Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?

black (historically) or African American

What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?

hypodescent

Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?

European and sub-Saharan African ancestry

What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?

for its social and economic advantages

Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?

Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry

What caused lower classification status for African Americans?

slavery became a racial caste

How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?

Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society

What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?

Melungeons,

What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?

slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation

What is Melungeon?

genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

What does it mean to have "marred white"?

assimilated into white society

What were slaves and Africans classified by?

hypodescent

What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?

black (historically) or African American

Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?

I'm not sure.

What were people of European ancestry classified by?

I'm not sure.

What kind of people assimilated into black society?

I'm not sure.

Why did people choose not to assimilate into white society?

I'm not sure.

What families have been demonstrated genetically to be of Asian and African ancestry?

I'm not sure.


After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.

When was there a period of formal racial segregation?

in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era

What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?

more people are openly forming interracial unions

What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?

Diverse immigration

Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?

Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins

Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?

Barack Obama

Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US

In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States

When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?

Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement

When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?

the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial

What has brought more mixed race people to the US?

. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States

Who are "mestizos"?

large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos

What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?

try to "pass" as white

What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?

Loving Day

What does the first multiracial president identify as?

African American

When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?

When was an African American president elected?

What are less people openly doing than in the past?

I'm not sure.

What has brought more single-race people into the United States?

I'm not sure.

What movement did the United States have before the 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What year was the last census that allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last multiracial President of the United States?

I'm not sure.


Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?

Anti-miscegenation laws

Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?

white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them

Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?

In California and the western US

What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?

Latino and Asian residents

When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?

When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?

Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries

Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?

this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines

Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?

In California and the western US,

Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?

White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites?

were prohibited from official relationships with whites.

In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?

Latino and Asian residents

When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?

the 1950s

Who were taking slaves as concubines?

white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men

What laws were passed in the 21st century?

I'm not sure.

Who refused to take slave women as concubines?

I'm not sure.

Where in the US were there smaller numbers of Asian and Latino residents?

I'm not sure.

Who was permitted to have official relationships with whites?

I'm not sure.

What was prohibited after the 1950s?

I'm not sure.


After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?

After the American Revolutionary War

How were the laws in New York abolished?

in programs of gradual emancipation

How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?

more than two decades to be completed

Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?

Quaker and Methodist preachers

When were the last slaves freed in New York state?

The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.

Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?

Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves

What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?

Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves

How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?

the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?

After the American Revolutionary War

What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?

gradual emancipation

The last slave in New York was freed when?

What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?

Second Great Awakening

In 1810, how many black people were considered free?

nearly 10 percent

What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?

Revolutionary ideals

What happened to the number of free people of color before the Revolutionary War?

I'm not sure.

What did only a few northern states do?

I'm not sure.

When were the first slaves in New York freed?

I'm not sure.

Who urged slaveholders in the South not to free their slaves?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of blacks in the south were free people of color after 1810?

I'm not sure.


In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

What is the one-drop rule?

defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry

What did some courts call the one-drop rule?

"the traceable amount rule."

What is a hypodesecnt rule?

meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group

When was the one-drop rule in effect?

in the early 20th century

What is the one-drop rule?

black, persons with any known African ancestry.

What is the hypodescent rule?

racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?

In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation

What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?

it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.

In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?

persons with any known African ancestry

Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?

judging a person by appearance and association.

What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?

a hypodescent rule

What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?

the one-drop rule

What was the rule in the 1800s called?

the traceable amount rule

What did southern states do to stop white supremacy?

I'm not sure.

What laws did the northern states create in the early 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What did the one-drop rule define as white?

I'm not sure.

What was not a name that was used for the one-drop rule?

I'm not sure.

What kind of rule did lawyers say the one-drop rule was an example of?

I'm not sure.


Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.

Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?

Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities.

Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?

While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it

Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?

In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.

What is the accepted definition of "multicultural" ancestry?

Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races".

Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?

Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities

Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?

While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it

Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?

, generally that of the culture in which they were raised.

What are people most likely to identify themselves as?

the culture in which they were raised

Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?

higher number

What does it mean to be a mutliracial?

two or more races

How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?

approximately 9 million individuals

When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?

the mid-20th century

How many individuals identified as multiracial in the 2000 US census?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the population did not identify as multiracial?

I'm not sure.

What would most likely produce a lower number of multiracial people?

I'm not sure.

What often led to people identifying or being classified by multiple ethnicities?

I'm not sure.

What did many people do with their multiracial identities after the mid-20th century?

I'm not sure.


The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.

What occured from 1955 to 1968?

The African-American Civil Rights Movement

How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?

less than 5%

What is race sometimes seen as?

a social construct

Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?

The American people

What does affect recent identification in many cases?

mixed racial ancestry

What are the English people mostly descendants of?

I'm not sure.

When did the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement occur?

I'm not sure.

How much of the population identified as multiracial before the 2000s?

I'm not sure.

What is race not acknowledged as?

I'm not sure.

What did social movements from before the mid-twentieth century work to achieve?

I'm not sure.


Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.

Who were considered "white Indians"?

Europeans living among Indigenous Americans

Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?

Some traders

Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?

"white Indians"

Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?

for their education

Where were legal wives usually kept?

in the city

What were Indigenous Americans living among Europeans called?

I'm not sure.

Who was less numerous than "white indians"?

I'm not sure.

Who married Indigenous American men?

I'm not sure.

Where did Indigenous Americans keep bases?

I'm not sure.

Who was sent to Indigenous American schools for their education?

I'm not sure.


In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.

When could white women and black men be in a union?

In the colonial years

Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?

Virginia in colonial years

What is Paul Heinegg?

scholar

What censuses did he study?

from 1790–1810

Who made unions with African women during the colonial years?

I'm not sure.

What happened to mixed-race children from mothers who were enslaved?

I'm not sure.

What can eighty percent of enslaved people of color in North Carolina be traced to?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of free people of color in Virginia can be traced to families in North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Who made unions with African men after the colonial years?

I'm not sure.


Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.

Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?

slaves

Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?

Sally Hemings

Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?

paternity

Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?

elder family members

What people report having elder family members who were open with genealogical information?

I'm not sure.

What is usually a very easy process?

I'm not sure.

What identified slaves by name before the American Civil War?

I'm not sure.

Who acknowledged their mixed-race slave children in records?

I'm not sure.

Who was John Adams in a relationship with?

I'm not sure.


During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.

Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?

traders

What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?

the Anglo-Saxon presence

What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?

dark skin and ample bodies

What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?

Hawaiian squaws

When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?

By the last half of the 19th century

Where did Christian missionaries follow traders before the 1800s?

I'm not sure.

Who followed Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands?

I'm not sure.

What positively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks?

I'm not sure.

What was dark skin no longer considered a sign of nobility?

I'm not sure.

When did European women start marrying Hawaiian men?

I'm not sure.


Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.

Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?

white Democrats

When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?

What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?

that many whites had multiracial ancestry.

Why were laws limiting people of color passed?

to restore white supremacy

What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?

eugenics and ideas of racial purity

What continued to be enacted in new laws in the 21st century?

I'm not sure.

What state enacted the two-drop rule?

I'm not sure.

What kind of laws had been proposed and passed in the late 19th century in South Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Who gained political power in the south by enfranchising blacks?

I'm not sure.

In what years did democrats pass laws to impose Jim Crow?

I'm not sure.


The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.

A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?

exceed one-fourth

Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?

African blacks and whites

What are groups other than blacks considered to be?

less threatening to whites

What is easy to explain to people in other countries?

I'm not sure.

What is considered more threatening to African blacks?

I'm not sure.

When is a person defined solely as a member of a racial minority?

I'm not sure.

Who is it easy to explain "passing as white" to?

