Although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis. Owing to limited financial resources, Washington University initially used public buildings. Classes began on October 22, 1854, at the Benton School building. At first the university paid for the evening classes, but as their popularity grew, their funding was transferred to the St. Louis Public Schools. Eventually the board secured funds for the construction of Academic Hall and a half dozen other buildings. Later the university divided into three departments: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute.

Where was Washington University located?

17th Street and Washington Avenue

When did classes first begin at Washington University?

October 22, 1854

What building was first used for classes at Washington University?

Benton School building.

What three departments were Washington University divided?

the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute

What type of school did Washington University first function?

a night school

On what road was the Benton School building?

I'm not sure.

On what road was Academic Hall?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the university divide into three departments?

I'm not sure.

On what date did the first school year end?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Washington University become a day school?

I'm not sure.


In 1867, the university opened the first private nonsectarian law school west of the Mississippi River. By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in various buildings across St. Louis. Medical classes were first held at Washington University in 1891 after the St. Louis Medical College decided to affiliate with the University, establishing the School of Medicine. During the 1890s, Robert Sommers Brookings, the president of the Board of Trustees, undertook the tasks of reorganizing the university's finances, putting them onto a sound foundation, and buying land for a new campus.

When was did Washington University open its law school?

When did Washington University establish its medical school?

Who was Robert Somers Brookings?

the president of the Board of Trustees

When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?

In what year was Robert Sommers Brookings born?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the St. Louis Medical College founded?

I'm not sure.

What was the first private sectarian law school west of the Mississippi River?

I'm not sure.

What was the first public law school west of the Mississippi River?

I'm not sure.

What was the first private sectarian school west of the Mississippi River?

I'm not sure.


Washington University spent its first half century in downtown St. Louis bounded by Washington Ave., Lucas Place, and Locust Street. By the 1890s, owing to the dramatic expansion of the Manual School and a new benefactor in Robert Brookings, the University began to move west. The University Board of Directors began a process to find suitable ground and hired the landscape architecture firm Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston. A committee of Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse found a site of 103 acres (41.7 ha) just beyond Forest Park, located west of the city limits in St. Louis County. The elevation of the land was thought to resemble the Acropolis and inspired the nickname of "Hilltop" campus, renamed the Danforth campus in 2006 to honor former chancellor William H. Danforth.

Where was Washington University located during the first half of the 1800's.

downtown St. Louis

When did Washington University begin to expand west?

the 1890s

What architecture firm was hired by the Board of Directors at Washington University?

Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston

Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University?

Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse

What nickname was given to the new campus site?

"Hilltop" campus

In what decade was the Manual School established?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the university's Board of Directors members in the 1890s?

I'm not sure.

What city was Robert Brookings originally from?

I'm not sure.

Who designed the Manual School?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the streets that the Danforth campus now lies next to?

I'm not sure.


In 1899, the university opened a national design contest for the new campus. The renowned Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson won unanimously with its plan for a row of Collegiate Gothic quadrangles inspired by Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The cornerstone of the first building, Busch Hall, was laid on October 20, 1900. The construction of Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples began shortly thereafter. The school delayed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics. The delay allowed the university to construct ten buildings instead of the seven originally planned. This original cluster of buildings set a precedent for the development of the Danforth Campus; Cope & Stewardson’s original plan and its choice of building materials have, with few exceptions, guided the construction and expansion of the Danforth Campus to the present day.

When did Washington University hold a national design contest for the new campus?

What firm won the Washington University national design contest?

Cope & Stewardson

When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall?

October 20, 1900

What were the names of the three buildings constructed after Busch Hall?

Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples

Why did Washington University delay occupying of the new campus buildings until 1905?

to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics

In what year was Oxford founded?

I'm not sure.

On what date did Brookings Hall have its cornerstone laid?

I'm not sure.

On what date did construction begin on the Cupples building?

I'm not sure.

On what date was construction completed on Ridgley?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Cope & Stewardson founded?

I'm not sure.


After working for many years at the University of Chicago, Arthur Holly Compton returned to St. Louis in 1946 to serve as Washington University's ninth chancellor. Compton reestablished the Washington University football team, making the declaration that athletics were to be henceforth played on a "strictly amateur" basis with no athletic scholarships. Under Compton’s leadership, enrollment at the University grew dramatically, fueled primarily by World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits.

What role did Arthur Holly Compton serve at Washington University?

chancellor

Who reestablished Washington University's football team?

Arthur Holly Compton

What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton's term as chancellor?

World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits

What declaration did Arthur Holly Compton make about athletics at Washington University?

athletics were to be henceforth played on a "strictly amateur" basis with no athletic scholarships.

Where did Arthur Holly Compton work before returning to Washington University?

the University of Chicago

Who was Washington University's eight chancellor?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Washington University's first football program get shut down?

I'm not sure.

In what year did World War II start?

I'm not sure.

What position did Arthur Holly Compton have at the University of Chicago?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the University of Chicago get founded?

I'm not sure.


The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work. During the mid and late 1940s, the University was the target of critical editorials in the local African American press, letter-writing campaigns by churches and the local Urban League, and legal briefs by the NAACP intended to strip its tax-exempt status. In spring 1949, a Washington University student group, the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN), began campaigning for full racial integration. In May 1952, the Board of Trustees passed a resolution desegregating the school's undergraduate divisions.

When did Washington University begin desegregation?

What were the first schools to become integrated at Washington University?

the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work

What student group campaigned for full integration at Washington University in 1949?

the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN)

What organization sought to strip Washington University of its tax-exempt status in the 1940's?

the NAACP

When did the Board of Trustees pass a resolution to desegregate the Washington University undergraduate division?

May 1952

In what year was the Student Committee for Admission of Negroes established?

I'm not sure.

What was one of the last school's at Washington University to be desegregated?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the School of Social Work established at Washington University?

I'm not sure.

What is NAACP and acronym of?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the local Urban League established?

I'm not sure.


During the latter half of the 20th century, Washington University transitioned from a strong regional university to a national research institution. In 1957, planning began for the construction of the “South 40,” a complex of modern residential halls. With the additional on-campus housing, Washington University, which had been predominantly a “streetcar college” of commuter students, began to attract a more national pool of applicants. By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.

