On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them.

Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?

in the Vatican

When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?

11 October 1962

What speech did he give?

Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech

Why were the people in Saint Peter's Square chanting and yelling?

the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them

Who did Gaudet Mater Eclessia want to see when he was in St Peter's Square?

I'm not sure.

When was Gaudet Mater Ecclesia elected to the Second Vatican Council?

I'm not sure.

What did Gaudet Mater Ecclesia work on that day?

I'm not sure.

What speech was given by several council commissions?

I'm not sure.

What did the public want Gaudet Mater Ecclesia to do when he appeared at the window?

I'm not sure.


The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization".

A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?

8 December 1962

When was the next session scheduled?

1963 from 12 May to 29 June

When was the next session announced?

12 November 1962

Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?

Pope Pius IX

When was Pope John XXIII canonized?

I'm not sure.

When was Pope Pius IX at a spiritual retreat?

I'm not sure.

When thinking of John XXIII, what did Pope Pius IX want to be worthy of?

I'm not sure.

How did Pope Pius IX remember John XXIII as being?

I'm not sure.

When was Pope John XXIII beatified?

I'm not sure.


Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.

John XXIII offered to mediate between who?

US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev

When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

October 1962

Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?

Nikita Khrushchev

John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?

Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'

Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'

Francis

Who did Pope John Paul II offer to mediate between during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

I'm not sure.

What did Norman Cousins applaud Pope John Paul II for?

I'm not sure.

Why did JFK send a letter to Pope John Paul II?

I'm not sure.

What did Pope John Paul II send to JFK personally?

I'm not sure.

What title did Time magazine give to JFK in 1994?

I'm not sure.


On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified Saint Peter. It was the pope's last public appearance.

John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?

Balzan Prize

When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?

10 May 1963

Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize?

Italian President Antonio Segni

Where did he receive the Balzan Prize?

the Quirinal Palace

What award was given to Pope Pius XII on May 10, 1963?

I'm not sure.

Where was Pope Pius XII given the Balzan Prize on May 10, 1963?

I'm not sure.

How did Pope Pius XII feel about receiving the award?

I'm not sure.

When was Pope Pius XII officially awarded the Balzan Prize by the Italian President?

I'm not sure.

What was Pope Pius XII suffering from on the way to meet the President of Italy?

I'm not sure.


On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F. Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed.

What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963?

haemorrhage

Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer?

Loris F. Capovilla

When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII?

31 May

What did Loris F. Capovilla suffer from on May 25, 1963?

I'm not sure.

What treatment did she require on May 25, 1963?

I'm not sure.

What had happened to the cancer Loris F. Capovilla was suffering from?

I'm not sure.

What could be done to help Loris's condition?

I'm not sure.

When was it clear that Loris was loosing her battle with stomach cancer?

I'm not sure.


"At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him. The pope began to speak for the very last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint."[c] Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.

Who was at the dying pope's bedside?

Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?

Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

When did the pope bid farewell?

11 am

What kind of family was Petrus Canisius Van Lierde born into?

I'm not sure.

What did Van Lierde mention about the work of the church?

I'm not sure.

What did John XXIII forget to do when he was overcome with emotion?

I'm not sure.

When did Van Lierde give everyone a last farewell?

I'm not sure.

What was annointed by John XXIII?

I'm not sure.


John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos. Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb.

What did John XXIII die of?

peritonitis

What day did he die?

3 June 1963

How old was John XXIII upon his death?

Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below?

Luigi Traglia

What day was he buried?

6 June

What did Luigi Traglia die of?

I'm not sure.

When did Luigi Traglia die?

I'm not sure.

What was done to Luigi Traglia's brow to see if he was dead?

I'm not sure.

Where was Luigi Traglia buried?

I'm not sure.

When did John XXIII pray at Luigi Traglia's tomb?

I'm not sure.


On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. In his speech on 6 December 1963, Johnson said: "I have also determined to confer the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously on another noble man whose death we mourned 6 months ago: His Holiness, Pope John XXIII. He was a man of simple origins, of simple faith, of simple charity. In this exalted office he was still the gentle pastor. He believed in discussion and persuasion. He profoundly respected the dignity of man. He gave the world immortal statements of the rights of man, of the obligations of men to each other, of their duty to strive for a world community in which all can live in peace and fraternal friendship. His goodness reached across temporal boundaries to warm the hearts of men of all nations and of all faiths".

Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom?

US President Lyndon B. Johnson

When did President Johnson award him?

3 December 1963

What is the Presidential Medal Freedom?

the United States' highest civilian award

When was President Johnson's speech for John XXIII?

6 December 1963

What did Pope John XXIII award Lyndon B Johnson?

I'm not sure.

When was the award given to President Johnson?

I'm not sure.

Why was this award given by the Pope to Lyndon B. Johnson?

I'm not sure.

When did John XXIII give a speech for President Johnson?

I'm not sure.

How did Pope John XXIII describe Lynden B. Johnson?

I'm not sure.


He was known affectionately as "Good Pope John". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]

What was he also known as?

Good Pope John

Who opened his cause for canonization?

Pope Paul VI

When was Pope John XXIII considered "blessed?"

3 September 2000

Who declared him "blessed?"

Pope John Paul II

Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?

Pope Pius X

When was Pope John Paul II declared "Blessed"?

I'm not sure.

What was Pope John Paul II also known as?

I'm not sure.

Where was Pope John Paul II taken after his beatification?

I'm not sure.

