For less than a year between 1862–63, Peruvian ships, engaged in what became to be called the "blackbirding" trade, combed the smaller islands of Polynesia from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific to Tuvalu and the southern atolls of the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati), seeking recruits to fill the extreme labour shortage in Peru. While some islanders were voluntary recruits the "blackbirders" were notorious for enticing islanders on to ships with tricks, such as pretending to be Christian missionaries, as well as kidnapping islanders at gun point. The Rev. A. W. Murray, the earliest European missionary in Tuvalu, reported that in 1863 about 170 people were taken from Funafuti and about 250 were taken from Nukulaelae, as there were fewer than 100 of the 300 recorded in 1861 as living on Nukulaelae.

In what years did Peruvian ships seek laborers in the Polynesian islands?

What was the name applied to the trade of dealing with labor hunters?

blackbirding

By what means did Blackbirders often get islanders aboard their ships?

tricks

Who was the earliest missionary to Tuvalu?

Rev. A. W. Murray

When did Murray report people missing because of Blackbirders?


Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when Elekana, a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki, Cook Islands became caught in a storm and drifted for 8 weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861. Elekana began proselytising Christianity. He was trained at Malua Theological College, a London Missionary Society (LMS) school in Samoa, before beginning his work in establishing the Church of Tuvalu. In 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS – a Protestant congregationalist missionary society – arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu. By 1878 Protestantism was well established with preachers on each island. In the later 19th and early 20th centuries the ministers of what became the Church of Tuvalu (Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu) were predominantly Samoans, who influenced the development of the Tuvaluan language and the music of Tuvalu.

When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu?

What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae?

Elekana

What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu?

Rev. A. W. Murray

Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?

Samoans


Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the mid-19th century; the trading companies engaged palagi traders who lived on the islands. John (also known as Jack) O'Brien was the first European to settle in Tuvalu, he became a trader on Funafuti in the 1850s. He married Salai, the daughter of the paramount chief of Funafuti. Louis Becke, who later found success as a writer, was a trader on Nanumanga from April 1880 until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone. He then became a trader on Nukufetau.

In what century did trading companies arrive in Tuvalu?

What type of traders did the trading companies employ on Tuvalu?

palagi traders

Who was the first European to permanently settle on Tuvalu?

John (also known as Jack) O'Brien

Which native did O'Brien marry?

Salai

What trader turned author established a post on Tuvalu?

Louis Becke


In 1892 Captain Davis of the HMS Royalist reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited. Captain Davis identified the following traders in the Ellice Group: Edmund Duffy (Nanumea); Jack Buckland (Niutao); Harry Nitz (Vaitupu); John (also known as Jack) O'Brien (Funafuti); Alfred Restieaux and Emile Fenisot (Nukufetau); and Martin Kleis (Nui). During this time, the greatest number of palagi traders lived on the atolls, acting as agents for the trading companies. Some islands would have competing traders while dryer islands might only have a single trader.

What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?

Captain Davis

What was the name of Davis's ship?

HMS Royalist

What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?

agents

How many traders did some islands have?

competing

What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders?

dryer


In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century, structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo (the cargo manager of a trading ship) would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island. From 1900 the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu declined and the last of the palagi traders were Fred Whibley on Niutao, Alfred Restieaux on Nukufetau, and Martin Kleis on Nui. By 1909 there were no more resident palagi traders representing the trading companies, although both Whibley and Restieaux remained in the islands until their deaths.

What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu?

structural changes

What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use?

resident

How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders?

deal directly

By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu?

What is the term for a ship's cargo manager?

supercargo


In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific. The Janet Nicoll visited three of the Ellice Islands; while Fanny records that they made landfall at Funafuti, Niutao and Nanumea, Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti. An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol, together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne.

What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?

Robert Louis Stevenson

When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?

What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?

trading steamer

Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?

Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson

What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?

The Cruise of the Janet Nichol


The boreholes on Funafuti, at the site now called Darwin's Drill, are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls. This investigation followed the work on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs conducted by Charles Darwin in the Pacific. Drilling occurred in 1896, 1897 and 1898. Professor Edgeworth David of the University of Sydney was a member of the 1896 "Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society", under Professor William Sollas and lead the expedition in 1897. Photographers on these trips recorded people, communities, and scenes at Funafuti.

What are the boreholes on Funafuti called?

Darwin's Drill

What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti?

Royal Society of London

What formations was the Royal Society studying?

coral reefs

Who's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society's investigations follow?

Charles Darwin

What was Darwin's work on coral reefs titled?