When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls?

What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University?

South 40

How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population?

began to attract a more national pool of applicants

What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?

over two-thirds

When did Washington University transition to a national research institution?

During the latter half of the 20th century,

In what year did construction start on the "South 40"?

I'm not sure.

In what year was construction completed on the "South 40"?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area in 1957?

I'm not sure.

In what type of housing did the commuter students live in?

I'm not sure.


Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any other institution in history. United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016. A presidential debate was planned to occur in 1996, but owing to scheduling difficulties between the candidates, the debate was canceled. The university hosted the only 2008 vice presidential debate, between Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden, on October 2, 2008, also at the Washington University Athletic Complex.

What years were presidential debates held at Washington University?

1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016

What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates?

Washington University Athletic Complex

Why was the presidential debate canceled in 1996 at Washington University?

scheduling difficulties between the candidates

When was the only vice presidential debate held at Washington University?

October 2, 2008

Who were the candidates in the vice presidential debate at Washington University?

Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden

In what year was the Washington University Athletic Complex built?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the presidential candidates to debate in 1992?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the presidential candidates to debate in 2000?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the presidential candidates in 1996?

I'm not sure.

Was it presidential or vice presidential debate held at Washington University in 2000?

I'm not sure.


Although Chancellor Wrighton had noted after the 2004 debate that it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility, he subsequently changed his view and the university submitted a bid for the 2008 debates. "These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues, and they allow us to help bring national and international attention to the St. Louis region as one of America's great metropolitan areas," said Wrighton.

What was Chancellor Wrighton's initial sentiment to hosting another presidential debate at Washington University after 2004?

it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility

What did  Chancellor Wrighton state as one of the reasons for hosting another debate at Washington University?

These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues

What year did Chancellor Wrighton submit another bid for a presidential debate at Washington University after 2004?

In what year did Wrighton become Chancellor?

I'm not sure.

Who said it would be "probable" that their university would ask to host another debate in 2004?

I'm not sure.

Who said "These common events are a great experience for our students..." in 2008?

I'm not sure.

What type of events bring local attention to the St. Louis region?

I'm not sure.

What was the very first year that Washington University hosted a presidential debate?

I'm not sure.


In 2013, Washington University received a record 30,117 applications for a freshman class of 1,500 with an acceptance rate of 13.7%. More than 90% of incoming freshmen whose high schools ranked were ranked in the top 10% of their high school classes. In 2006, the university ranked fourth overall and second among private universities in the number of enrolled National Merit Scholar freshmen, according to the National Merit Scholar Corporation's annual report. In 2008, Washington University was ranked #1 for quality of life according to The Princeton Review, among other top rankings. In addition, the Olin Business School's undergraduate program is among the top 4 in the country. The Olin Business School's undergraduate program is also among the country's most competitive, admitting only 14% of applicants in 2007 and ranking #1 in SAT scores with an average composite of 1492 M+CR according to BusinessWeek.

How many freshman class applications did Washington University receive in 2013?

What percentage of incoming freshman at Washington University were in the top %10 of their class in 2013?

More than 90% of incoming freshmen

Where did Washington University rank among private universities for National Merit Scholar freshman in 2006?

second among private universities

When was Washington University ranked #1 for quality of life?

In 2008

What percent of applicants were admitted to Olin Business School in 2007?

What private university had the most enrolled National Merit Scholar freshman in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What was Washington University's rank in 2006 for quality of life?

I'm not sure.

What percentage applicants did the Olin Business School accept in 2006?

I'm not sure.

How many applications did Washington University receive in 2006?

I'm not sure.

How many were in the freshmen class of 2006?

I'm not sure.


Graduate schools include the School of Medicine, currently ranked sixth in the nation, and the George Warren Brown School of Social Work, currently ranked first. The program in occupational therapy at Washington University currently occupies the first spot for the 2016 U.S. News & World Report rankings, and the program in physical therapy is ranked first as well. For the 2015 edition, the School of Law is ranked 18th and the Olin Business School is ranked 19th. Additionally, the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design was ranked ninth in the nation by the journal DesignIntelligence in its 2013 edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools."

What is the current national rank of the School of Medicine at Washington University?

sixth in the nation

What is the current national rank of Brown School of Social Work?

currently ranked first

What program at Washington University ranks first in the 2016 in the U.S. News & World Reports rankings?

The program in occupational therapy

Where did the School of Law rank in  2015 by the U.S. News & World Reports?

What year did the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design rank ninth by Designintellence?

What School of Medicine is ranked first in the nation?

I'm not sure.

What is the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Designs rank as of 2016?

I'm not sure.

Who ranked the George Warren Brown School of Social Work first in the nation?

I'm not sure.

Who ranked the Washington University School of Medicine sixth in the nation?

I'm not sure.

What was the School of Medicine's rank in 2013?

I'm not sure.


Washington University's North Campus and West Campus principally house administrative functions that are not student focused. North Campus lies in St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop. The University acquired the building and adjacent property in 2004, formerly home to the Angelica Uniform Factory. Several University administrative departments are located at the North Campus location, including offices for Quadrangle Housing, Accounting and Treasury Services, Parking and Transportation Services, Army ROTC, and Network Technology Services. The North Campus location also provides off-site storage space for the Performing Arts Department. Renovations are still ongoing; recent additions to the North Campus space include a small eatery operated by Bon Appétit Management Company, the University's on-campus food provider, completed during spring semester 2007, as well as the Family Learning Center, operated by Bright Horizons and opened in September 2010.

Where is Washington University's north campus located?

St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop

When was the building and property for the north campus of Washington University acquired?

What previously occupied the building used at the north campus of Washington University?

Angelica Uniform Factory

For what department does the north campus location of Washington University provide off-site storage?

Performing Arts Department

Who is Washington University's food provider on campus?

Bon Appétit Management Company

On what campuses are the student focused administrative functions located?

I'm not sure.

What does the West Campus lie near?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the school acquire the West Campus building?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Bob Appetit Management Company become the on-campus food provider?

I'm not sure.

What is something based in the West Campus?

I'm not sure.