Who opened the cause for canonization for Pope John Paul II?

I'm not sure.

During what event was the cause for canonization opened for Pope John Paul II?

I'm not sure.


The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council. On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday.

When was the 50th anniversary of his death?

3 June 2013

Who celebrated his 50th anniversary?

Pope Francis

Where were the people gathered at his tomb from?

Bergamo

When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization?

5 July 2013

On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints?

Sunday, 27 April 2014

When was the 50th anniversary of Pope Francis's death?

I'm not sure.

Where is Pope Francis originally from?

I'm not sure.

What was approved by Pope John Paul II on July 5, 2013 for Pope Francis?

I'm not sure.

What did Pope John Paul II base his decision to canonize John XXIII on?

I'm not sure.

What were Pope Francis and Bergamo declared as on Sunday April 27, 2014?

I'm not sure.


Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. Some simple definitions of time include "time is what clocks measure", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and "time is what keeps everything from happening at once", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events.

Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?

religion, philosophy, and science

Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?

time

What is an example of a simple definition of time?

time is what clocks measure

Which three fields usually support performing arts?

I'm not sure.

What fields use measuring systems to check the weight of their products?

I'm not sure.

What does having rules in sports usually prevent?

I'm not sure.

What does science use to test a hypothesis?

I'm not sure.

What do athletes need to use to be aware of where their teammates are in a game?

I'm not sure.

Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their clocks?

I'm not sure.

What keeps everything from happening at different times?

I'm not sure.

What fields incorporate some notion of clocks into their measuring system?

I'm not sure.

What has long been a major subject of study in human sensation?

I'm not sure.

What does time measure?

I'm not sure.


Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe—a dimension independent of events, in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. The opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of "container" that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with space and number) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant, holds that time is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled.

According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the fundamental structure of what?

the universe

The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what?

Newtonian time

What does the opposing view of time believe time is a part of?

a fundamental intellectual structure

Who is divided about the structure of the universe?

I'm not sure.

In what order did Gottfried Leibniz believe events occur?

I'm not sure.

What kind of time did Gottfried Leibniz believe in, as a supporter of Sir Isaac Newton?

I'm not sure.

How was Immanuel Kant described, since he also believed in Newtonian time?

I'm not sure.

What did Sir Issac Newton believe that you could not do in time?

I'm not sure.

According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the view of what?

I'm not sure.

What is the realest view of time sometimes known as?

I'm not sure.

What does the opposing view of time believe the universe is a part of?

I'm not sure.

Who subscribed to the opposing view?

I'm not sure.

Who believe time is neither a structure or a view?

I'm not sure.


Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities. Time is used to define other quantities—such as velocity—so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy.

Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?

seven

Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?

the International System of Units and International System of Quantities

What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?

velocity

Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time?

a single continuum called spacetime

Philosophy is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?

I'm not sure.

In what two systems is philosophy considered a fundamental physical quantity?

I'm not sure.

What is something else that philosophy is used to define?

I'm not sure.

What kind of experiments can be used when understanding philosophy?

I'm not sure.

Who first used philosophy to understand everyday affairs of life?

I'm not sure.

Philosophy is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?

I'm not sure.

Philosophy is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a quantity that philosophy is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?

I'm not sure.

Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about philosophy?

I'm not sure.

What do questions about velocity have their roots in?

I'm not sure.


Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value ("time is money") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans.

What has been a prime motivation in astronomy and navigation?

Temporal measurement

Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what?

Periodic events and periodic motion

What is the current international unit of time?

the second

The electronic transition frequency of which element defines the second?

caesium atoms

Time has personal value due to awareness of it's limited nature in what?

each day and in human life spans

What groups have been occupied by understanding the life span of humans?

I'm not sure.

How important is a strong economy considered?

I'm not sure.

How do you define the method used for tracking heartbeats?

I'm not sure.

What do caesium atoms affect to make them shorter?

I'm not sure.

Why do scientists want to study caesium atoms?

I'm not sure.

What has been a prime motivation in units of time?

I'm not sure.

What have periodic events and transition frequency have served as standards for?

I'm not sure.

What is the current national unit of time?

I'm not sure.

Why does time have international value?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a technologist?

I'm not sure.


Temporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consulted for periods longer than a day. Increasingly, personal electronic devices display both calendars and clocks simultaneously. The number (as on a clock dial or calendar) that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epoch—a central reference point.

What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals of time?

the calendar

What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time?

the clock

Which tool is used in day to day life?

the clock

Which tool is used in periods longer than a day?

the calendar

How is the number that marks the occurrence of an event obtained?

by counting from a fiducial epoch—a central reference point

For how long does chronometry usually display a reference point?

I'm not sure.

What do fiducial epochs display at the same time?

I'm not sure.

What physical mechanism is used to count periods longer than a day?

I'm not sure.

What organizational mathmatical tool is used for a time period of less than a day?

I'm not sure.

What do people usually carry with them at all times?

I'm not sure.

What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals on clocks?

I'm not sure.

What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of points?

I'm not sure.

Which tool is used in periods longer than an interval?

I'm not sure.

How is the number that marks the occurrence of an interval obtained?

I'm not sure.

What takes three distinct period forms?

I'm not sure.


Artifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months. Lunisolar calendars have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year (now known to be about 365.24 days) and a year of just twelve lunar months. The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship of months to years. Other early forms of calendars originated in Mesoamerica, particularly in ancient Mayan civilization. These calendars were religiously and astronomically based, with 18 months in a year and 20 days in a month.

Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago?

the Paleolithic

Which calendars were among the first to appear?

Lunar calendars

How long were the original lunar calendars?

either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days)

Where did some of the other early forms of calendars originate?

Mesoamerica

How many months were in a year in the original Mayan calendars?

During what time period did the Mesoamerican age appear?

I'm not sure.

When did the Mayan civilization first appear?

I'm not sure.

How many days did it take to date artifacts from the Paleolithic?

I'm not sure.

How many artifacts were found that connected the moon to Mayan culture?

I'm not sure.

What culture was the first create artifacts that were found?

I'm not sure.

Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 12 years ago?

I'm not sure.

Which calendars were among the last to appear?

I'm not sure.

How long were the original lunisolar calendars?

I'm not sure.

Where did some of the other early forms of months originate?

I'm not sure.

How many seasons were in a year in the original Mayan calendars?

I'm not sure.


The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks and the people from Chaldea (southeastern Mesopotamia) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations. Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages. In the 11th century, Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism.

What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world?

the water clock, or clepsydra

A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh?

Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep

Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages?

Arab inventors

Which engineers came up with the first mechanical clocks?

Chinese

When were the first mechanical clocks created?

the 11th century

What device was invented by the ancient Greeks?

I'm not sure.

What mechanism was used to replenish water in a water clock?

I'm not sure.

What was another term used for a mechanical clock?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Chinese maintain timekeeping records in the 11th century?

I'm not sure.

For how long did the ancient Greeks make improvements to the water clock?

I'm not sure.

What was the most accurate clock=like device in Chaldea?

I'm not sure.

A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Greek?

I'm not sure.

which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the ancient world?

I'm not sure.

Which engineers came up with the first clocks?

I'm not sure.

When were the first water clocks created?

I'm not sure.


The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.

Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?

The hourglass

How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?

What method did temples and churches use to measure time?

Incense sticks and candles

Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?

Richard of Wallingford

Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?

Jost Burgi.

What did Richard of Wallingford use to circumnavigate the globe?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Ferdinand Magellan build a mechanical clock?

I'm not sure.

How many inventions were made by Galileo?

I'm not sure.

Where are pendulum driven clocks used now and also in the past to measure time?

I'm not sure.

Where are the temples and churches located that use pendulum clocks to measure time?

I'm not sure.

Which device uses minutes to measure time?

I'm not sure.

How many hourglasses did Galileo Galilei use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?

I'm not sure.

What method did temples and chruches use to measure the globe?

I'm not sure.

Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1292?

I'm not sure.

Who made great advances in candles?

I'm not sure.


The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is caesium, most modern atomic clocks probe caesium with microwaves to determine the frequency of these electron vibrations. Since 1967, the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium atoms. SI defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation that corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the 133Cs atom.

Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate?

atomic clocks

What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds?

the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms

Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium?

the International System of Measurements

How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium?

Since 1967

In what year were caesium atoms discovered?

I'm not sure.

What are microwaves the most accurate at doing?

I'm not sure.

What are microwaves also used to calibrate?

I'm not sure.

What system bases its unit of time on microwave properties?

I'm not sure.

How many cycles of radiation are in microwaves?

I'm not sure.

Which timekeeping devices are the least accurate?

I'm not sure.

What method do atomic clocks use to measure cycles?

I'm not sure.

Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of vibrations?

I'm not sure.

How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on years?

I'm not sure.

How does caesium deine the second?

I'm not sure.


Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based system, adopted to replace "Greenwich Mean Time" in 1928 by the International Astronomical Union. Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954, though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system. Because the rotational period of Earth is not perfectly constant, the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope-based standard like GMT or UT—in which a second was defined as a fraction of a day or year. The terms "GMT" and "Greenwich Mean Time" are sometimes used informally to refer to UT or UTC.

Which standard of time started with British Railways?

Greenwich Mean Time

When was GMT adopted by British Railways?

GMT used what instead of atomic clocks?

telescopes

When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory cease?

The terms GMT and Greenwich Mean Time are also used informally to refer to what?

UT or UTC

In what year did British railways go into business?

I'm not sure.

What did the British railway stop using in 1954?

I'm not sure.

What did Greenwich Mean Time replace in 1847?

I'm not sure.

How constant is an atomic clock?

I'm not sure.

What happens when an atomic clock is not constant?

I'm not sure.

Which standard of time started with the International Astronomical Union?

I'm not sure.

When was GMT adopted by the International Astronomical Union?

I'm not sure.

The International Astronomical Union used what instead of atomic clocks?

I'm not sure.

When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory begin?

I'm not sure.

The term calibrated is also used informally to refer to what?

I'm not sure.


Two distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. An opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of actually existing dimension that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instead an intellectual concept (together with space and number) that enables humans to sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant, holds that space and time "do not exist in and of themselves, but ... are the product of the way we represent things", because we can know objects only as they appear to us.

How many main viewpoints divide many philosophers?

Two

The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?

the universe

The realist view is sometimes referred to as what?

Newtonian time

The opposing view states that time is an intellectual concept that allows people to what?

to sequence and compare events

How many viewpoints are there about different dimensions?

I'm not sure.

Gottfried Leibniz believed time is part of the fundamental structure of what?

I'm not sure.

What does the realist view believe don't exist of themselves?

I'm not sure.