The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs


Charles Hedley, a naturalist at the Australian Museum, accompanied the 1896 expedition and during his stay on Funafuti collected invertebrate and ethnological objects. The descriptions of these were published in Memoir III of the Australian Museum Sydney between 1896 and 1900. Hedley also wrote the General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti, The Ethnology of Funafuti, and The Mollusca of Funafuti. Edgar Waite was also part of the 1896 expedition and published an account of The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti. William Rainbow described the spiders and insects collected at Funafuti in The insect fauna of Funafuti.

What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti?

Charles Hedley

What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti

invertebrate and ethnological


During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati, but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. On Funafuti the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and to build naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale. A Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale, with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield. USN Patrol Torpedo Boats (PTs) were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944.

For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War?

a base

What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?

Japanese forces

What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?

Battle of the Coral Sea

From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?

2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944

On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?

Fongafale


In 1974 ministerial government was introduced to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony through a change to the Constitution. In that year a general election was held; and a referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a consequence of the referendum, separation occurred in two stages. The Tuvaluan Order 1975, which took effect on 1 October 1975, recognised Tuvalu as a separate British dependency with its own government. The second stage occurred on 1 January 1976 when separate administrations were created out of the civil service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.

In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands?

What document was changed to cause a change in government?

Constitution

When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice?

December 1974

What was the determination of the referendum?

separation

What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be?

British dependency


From 1974 (the creation of the British colony of Tuvalu) until independence, the legislative body of Tuvalu was called the House of the Assembly or Fale I Fono. Following independence in October 1978 the House of the Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu. The unicameral Parliament has 15 members with elections held every four years. The members of parliament select the Prime Minister (who is the head of government) and the Speaker of Parliament. The ministers that form the Cabinet are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.

When did Tuvalu acquire independence?

October 1978

What was formed in 1974?

British colony of Tuvalu

After independence, what was the Assembly on Tuvalu  named?

Parliament of Tuvalu

What type of parliament does Tuvalu have?

unicameral

In Tuvalu government, what group elect the Prime Minster?

members of parliament


There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London.

How many courts are there on Tuvalu?

eight

What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?

High Court of Tuvalu

What is the High Court's right to determine?

Law of Tuvalu

What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?

Sir Gordon Ward

To where can judgments be appealed?

Court of Appeal of Tuvalu


Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community, or SPC (sometimes Pacific Community) and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. Tuvalu has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. Tuvalu is a member of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. On 18 February 2016 Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF).

In what group is Tuvalu involved?

Secretariat of the Pacific Community

In which forum group is Tuvalu a member?

Pacific Islands Forum

In which British group is Tuvalu a member?

Commonwealth of Nations

To what world organization does Tuvalu belong?

United Nations

On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum?

18 February 2016


A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting."

What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?

global warming

In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority?

sea level rising

What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?

Kyoto Protocol

What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?

binding deals

What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?

vulnerable


Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under the Majuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100% renewable energy (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).

Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member?

Alliance of Small Island States

What is the AOSIS'S main concern?

climate change

To what agreement has Tuvalu committed?

Majuro Declaration

What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate?

100% renewable

By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95% of its energy?

Solar PV


Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The Tuvaluan government, the US government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), which entered into force in 1988. Tuvalu is also a member of the Nauru Agreement which addresses the management of tuna purse seine fishing in the tropical western Pacific. In May 2013 representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty) to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats for 18 months. Tuvalu and the other members of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the United States have settled a tuna fishing deal for 2015; a longer term deal will be negotiated. The treaty is an extension of the Nauru Agreement and provides for US flagged purse seine vessels to fish 8,300 days in the region in return for a payment of US$90 million made up by tuna fishing industry and US-Government contributions. In 2015 Tuvalu has refused to sell fishing days to certain nations and fleets that have blocked Tuvaluan initiatives to develop and sustain their own fishery.

In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate?

Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency

Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory?

South Pacific Tuna Treaty

What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement?

tuna purse seine fishing

Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?

Multilateral Fisheries Treaty

What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015?

fishing days


In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the European Union. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the Aid-for-Trade (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement with the European Union.

What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013?

Memorandum of Understanding

What does the Memorandum concern?

Pacific Regional Trade

What does the trade agreement encompass?

Economic Partnership Agreement

With what group does the  agreement form an alliance?

European Union

To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid?