The West Campus is located about one mile (1.6 km) to the west of the Danforth Campus in Clayton, Missouri, and primarily consists of a four-story former department store building housing mostly administrative space. The West Campus building was home to the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store until 1990, when the University acquired the property and adjacent parking and began a series of renovations. Today, the basement level houses the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space. The ground level still remains a retail space. The upper floors house consolidated capital gifts, portions of alumni and development, and information systems offices from across the Danforth and Medical School campuses. There is also a music rehearsal room on the second floor. The West Campus is also home to the Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT), which provides IT training services.

Where is the West Campus of Washington University located?

Clayton, Missouri

What was previously located at the West Campus of Washington University?

the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store

When did the university acquire the property for the West Campus?

What is located in the basement level of the West Campus?

the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space

What department located at the West Campus provides IT services?

Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT)

On what floor are the information system offices?

I'm not sure.

In what city is the Danforth Campus?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Famous-Barr department store but a location in Clayton, Missouri?

I'm not sure.

On what floor is capital gifts?

I'm not sure.

On what floor is portions of alumni and development?

I'm not sure.


Tyson Research Center is a 2,000-acre (809 ha) field station located west of St. Louis on the Meramec River. Washington University obtained Tyson as surplus property from the federal government in 1963. It is used by the University as a biological field station and research/education center. In 2010 the Living Learning Center was named one of the first two buildings accredited nationwide as a "living building" under the Living Building Challenge, opened to serve as a biological research station and classroom for summer students.

Where is Tyson Research Center located?

west of St. Louis on the Meramec River

When did Washington University acquire the property for Tyson Research Center?

What is the function of Tyson Research Center?

a biological field station and research/education center.

When was the Living Learning Center accredited as a "living building"?

Who previously owned the property where Tyson Research Center is located?

the federal government

In what year was the Living Learning Center established?

I'm not sure.

How big is the Washington University campus?

I'm not sure.

Besides the Living Learning Center what was the other building accredited as a "living building"?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Living Building Challenge issued?

I'm not sure.


Arts & Sciences at Washington University comprises three divisions: the College of Arts & Sciences, the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, and University College in Arts & Sciences. Barbara Schaal is Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences. James E. McLeod was the Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences; according to a University news release he died at the University's Barnes-Jewish Hospital on Tuesday, September 6, 2011 of renal failure as a result of a two-year-long struggle with cancer. Richard J. Smith is Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.

How many divisions make up Arts & Sciences at Washington University?

three divisions

Who is the Dean of Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Washington University?

Barbara Schaal

What positions did James Mcleod hold at Washington University?

Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences

When did James Mcleod pass away?

September 6, 2011

What position does Richard J. Smith hold at Washington University?

Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.

In what year did Barbara Schaal become the Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Science?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Jame E. McLeod become Vice Chancellor for Students?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Jame E. McLeod become Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences?

I'm not sure.

Who is the current Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences?

I'm not sure.

Who is the current Vice Chancellor for Students?

I'm not sure.


Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988. The school's academic programs include BSBA, MBA, Professional MBA (PMBA), Executive MBA (EMBA), MS in Finance, MS in Supply Chain Management, MS in Customer Analytics, Master of Accounting, Global Master of Finance Dual Degree program, and Doctorate programs, as well as non-degree executive education. In 2002, an Executive MBA program was established in Shanghai, in cooperation with Fudan University.

When was Olin Business School founded?

What was the original name of Olin Business School?

the School of Commerce and Finance

After whom is Olin Business School named?

John M. Olin

When was Olin Business School named?

Where was an Executive MBA program established by Washington University in 2002?

Shanghai

When was John M. Olin born?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Fudan University established?

I'm not sure.

In what field was John M. Olin an entrepreneur in?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Olin Business School start offering its MS in Finance degree?

I'm not sure.

In what year did John M. Olin die?

I'm not sure.


Olin has a network of more than 16,000 alumni worldwide. Over the last several years, the school’s endowment has increased to $213 million (2004) and annual gifts average $12 million per year.[citation needed] Simon Hall was opened in 1986 after a donation from John E. Simon. On May 2, 2014, the $90 million conjoined Knight and Bauer Halls were dedicated, following a $15 million gift from Charles F. Knight and Joanne Knight and a $10 million gift from George and Carol Bauer through the Bauer Foundation.

How many alumni does Olin Business School have worldwide?

more than 16,000 alumni

What is the amount of Olin Business School's endowment as of 2004?

$213 million

When was Simon Hall opened?

Who provided the donation that enabled the opening  Simon Hall?

John E. Simon

When were Knight and Bauer Halls dedicated?

May 2, 2014

How much money did John E. Simon donate?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Bauer Foundation established?

I'm not sure.

How much did Simon Hall cost to build?

I'm not sure.

How much did the Knight Hall cost to build?

I'm not sure.

How much did the Bauer Hall cost to build?

I'm not sure.


Undergraduate BSBA students take 40–60% of their courses within the business school and are able to formally declare majors in eight areas: accounting, entrepreneurship, finance, healthcare management, marketing, managerial economics and strategy, organization and human resources, international business, and operations and supply chain management. Graduate students are able to pursue an MBA either full-time or part-time. Students may also take elective courses from other disciplines at Washington University, including law and many other fields. Mahendra R. Gupta is the Dean of the Olin Business School.

How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University?

eight

What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University?

full-time or part-time

Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?

Mahendra R. Gupta

What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University?

What university did Mahendra R. Gupta graduate from?

I'm not sure.

How many types of MBA's does Washington University offer?

I'm not sure.

How can undergraduate students attend BSBA?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of an MBA students courses are at the business school?

I'm not sure.


Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work. It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers, a Master of Juridical Studies (MJS), and a Juris Scientiae Doctoris (JSD). The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring, Summer, and Fall, and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD.

With what schools does the Washington University School of Law offer joint-degree programs?

Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work

What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law?

LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers

How many semesters of courses are offered by Washington University School of Law?

3 semesters

How many hours of coursework are required to obtain a JD at the Washington University School of Law?

85 hours

During what seasons are courses offered at the Washington University School of Law?

Spring, Summer, and Fall

What school does someone need to attend to get a LLM in Taxation?