What did Sir Isaac Newton believe time and space were the product of?

I'm not sure.

What did Sir Isaac Newton believe was the only way we can know objects?

I'm not sure.

How many main viewpoints divide many sequences?

I'm not sure.

Who subscribed to the third view?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the second view?

I'm not sure.

What does the third view hold that?

I'm not sure.

Who believe in the third view?

I'm not sure.


The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time. Plato, in the Timaeus, identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies. Aristotle, in Book IV of his Physica defined time as 'number of movement in respect of the before and after'.

What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy?

The Vedas

How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated?

back to the late 2nd millennium BC

How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts?

4,320 million years

Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?

Parmenides and Heraclitus

Aristotle defined time as "number of movement in respect of the before and after" in which book?

Book IV of his Physica

For how long has the Timaeus existed?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Plato write Book IV of his Physica?

I'm not sure.

What cycles did Aristotle write about in the Timaeus?

I'm not sure.

What Greek philosophers wrote the Vedas?

I'm not sure.

What did Hundu cosmology identify time with?

I'm not sure.

What are the earliest texts of Heraclitus philosophy?

I'm not sure.

How long ago are the earliest texts of Heraclitus philosophy dated?

I'm not sure.

How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Indian texts?

I'm not sure.

Which ancient Indian philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?

I'm not sure.

In which book did Paramenides define time as "number of movement in respect of the before and after?"

I'm not sure.


In Book 11 of his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is, an approach similar to that taken in other negative definitions. However, Augustine ends up calling time a “distention” of the mind (Confessions 11.26) by which we simultaneously grasp the past in memory, the present by attention, and the future by expectation.

Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions?

St. Augustine of Hippo

By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time?

by what it is not rather than what it is

What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26?

a “distention” of the mind

How is memory defined as?

I'm not sure.

How does St. Augustine define memory?

I'm not sure.

In what book does St. Augustine reflect on how memory works?

I'm not sure.

What does St. Augustine say when someone asks him about memory?

I'm not sure.

Where is a similar approach of defining memory also taken?

I'm not sure.

Who commented on the nature of time in Book 26 of his confessions?

I'm not sure.

By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define memory?

I'm not sure.

What Does Augustine call memory in Confessions 11.26?

I'm not sure.

Who calls memory a distention of the mind?

I'm not sure.

Who ruminates on the nature of approaches?

I'm not sure.


Immanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework, together with space and number, within which we sequence events, quantify their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, time does not refer to any kind of entity that "flows," that objects "move through," or that is a "container" for events. Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects, and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events. Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept or category.

In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?

the Critique of Pure Reason

What did Kant portray space and time to be?

both are elements of a systematic mental framework

Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?

an abstract conceptual framework

What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?

temporal measurements

What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?

Spatial measurements

How did Immanuel Kant describe the mind?

I'm not sure.

What does the mind allow us to do according to Immanuel Kant?

I'm not sure.

What framework is the mind a part of?

I'm not sure.

What did Kant also think of the mind as a part of?

I'm not sure.

How do we process with our minds according to Kant?

I'm not sure.

In what did Immanuel Kant describe measurement as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?

I'm not sure.

What did Kant portray measurement and time to be?

I'm not sure.

Kant thought of measurement as a fundamental part of what?

I'm not sure.

What type of measurements are used to quantify the number of events?

I'm not sure.

What type of measurements are used to quantify the distance between measurements?

I'm not sure.


According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned, which causes "being ahead of oneself" when thinking of a pending occurrence. Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present. The present becomes an experience, which is qualitative instead of quantitative. Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or temporal existence, is broken or transcended. We are not stuck in sequential time. We are able to remember the past and project into the future—we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence; we can, in our thoughts, step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.

Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time?

Martin Heidegger

The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what?

a potential possibility, task, or engagement

What is considered a qualitative experience rather than a quantitative one?

The present

According to Heidegger, what can we do, in our thoughts?

step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.

Who thought that people are the possibilities they search for?

I'm not sure.

A linear relationship with time is the state of what?

I'm not sure.

How is the past defined instead of being quantitative?

I'm not sure.

What is broken when we are stuck in sequential time?

I'm not sure.

What are we able to do when stuck in sequential time?

I'm not sure.

Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside the present, but is the present?

I'm not sure.

What is considered a quantitative experience rather than a qualatative one?

I'm not sure.

What can we do in the present according to Heldegger?

I'm not sure.

Who said we do not exist in the future?

I'm not sure.

What are we able to forget?

I'm not sure.


The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure of distance, and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval, which can be either space-like, light-like, or time-like. Events that have a time-like separation cannot be simultaneous in any frame of reference, there must be a temporal component (and possibly a spatial one) to their separation. Events that have a space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events, but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer (and his velocity).

Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?

a single dimension of time

In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?

by how long light takes to travel that distance

What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?

by an invariant interval

The invariant interval between events is independent of what?

of the observer (and his velocity)

The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?

space-like, light-like, or time-like

What are light years combined with in Minkowski spacetime?

I'm not sure.

How are bodies in space measured?

I'm not sure.

How are independent observers separated?

I'm not sure.

What are some characteristics that are applied to bodies in space?

I'm not sure.

What will events that have a time-like separation always be in some frame of reference?

I'm not sure.

What does Minkowski spacetime combine the three dimensions of time with?

I'm not sure.

In Minkowski spacetime, how can time be measured?

I'm not sure.

What are two events in Minkowski spacetime connected by?