I'm not sure.


Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.

Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?

Geneticists

What are geneticists looking for?

the pattern of markers

What is there genetic evidence of?

three major migrations into North America

What can DNA testing distinguish between?

I'm not sure.

What kind of evidence is there for recent historic differentiation?

I'm not sure.

How do scientists know that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified?

I'm not sure.

Who does not acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations?

I'm not sure.

How many minor migrations into North America is there evidence for?

I'm not sure.


Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).

How do some mixed raced people feel?

marginalized by U.S. society

How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?

Typically, about five race choices

How many race choices may someone check?

only one

What does the "other" box do?

groups together individuals of many different multiracial types

When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?

when applying to schools or for a job

Who feels marginalized by Canadian society?

I'm not sure.

What usually has about 10 race choices?

I'm not sure.

What does the "other" box avoid?

I'm not sure.

When do single race people feel marginalized?

I'm not sure.

When do multiracial individuals feel important in U.S. society?

I'm not sure.


Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.

What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?

social acceptance

Where did people not ask about racial background?

frontier areas

What were the hallmarks of free citizens?

they served in the militia and voted

Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?

neighbors

What had different laws regarding color after the one-drop rule?

I'm not sure.

What played the smallest role in how a person was perceived?

I'm not sure.

In what areas were there the most questions about origins?

I'm not sure.

What was not a factor in how communities looked at people?

I'm not sure.

What was never based on how people were accepted by their neighbors?

I'm not sure.


Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

The President's father is from what country?

Kenya

What community still has some effects of slavery?

American slave descendant community

What must Africans who recently immigrated do?

recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds

Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?

some black writers

What happened to the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants before the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

Who has immigrated more to Canada since the late 20th century?

I'm not sure.

Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used?

I'm not sure.

What have white writers argued are needed for recent immigrants?

I'm not sure.

Who do black writers say should not recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds?

I'm not sure.


In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.

When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?

In the 1980s

What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?

mostly negative

What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?

if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification

Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?

Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins

What did parents of mixed race children lobby for before the 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of "bi-racial"?

I'm not sure.

What political leader was vocally in favor of the multiracial category?

I'm not sure.

Why was Diane Watson in favor of the multiracial category?

I'm not sure.

What is a way African Americans could increase their numbers?

I'm not sure.


The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

What determined a child's social identity?

the tribe's kinship system

What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?

matrilineal

What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?

Indian

What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?

white

What did not determine the social identity of the children?

I'm not sure.

What was the status of mixed race children in the tribes of the Northwest?

I'm not sure.

What was the child of a white woman and a Omaha man considered?

I'm not sure.

Who would not protect mixed-race children and their mothers?

I'm not sure.

Who could formally belong to the tribe if they were adopted by a woman?

I'm not sure.


In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.

Who was a doctor?

Charles Eastman

Who was the doctor related to?

Seth Eastman

Who did the relative of the doctor marry?

Sioux woman

Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?

three European-American middle-class female teachers

What tribe was Eastman related to?

Sioux

How many African-American teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the woman Seth Eastman married?

I'm not sure.

Who was a lawyer of European and Sioux ancestry?

I'm not sure.

Who did Seth Eastman have a son with?

I'm not sure.

Where was Seth Eastman stationed in South Dakota?

I'm not sure.


The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)

Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?

Sherrel W. Stewart

Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?

genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies

Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?

Henry Louis Gates

What writer asserted that very few African Americans have significant Native American heritage?

I'm not sure.

Who do genetic researchers claim have significant Native American heritage?

I'm not sure.

Who hosted a TV series on Asian American ancestry?

I'm not sure.

What popular belief is supported by the data that has been collected?

I'm not sure.

What do genetic researches believe most African Americans have?

I'm not sure.


Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.