I'm not sure.

How many semesters does it take to complete a LLM in Taxation?

I'm not sure.

What school does a student need to attend to get a Master of Juridicial Studies?

I'm not sure.

How many semesters does it take to earn a LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the schools a Juris Scientiae Doctoris attends?

I'm not sure.


In the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools, the law school is ranked 18th nationally, out of over 180 law schools. In particular, its Clinical Education Program is currently ranked 4th in the nation. This year, the median score placed the average student in the 96th percentile of test takers. The law school offers a full-time day program, beginning in August, for the J.D. degree. The law school is located in a state-of-the-art building, Anheuser-Busch Hall (opened in 1997). The building combines traditional architecture, a five-story open-stacks library, an integration of indoor and outdoor spaces, and the latest wireless and other technologies. National Jurist ranked Washington University 4th among the "25 Most Wired Law Schools."

Where is the Washington University School of Law ranked in the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools?

Where do students in the Washington University School of Law place among test takers on average?

96th percentile

When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the  Washington University School of Law begin?

August

What building provides the location of the Washington University School of Law?

Anheuser-Busch Hall

Where does the Washington University School of Law rank among "25 Most Wired Law Schools"?

In 2015 what graduate school was ranked best by US News & World Report?

I'm not sure.

What university was ranked as the 1st among the "25 Most Wired Law Schools"?

I'm not sure.

In what year did National Jurist ranked Washington University among the "25 most Wired Law Schools"?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Clinical Education Program established?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Clinical Education Program ranked 4th in the nation?

I'm not sure.


The Washington University School of Medicine, founded in 1891, is highly regarded as one of the world's leading centers for medical research and training. The School ranks first in the nation in student selectivity. Among its many recent initiatives, The Genome Center at Washington University (directed by Richard K. Wilson) played a leading role in the Human Genome Project, having contributed 25% of the finished sequence. The School pioneered bedside teaching and led in the transformation of empirical knowledge into scientific medicine. The medical school partners with St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital (part of BJC HealthCare), where all physicians are members of the school's faculty.

When was the Washington University School of Medicine founded?

Where does the Washington University School of Medicine rank in student selectivity?

first

Who is the director of the Genome Center at Washington University?

Richard K. Wilson

How much of a contribution did the Genome Center at Washington University make in sequencing the Human Genome Project?

What hospitals partner with the Washington University School of Medicine?

St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital

Who directs the Washington University School of Medicine?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Washington University School of Medicine partner with St. Louis Children's Hospital?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Washington University School of Medicine partner with Barnes-Jewish Hospital?

I'm not sure.

In what year was St. Louis Children's Hospital founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Barnes-Jewish Hospital founded?

I'm not sure.


With roots dating back to 1909 in the university's School of Social Economy, the George Warren Brown School of Social Work (commonly called the Brown School or Brown) was founded in 1925. Brown's academic degree offerings include a Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences. It is currently ranked first among Master of Social Work programs in the United States. The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband, George Warren Brown, a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company. The school was the first in the country to have a building for the purpose of social work education, and it is also a founding member of the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The school is housed within Brown and Goldfarb Halls, but a third building expansion is currently in progress and slated to be completed in summer 2015. The new building, adjacent to Brown and Goldfarb Halls, targets LEED Gold certification and will add approximately 105,000 square feet, more than doubling the school's teaching, research, and program space.

When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded?

By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?

Brown School or Brown

What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?

Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences

What roles was George Warren Brown known?

St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company

What facilities house the  George Warren Brown School of Social Work?

Brown and Goldfarb Halls

In what year was the  Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Brown start offering a Master of Social Work?

I'm not sure.

In what year did George Warren Brown die?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Goldfarb Hall built?

I'm not sure.

How large is Brown Hall?

I'm not sure.


The school has many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars in social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development. Many of the faculty have training in both social work and public health. The school's current dean is Edward F. Lawlor. In addition to affiliation with the university-wide Institute of Public Health, Brown houses 12 research centers. The Brown School Library collects materials on many topics, with specific emphasis on: children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management. The library maintains subscriptions to over 450 academic journals.

Who is the Brown School's current Dean?

Edward F. Lawlor

How many research centers are housed by the Brown School?

12 research centers.

What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection?

children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management.

To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe?

over 450 academic journals

What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars?

social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development

How many academic journal subscriptions does the Brown School Library have for mental health issues?

I'm not sure.

How many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars work for Brown?

I'm not sure.

How many academic journal subscriptions does the Brown School Library have for gerontology?

I'm not sure.

How many of the facility have trained in both social work and public health?

I'm not sure.

How many academic journal subscriptions does the Brown School Library have for family therapy?

I'm not sure.


The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, established in 1881, is one of the oldest teaching museums in the country. The collection includes works from 19th, 20th, and 21st century American and European artists, including George Caleb Bingham, Thomas Cole, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, Alexander Calder, Jackson Pollock, Rembrandt, Robert Rauschenberg, Barbara Kruger, and Christian Boltanski. Also in the complex is the 3,000 sq ft (300 m2) Newman Money Museum. In October 2006, the Kemper Art Museum moved from its previous location, Steinberg Hall, into a new facility designed by former faculty member Fumihiko Maki. Interestingly, the new Kemper Art Museum is located directly across from Steinberg Hall, which was Maki's very first commission in 1959.

When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established?

From what centuries does  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections?

19th, 20th, and 21st century

When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations?

Who designed the new location of  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum?

Fumihiko Maki

What facility was Fumihiko Maki's first commission?

Steinberg Hall

What is the oldest teaching museum in the country?

I'm not sure.

In what year was George Caleb Bingham born?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Newman Money Museum established?

I'm not sure.

How big is the Kemper Art Museum?

I'm not sure.

Who designed the Newman Money Museum?

I'm not sure.


Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research,[citation needed] offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university's seven schools. Known for its interdisciplinarity and departmental collaboration, many of Washington University's research centers and institutes are collaborative efforts between many areas on campus.[citation needed] More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research. According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation. A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities, advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests, publish undergraduate research journals, and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research.

How many schools does Washington University have?

seven

What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?