I'm not sure.

What is the invariant interval between time is independent of?

I'm not sure.

What may the same observer calculate?

I'm not sure.


In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.

What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?

concept of "relative, apparent, and common time"

In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?

the late nineteenth century

The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?

the behavior of electricity and magnetism

Which famous scientist resolved these issues?

Einstein

In what year did Einstein encounter problems with using electricity?

I'm not sure.

Who's concept can be used to synchronize the use of electricity?

I'm not sure.

What did physicists use to solve the problems of electricity synchronization?

I'm not sure.

What did the use of the speed of light by Newton lead to?

I'm not sure.

What concept by Einstein can be used to synchronize electricity in classical mechanics?

I'm not sure.

What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the understanding of clocks?

I'm not sure.

In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of electricity?

I'm not sure.

Which famous scientist struggled with these issues?

I'm not sure.

The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of clocks in the late 19th century?

I'm not sure.

How did Einstein resolve the two different observers?

I'm not sure.


Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at (very nearly) the speed of light, its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate (including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the functions of their bodies). However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly.

Historically, time has been closely related with what?

space

In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?

special relativity and general relativity

According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what?

the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception

A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what?

in the speed of time on board their vessel

How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer?

the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling

What have a crew's thought processes usually been related to?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when a spaceship flies though space?

I'm not sure.

What does a space crew's thought processes depend on?

I'm not sure.

Flying through what makes the crew appear flattened out to each other?

I'm not sure.

What will an observer not notice the change of when watching a spaceship fly by?

I'm not sure.

Historically, what has been related to clocks?

I'm not sure.

In which of Einstein's two theories do time and clocks merge into spacetime?

I'm not sure.

According to Einstein's two relativity theories, what depends on the concept of clocks?

I'm not sure.

A crew in a spaceship traveling nearly the speed of sound will not notice the change in what?

I'm not sure.

How will the spaceship appear to an observer traveling at the same speed?

I'm not sure.


On the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that (to the stationary observer) are many light years apart. This is reconciled by the fact that the crew's perception of time is different from the stationary observer's; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer. In either case, however, causality remains unchanged: the past is the set of events that can send light signals to an entity and the future is the set of events to which an entity can send light signals.

How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer?

slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel

The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer?

time

What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer?

hundreds of years

What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer?

causality

How is the future perceived as by the crew?

I'm not sure.

Where does the future appear flattened and slowed according to the crew?

I'm not sure.

Why does the future appear this way to the crew?

I'm not sure.

Why does the crew believe that the universe is traveling slowly?

I'm not sure.

How long would it take for a spaceship to cross the universe?

I'm not sure.

How does the crew board the spaceship perceive the traveling observer?

I'm not sure.

The crew's perception of what is different from the ship?

I'm not sure.

What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a moving observer?

I'm not sure.

What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the moving observer?

I'm not sure.

What is the set of events to which a moving observer can send light signals?

I'm not sure.


Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience, the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. Many subatomic particles exist for only a fixed fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest, but some that travel close to the speed of light can be measured to travel farther and survive much longer than expected (a muon is one example). According to the special theory of relativity, in the high-speed particle's frame of reference, it exists, on the average, for a standard amount of time known as its mean lifetime, and the distance it travels in that time is zero, because its velocity is zero. Relative to a frame of reference at rest, time seems to "slow down" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, distances seem to shorten. Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered (or "warped") by high-speed motion.

Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently?

Einstein

In what case do these effects become much more noticeable?

for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light.

How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a lab?

a fixed fraction of a second

Einstein showed how what could be altered by high speed motion?

both temporal and spatial dimensions

What subatomic particle was discovered by Einstein?

I'm not sure.

What slows down for a spacial demension's frame of reference?

I'm not sure.

What did Einstein show that light could be warped by?

I'm not sure.

When at rest, how fast is a dimension's velocity?

I'm not sure.

What seems to shorten in the presence of a spatial dimension?

I'm not sure.

Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people traveling at different speeds measured light differently?

I'm not sure.

In what case do these effects become much more relative?

I'm not sure.

How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a warp?

I'm not sure.

Einstein showed how what could be altered by fixed particles?

I'm not sure.

What exist for a second in a lab?

I'm not sure.


Time appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of time being modeled by a parameter in the system being analyzed, where there is no "proper time": the direction of the arrow of time is sometimes arbitrary. Examples of this include the Second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase over time (see Entropy); the cosmological arrow of time, which points away from the Big Bang, CPT symmetry, and the radiative arrow of time, caused by light only traveling forwards in time (see light cone). In particle physics, the violation of CP symmetry implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve CPT symmetry as stated above. The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is also time asymmetric (see Measurement in quantum mechanics).

What laws do not specify an arrow of time?

the laws of physics

The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what?

arbitrary

Which law states that entropy must increase over time?

the Second law of thermodynamics,

The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry?

CP symmetry

The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what?

time asymmetric

In what directions do the laws of entropy allow light to go?

I'm not sure.

What does quantum mechanics determine about entropy?

I'm not sure.

What needs to be preserved according to quantum mechanics?

I'm not sure.

Which law says that CPT symmetry must increase over time?

I'm not sure.

In particle physics what should there be to preserve entropy?

I'm not sure.

What laws specify as an arrow of time?

I'm not sure.

The direction of the past is sometimes what?

I'm not sure.

Which law states that entropy must increase in the past?

I'm not sure.

