Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.

What did Bell call his cord-free phone?

photophone

Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?

Charles Sumner Tainter

What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?

light

What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?

Volta Laboratory Association

In the photophone, light carried sound and what?

normal human conversations


On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 213 metres (700 ft) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.

Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?

June 21, 1880

How many feet did the first photophone message travel?

From what building was the first photophone message sent?

Franklin School

How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?


Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use.

What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?

The photophone

Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?

telephone

What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?

fiber-optic communication

When was fiber-optics first patented?

In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?


Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.

What did Bell create in 1881?

metal detector

What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?

bullet

What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?

metal bed frame

On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?

first

When did Bell's metal detector work well?

in tests


Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." In a footnote, Bell adds that "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."

Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?

Science

Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?

Executive Mansion

What kind of mattress was the President directly on?

horse-hair

Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?

footnote


The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.

Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?

William E. Meacham

What nationality was Meacham?

American

What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?

hydrofoil boat

Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?

Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin

Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?

Enrico Forlanini


During his world tour of 1910–11, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by Renault engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability and steering along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kilowatts) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour), a record which stood for ten years.

In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?

France

What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?

flying

Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?


In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

What color silk covered Bell's kites?

maroon

Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?

Selfridge

Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?

How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?

Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?

Alexander Graham Bell


Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy —Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.

What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?

Aerial Experiment Association

When was the AEA founded?

Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?

Glenn H. Curtiss

Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?

army


The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.[N 24] [N 25] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. [N 26] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.

What did the AEA work on after kites?

gliders

What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?

bamboo

What kind of plane was the Red Wing?

biplane

How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?

Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?

Selfridge


Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.

What did the AEA name their last plane?

Silver Dart

Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?

J.A.D. McCurdy

What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?

a doctor

What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?

Canadian Aerodrome Company

On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?

February 23


Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13, 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a "defective variety of the human race." By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for that of Nazi Germany.

What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?

congenitally deaf parents

In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?

Second International Congress of Eugenics

Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?

David Starr

What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?

livestock breeding


A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.

What are Bell's personal papers known as?

Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers

In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?

Manuscript Division

Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?

online

In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?

Cape Breton University

In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?

Nova Scotia


In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?

Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?

Alexandre Dumas

Who first established the Volta Prize?

Napoleon Bonaparte

The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?

wax

Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?

Volta Bureau


In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".

What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?

Science

When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?

What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?

illustrations

What award did Bell win in 1902?

Albert Medal


Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.

What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?

honorary degrees

What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?

Bell Telephone Memorial

When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?

In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?

Brantford

In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?

Alexander Graham Bell Gardens


In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.

In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?

First

What was created in Bell's image in 1940?

commemorative stamp

Bell's stamp is part of which line?

Famous Americans Series

On what date was the stamp officially released?

October 28

In which city was the stamp officially released?

Boston


The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.

What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?

geese

What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?

genetics

What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?

C$100 gold coin

In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?


Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.

In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?

In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?

In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?

Scottish Science Hall of Fame

Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?

National Library of Scotland


Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.

What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?

diabetes

On what day and month did Bell die?

August 2

Who was the last person to see Bell alive?

Mabel

In what Province did Bell die?

Nova Scotia


Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":

What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?

Beinn Bhreagh pine

What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?

red

What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?

black

Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?

Jean MacDonald


Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.

Where was Bell buried?

atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain

Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?

Marian

Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?


The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.

What unit is named after Bell?

The bel

What does the bel and decibel measure?

sound intensity

What lab invented the term "bel."

Bell Labs

In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?

telecommunications

What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?


A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.

What is the term 'pub' short for?

public house

Where in the United States are pubs located?

New England

What continental European country has pubs?

Denmark

Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?

Canada

Who said that pubs are the heart of England?

Samuel Pepys


The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.

What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?

taverns

What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?

alehouse

In what century did the tied house system develop?

19th century


Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.

What are traditional pub windows made out of?

smoked or frosted glass

What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?

clear glass

Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?

snacks


The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.

What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?

pub landlord

What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?

publican

What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?

locals

Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?

darts

What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?

pool or snooker


Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.

In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?

What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?

off-sales counter

What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?

the jug and bottle

Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?

supermarkets


The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.

During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?

the Bronze Age

In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?

the 1st Century

What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?

tabernae

In what century did the Romans leave Britain?

5th Century

What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?

green


A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.

When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?

In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?

Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?

monasteries

What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?

pilgrimages


Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.

Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?

food and drink

What road is an inn often located near?

highway

How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?

two

About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?

several centuries

What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?

community gathering places


In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.

What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?

accommodation

In what nation's pubs is food often served?

the UK

Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?

The George

In what country is "The Welcome Inn" frequently used as a name for pubs?

Scotland

Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?

horses


The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.

What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?

lodging

What is the main provision that pubs offer?

alcohol

What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?

food and drink

What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?

Holiday Inn

In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?

innkeepers


The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.

Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?

Inns of Court

In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?

London

Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?

Wales


Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.

What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?

fermented malt

What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?

the Netherlands

In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?

In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?

What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?

commercial breweries


The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.

After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?

the Glorious Revolution

What people introduced gin to England?

the Dutch

In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?

How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?

six times

In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?

half


The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.

What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?

William Hogarth

What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?

The Gin Act 1736

When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated?

What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?

The Gin Act 1751


By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.

In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?

What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?

Sketches by Boz

Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?

What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?

"Gin Palaces"

In what British city did gin houses first appear?

London


Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.

What law allowed the existence of beer houses?

Beer Act of 1830

In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?

low alcohol content

What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?

gin

What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?

reducing public drunkenness


Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.

What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?

What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?

beer or cider

On what day were beer houses closed?

Sundays

Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?

jugs

What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?

spirits and fortified wines


In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.

How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?

How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?

In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?


Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act.

What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?

pubs

By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?

Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?

corners or road junctions

What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?

real ale micro-brewers


The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.

Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?

The Red Lion

What is an example of a name for a beer house?

Smith's Beer House


There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits.

In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?

ale

In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?

What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?

the crown


From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005.

In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?

In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?

What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?

Local Authorities


The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even "Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours.

What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?

Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869

At what locations were public house licenses granted?

special Licensing Sessions courts

Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?

ex-servicemen or ex-policemen

What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?

Occasional Licences


Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre.

Where can historical licensing records be examined?

London Metropolitan Archives centre

Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?

owner


The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.

What law further restricted public houses?

the Defence of the Realm Act

In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?

August 1914

Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?

12 noon–2:30 pm

What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?

Pembrokeshire

What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?

the police


There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.

What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?

10:30 pm

What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?

11 pm

What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?

Carlisle

In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?

On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?

Sundays


However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets.

Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?

11 pm

What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?

10:30 pm

How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?

In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?

12 noon

In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?

11 am


Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.

When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?

What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?

Scotland's and Northern Ireland's


The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.

When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?

24 November 2005

After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?

the local council

Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?

11.30 pm

How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?

How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?


A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.

What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?

"lock-in"

What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?

Licensing Act 2003

A law of what year prompted the existence of the "lock-in"?

What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?

allowing smoking


In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.

In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?

March 2006

When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?

April 2007

What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?

July 2007

What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?

Carlsberg and Heineken

What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?

Wetherspoon


By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).

What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?

Balls Pond Road

On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?

City Road

What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?

The Eagle

What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?

weasel

In what century did saloons become established?


A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]

Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?

stand-up comedy

Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?

juke boxes


By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]

What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?

middle-class

What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?

working class

In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?

What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?

spit and sawdust

What is another name for the lounge bar?

saloon


Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.

In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?

the 1960s and 1970s

What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?

removal of the dividing wall or partition


The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.

What is another name for the smoke room?

snug

What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?

higher

Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?

the parish priest

What were the windows in the snug made out of?

frosted glass


CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.

How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?

According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?

very few


It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.

In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?

bring the beer out to the table

Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?

taproom

What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?

gin houses

In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?

Brierley Hill

What do the locals call The Vine?

The Bull and Bladder


Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.

Who pioneered the circular bar?

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?

Swindon station pub

What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?

engineer and railway builder

What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?

British


A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.

What is a "beer engine"?

a device for pumping beer

What is the function of a "beer engine"?

to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar


The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.

Who invented the beer pump in England?

John Lofting

In what city was the beer pump invented?

London

In what country was John Lofting born?

Netherlands

What was the death year of John Lofting?

When was John Lofting born?


The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:

In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?

London Gazette

On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?

17 March 1691


"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."

How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?

20 to 30

What location did John Lofting live near?

St Thomas Apostle London

In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?

Islington

What was William Tillcar's profession?

Turner

What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?

Sun Tavern


Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.

What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?

handpump

Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?

gas


After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.

What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?

a Free house

In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?