What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?

explorers and soldiers

Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?

traders and fur trappers

Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?

a continuing, critical labor shortage

Who first imported slaves to New York?

the Dutch

Who freed some of the early slaves?

their masters

What has a long history in Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who did native men take as companions?

I'm not sure.

What did traders and fur trappers do before European settlement increased?

I'm not sure.

What did colonists import in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years?

I'm not sure.


Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.

President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?

Sally Hemings

What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?

Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty

How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?

nearly 40 years

Which child of Jefferson identified as black?

Madison Hemings

How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?

Seven-eighths

What slave did George Washington have a relationship with?

I'm not sure.

How long were Washington and Hemings in a relationship for?

I'm not sure.

How many of the Hemings children moved to the south?

I'm not sure.

What was it socially disadvantageous for the Hemings children to do?

I'm not sure.

Who was legally black under Virginia law at the time?

I'm not sure.


After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.

As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?

traditionally free people of color in Louisiana

Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?

people of any portion of African descent

What were African Americans forced to share before the Civil War?

I'm not sure.

What kept the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana the same?

I'm not sure.

Who maintained a strong culture related to Italian culture?

I'm not sure.

What culture was known for practicing Protestantism?

I'm not sure.

What decreased the pressure for people of African descent to be claimed by the black community?

I'm not sure.


Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

Where did most Chinese men enter the US?

primarily on the West Coast and in western territories

Who imported Chinese laborers?

white planters

What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?

the Chinese Exclusion Act

What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?

they did not take white spouses

What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?

set up groceries in small towns throughout the South

Who entered the United States as intellectuals?

I'm not sure.

Who did white planters import before the Reconstruction era?

I'm not sure.

What act allowed Chinese workers in the U.S. to have their wives join them?

I'm not sure.

Where did Chinese men take white spouses?

I'm not sure.

What did Chinese men set up in cities throughout the North?

I'm not sure.


Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.

What office is responsible for the census form changes?

the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?

When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?

What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?

participants to select more than one of the six available categories

When did the OMB change federal regulations of racial categories to bar multiple responses?

I'm not sure.

In what year were participants no longer allowed to choose more than one of the six available categories?

I'm not sure.

What was not one of the categories participants could choose on the 2000 United States Census?

I'm not sure.

When did the OMB directive stop being mandatory on government forms?

I'm not sure.

What office is barred from making changes to the census form?

I'm not sure.


Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.

What was the result of a child having an African mother?

born into slavery

What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?

partus sequitur ventrem

Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?

Anita Florence Hemmings

What makes a person mulatto?

parents were black and white

What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?

one black great-grandparent and the remainder white

What did laws from the 16th century define children of African slave mothers as?

I'm not sure.

Who was not born into slavery?

I'm not sure.

Who were free people of color in New York descended from?

I'm not sure.

Who took advantage of slave men?

I'm not sure.

What did African Americans not use passing to do?

I'm not sure.


Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .

Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?

Because he has no slave blood in him

What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?

"black" or "white"

What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?

recent American immigrant

Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?

CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Why did Steele say what he did?

to be "provocative"

Who accused people of attacking Barack Obama more than Michelle Obama?

I'm not sure.

What year did Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr. accuse the media of attacking Barack Obama?

I'm not sure.

Who was mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by the German Prime Minister?

I'm not sure.

What designation for African Americans does Condoleezza Rice prefer over "black" and "white"?

I'm not sure.

Who claimed that descendants of slaves had a good head start?

I'm not sure.


Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.

When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?

April 5, 1614

What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?

considered English or white

Who married Indigenous women early on?

male settlers

Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?

present-day Virginia

Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?

Thomas Rolfe

Who did some early female settlers marry?

I'm not sure.

What was later contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans like?

I'm not sure.

Where did no marriages take place between European men and Native women?

I'm not sure.

When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?

I'm not sure.

Who was an ancestor to many First Families of North Carolina?

I'm not sure.


Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

What has helped geneologists researching slaves?

Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies

What were slaves usually not allowed to do?

learn to read and write

What replaced written records for black families?

oral histories

Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?

Southern Congressional bloc

When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?

What do colonial records of German slave ships often have?

I'm not sure.

What do genealogists use to trace African American families after 1870?

I'm not sure.

What did Asians generally not learn to read and write?

I'm not sure.

When did the Census Bureau drop the binary classifications of black and white?

I'm not sure.


European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?

Indigenous American tribes

When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?

What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?

Numerous advertisements

How did natives and Africans come to know each other?

through the institution of slavery

Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?

because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases

Who never created a treaty with the Indigenous American tribes?

I'm not sure.

When did the governor of South Carolina make the Iroquois promise to return runaway slaves?

I'm not sure.

What were Indigenous Americans immune to?

I'm not sure.

Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites?

I'm not sure.

What Indigenous American tribe returned slaves to the European colonists?

I'm not sure.


Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.

What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?

gave children the social status of their mother

What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?

partus sequitur ventrem

What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?

paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them

English common law generally said what?

a man gave his status to his children

What did not occur during the earliest colonial years?

I'm not sure.

What was a racial caste associated with people of British descent in African colonies?

I'm not sure.

What English colony passed laws that gave children the social status of the father?

I'm not sure.

Who did many white mothers abandon?

I'm not sure.

Where was the practice of providing for the children less common?

I'm not sure.


Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.

What are many Latin American migrants?

mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race

What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?

white

Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?

the U.S. Hispanic media

What does the typical latino in media look like?

blond and blue/green-eyed white

What are many European American migrants?

I'm not sure.

Who has a large amount of media representation?

I'm not sure.

What do white Americans consider a light skinned mulatto to be?

I'm not sure.

Who is not overlooking darker skinned Latinos?

I'm not sure.

Who has accused the media of ignoring blonde Hispanic Americans?

I'm not sure.


In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?

if having seven-eights or more white ancestry

What year was mulatto left off the US Census?

Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?

Southern-dominated Congress

When was a person legally white in South Carolina before 1920?

I'm not sure.

When was the one-drop rule ended?

I'm not sure.

What was an attempt to increase black political power?

I'm not sure.

What was the first year the U.S. Census used the mulatto category?

I'm not sure.

What was the result of a Northern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules?

I'm not sure.


Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."

Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?

Stanley Crouch

What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?

"Magic Negro",

What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?

assuage white 'guilt'

What was the title of Crouch's article?

"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me."

Who wrote about Obama in a Time Magazine piece?

I'm not sure.

What LA Times columnist accused liberals of avoiding Obama?

I'm not sure.

What is a term for a black person who does not help the mainstream white agenda?

I'm not sure.

What year did David Ehrenstein write a piece accusing liberals of avoiding Obama?

I'm not sure.

Who said Obama's father was of white U.S. stock?

I'm not sure.


The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".

What does the "mixture" heading mean?

cannot be racially categorized

What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?

Bi-racial would be coded as what?

Mixture

How many race options were there?

five enumerated races

What did the 1990 census have in the write-in response category?

I'm not sure.

What did the code listing destandardize?

I'm not sure.

What heading can be racially categorized?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the census have eight enumerated races?

I'm not sure.

How many race options did the Canadian census have?

I'm not sure.


Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.

What is considered to be neglected in American history?

Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans

When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?

April 1502

Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?

Santo Domingo

Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?

near the mouth of the Pee Dee River

How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?

100 enslaved Africans

What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?

I'm not sure.

What is the latest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas?

I'm not sure.

Where were the last Black Indians born?

I'm not sure.

When was the latest year that African slaves were absorbed into Indigenous Americans?

I'm not sure.

How many free Africans lived in San Miguel de Gualdape?

I'm not sure.


Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.

What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?

Colored White Boy

Who is related to Bliss Broyard?

Anatole Broyard

Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?

autobiography

What book was written by Anatole Broyard?