The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing difection asymmetry?

I'm not sure.

What is the standard description of direction in quantum mechanics?

I'm not sure.


Stephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing that happened then would have any effect upon the present time-frame. Upon occasion, Hawking has stated that time actually began with the Big Bang, and that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are meaningless. This less-nuanced, but commonly repeated formulation has received criticisms from philosophers such as Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler.

Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what?

the Big Bang

In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us?

A Brief History of Time

What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang?

time

Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what?

meaningless

Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation?

Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler

What does Mortimer J. Adler think time has a connection with?

I'm not sure.

What book was written by Mortimer J. Adler?

I'm not sure.

What does Adler believe that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are?

I'm not sure.

Who has been criticized by Hawking for his stance on the Big Bang?

I'm not sure.

What kind of philosophy did Steven Hawking believe in?

I'm not sure.

What does Stephen Hawking make a connection between nothing and?

I'm not sure.

In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would be nothing?

I'm not sure.

Which philosopher has praised Hawkings formulation?

I'm not sure.

What did Hawking say would not have an effect on the present time frame?

I'm not sure.

What did Hawking say time ended with?

I'm not sure.


While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that general relativity is correct, but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature, and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity.

The Big Bang model is solidly established in what?

cosmology

How much is known about the early states of the universe?

i

Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time?

The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems

These theorems have to assume what theory is correct?

general relativity

These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?

before the universe reaches the Planck temperature

What does the Planck temperature require the existence of?

I'm not sure.

When does the Planck temperature show a singularity existed?

I'm not sure.

What will happen to the idea of the Planck temperature in the future?

I'm not sure.

What does the Planck temperature assume is correct?

I'm not sure.

When must quantum gravity break down?

I'm not sure.

The Penrose-Hawking model is solidly established in what?

I'm not sure.

How much is known about the early states of singularity theorems?

I'm not sure.

Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of temperature?

I'm not sure.

These theorems have to assume what singularity is correct

I'm not sure.

These theorems state that a singularity must break down before what?

I'm not sure.


Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal "flow" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) "persist" in some way. Time travel has been a plot device in fiction since the 19th century. Traveling backwards in time has never been verified, presents many theoretic problems, and may be an impossibility. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is known as a time machine.

How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction?

since the 19th century

Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems?

backwards

A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?

to achieve time travel

How long has space been a plot device in fiction?

I'm not sure.

What does the idea of traveling in space present?

I'm not sure.

What was space travel thought to be in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What did authors go beyond in the 19th century when writing fiction?

I'm not sure.

What are some devices thought to be when in the process of invention?

I'm not sure.

How long has time travel been a topic in theory?

I'm not sure.

Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents earthbound problems?

I'm not sure.

A theoretic problem is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?

I'm not sure.

What was a plot device in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What does not persist in some way?

I'm not sure.


Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not be possible to enact the grandfather paradox because it is a historical fact that your grandfather was not killed before his child (your parent) was conceived. This view doesn't simply hold that history is an unchangeable constant, but that any change made by a hypothetical future time traveler would already have happened in his or her past, resulting in the reality that the traveler moves from. More elaboration on this view can be found in the Novikov self-consistency principle.

What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes?

paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen

In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise?

free will

What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived?

the grandfather paradox

What principle elaborates more on the view described?

the Novikov self-consistency principle.

What is a solution to the Novikov self-consistency principle?

I'm not sure.

What can be changed by time travelers according to Novikov?

I'm not sure.

What principle further elaborates on how fiction can change history?

I'm not sure.

What is the Novikov self-consistency principle considered to be?

I'm not sure.

What paradox is formed when a person has free will?

I'm not sure.

What is another solution to the problem of hypothetical future?

I'm not sure.

In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes decisions not to arise?

I'm not sure.

What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your grandfather was conceived?

I'm not sure.

What principle elaborates less on the view described?

I'm not sure.

Why can paradoxes arise?

I'm not sure.


Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).

What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?

Psychoactive drugs

Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?

time intervals

What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?

depressants

The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?

The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters

Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?

either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons

What do rats not understand?

I'm not sure.

What does a decreased firing rate allow more of in the brain?

I'm not sure.

What does the presence of neurons impair the judgement of in rats?

I'm not sure.

What can neurons lead humans and rats to overestimate?

I'm not sure.

What causes rats to underestimate dopamine levels?

I'm not sure.

What type of drugs can impair the judgement of events?

I'm not sure.

Stimulants lead humans to underestimate what?

I'm not sure.

What causes humans to estimate time intervals?

I'm not sure.

The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of neurons?

I'm not sure.

Such events do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?

I'm not sure.


The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.

The use of time is important in understanding what?

human behavior, education, and travel behavior

What is a developing field of time related study?

Time-use research

Time use is always changing with advances in what?

technology

Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?

20–30 minutes one-way

The use of technology is important in understanding what?

I'm not sure.

What is a developing field of technology related study?

I'm not sure.

Time use is always changing with long periods of what?

I'm not sure.

Traveling home has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?

I'm not sure.

What changes with education?

I'm not sure.


A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, tables, charts, or timelines. The description of the items or events may include a timestamp. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line.

What is another way of phrasing "time order"?

chronological order

What never precedes cause because of causality?

effect

In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?

in text, tables, charts, or timelines

What may the description of events include?

a timestamp

A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?

a world line

What is another way of phrasing "sequence of events"?

I'm not sure.