Pacific island countries


Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs (alikis). The community council is the Falekaupule (the traditional assembly of elders) or te sina o fenua (literally: "grey-hairs of the land"). In the past, another caste, the priests (tofuga), were also amongst the decision-makers. The ulu-aliki and aliki exercise informal authority at the local level. Ulu-aliki are always chosen based on ancestry. Under the Falekaupule Act (1997), the powers and functions of the Falekaupule are now shared with the pule o kaupule (elected village presidents; one on each atoll).

What is the Tuvalu high chief on each island called?

ulu-aliki

What is the name of the sub-chiefs in Tuvalu?

alikis

What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders?

Falekaupule

What was the caste of priests in the past on Tuvalu?

tofuga

With what group do the falekaupule share power on Tuvalu?

pule o kaupule


In 2014 attention was drawn to an appeal to the New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family on the basis that they were "climate change refugees", who would suffer hardship resulting from the environmental degradation of Tuvalu. However the subsequent grant of residence permits to the family was made on grounds unrelated to the refugee claim. The family was successful in their appeal because, under the relevant immigration legislation, there were "exceptional circumstances of a humanitarian nature" that justified the grant of resident permits as the family was integrated into New Zealand society with a sizeable extended family which had effectively relocated to New Zealand. Indeed, in 2013 a claim of a Kiribati man of being a "climate change refugee" under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds. Permanent migration to Australia and New Zealand, such as for family reunification, requires compliance with the immigration legislation of those countries.

What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand?

climate change refugees

By what reason was the Tuvaluan family allowed to immigrate?

humanitarian nature

What court ruled the claim of climate change refugee to be untenable?

New Zealand High Court

What feature was missing in the climate change claims?

persecution or serious harm

What document draws out the requirements of refugee status?

Refugee Convention


New Zealand has an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans granted work permits under the Pacific Access Category, as announced in 2001. The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criteria is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer. Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands. Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program, which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry.

What is New Zealand's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits?

What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand?

job offer

How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted?

What is the program that allows season employees work permits?

Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program

What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand?

Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy


The Tuvaluan language and English are the national languages of Tuvalu. Tuvaluan is of the Ellicean group of Polynesian languages, distantly related to all other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian, Māori, Tahitian, Samoan and Tongan. It is most closely related to the languages spoken on the Polynesian outliers in Micronesia and northern and central Melanesia. The language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan.

Besides English, what is the national language of Tuvalu?

Tuvaluan

What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language?

Ellicean group

What other languages is the Tuvaluan language related?

Polynesian

To what area's language is Tuvaluan closely related?

Micronesia

From what language does Tuvaluan borrow many linguistic traits?

Samoan


The Princess Margaret Hospital on Funafuti is the only hospital in Tuvalu. The Tuvaluan medical staff at PMH in 2011 comprised the Director of Health & Surgeon, the Chief Medical Officer Public Health, an anaesthetist, a paediatric medical officer and an obstetrics and gynaecology medical officer. Allied health staff include two radiographers, two pharmacists, three laboratory technicians, two dieticians and 13 nurses with specialised training in fields including surgical nursing, anaesthesia nursing/ICU, paediatric nursing and midwifery. PMH also employs a dentist. The Department of Health also employs nine or ten nurses on the outer islands to provide general nursing and midwifery services.

What is the only hospital in Tuvalu?

Princess Margaret Hospital

On which island in Tuvalu is the hospital?

Funafuti

How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff?

What kind of nursing services do outer islands nurses provide?

midwifery

How many nurses are provided to the outer islands?

nine or ten


Fetuvalu offers the Cambridge syllabus. Motufoua offers the Fiji Junior Certificate (FJC) at year 10, Tuvaluan Certificate at Year 11 and the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) at Year 12, set by the Fiji-based exam board SPBEA. Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme, funded by the government of Tuvalu. This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.

What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?

government of Tuvalu

Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?

outside of Tuvalu

In what educational institution is the program found?

University of the South Pacific

Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?

Funafuti

Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?

Sixth form


Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females (2001). The adult literacy rate is 99.0% (2002). In 2010, there were 1,918 students who were taught by 109 teachers (98 certified and 11 uncertified). The teacher-pupil ratio for primary schools in Tuvalu is around 1:18 for all schools with the exception of Nauti School, which has a teacher-student ratio of 1:27. Nauti School on Funafuti is the largest primary in Tuvalu with more than 900 students (45 percent of the total primary school enrolment). The pupil-teacher ratio for Tuvalu is low compared to the Pacific region (ratio of 1:29).

What is the required education for males on Tuvalu?

10 years

How long are females required to go to school?

11 years

What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?

How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010?

What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools?


