 24 hours it is not recommended.

What is the shortened way of referring to thrombolysis?

I'm not sure.

PCI and what treatment must be performed within 90 to 120 minutes?

I'm not sure.

How long does the PCI procedure take?

I'm not sure.

What treatment is recommended after 24 hours?

I'm not sure.

When must ECG evidence be taken?

I'm not sure.


Thrombolysis involves the administration of medication that activates the enzymes that normally destroy blood clots. Thrombolysis agents include streptokinase, reteplase, alteplase, and tenecteplase. If no contraindications are present (such as a high risk of bleeding), thrombolysis can be given in the pre-hospital or in-hospital setting. When given to people suspected of having a STEMI within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms, thrombolytic drugs save the life of 1 in 43 who received them. The risks were major bleeding (1 in 143) and brain bleeding (1 in 250). It is unclear whether pre-hospital thrombolysis reduces death in people with STEMI compared to in-hospital thrombolysis. Pre-hospital thrombolysis reduces time to thrombolytic treatment, based on studies conducted in higher income countries.

What enzymes in the body typically destroy blood clots?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a contraindication that must be present for thrombolysis?

I'm not sure.

Thrombolytic drugs are given to how many people?

I'm not sure.

If thrombolytic drugs are given after 6 hours of onset, what are the odds of bleeding?

I'm not sure.

How many hours must pass after onset of symptoms before administering thrombolysis?

I'm not sure.


People with an acute coronary syndrome where no ST elevation is demonstrated (non-ST elevation ACS or NSTEACS) are treated with aspirin. Clopidogrel is added in many cases, particularly if the risk of cardiovascular events is felt to be high and early PCI is being considered. Depending on whether early PCI is planned, a factor Xa inhibitor or a potentiator of antithrombin (fondaparinux or low molecular weight heparin respectively) may be added. In very high-risk scenarios, inhibitors of the platelet glycoprotein αIIbβ3a receptor such as eptifibatide or tirofiban may be used.

When is clopidogrel removed?

I'm not sure.

What is NSTEACS an abbreviation for?

I'm not sure.

Clopidogrel is a form of what inhibitor?

I'm not sure.

What inhibitors are used in low-risk scenarios?

I'm not sure.

Eptifibatide has what kind of molecular weight?

I'm not sure.


Cardiac rehabilitation benefits many who have experienced myocardial infarction, even if there has been substantial heart damage and resultant left ventricular failure; ideally other medical conditions that could interfere with participation should be managed optimally. It should start soon after discharge from hospital. The program may include lifestyle advice, exercise, social support, as well as recommendations about driving, flying, sport participation, stress management, and sexual intercourse.

Cardiac rehabilitation is not an option under what circumstances?

I'm not sure.

Cardiac rehabilitation often recommends ceasing what activities?

I'm not sure.

What should start immediately upon registering at the hospital?

I'm not sure.

When are other medical conditions address?

I'm not sure.


Some risk factors for death include age, hemodynamic parameters (such as heart failure, cardiac arrest on admission, systolic blood pressure, or Killip class of two or greater), ST-segment deviation, diabetes, serum creatinine, peripheral vascular disease, and elevation of cardiac markers. Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction may increase the predictive power. Prognosis is worse if a mechanical complication such as papillary muscle or myocardial free wall rupture occurs. Morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction has improved over the years due to better treatment.

How many classes of ST-segmentation are there?

I'm not sure.

Prognosis improves after what complication?

I'm not sure.

What has decreased over the years?

I'm not sure.

What are some examples of ST-segment deviation?

I'm not sure.

What are risk factors called?

I'm not sure.


Complications may occur immediately following the heart attack (in the acute phase), or may need time to develop (a chronic problem). Acute complications may include heart failure if the damaged heart is no longer able to pump blood adequately around the body; aneurysm of the left ventricle myocardium; ventricular septal rupture or free wall rupture; mitral regurgitation, in particular if the infarction causes dysfunction of the papillary muscle; Dressler's syndrome; and abnormal heart rhythms, such as ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and heart block. Longer-term complications include heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and an increased risk of a second MI.

What is Dressler's syndrome?

I'm not sure.