What never precedes cause because of timelines?

I'm not sure.

In what ways can a sequence of relationships be presented?

I'm not sure.

What may the description of relationships include?

I'm not sure.

What can a sequence of relationships used to describe a sequential path be referred to as?

I'm not sure.


Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

Uses of sequences of events include what?

stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables

What may a sequence of events be used to describe?

processes in science, technology, and medicine

The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?

a sequence of events

What is a specific example of a sequence of events?

the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

Uses of sequences of order include what?

I'm not sure.

What may a sequence of order be used to describe?

I'm not sure.

The use of what occurs in history as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?

I'm not sure.

What is a specific example of a sequence of history?

I'm not sure.

What may a sequence of history be focused on?

I'm not sure.


The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002–2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.

What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?

Mario Draghi

What is the official, central bank for the euro?

The European Central Bank

What is the Eurozone?

consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world

Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?

the central banks of all 28 EU member states

What established The European Central Bank?

The Treaty of Amsterdam

What former managing director of Goldman Sachs international division is no longer president of The European Central Bank?

I'm not sure.

What is the unofficial, central bank for the euro?

I'm not sure.

What is falsely considered the Eurozone?

I'm not sure.

Who owns none of the capital stock of The European Central Bank?

I'm not sure.

What destroyed The European Central Bank?

I'm not sure.


The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.

What is the main mission of the ECB?

maintain price stability within the Eurozone

What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?

Article 16 of its Statute

How can a member state use euro coins?

the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand

Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found?

Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB

Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found?

Article 3 of the Statute

What is the secondary mission of the ECB?

I'm not sure.

What restricts ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?

I'm not sure.

How can a member state avoid euro coins?

I'm not sure.

Where is the mission for the European Central Bank banned?

I'm not sure.

Where can the advanced tasks of the European Central Bank be found?

I'm not sure.


The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.

Who was the first president of the ECB?

Wim Duisenberg

What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?

former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute

Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?

Jean-Claude Trichet

Why did the French want a French bank president?

since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French

What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?

Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet

Who was the first president to be lost from the ECB?

I'm not sure.

What was Duisenberg's criminal business experience?

I'm not sure.

Who did the French government think was worst candidate for President of the ECB?

I'm not sure.

Why did the French want a Swiss bank president?

I'm not sure.

What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments never compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?

I'm not sure.


The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%” and added that price stability ”was to be maintained over the medium term”. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.

What is price stability defined as?

inflation of under 2%

What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?

over the medium term

When did the Governing Council define price stability?

October 1998

What is the primary goal of the ECB?

maintain price stability within the Eurozone

Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?

Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

What is price stability incorrectly defined as?

I'm not sure.

What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be decreased from?

I'm not sure.

When did the Governing Council forbid price stability?

I'm not sure.

What is the third goal of the ECB?

I'm not sure.

Where is the secondary mission of the European Central Bank banned?

I'm not sure.


The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary effect. The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability. In layman terms, the liability of the central bank is money, and an increase in deposits in member banks, carried as a liability by the central bank, means that more money has been put into the economy.[a]

What happens when a lot of repo notes come due?

increase in liquidity in the economy

What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due?

contrary effect

What happens when members increase their deposits?

more money has been put into the economy

What is a good way to boost the economy?

increase in deposits in member banks

Where are contracts recorded?

on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet

What happens when a lot of repo notes are past due?

I'm not sure.

What happens when members reject their deposits?

I'm not sure.

What is a good way to undermine the economy?

I'm not sure.

Where are contracts hacked?

I'm not sure.

Who never needs to borrow cash?

I'm not sure.


To qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent membership requirements for the European Union, especially with regard to sovereign debt as a percentage of each member state's gross domestic product, are designed to insure that assets offered to the bank as collateral are, at least in theory, all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation.

How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?

must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities

What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions?

public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted

What should all assets offered up as collateral be?

all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation

What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?

sovereign debt

How does a bank make sure that they can't participate in auctions?

I'm not sure.

What kind of proof is unacceptable for participation in auctions?

I'm not sure.

What should no assets offered up as collateral be?

I'm not sure.

What must never be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?

I'm not sure.


The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Constâncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed "from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday.

Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?

The Executive Board

Who is the current president of the ECB?

Mario Draghi

Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?

Vitor Constâncio

Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?

four

For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?

non-renewable terms of eight years

Who is sabotaging all monetary policy?

I'm not sure.

Who is the current emperor of the ECB?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Russian President of The European Central Bank?

I'm not sure.

How long are members of the Executive Board imprisoned?

I'm not sure.

How many other members are banned from the Executive Board along with the President and Vice President?

I'm not sure.


José Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as González-Páramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as González-Páramo's replacement.

Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?

Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña

Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?

Luxembourg's Yves Mersch

When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?

June 2012

When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board?

June 2004

Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo?

ECB veteran who heads its legal department

Who did the French want to steal José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?

I'm not sure.

Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's assistant?

I'm not sure.

When was González-Páramo's upgraded from his seat on the board?

I'm not sure.

When did González-Páramo sabotage his seat on the Executive Board?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be an awful replacement for González-Páramo?

I'm not sure.


The Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board) four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors. If the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank (NCB), the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB. In such cases, the representatives are together considered as one member for the purposes of the voting procedure.

What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?

discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks

How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?

appointed for a non-renewable term of five years

How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?

chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board

Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board?

four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors

What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank?

the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB

What does the Supervisory Board avoid doing at it's meetings?