What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?

landlord


A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.

What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?

Shepherd Neame

What London breweries each own many pubs?

Young's and Fuller's

What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?

Greene King

What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?

The Beer Orders

In what year were the Beer Orders passed?


Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.

Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?

O'Neill's

What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?

PubCo

Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?

PubCo

In what country was Punch Taverns established?

the UK


Pubs within a chain will usually have items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.

When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?

renamed

What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?

closed down


A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.

What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?

A brewery tap

If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?

the nearest pub

What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?

brewpub


A "country pub" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others—especially those away from village centres—existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.

What is another name for a rural public house?

country pub

What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?

serving travellers as coaching inns

Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?

the last thirty


In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking.

What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?

providing seating facilities for the consumption of food

Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?

drinking


Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.

What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?

theme pubs

What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?

Irish pubs

What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?

rock pubs

What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?

strip pubs

In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?

karaoke bars


In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.

Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?

Richard II

In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?

What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?

John

What was John Shakespeare's profession?

inspectors

If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?

forfeit his ale


Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.

In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?

the Middle Ages

From where did pubs without written names derive their names?

the illustration on the pub's sign


The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.

Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?

Latin

Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?

The Cross

What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?

the coat of arms

What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?

hops

Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?

farming


Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.

What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?

Trafalgar

What town is The Crow and Gate located in?

Crowborough

What county is home to The Crow and Gate?

East Sussex

Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?

royal


Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.

What hangs today over most British pub doors?

decorated signs

What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?

the name of the pub

What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?

directing potential customers to their door


Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.

What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?

Slug and Lettuce

What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?

comic

What is the purpose of a pub name?

to identify and differentiate each pub


As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.

What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?

pictorial signs


Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the "Marquis of Granby". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George[citation needed], after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation.

After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?

John Manners, Marquess of Granby

Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?

John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland

What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?

general

In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?

What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?

the Royal George


Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as "The Bag o'Nails" (Bacchanals), "The Goat and Compasses" (God Encompasseth Us), "The Cat and the Fiddle" (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and "The Bull and Bush", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at "Boulogne Bouche" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.

The pub "The Bag o'Nails" was a corruption of what word?

Bacchanals

What phrase was "The Goat and Compasses" a corruption of?

God Encompasseth Us

What does Chaton Fidèle mean in English?

Faithful Kitten

What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?

Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour

Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?

Henry VIII


Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, Nine Men's Morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common.

What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?

pool

Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?

Nine Men's Morris

Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?

cards

Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?

cribbage

What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?

Table Football


Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.

Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?

video games

What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?

dance bar

At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?

sports bar

Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?

Shove ha'penny


Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term "Sunday League Football". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.

What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?

Sunday League Football

What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?

Bowling


Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music.

Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?

Pub rock

What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?

Punk music

In what decade was Pub rock popular?

the 1970s


Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and "bar snacks", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts which helped to increase beer sales. In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors selling cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell to customers during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets.

Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?

bar snacks

In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?

mobile shellfish stalls

In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?

East End

What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?

pickled cockles and mussels


In the 1950s some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience.

During what decade did some British pubs provide "a pie and a pint"?

In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?

What decade saw the popularity of "chicken in a basket"?

What was "chicken in a basket" served in?

a wicker basket

Along with chicken, what food was included in "chicken in a basket"?

chips


Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and freezer food. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.

What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?

Pub grub

On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?

Sunday

What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?

British


Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.

During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?

the 1990s

Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?

lunches

What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?

gastropubs

Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?

dining room


A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.

What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?

pub and gastronomy

In what year was the term gastropub invented?

Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?

Mike Belben

In what city is the Eagle pub located?

London

In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?

Clerkenwell


CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

How many pubs does the National Trust own?

thirty-six

In what city is the George Inn located?

London

What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?

Belfast

What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?

Northern Ireland

What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?

CAMRA


The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Likewise, The Berney Arms in Norfolk has no road access. It may be reached by foot or by boat, and by train as it is served by the nearby Berney Arms railway station, which likewise has no road access and serves no other settlement.

What pub in England is the highest above sea level?

the Tan Hill Inn

In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?

Yorkshire

How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?

In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?

Inverie

In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?

Scotland


A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the "oldest inn in England". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book.

What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?

Ye Olde Fighting Cocks

In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?

Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?

Nottingham

When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?

When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?


There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560.

Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?

Holywell

How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?

When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?


The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD. Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral. Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Lancashire, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.