What does an aneurysm of the left ventricle lead to?

I'm not sure.

What does mitral regurgitation cause?

I'm not sure.

Atrial fibrillation can only be what kind of problem?

I'm not sure.


In contrast, IHD is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example, in India, IHD had become the leading cause of death by 2004, accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to IHD were expected to double during 1985–2015. Globally, disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to ischemic heart disease are predicted to account for 5.5% of total DALYs in 2030, making it the second-most-important cause of disability (after unipolar depressive disorder), as well as the leading cause of death by this date.

What percentage of deaths does unipolar depressive disorder cause?

I'm not sure.

How many people died from IHD from 1985-2015?

I'm not sure.

What is the worldwide leading cause of death?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of deaths will IHD be responsible for in 2030?

I'm not sure.

When did IHD begin to be a bigger problem in the developing word?

I'm not sure.


At common law, in general, a myocardial infarction is a disease, but may sometimes be an injury. This can create coverage issues in administration of no-fault insurance schemes such as workers' compensation. In general, a heart attack is not covered; however, it may be a work-related injury if it results, for example, from unusual emotional stress or unusual exertion. In addition, in some jurisdictions, heart attacks suffered by persons in particular occupations such as police officers may be classified as line-of-duty injuries by statute or policy. In some countries or states, a person having suffered from an MI may be prevented from participating in activity that puts other people's lives at risk, for example driving a car or flying an airplane.

What is a myocardial infarction is always considered to be?

I'm not sure.

What occupation cannot have a heart attack classified as work-related?

I'm not sure.

What typically covers an MI?

I'm not sure.

When is an MI not considered a work-related injury?

I'm not sure.

What generally treats MI as an injury?

I'm not sure.


Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects.

What did the term matter include after the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What are atoms composed of?

I'm not sure.

What are two examples of matter?

I'm not sure.

What can an object's mass not come from?

I'm not sure.

Matter is currently considered to be what kind of concept?

I'm not sure.


All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter", and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.

What orbits around electrons?

I'm not sure.

What are protons and neutrons made out of?

I'm not sure.

All particles with rest mass have what kind of volume?

I'm not sure.

What cannot contribute to effective volume?

I'm not sure.

What kind of size or volume do point particles have?

I'm not sure.


Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma. For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter. The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).

How many forms of solids are there?

I'm not sure.

What theory states that matter can exist in four states?

I'm not sure.

Who suggested the Bose-Einstein theory?

I'm not sure.

What new form of plasma did Democritus discover?

I'm not sure.

How long have scientists focused on an elementary-particle view?

I'm not sure.


Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on Earth, where matter is approximately conserved. Still, special relativity shows that matter may disappear by conversion into energy, even inside closed systems, and it can also be created from energy, within such systems. However, because mass (like energy) can neither be created nor destroyed, the quantity of mass and the quantity of energy remain the same during a transformation of matter (which represents a certain amount of energy) into non-material (i.e., non-matter) energy. This is also true in the reverse transformation of energy into matter.

What is considered the same as matter?

I'm not sure.

What does special relativity show mass can do?

I'm not sure.

What can be created or destroyed?

I'm not sure.

What changes during the transformation of matter?

I'm not sure.

What does not change in an open system?

I'm not sure.


Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings, from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter. As such, there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter". Scientifically, the term "mass" is well-defined, but "matter" is not. Sometimes in the field of physics "matter" is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass (i.e., that cannot travel at the speed of light), such as quarks and leptons. However, in both physics and chemistry, matter exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, the so-called wave–particle duality.

What is always used the same way across fields?

I'm not sure.

What is poorly defined besides matter?

I'm not sure.

What does matter do in chemistry that it does not do in physics?

I'm not sure.

What is the combination of mass and matter called in chemistry?

I'm not sure.

What speed does matter travel at in physics?

I'm not sure.


In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quantifies the amount of matter. This tensor gives the rest mass for the entire system. "Matter" therefore is sometimes considered as anything that contributes to the energy–momentum of a system, that is, anything that is not purely gravity. This view is commonly held in fields that deal with general relativity such as cosmology. In this view, light and other massless particles and fields are part of matter.