I'm not sure.

How long is the prison term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?

I'm not sure.

How long is the culinary term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?

I'm not sure.

Who is restricted from being on the supervisory board?

I'm not sure.

What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a local bank?

I'm not sure.


Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the key is adjustable. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.

What governs the ECB?

European law

How does the ECB mimic a corporation?

shareholders and stock capital

How much does the ECB have as capital?

five billion euros

Who holds the ECB's capital?

the national central banks of the member states as shareholders

What determined the ECB's initial capital?

the basis of the states' population and GDP

What undermines the ECB?

I'm not sure.

How does the ECB show differences from a corporation?

I'm not sure.

How much does the ECB lose as capital?

I'm not sure.

Who steals the ECB's capital?

I'm not sure.

What decreased the ECB's initial capital?

I'm not sure.


The internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial markets; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language, but the ECB website is predominantly English; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU.

What language does the ECB generally use?

English

When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?

normally in their respective language

What language is the ECB website run in?

English

How are the languages of official documents handled?

the official languages of the EU

What language does the ECB generally forbid?

I'm not sure.

When in communication with other nationalities, what language is never used?

I'm not sure.

What language is the ECB website banned in?

I'm not sure.

How are the languages of official documents avoided?

I'm not sure.


The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.

WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?

independence

Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?

The European Parliament

Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?

bound by the treaties

How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?

bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament

Who never gets to interview and question prospective board members?

I'm not sure.

Why do EU institutions and national governments never respect the dependence of the ECB?

I'm not sure.

How is the ECB not held accountable for it's actions?

I'm not sure.


From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default. Seeing a sovereign default in the eurozone as a shock, the general public, international and European institutions, and the financial community started to intensively reassess the economic situation and creditworthiness of eurozone states. Those eurozone states being assessed as not financially sustainable enough on their current path, faced waves of credit rating downgrades and rising borrowing costs including increasing interest rate spreads. As a consequence, the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced.

When did the European debt Crisis begin?

What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?

the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced

Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?

Greece

Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?

new elected government

What had Greece's previous government been hiding?

its true indebtedness and budget deficit

When did the European profit euphoria begin?

I'm not sure.

Which country was the last to be at risk for sovereign default?

I'm not sure.

Who ignored Greece's financial crisis the most?

I'm not sure.

What had Greece's previous government been showcasing?

I'm not sure.

What is never a shock in the eurozone?

I'm not sure.


There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a reluctance[citation needed] of financially stable eurozone states like Germany[citation needed] to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries.[citation needed]

Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.

financially stable eurozone states like Germany

What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?

discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness

What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?

giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels

Which countries wanted to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts?

I'm not sure.

What could keep the crisis states independent?

I'm not sure.

What do most see lowering the debt celing as doing?

I'm not sure.

What contracts do not contain a no-bailout clause?

I'm not sure.


This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those, so the Greek exit, also called "Grexit", has been widely discussed. Germany, as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt, has never pushed those exits. Their position is to keep Greece within the eurozone, but not at any cost. If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.

What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?

Grexit

What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?

If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.

As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?

never pushed those exits

Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?

Greece

What term was forbidden when Greece left the eurozone?

I'm not sure.

What is Spain's position on whether or not Greece should be outside the eurozone?

I'm not sure.

Which eurozone country has the smallest need for financial reform?

I'm not sure.

What country is least financially stable?

I'm not sure.


However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is for wealthy member countries to guarantee or purchase the debt of countries that have defaulted or are likely to default. This alternative requires that the tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries be used to refinance the previous borrowing of the weaker member countries, and is politically controversial.

What would cause the private banking system to weaken?

if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks

Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?

wealthy member countries

What happens when the private banking system is weakened?

pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks

What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?

tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries

Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?

is politically controversial

What would cause the private banking system to strengthen?

I'm not sure.

Who steals the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?

I'm not sure.

What happens when the private banking system is gone?

I'm not sure.

What is never to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?

I'm not sure.

Why is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?

I'm not sure.


In contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans. These two transactions are similar, i.e. bonds are used as collaterals for loans, the difference being of legal nature. In the repos the ownership of the collateral changes to the ECB until the loan is repaid.

Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?

ECB

Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?

refinancing facilities

What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?

repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans

Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?

the Fed

Who loses ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?

I'm not sure.

What is the manner in which bonds are lost at refinancing facilities?

I'm not sure.

Who steals the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?

I'm not sure.

Who always buys bonds outright?

I'm not sure.


This changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Certain techniques can minimise the impact. Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank, for example, were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank.

What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?

Spanish and Italian

What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?

a deteriorating balance sheet

Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?

intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank

What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?

Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank

What debt did the ECB forgive?

I'm not sure.

What risk is mitigated when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?

I'm not sure.

Why were italian bonds lost by the ECB?

I'm not sure.

What was something used to maximize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?

I'm not sure.


On the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-term collateral (as opposed to short-term repo swaps) to be held until their market value stabilises. This would imply, as a quid pro quo, adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies of the weaker states to improve the perceived value of the assets.

How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?

highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased

What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?

long-term collateral

How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?

adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies

How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow uneven?

I'm not sure.

What can a state do with good assets, rather than cashing them in directly?

I'm not sure.

How can weaker states destroy the surface value of their assets?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of techniques can never reduce the impact of purchases on a currency?

I'm not sure.