How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University?

one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation

Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?

the Danforth Campus

What percentage of faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Center for Measuring University Performance located?

I'm not sure.

What is considered the top 10 private research university in the nation?

I'm not sure.

What university is known for interdisciplinarity and departmental noncooperation?

I'm not sure.


During fiscal year 2007, $537.5 million was received in total research support, including $444 million in federal obligations. The University has over 150 National Institutes of Health funded inventions, with many of them licensed to private companies. Governmental agencies and non-profit foundations such as the NIH, United States Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, and NASA provide the majority of research grant funding, with Washington University being one of the top recipients in NIH grants from year-to-year. Nearly 80% of NIH grants to institutions in the state of Missouri went to Washington University alone in 2007. Washington University and its Medical School play a large part in the Human Genome Project, where it contributes approximately 25% of the finished sequence. The Genome Sequencing Center has decoded the genome of many animals, plants, and cellular organisms, including the platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn.

How much money in financial support did Washington University receive in 2007?

$537.5 million

How many inventions does Washington University have funded by the National Institute of health?

What percentage of NH grants in Missouri went to Washington University?

What percentage of the sequencing did the Washington University Medical School contribute to the Human Genome Project?

What  are some organisms for which  the Genome Sequencing Center at  Washington University Medical provided genome decoding?

platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn

How much money did Washington University receive in fiscal year 2006 for total research support?

I'm not sure.

How much in federal obligations was spent in total research support in fiscal year 2007?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Human Genome Project started?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of plants have had their genome sequenced?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of animals have had their genome sequenced?

I'm not sure.


Washington University has over 300 undergraduate student organizations on campus. Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union, which has a $2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country. Known as SU for short, the Student Union sponsors large-scale campus programs including WILD (a semesterly concert in the quad) and free copies of the New York Times, USA Today, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch through The Collegiate Readership Program; it also contributes to the Assembly Series, a weekly lecture series produced by the University, and funds the campus television station, WUTV, and the radio station, KWUR. KWUR was named best radio station in St. Louis of 2003 by the Riverfront Times despite the fact that its signal reaches only a few blocks beyond the boundaries of the campus. There are 11 fraternities and 9 sororities, with approximately 35% of the student body being involved in Greek life. The Congress of the South 40 (CS40) is a Residential Life and Events Programming Board, which operates outside of the SU sphere. CS40's funding comes from the Housing Activities Fee of each student living on the South 40.

How many student organizations does Washington University have on campus?

How are most student organizations at Washington University funded?

by the Washington University Student Union

What is the amount of the Washington University Student Union annual budget?

$2 million

How many fraternities are located at Washington University?

What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University?

What percentage of undergraduate student organizations are funded by the Washington University Student Union?

I'm not sure.

How much does the Washington University radio program take to run per year?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the radio station KWUR first air?

I'm not sure.

How much does it cost to run the Congress of the South 40 annually?

I'm not sure.

How many weekly lecture series are there on the Washington University campus each year?

I'm not sure.


Washington University has a large number of student-run musical groups on campus, including 12 official a cappella groups. The Pikers, an all-male group, is the oldest such group on campus. The Greenleafs, an all-female group is the oldest (and only) female group on campus. The Mosaic Whispers, founded in 1991, is the oldest co-ed group on campus. They have produced 9 albums and have appeared on a number of compilation albums, including Ben Folds' Ben Folds Presents: University A Cappella! The Amateurs, who also appeared on this album, is another co-ed a cappella group on campus, founded in 1991. They have recorded seven albums and toured extensively. After Dark is a co-ed a cappella group founded in 2001. It has released three albums and has won several Contemporary A Capella Recording (CARA) awards. In 2008 the group performed on MSNBC during coverage of the vice presidential debate with specially written songs about Joe Biden and Sarah Palin. The Ghost Lights, founded in 2010, is the campus's newest and only Broadway, Movies, and Television soundtrack group. They have performed multiple philanthropic concerts in the greater St. Louis area and were honored in November 2010 with the opportunity to perform for Nobel Laureate Douglass North at his birthday celebration.

How many a cappella groups does Washington University have?

What is the name of the oldest a cappella group at Washington University?

The Pikers

What is the oldest female a cappella group at Washington University?

The Greenleafs

When was the oldest co-ed  a cappella group at Washington University founded?

When did the group After Dark perform MSNBC?

How many member are there in The Pikers a cappella group?

I'm not sure.

In what year were the Greenleafs founded?

I'm not sure.

How many albums have The Pikers produced?

I'm not sure.

Which university did Nobel Laureate Douglass North graduate from?

I'm not sure.

How many albums have The Greenleafs produced?

I'm not sure.


Over 50% of undergraduate students live on campus. Most of the residence halls on campus are located on the South 40, named because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres (160,000 m2). It is the location of all the freshman buildings as well as several upperclassman buildings, which are set up in the traditional residential college system. All of the residential halls are co-ed. The South 40 is organized as a pedestrian-friendly environment wherein residences surround a central recreational lawn known as the Swamp. Bear's Den (the largest dining hall on campus), the Habif Health and Wellness Center (Student Health Services), the Residential Life Office, University Police Headquarters, various student-owned businesses (e.g. the laundry service, Wash U Wash), and the baseball, softball, and intramural fields are also located on the South 40.

What percent of undergraduate students live on campus at Washington University?

Over 50%

Where are most residence halls located at Washington University?

the South 40,

How did the South 40 get its name?

because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres

Where are all freshman residence buildings at Washington University located?

the South 40

What is the gender make-up of the residence halls at Washington University?

co-ed

What percentage of the residence halls are located on the South 40?

I'm not sure.

How large is the Danforth Campus?

I'm not sure.

Besides the South 40 where else are upperclassman buildings at?

I'm not sure.

What type of environment is the Danforth Campus?

I'm not sure.

How many student owned businesses are there in the South 40?

I'm not sure.


Another group of residences, known as the Village, is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus. Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars, the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments, and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house, which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40. Sororities at Washington University do not have houses by their own accord. The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24, known as BLOCs, to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs. Like the South 40, the residences around the Village also surround a recreational lawn.