What type of quantity is mass?

I'm not sure.

One can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get what?

I'm not sure.

What can the energy-momentum tensor not do?

I'm not sure.

What does gravity contribute to in a system?

I'm not sure.

What field does not view matter as a contributor to energy-momentum?

I'm not sure.


The reason for this is that in this definition, electromagnetic radiation (such as light) as well as the energy of electromagnetic fields contributes to the mass of systems, and therefore appears to add matter to them. For example, light radiation (or thermal radiation) trapped inside a box would contribute to the mass of the box, as would any kind of energy inside the box, including the kinetic energy of particles held by the box. Nevertheless, isolated individual particles of light (photons) and the isolated kinetic energy of massive particles, are normally not considered to be matter.[citation needed]

What type of radiation does not contribute mass?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for electromagnetic radiation?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for isolated kinetic energy of massive particles?

I'm not sure.


A source of definition difficulty in relativity arises from two definitions of mass in common use, one of which is formally equivalent to total energy (and is thus observer dependent), and the other of which is referred to as rest mass or invariant mass and is independent of the observer. Only "rest mass" is loosely equated with matter (since it can be weighed). Invariant mass is usually applied in physics to unbound systems of particles. However, energies which contribute to the "invariant mass" may be weighed also in special circumstances, such as when a system that has invariant mass is confined and has no net momentum (as in the box example above). Thus, a photon with no mass may (confusingly) still add mass to a system in which it is trapped. The same is true of the kinetic energy of particles, which by definition is not part of their rest mass, but which does add rest mass to systems in which these particles reside (an example is the mass added by the motion of gas molecules of a bottle of gas, or by the thermal energy of any hot object).

How many difficulties are there in defining mass?

I'm not sure.

What is invariant mass equivalent to?

I'm not sure.

What type of systems is rest mass applied to?

I'm not sure.

Invariant mass cannot be weighed when a system has no what?

I'm not sure.

Kinetic energy cannot add what kind of mass to a system?

I'm not sure.


Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the "matter" status of "massless particles" and fields of force becomes unclear in such systems. These problems contribute to the lack of a rigorous definition of matter in science, although mass is easier to define as the total stress–energy above (this is also what is weighed on a scale, and what is the source of gravity).[citation needed]

What is electromagnetic radiation stored in?

I'm not sure.

The mass of kinetic energy particles is not considered part of what?

I'm not sure.

What tends to be clear in complex systems?

I'm not sure.

What field has a clear definition of matter?

I'm not sure.

Mass is harder to define as being what?

I'm not sure.


A definition of "matter" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include substances made from these building blocks that are not simply atoms or molecules, for example white dwarf matter—typically, carbon and oxygen nuclei in a sea of degenerate electrons. At a microscopic level, the constituent "particles" of matter such as protons, neutrons, and electrons obey the laws of quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality. At an even deeper level, protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and the force fields (gluons) that bind them together (see Quarks and leptons definition below).

What is made out of negatively charged protons?

I'm not sure.

What type of charge do atoms have?

I'm not sure.

This definition does not include what type of matter?

I'm not sure.

What is located in a sea of protons?

I'm not sure.

What are made up of leptons?

I'm not sure.


Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same things that atoms and molecules are made of. (However, notice that one also can make from these building blocks matter that is not atoms or molecules.) Then, because electrons are leptons, and protons, and neutrons are made of quarks, this definition in turn leads to the definition of matter as being quarks and leptons, which are the two types of elementary fermions. Carithers and Grannis state: Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first-generation particles, namely the [up] and [down] quarks, plus the electron and its neutrino. (Higher generations particles quickly decay into first-generation particles, and thus are not commonly encountered.)

What is the most famous electron?

I'm not sure.

What are quarks made from?

I'm not sure.

Who determined that electrons were leptons?

I'm not sure.

How many generation particles are there?

I'm not sure.

What type of fermions are protons and neutrons?

I'm not sure.