Community Training Centres (CTCs) have been established within the primary schools on each atoll. The CTCs provide vocational training to students who do not progress beyond Class 8 because they failed the entry qualifications for secondary education. The CTCs offer training in basic carpentry, gardening and farming, sewing and cooking. At the end of their studies the graduates can apply to continue studies either at Motufoua Secondary School or the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI). Adults can also attend courses at the CTCs.

What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll?

Community Training Centres

What from of education do Community Training Centres provide?

vocational training

For what have CTC students failed to qualify ?

secondary education

Besides children, who can Take CTC  classes?

Adults

What kind of training classes are offered at CTC?

basic


The traditional buildings of Tuvalu used plants and trees from the native broadleaf forest, including timber from: Pouka, (Hernandia peltata); Ngia or Ingia bush, (Pemphis acidula); Miro, (Thespesia populnea); Tonga, (Rhizophora mucronata); Fau or Fo fafini, or woman's fibre tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus). and fibre from: coconut; Ferra, native fig (Ficus aspem); Fala, screw pine or Pandanus. The buildings were constructed without nails and were lashed and tied together with a plaited sennit rope that was handmade from dried coconut fibre.

What were the traditional building materials on Tuvalu?

plants and trees

What type of trees provided lumber for building on Tuvalu?

broadleaf forest

What building material did coconut provide?

fibre

What construction feature was lacking in Tuvaluan building?

nails

From what was rope made for tying buildings together?

dried coconut fibre


The women of Tuvalu use cowrie and other shells in traditional handicrafts. The artistic traditions of Tuvalu have traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of mats and fans. Crochet (kolose) is one of the art forms practiced by Tuvaluan women. The material culture of Tuvalu uses traditional design elements in artefacts used in everyday life such as the design of canoes and fish hooks made from traditional materials. The design of women's skirts (titi), tops (teuga saka), headbands, armbands, and wristbands, which continue to be used in performances of the traditional dance songs of Tuvalu, represents contemporary Tuvaluan art and design.

What sea creatures were used in traditional handicrafts?

shells

In what item has Tuvalu traditional design been produced?

clothing

What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs?

mats and fans

For what  have objects having traditional design been used?

everyday life

What traditional purpose are Tuvalu designs still used?

dance songs


The cuisine of Tuvalu is based on the staple of coconut and the many species of fish found in the ocean and lagoons of the atolls. Desserts made on the islands include coconut and coconut milk, instead of animal milk. The traditional foods eaten in Tuvalu are pulaka, taro, bananas, breadfruit and coconut. Tuvaluans also eat seafood, including coconut crab and fish from the lagoon and ocean. A traditional food source is seabirds (taketake or black noddy and akiaki or white tern), with pork being eaten mostly at fateles (or parties with dancing to celebrate events).

What is the stable protein  of Tuvalu?

fish

What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet?

coconut

What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?

animal

What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu?

seabirds

At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu?

fateles


Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders – the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.

What type of structure is the falekaupule?

meeting hall

Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?

celebrations

Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have?

council of elders

What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?

decision making body

What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?

Aganu


A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities.

What is the traditional sport on Tuvalu?

kilikiti

To what sport is kilikiti like?

cricket

What is the Tuvalu version of volley ball?

Ano

What group disliked the traditional war-like sports of Tuvalu?

Christian missionaries

With what equipment is ano played?

two hard balls


The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division.

What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition?

Tuau Lapua Lapua

In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?

Pacific Mini Games

In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?

weightlifting

Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?

Telupe Iosefa

In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?

powerlifting


A major sporting event is the "Independence Day Sports Festival" held annually on 1 October. The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games, which are held yearly since 2008. Tuvalu first participated in the Pacific Games in 1978 and in the Commonwealth Games in 1998, when a weightlifter attended the games held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Two table tennis players attended the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England; Tuvalu entered competitors in shooting, table tennis and weightlifting at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia; three athletes participated in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India, entering the discus, shot put and weightlifting events; and a team of 3 weightlifters and 2 table tennis players attended the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Tuvaluan athletes have also participated in the men's and women's 100 metre sprints at the World Championships in Athletics from 2009.

What is a major annual sports event in Tuvalu?

Independence Day Sports Festival

What is the most important sports event held on Tuvalu?

Tuvalu Games

In what year did Tuvalu first appear in the Commonwealth Games?

What type of competitor entered the commonwealth Games in 1998?

weightlifter

What competitions have Tuvalu athletes entered in the World Championships in Athletics?