Where is the Village located at Washington University?

the northwest corner of Danforth Campus

What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?

upperclassmen and January Scholars

How many students are composed in Blocs?

groups of 4 to 24

What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?

Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments

How are students grouped in BLOCS at  the Village residences?

students who have similar interests or academic goals

Which North Side structure is closest to the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity house?

I'm not sure.

What is to the northeast of Washington University?

I'm not sure.

How many sororities are there at Washington University?

I'm not sure.

How many fraternities are there at Washington University?

I'm not sure.

How many January Scholars are there typically at Washington University?

I'm not sure.


Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets. The university's student newspaper, Student Life, is available for students. KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-form musical programming. WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. The university's main student-run political publication is the Washington University Political Review (nicknamed "WUPR"), a self-described "multipartisan" monthly magazine. Washington University undergraduates publish two literary and art journals, The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine. A variety of other publications also serve the university community, ranging from in-house academic journals to glossy alumni magazines to WUnderground, campus' student-run satirical newspaper.

How many media outlets does Washington University support?

four

What is the official student radio station at Washington University?

KWUR (90.3 FM)

What is the name of Washington University's political publication?

Washington University Political Review

What is Washington University's closed circuit television network?

WUTV

What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?

The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine

How many student-run political publications are there at Washington University?

I'm not sure.

How often do Washington University undergraduates publish their literary and art journals?

I'm not sure.

What has the surrounding community called the content of Student Life?

I'm not sure.

How often are in-house academic journals published typically?

I'm not sure.

How often are glossy alumni magazines sent out to former students?

I'm not sure.


Washington University's sports teams are called the Bears. They are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and participate in the University Athletic Association at the Division III level. The Bears have won 19 NCAA Division III Championships— one in women's cross country (2011), one in men's tennis (2008), two in men's basketball (2008, 2009), five in women's basketball (1998–2001, 2010), and ten in women's volleyball (1989, 1991–1996, 2003, 2007, 2009) – and 144 UAA titles in 15 different sports. The Athletic Department is headed by John Schael who has served as director of athletics since 1978. The 2000 Division III Central Region winner of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics/Continental Airlines Athletics Director of the Year award, Schael has helped orchestrate the Bears athletics transformation into one of the top departments in Division III.

What is the name of the Washington University sports teams?

the Bears

At what division level does the Washington University sports teams compete?

Division III

How many NCAA division championships have the Washington University sports teams won?

In what years did the Washington University men's basketball teams win division championships?

2008, 2009

Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department?

John Schael

When did Washington University become part of the University Athletic Association?

I'm not sure.

How many women's tennis NCAA Division III championships have they won?

I'm not sure.

How many men's cross country NCAA Division III championships have they won?

I'm not sure.

What sport did John Schael play when he was in college?

I'm not sure.

how many men's volleyball NCAA Division III championships have they won?

I'm not sure.


Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection. Though it is not the only U.S. government agency specializing in HUMINT, CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT activities across the entire intelligence community. Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action on behalf of the President, unless the President determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action. It can, for example, exert foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division.

What is the CIA's main focus?

overseas intelligence gathering

What does FBI stand for?

Federal Bureau of Investigation

What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?

CIA


The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, and each branch of the service has its own Director. The Associate Director of military affairs, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence.

Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?

The Executive Director

What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?

The Associate Director of military affairs

What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?

providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities


The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics. It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three focus on policy, collection, and staff support. There is an office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, the Office of Russian and European Analysis, and the Office of Asian Pacific, Asian Pacific, Latin American, and African Analysis and African Analysis.

Who produces all source intelligence investigations?

The Directorate of Analysis

How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?

four

How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?

six

The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?

Iraq

How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?

three


The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).

What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?

The Directorate of Operations

What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?

to end years of rivalry

What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?

the Defense Clandestine Service

What does DIA stand for?

Defense Intelligence Agency

What is DOD short for?

Department of Defense


The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.

In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?

What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?

the Office of Training and Education

What event decreased the CIA's training budget?

the Cold War

Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?

George Tenet

How many annual courses does the CIA University have?

between 200 and 300


Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.

What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?

Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?

the Director of Central Intelligence

How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?

$52.6 billion

What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?

$2.3 billion

What two major things does the CIA's "Covert action programs" include?

drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities


There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.

What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?

Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?

Mary Margaret Graham

What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?

Congress

What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?

the Marshall Plan

What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?


The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]

What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?

Secret Intelligence Service

What does ASIS stand for?

Australian Secret Intelligence Service

What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?

Mossad

What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?

DGSE

What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?

RAW


The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.

Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom

What does NOFORN stand for?

No Foreign Nationals

What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?

USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes


The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)

What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?

British

What does OSS stand for?

Office of Strategic Services

Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?

Harry S. Truman

In what year was the OSS dissolved?


Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.

Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?

National Security Act

What program handled "essential aliens" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?

Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?

Central Intelligence Agency Act


At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its own intelligence gathering abilities. On 21 August 1950, shortly after the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.[clarification needed]

Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?

Walter Bedell Smith

Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?

the Office of Reports and Estimates

What president announced the new CIA director?

Truman


The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.

Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?

Truman

What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?

military intelligence and covert action

What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?

create global political change favorable to the US

What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?

the Soviet Union


US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor; finding out "everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe - their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions." This task fell to the 228 overseas personnel covering Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.

Who created the Office of Special Operations?

Hoyt Vandenberg

What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget?

$15 million

Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on?

the Soviet forces

What does ORE stand for?

Office of Reports and Estimates


On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination was created inside the new CIA. The OPC was quite unique; Frank Wisner, the head of the OPC, answered not to the CIA Director, but to the secretaries of defense, state, and the NSC, and the OPC's actions were a secret even from the head of the CIA. Most CIA stations had two station chiefs, one working for the OSO, and one working for the OPC.

Directive 10/2 called for actions against who?

the USSR

In what year was directive 10/2 issued?

Who was the head of the OPC?

Frank Wisner

Most CIA stations had how many chiefs?

two


The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,000 troops. The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence. Through him the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the iron curtain, all compromised by Philby. Arlington Hall, the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysisl was compromised by Bill Weisband, a Russian translator and Soviet spy. The CIA would reuse the tactic of dropping plant agents behind enemy lines by parachute again on China, and North Korea. This too would be fruitless.