The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bulk of the mass of the composite. As an example, to a great extent, the mass of an atom is simply the sum of the masses of its constituent protons, neutrons and electrons. However, digging deeper, the protons and neutrons are made up of quarks bound together by gluon fields (see dynamics of quantum chromodynamics) and these gluons fields contribute significantly to the mass of hadrons. In other words, most of what composes the "mass" of ordinary matter is due to the binding energy of quarks within protons and neutrons. For example, the sum of the mass of the three quarks in a nucleon is approximately 7001125000000000000♠12.5 MeV/c2, which is low compared to the mass of a nucleon (approximately 7002938000000000000♠938 MeV/c2). The bottom line is that most of the mass of everyday objects comes from the interaction energy of its elementary components.

What are atoms and molecules elementary forms of?

I'm not sure.

What holds building blocks together?

I'm not sure.

What is the mass of a proton?

I'm not sure.

What binds an atom together?

I'm not sure.

Most of the mass of binding energy is due to what?

I'm not sure.


The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation consists of the top and bottom quarks and the tau and tau neutrino. The most natural explanation for this would be that quarks and leptons of higher generations are excited states of the first generations. If this turns out to be the case, it would imply that quarks and leptons are composite particles, rather than elementary particles.

What model has two generations?

I'm not sure.

Which generation has the up and down muon and muon neutrino?

I'm not sure.

What type of particles are tau and tau neutrino?

I'm not sure.

What generation has charm and strange muon?

I'm not sure.

How many electrons are there in the generations?

I'm not sure.


Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), suggests that only about 4.6% of that part of the universe within range of the best telescopes (that is, matter that may be visible because light could reach us from it), is made of baryonic matter. About 23% is dark matter, and about 72% is dark energy.

What is dark energy composed of?

I'm not sure.

What probe saw white dwarf stars?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the universe are black holes?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the universe can be seen by telescope?

I'm not sure.

What type of light accounts for 72% of the universe?

I'm not sure.


In physics, degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommodate all the available fermions—and in the case of many fermions, the maximum kinetic energy (called the Fermi energy) and the pressure of the gas becomes very large, and depends on the number of fermions rather than the temperature, unlike normal states of matter.

What is the name of the principle for the ground state of gas?

I'm not sure.

What depends on the temperature at absolute zero?

I'm not sure.

What is the minimum kinetic energy called?

I'm not sure.

What shrinks to accommodate fermions?

I'm not sure.

What is the pressure of the gas called?

I'm not sure.


Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that contains only up and down quarks. At high enough density, strange matter is expected to be color superconducting. Strange matter is hypothesized to occur in the core of neutron stars, or, more speculatively, as isolated droplets that may vary in size from femtometers (strangelets) to kilometers (quark stars).

What is quark matter usually thought of as?

I'm not sure.

What is nuclear matter similar to?

I'm not sure.

At low density, what is expected of strange matter?

I'm not sure.

What kind of core does nuclear matter occur in?

I'm not sure.

What has Strange matter been definitely proven to occur as?

I'm not sure.


In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth). These phases include the three familiar ones (solids, liquids, and gases), as well as more exotic states of matter (such as plasmas, superfluids, supersolids, Bose–Einstein condensates, ...). A fluid may be a liquid, gas or plasma. There are also paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. As conditions change, matter may change from one phase into another. These phenomena are called phase transitions, and are studied in the field of thermodynamics. In nanomaterials, the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume results in matter that can exhibit properties entirely different from those of bulk material, and not well described by any bulk phase (see nanomaterials for more details).

What are phases known as?

I'm not sure.

What is a phase not dependent on?

I'm not sure.

How many phases are there total?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of paramagnetic phases?

I'm not sure.

What field studies nanomaterials?

I'm not sure.


In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordance with Einstein's equation E = mc2. These new particles may be high-energy photons (gamma rays) or other particle–antiparticle pairs. The resulting particles are endowed with an amount of kinetic energy equal to the difference between the rest mass of the products of the annihilation and the rest mass of the original particle–antiparticle pair, which is often quite large.

What is composed of antimatter?

I'm not sure.

What happens when two antiparticles collide?

I'm not sure.

What are particle-antiparticle pairs that are not high-energy called?

I'm not sure.

What kind of energy do particle-antiparticle pairs have more of than they had originally?

I'm not sure.

Who discovered quantum chemistry?

I'm not sure.


Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter that Earth is made of, and be annihilated. Antiparticles and some stable antimatter (such as antihydrogen) can be made in tiny amounts, but not in enough quantity to do more than test a few of its theoretical properties.

Where is antimatter found naturally in large quantities?

I'm not sure.

What does antimatter annihilate?

I'm not sure.

Where is ordinary matter created?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of an antiparticle?

I'm not sure.

Large quantities of what can be created for testing?

I'm not sure.


There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance of antimatter requires an asymmetry in physical laws called the charge parity (or CP symmetry) violation. CP symmetry violation can be obtained from the Standard Model, but at this time the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the great unsolved problems in physics. Possible processes by which it came about are explored in more detail under baryogenesis.

What is the disappearance of matter linked to?

I'm not sure.

When was there more antimatter than matter?

I'm not sure.

What problem has physics solved?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Standard Model found?

I'm not sure.

What field of study speculates about science fiction?

I'm not sure.


In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory require that this matter have energy and mass, but is not composed of either elementary fermions (as above) OR gauge bosons. The commonly accepted view is that most of the dark matter is non-baryonic in nature. As such, it is composed of particles as yet unobserved in the laboratory. Perhaps they are supersymmetric particles, which are not Standard Model particles, but relics formed at very high energies in the early phase of the universe and still floating about.

What does dark matter emit to make it visible?

I'm not sure.

What effect on other matter allows electromagnetic radiation to be visible?

I'm not sure.

What is baryonic in nature?

I'm not sure.

What does dark matter form?

I'm not sure.

Supersymmetric particles are part of what Model?

I'm not sure.


The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeiron). Anaximenes (flourished 585 BC, d. 528 BC) posited that the basic stuff was pneuma or air. Heraclitus (c. 535–c. 475 BC) seems to say the basic element is fire, though perhaps he means that all is change. Empedocles (c. 490–430 BC) spoke of four elements of which everything was made: earth, water, air, and fire. Meanwhile, Parmenides argued that change does not exist, and Democritus argued that everything is composed of minuscule, inert bodies of all shapes called atoms, a philosophy called atomism. All of these notions had deep philosophical problems.

When did Socratics live?

I'm not sure.

What did Parmenides believe was the fundamental material of the world?

I'm not sure.

What is the name for the philosophical problems of understanding the nature of the world?

I'm not sure.

How many elements did Democritus name?

I'm not sure.

What did Parmenides say everything was made of?

I'm not sure.


For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this understanding does not exist independently (i.e., as a substance), but exists interdependently (i.e., as a "principle") with form and only insofar as it underlies change. It can be helpful to conceive of the relationship of matter and form as very similar to that between parts and whole. For Aristotle, matter as such can only receive actuality from form; it has no activity or actuality in itself, similar to the way that parts as such only have their existence in a whole (otherwise they would be independent wholes).

What exists independently?

I'm not sure.

Who said matter had actuality in and of itself?

I'm not sure.

Aristotle said parts have existence outside of what?

I'm not sure.

What does grass turn the horse into?

I'm not sure.


For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extended substance. They are independent things. In contrast, Aristotle defines matter and the formal/forming principle as complementary principles that together compose one independent thing (substance). In short, Aristotle defines matter (roughly speaking) as what things are actually made of (with a potential independent existence), but Descartes elevates matter to an actual independent thing in itself.

What philosophy did Aristotle describe?

I'm not sure.

What did Aristotle define as distinct from matter?

I'm not sure.

How did Aristotle elevate matter?

I'm not sure.

What activity does locomotion have?

I'm not sure.

How does Descartes use matter and the formal/forming principle?

I'm not sure.


Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles", which were "...even so very hard as never to wear or break in pieces". The "primary" properties of matter were amenable to mathematical description, unlike "secondary" qualities such as color or taste. Like Descartes, Newton rejected the essential nature of secondary qualities.

When was Descartes born?

I'm not sure.

What did Descartes write?

I'm not sure.

What did Newton reject that Descartes did not?

I'm not sure.

What did Descartes say were the universal qualities of matter?

I'm not sure.

Both primary and secondary properties are suited to what form of description?

I'm not sure.