When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded?

In what county is the Bingley Arms located?

Yorkshire

When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to?

Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located?

Nottingham

When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from?


The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom — The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn.

What town is the Q Inn located in?

Stalybridge

What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn?

Cheshire

What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom?

the Q Inn

What is the pub with the longest name in the UK?

The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn

What county is Stalybridge in?

Cheshire


The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982. Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor.

When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom?

In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?

Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?

gastro-pubs

What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?

supermarkets


The Lost Pubs Project listed 28,095 closed pubs on 21 April 2015, with photographs of many. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants.

How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?

In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?

What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?

legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants


The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.

Who was based out of the Swan Inn?

Dick Turpin

In what county was the Swan Inn located?

Buckinghamshire

What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?

John Fothergill

In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?

What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?

Chatto & Windus


Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.

What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?

Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese

Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?

the Cock Tavern

What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?

Charles Dickens

Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?

Ye Olde Cock Tavern


The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, The Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.

What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern?

16 Charlotte Street

In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?

Fitzrovia

In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located?

Soho

What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell's The Moon Under Water?

The Canonbury Tavern

In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located?

Canonbury


The Red Lion in Parliament Square is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and members of parliament. The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims.

Where is the Red Lion located?

Parliament Square

What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?

a Division bell

Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?

Madonna

In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?

Mayfair

What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?

The Coleherne


In 1966 The Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray. The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead, the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as The Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903.

At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966?

The Blind Beggar

What pub is associated with some of Jack the Ripper's victims?

The Ten Bells

Outside what pub was David Blakely shot?

The Magdala

What is the present name of the former Crown and Anchor?

The Crown Tavern

In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London?


The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man. It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank.

At what pub did Thomas Paine write The Rights of Man?

The Angel

In what district of London is The Angel located?

Islington

What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings?

Charles Dickens

What is the present status of the Angel pub?

a Co-operative Bank

Prior to becoming a pub, what did the Angel serve as?

a coaching inn


The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had "discovered the secret of life" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA. The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix. and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.

Along with the Eagle and Child, at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet?

the Lamb and Flag

Where is the Eagle and Child located?

Oxford

Along with J. R. R. Tolkien, who was a noted member of the Inklings?

C. S. Lewis

Where is the Eagle pub located?

Cambridge

On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA?

28 February 1953


The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and these pubs have become household names. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers, the Queen Vic, or the Woolpack to be offered a drink. The Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers is an important meeting point.

What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street?

The Rovers Return

What pub is featured on EastEnders?

The Queen Vic

What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?

BBC One

What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale?

ITV

What pub is featured on Emmerdale?

the Woolpack


Although "British" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of "true" pubs may be found around the world.

What would be a more accurate classification for many "British" pubs found outside Britain?

themed bars


In Denmark—a country, like Britain, with a long tradition of brewing—a number of pubs have opened which eschew "theming", and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.

What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton?

Denmark

How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival?

In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place?

Copenhagen

About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival?


In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or "craic". In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne ("tavernhouse") or teach óil ("drinkinghouse"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of "The Troubles" was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs.

What is the native Irish term for a pub's atmosphere?

craic

What does teach tábhairne mean in English?

tavernhouse

What Irish term means "drinkinghouse"?

teach óil

Vis-à-vis pubs in Ireland, what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack?

spirit grocers

What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs?

New Zealand


The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was "tavern", until the 1970s when the term "bar" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was "public house" as in England but "pub culture" did not spread to Canada. A fake "English looking" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. There are now pubs in the large cities of Canada that cater to anyone interested in a "pub" type drinking environment.[citation needed]

Traditionally, what was the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?

tavern

In what decade did "bar" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?

In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?

public house

What body often runs pubs on the campuses of Canadian universities?

the student's union

In what decade could one find an "English looking" pub trend in Canada?


An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

What does ISP stand for?

Internet service provider

what does an isp do?

provides services for accessing, using, the Internet

What forms can an isp be organized in?

commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned

What are the initials for an Internet service proxy?

I'm not sure.

What kind of service providers are always commercial providers?

I'm not sure.

What kind of organization are all for profit?

I'm not sure.


Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

What type of organization provides internet access?

ISPs

What are some services provided by an isp?

Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation

What kind of organization blocks Internet access

I'm not sure.

What are some services not provided by an ISP?

I'm not sure.