How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?

Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?

Kim Philby

Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?

Bill Weisband


Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom.

What type of stimuli causes pain?

intense or damaging

What type of feeling is pain?

distressing

Why has defining pain been a challenge?

complex, subjective phenomenon

What organization's definition is widely used?

The International Association for the Study of Pain

In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?

a symptom

What definition does the International Association for the Pain Study use for pain?

I'm not sure.

What is pain in complex diagnosis?

I'm not sure.

What is the National Association  for the Study of Pain's definition for pain?

I'm not sure.

What is an intense phenomenon?

I'm not sure.


Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significantly affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness. In some arguments put forth in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia debates, pain has been used as an argument to permit terminally ill patients to end their lives.

What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?

Pain

How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?

interfere

Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?

Psychological

What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?

end their lives

What is a developed symptom in most medical conditions?

I'm not sure.

What are social suggestion, hypnotic excitement and distraction?

I'm not sure.

What has been used in argument for patient-assisted suicide?

I'm not sure.

What is the most common reason for physician euthanasia?

I'm not sure.


In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal), (3) duration and pattern of occurrence, (4) intensity and time since onset, and (5) etiology. However, this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment. Woolf suggests three classes of pain : (1) nociceptive pain, (2) inflammatory pain which is associated with tissue damage and the infiltration of immune cells, and (3) pathological pain which is a disease state caused by damage to the nervous system or by its abnormal function (e.g. fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension type headache, etc.).

What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain?

How many classes of pain does the IASP system note?

Who has criticized the IASP's system?

Clifford J. Woolf and others

What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for?

guiding research and treatment

How many classes of research does Woolf encourage?

three

What did the ISAP do in 1949?

I'm not sure.

How many classes of pain does J. Woolf Clifford suggest?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of pathological dysfunction?

I'm not sure.

What system did Woolf J. Clifford criticize?

I'm not sure.

What was needed in 1949?

I'm not sure.


Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persistent, and pain that resolves quickly is called acute. Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time from onset; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months.:93 Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days, chronic to pain of more than six months' duration, and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of chronic pain, involving no arbitrarily fixed durations, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Chronic pain may be classified as cancer pain or else as benign.

What is usually temporary?

Pain

How long does pain tend to last?

only until the noxious stimulus is removed

What is pain which resolves quickly called?

acute

What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?

interval of time from onset

What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?

cancer pain

What types of transitory pain persist for years?

I'm not sure.

What is acute pain lasting a long time called?

I'm not sure.

How many months does acute pain last?

I'm not sure.

What is a popular definition that used an arbitrarily fixed duration of time?

I'm not sure.


Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, shearing, etc.) and "chemical" (e.g. iodine in a cut or chemicals released during inflammation). Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal.

Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?

Nociceptive

How is nociceptive pain classified?

according to the mode of noxious stimulation

The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges?

heat or cold

Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?

mechanical

What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli?

polymodal

What type of pain is caused by stimulation of fiber?

I'm not sure.

What are the common categories of modalities pain?

I'm not sure.

What does mechanical pain refer to along with cold?

I'm not sure.


Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include sprains and broken bones. Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.

What type of of pain is visceral a division of?

Nociceptive

What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?

Visceral

What can visceral pain be accompanied by?

nausea and vomiting

Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?

Deep somatic

What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?

Superficial

What categories is visceral pain divided into?

I'm not sure.

What is deep visceral pain initiated by?

I'm not sure.

What are some examples of deep visceral pain?

I'm not sure.

What is superficial somatic pain initiated by?

I'm not sure.


The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality; others experience several bouts a day, or it may occur only once every week or two. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb, or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation.

What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?

nearly 82%

What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?

After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs?

65 percent

What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period?

become sensitized

What may accompany urination for amputees?

phantom limb pain

What do 54% of upper limb amputees experience?

I'm not sure.

What do 82% of lower limb amputees experience?

I'm not sure.

What did 72% of patients experience six days after amputation?

I'm not sure.

What did 65% of patients report eight months after amputation?

I'm not sure.


Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours, weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump, or current from electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord, all produce relief in some patients.

What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?

may relieve pain

How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?

permanently

What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain?

hypertonic saline

Vibrating the stump of an amputee's limb can produce what in some patients?

relief

What happens when an injection is placed into nerves?

I'm not sure.

Where is anesthetic saline injected?

I'm not sure.

What does vigorous stimulation provide?

I'm not sure.

What does electrical vibration provide?

I'm not sure.


Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.

What is paraplegia?

loss of sensation and voluntary motor control

What can cause paraplegia?

serious spinal cord damage,

What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?

burning or tingling

The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?

phantom body

What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?

Surgical

What is the loss of voluntary sensation?

I'm not sure.

How is phantom spinal pain initially described?

I'm not sure.

What treatment provides lasting relief?

I'm not sure.


People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, but clinical evidence points the other way, to chronic pain causing neuroticism. When long-term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention, scores on the neurotic triad and anxiety fall, often to normal levels. Self-esteem, often low in chronic pain patients, also shows improvement once pain has resolved.

When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?

psychological disturbance

What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as?

neurotic

Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what?

chronic pain

If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy, what does a person's neurotic triad score do?

fall

What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved?

Self-esteem

What do people with long-term psychological disturbance display?

I'm not sure.

What are the scales of the Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory?

I'm not sure.

What is the triad neurotic?

I'm not sure.

What is acute pain said to cause?

I'm not sure.


Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time "breaks through" the medication. The characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain vary from person to person and according to the cause. Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of opioids, including fentanyl.

What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management?

Breakthrough

How do cancer patients usually control their background pain?

medications

Who is breakthrough pain common among?

cancer patients

What class of medication is fentanyl an example of?

opioids

What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods?

Management

What is acute transitory pain also known as?

I'm not sure.

What does management of acute transitory pain entail?

I'm not sure.

How does acute transitory pain come on?

I'm not sure.


Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus.

IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?

unpleasantness

What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness?

a state described as intense pain

Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?

morphine

How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?

little, or not at all

What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with?