I'm not sure.

What documentary features a black man in North Carolina?

I'm not sure.

What documentary is about a white man in Georgia?

I'm not sure.

What book was written about Bliss Broyard?

I'm not sure.

Who filmed the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana?

I'm not sure.


By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?

the 1980s

How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?

mostly negative

Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?

Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins

What did they fear would happen?

a loss in political and economic power

Who lobbied for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on legal forms before the 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What did the U.S. government propose that people were happy about?

I'm not sure.

What year did the U.S. government propose getting rid of a multiracial category?

I'm not sure.

What politician was in favor of the multiracial category?

I'm not sure.

Who would gain power from abandoning their one category?

I'm not sure.


In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.

Who married Sacagewea?

French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau

Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?

European men and Indigenous American women

What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?

the kinship system of the woman's tribe

What nations are considered matrilineal?

Creek and Cherokee

How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?

adopted into the tribe by an adult male

Who married Clark?

I'm not sure.

What did not dictate how easily a woman's children would be assimilated into a tribe?

I'm not sure.

What kind of systems did tribes in the Northwest have?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Creek not give status in their mother's tribes?

I'm not sure.

Who was not considered white to the Omaha?

I'm not sure.


For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.

What brought African Americans together?

the one-drop rule

Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?

family elders

Slaves were not allowed to do what?

to learn to read and write

What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?

spoke English, nor read or wrote it

What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?

their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification

What was a factor in ethnic solidarity for whites?

I'm not sure.

Who was the one-drop rule not a significant factor for?

I'm not sure.

Who found it easy to learn about their Indigenous American heritage?

I'm not sure.

Who was forthcoming with genealogical information?

I'm not sure.

Who was encouraged to read and write?

I'm not sure.


The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.

What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?

"tragic octoroon"

Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?

Lydia Maria Child

What story was written by Child in 1842?

"The Quadroons"

What does the tragic octoroon point out?

sexual exploitation in slavery

Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?

abolitionists

Who wrote about the last "tragic octoroon" character?

I'm not sure.

What story was the last "tragic octoroon" character in?

I'm not sure.

What character allowed abolitionists to draw attention away from sexual exploitation?

I'm not sure.

Who would sell his own children into slavery?

I'm not sure.

What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called?

I'm not sure.


It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide.

By 1931, what percentage of the world’s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?

92 percent

From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?

three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent

Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?

Sergio DellaPergola

The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?

10 million and 11.2 million

How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?

16.7 million


In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia, as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east. His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe. In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical "Ashkenaz" with Khazaria.

In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?

Yoma

Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?

Slavic

Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?

Saadia Gaon

Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?

Germanikia in northwestern Syria

Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?

cradle of Germanic tribes


No evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily itinerant traders or artisans. A substantial Jewish population emerged in northern Gaul by the Middle Ages, but Jewish communities existed in 465 CE in Brittany, in 524 CE in Valence, and in 533 CE in Orleans. Throughout this period and into the early Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures, mostly through conversion to Christianity.[better source needed] King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629. Jews in former Roman territories faced new challenges as harsher anti-Jewish Church rulings were enforced.

Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629?

King Dagobert I of the Franks

Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany?

very few Jews

In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles?

traders or artisans

In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany?

465 CE

During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what?

conversion to Christianity


People of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35–36% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews (mainly east European Ashkenazim). The roots of this conflict, which still exists to a much smaller extent in present-day Israeli society, are chiefly attributed to the concept of the "melting pot". That is to say, all Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel were strongly encouraged to "melt down" their own particular exilic identities within the general social "pot" in order to become Israeli.

What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent?

When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?

Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews

What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to?

the concept of the "melting pot"

What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent?