Indifference

What is an essential part of the AISP definition of pain?

I'm not sure.

What is the result of psychosurgery injection?

I'm not sure.

What is present from birth?

I'm not sure.


A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced life expectancy.[citation needed] Most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have one of five hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (which includes familial dysautonomia and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis). These conditions feature decreased sensitivity to pain together with other neurological abnormalities, particularly of the autonomic nervous system. A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the SCN9A gene, which codes for a sodium channel (Nav1.7) necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli.

An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what?

pain

What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system?

congenital insensitivity to pain

What happens to children with congenital insensitivity to pain?

repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles

What is the life expectancy for people who can't feel pain?

reduced

What gene is responsible for coding for a sodium channel necessary for conducting pain nerve stimuli?

What is an insensitivity to congenital pain?

I'm not sure.

What do most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have five of?

I'm not sure.

What is congenital dysautonomia a type of?

I'm not sure.

What has been linked to mutations of the SCA9N gene?

I'm not sure.

What does the SCA9N gene do?

I'm not sure.


In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicenna's, prefigured the 19th-century development of specificity theory. Specificity theory saw pain as "a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus independent of touch and other senses". Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory, which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality, but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light, pressure or temperature. By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists. However, after a series of clinical observations by Henry Head and experiments by Max von Frey, the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse, and by century's end, most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact.

When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?

What did Descartes think pain was?

a disturbance

What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?

Specificity

What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?

emotional

Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?

psychologists

Who theorized about pain in 1464?

I'm not sure.

What did Descartes Rene theorize about pain?

I'm not sure.

Who prefigured the 18th-century development of specificity theory?

I'm not sure.

How was specificity regarded by the mid-1980s?

I'm not sure.

What did Henry von Frey and Max Head make?

I'm not sure.


 In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theory was gate control theory, introduced by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in the 1965 Science article "Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory". The authors proposed that both thin (pain) and large diameter (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt. Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain[citation needed].

What year was peripheral pattern theory developed?

Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?

John Paul Nafe

What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?

identical

What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?

nerve fibers

Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?

superseded by more modern theories of pain

What did DC Sinclair develop in 1934?

I'm not sure.

What did DC Weddell and G Sinclair develop?

I'm not sure.

What is the 1934 peripheral pattern theory based on?

I'm not sure.

What article was introduced in 1956?

I'm not sure.

What did Ronald Wall and Patrick Melzack introduce?

I'm not sure.


In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as appraisal, cultural values, distraction and hypnotic suggestion). They theorized that pain intensity (the sensory discriminative dimension) and unpleasantness (the affective-motivational dimension) are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus, but "higher" cognitive activities can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness. Cognitive activities "may affect both sensory and affective experience or they may modify primarily the affective-motivational dimension. Thus, excitement in games or war appears to block both dimensions of pain, while suggestion and placebos may modulate the affective-motivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed." (p. 432) The paper ends with a call to action: "Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block, surgical intervention and the like, but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well." (p. 435)

How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?

three

The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge?

urge to escape the unpleasantness

What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain?

cognitive activities

War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain?

dimensions

What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards?

action

Who described pain in 1986?

I'm not sure.

How many dimensions did Ronald Casey and Kenneth Melzack describe pain in?

I'm not sure.

How many dimensions of pain are described by Ronald Casey and Kenneth Melzack?

I'm not sure.

How does Ronald Casey's paper end?

I'm not sure.


Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At the peripheral end of the nociceptor, noxious stimuli generate currents that, above a given threshold, begin to send signals along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord. The "specificity" (whether it responds to thermal, chemical or mechanical features of its environment) of a nociceptor is determined by which ion channels it expresses at its peripheral end. Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified, and their exact functions are still being determined.

What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?

pain

What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?

noxious and non-noxious

What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to?

noxious, high intensity

What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber?

currents

How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified?

Dozens

Who came up with the intensive theory in 1784?

I'm not sure.

What did Wilhelm Erb come up with in 1784?

I'm not sure.

What is Erb Wilhelm's intensive theory?

I'm not sure.

What happened to Erb Wilhelm's theory?

I'm not sure.

How many different types of nociceptor chemical channels have been identified?

I'm not sure.


The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the (faster) A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers. These first order neurons enter the spinal cord via Lissauer's tract.

How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?

along an A-delta or C fiber

Which fiber is thicker?

A-delta

What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?

myelin

What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?

sharp and is felt first

How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?

via Lissauer's tract

What travels along a C-delta or A fiber?

I'm not sure.

What is the name for an insulating material?

I'm not sure.

What is evoked by the faster C deltas?

I'm not sure.

What do A fibers carry?

I'm not sure.


Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the large A-beta fibers that carry touch, pressure and vibration signals. Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea) and anterior cingulate cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the motivational element of pain); and pain that is distinctly located also activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. Melzack and Casey's 1968 picture of the dimensions of pain is as influential today as ever, firmly framing theory and guiding research in the functional neuroanatomy and psychology of pain.

What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?

A-delta

Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?

thalamus

What are dynamic range neurons?

spinal cord fibers

Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to?

the insular cortex

Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices?

somatosensory

Where do pain signals travel up to from the thalamus?

I'm not sure.

What are dynamic wide range neurons?

I'm not sure.

What signals do the A-delta fibers carry?

I'm not sure.

What does the cingulate cortex anterior embody?

I'm not sure.

Whose 1986 picture of pain is influential today?

I'm not sure.


In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. He describes the alternative as a simple, mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings. The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors (lack of food, too much cold, or serious injuries are felt as agony, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort). This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a poor designer. The result is often glitches in animals, including supernormal stimuli. Such glitches help explain pains which are not, or at least no longer directly adaptive (e.g. perhaps some forms of toothache, or injury to fingernails).

Who wrote "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution"?

Richard Dawkins

What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?

drives

What would be the most fit creature?

one whose pains are well balanced

What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?

risk

What type of designer is natural selection?

poor

What book did Dawkins Richard write?

I'm not sure.

What profession does Dawkins Richard hold?

I'm not sure.

What is red flag supernatural stimuli?

I'm not sure.