When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews?

east European Ashkenazim


Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means "Jewishness" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women. From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now encompasses not just Orthodoxy and Hasidism, but a broad range of movements, ideologies, practices, and traditions in which Ashkenazi Jews have participated and somehow retained a sense of Jewishness. Although a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, in styles of humor, in patterns of association. Broadly speaking, a Jew is one who associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues, and so forth. It is a definition that applies to Jewish culture in general, and to Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular.

Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?

Yiddishkeit

What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language?

"Jewishness"

In the past most Jews prayed in what language?

liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew

In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives?

Yiddish

Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past?

a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish


In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews, but not in the general European population, be they for patrilineal markers (Y-chromosome haplotypes) and for matrilineal markers (mitotypes). However, a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, from the University of Huddersfield in England, suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe, probably as a consequence of conversion. Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths.

For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?

For roughly a thousand years

In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?

Central Europe

In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?

many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths

Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?

high frequencies

A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?

University of Huddersfield in England


Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew. Nowadays, relations are getting better. In some instances, Ashkenazi communities have accepted significant numbers of Sephardi newcomers, sometimes resulting in intermarriage.

In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?

have not always been warm

How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?

as second-class citizens

Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?

Saadia Marciano

Where was Saadia Marciano from?

Moroccan Jew

What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?

led to protest movements


A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European "admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as "matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, Basques, Italians, Sardinians and Tuscans. The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives, which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset, of their assumed geographical source population. Bray et al. therefore postulate that these results reflect not the population antiquity but a history of mixing between genetically distinct populations in Europe. However, it's possible that the relaxation of marriage prescription in the ancestors of Ashkenazim that drove their heterozygosity up, while the maintenance of the FBD rule in native Middle Easterners have been keeping their heterozygosity values in check. Ashkenazim distinctiveness as found in the Bray et al. study, therefore, may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to "mine" their ancestral gene pool in the context of relative reproductive isolation from European neighbors, and not from clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Consequently, their higher diversity compared to Middle Easterners stems from the latter's marriage practices, not necessarily from the former's admixture with Europeans.

What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?

35 to 55 percent

Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?

admixture is considerably higher

Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?

a genetically more divergent population

In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?

more diverse

Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?

Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset


Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry. These diverging conclusions focus particularly on the extent of the European genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages.

Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins?

ancient Levantine origins

Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry?

they have arrived at diverging conclusions

Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?

researching both their paternal and maternal lineages

Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?

the Levant


Sometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan. By the high medieval period, Talmudic commentators like Rashi began to use Ashkenaz/Eretz Ashkenaz to designate Germany, earlier known as Loter, where, especially in the Rhineland communities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, the most important Jewish communities arose. Rashi uses leshon Ashkenaz (Ashkenazi language) to describe German speech, and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim. Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France.

The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?

Sefarad

The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?

Tsarefat

The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?

1 Kings 17:9

How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?

as Ashkenazim

Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?

medieval Germany and France


Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire. In addition, Jews from southern Italy, fleeing religious persecution, began to move into central Europe.[citation needed] Returning to Frankish lands, many Jewish merchants took up occupations in finance and commerce, including money lending, or usury. (Church legislation banned Christians from lending money in exchange for interest.) From Charlemagne's time to the present, Jewish life in northern Europe is well documented. By the 11th century, when Rashi of Troyes wrote his commentaries, Jews in what came to be known as "Ashkenaz" were known for their halakhic learning, and Talmudic studies. They were criticized by Sephardim and other Jewish scholars in Islamic lands for their lack of expertise in Jewish jurisprudence (dinim) and general ignorance of Hebrew linguistics and literature. Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period. It was written with Hebrew letters, and heavily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic.

Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?

a brief period of stability

Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?

north of the Alps

Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?

Roman Empire

When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?

finance and commerce

Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?

Yiddish


The answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls, maintained a strong system of education for males, heeded rabbinic leadership, and scorned the life-style of their neighbors; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism.

The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what?

shtetls

A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?

a strong system of education

In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what?

increased with every outbreak of antisemitism

Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what?

heeded rabbinic leadership


According to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members who was among them rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to Worms to repay the favor. Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakhic questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century.

Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?

Rabbi Elijah of Chelm

Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?

halakhic questions

Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century?

In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor?

Worms


Of the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million – more than two-thirds – were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Ukraine (60%); and 50–90% of the Jews of other Slavic nations, Germany, Hungary, and the Baltic states, and over 25% of the Jews in France. Sephardi communities suffered similar depletions in a few countries, including Greece, the Netherlands and the former Yugoslavia. As the large majority of the victims were Ashkenazi Jews, their percentage dropped from nearly 92% of world Jewry in 1931 to nearly 80% of world Jewry today. The Holocaust also effectively put an end to the dynamic development of the Yiddish language in the previous decades, as the vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, around 5 million, were Yiddish speakers. Many of the surviving Ashkenazi Jews emigrated to countries such as Israel, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and the United States after the war.

At the beginning of World War II, about how many Jews lived in Europe?

8.8 million

Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi?

about 6 million

What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust?

The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today?

nearly 80%

The vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust spoke which language?

Yiddish


Religious Jews have Minhagim, customs, in addition to Halakha, or religious law, and different interpretations of law. Different groups of religious Jews in different geographic areas historically adopted different customs and interpretations. On certain issues, Orthodox Jews are required to follow the customs of their ancestors, and do not believe they have the option of picking and choosing. For this reason, observant Jews at times find it important for religious reasons to ascertain who their household's religious ancestors are in order to know what customs their household should follow. These times include, for example, when two Jews of different ethnic background marry, when a non-Jew converts to Judaism and determines what customs to follow for the first time, or when a lapsed or less observant Jew returns to traditional Judaism and must determine what was done in his or her family's past. In this sense, "Ashkenazic" refers both to a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry. Reform Judaism, which does not necessarily follow those minhagim, did nonetheless originate among Ashkenazi Jews.

For religious Jews, what does Minhagim mean?

customs

For religious Jews, what does Halakha mean?

religious law

For religious Jews, "Ashkenazic" refers to what two things?

a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry

Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew?

Ashkenazi Jews

What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing?

Orthodox Jews


As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel, or immigration to North America, and other English-speaking areas; and Europe (particularly France) and Latin America, the geographic isolation that gave rise to Ashkenazim has given way to mixing with other cultures, and with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales. Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews, although many Hasidic and Hareidi groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life. (There are numerous Ashkenazi Jewish anglophones and Russian-speakers as well, although English and Russian are not originally Jewish languages.)

Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America, or other English speaking areas but most to which place?

Israel

For most Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish was replaced with what language?

Hebrew

What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life?

many Hasidic and Hareidi groups


A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort – that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families.

A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?

a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup

Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?

ethnic group

Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?

Hasidic or Hareidi sects

Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?

Haredi Jews often have extremely large families


Ashkenazi Jews have a noted history of achievement in Western societies in the fields of exact and social sciences, literature, finance, politics, media, and others. In those societies where they have been free to enter any profession, they have a record of high occupational achievement, entering professions and fields of commerce where higher education is required. Ashkenazi Jews have won a large number of the Nobel awards. While they make up about 2% of the U.S. population, 27% of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century, a quarter of Fields Medal winners, 25% of ACM Turing Award winners, half the world's chess champions, including 8% of the top 100 world chess players, and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.

What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?

What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews?

About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?

a quarter

About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

half the world's chess champions

What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?


Although the Jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area as described, genetic research done by Gil Atzmon of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests "that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of the destruction of the First Temple, 2,500 years ago ... flourished during the Roman Empire but then went through a 'severe bottleneck' as they dispersed, reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left Northern Italy around the year 1000 for Central and eventually Eastern Europe."

Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what?

the destruction of the First Temple

The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago?

2,500 years ago

It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year?

Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where?

Central and eventually Eastern Europe