100 metre sprints


From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Since 2002 economic growth has slowed, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%. The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009. On 5 August 2012, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: "A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending. We expect growth to rise slowly". The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 percent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses, together with substantial foreign aid.

What was Tuvalu's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002?

What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008?

What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu's domestic growth?

fuel and food

What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu?

zero growth

What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid?

large revenues


Banking services are provided by the National Bank of Tuvalu. Public sector workers make up about 65% of those formally employed. Remittances from Tuvaluans living in Australia and New Zealand, and remittances from Tuvaluan sailors employed on overseas ships are important sources of income for Tuvaluans. Approximately 15% of adult males work as seamen on foreign-flagged merchant ships. Agriculture in Tuvalu is focused on coconut trees and growing pulaka in large pits of composted soil below the water table. Tuvaluans are otherwise involved in traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing.

What business provides banking services on Tuvalu?

National Bank of Tuvalu

What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector?

Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning?

overseas

How do 15% of male Tuvaluans earn their income?

seamen

What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans?

agriculture and fishing.


Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills, with the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute on Amatuku motu (island), Funafuti, providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping. The Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union (TOSU) is the only registered trade union in Tuvalu. It represents workers on foreign ships. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that 800 Tuvaluan men are trained, certified and active as seafarers. The ADB estimates that, at any one time, about 15% of the adult male population works abroad as seafarers. Job opportunities also exist as observers on tuna boats where the role is to monitor compliance with the boat's tuna fishing licence.

What school provides maritime education on Tuvalu?

Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute

What is the yearly number of cadets at the Maritime Training Institute?

What is the only trade union on Tuvalu?

Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union

On what does the Seaman'd Union represent workers?

on foreign ships

How many Tuvaluan men are active seafarers?


Government revenues largely come from sales of fishing licenses, income from the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and from the lease of its highly fortuitous .tv Internet Top Level Domain (TLD). In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from the use of its area code for premium-rate telephone numbers and from the commercialisation of its ".tv" Internet domain name, which is now managed by Verisign until 2021. The ".tv" domain name generates around $2.2 million each year from royalties, which is about ten per cent of the government's total revenue. Domain name income paid most of the cost of paving the streets of Funafuti and installing street lighting in mid-2002. Tuvalu also generates income from stamps by the Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau and income from the Tuvalu Ship Registry.

How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?

$2.2 million

What si Tuvalu's tv domain?

Top Level Domain

What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?

Verisign

How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?

ten per cent

What  income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?

Tuvalu Ship Registry


The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks. Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation. In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation from least developed country (LDC) status to a developing country to 2015. Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), as "Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance for climate change adaptation programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs". Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Prime minister, Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI).

What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?

least developed

What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?

World Trade Organisation

What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?

deferred its graduation

What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?

funding assistance

What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?

environmental


The Tuvalu Media Department of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti. In 2011 the Japanese government provided financial support to construct a new AM broadcast studio. The installation of upgraded transmission equipment allows Radio Tuvalu to be heard on all nine islands of Tuvalu. The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services. Fenui – news from Tuvalu is a free digital publication of the Tuvalu Media Department that is emailed to subscribers and operates a Facebook page, which publishes news about government activities and news about Tuvaluan events, such as a special edition covering the results of the 2015 general election.

What is the radio station on Tuvalu?

Radio Tuvalu

From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?

Funafuti

Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?

Japanese government

What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service?

FM radio

What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?

mobile


Funafuti is the only port but there is a deep-water berth in the harbour at Nukufetau. The merchant marine fleet consists of two passenger/cargo ships Nivaga III and Manu Folau. These ships carry cargo and passengers between the main atolls and travel between Suva, Fiji and Funafuti 3 to 4 times a year. The Nivaga III and Manu Folau provide round trip visits to the outer islands every three or four weeks. The Manu Folau is a 50-metre vessel that was a gift from Japan to the people of Tuvalu. In 2015 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) assisted the government of Tuvalu to acquire MV Talamoana, a 30-metre vessel that will be used to implement Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to transport government officials and project personnel to the outer islands. In 2015 the Nivaga III was donated by the government of Japan; it replaced the Nivaga II, which had serviced Tuvalu from 1989.

Where is Tuvalu's only port?

Funafuti

Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?

Nukufetau

Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?

two

What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?

Nivaga III

What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?

cargo and passengers


Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six true atolls. Its small, scattered group of atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres (10 square miles) making it the fourth smallest country in the world. The islets that form the atolls are very low lying. Nanumanga, Niutao, Niulakita are reef islands and the six true atolls are Funafuti, Nanumea, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Vaitupu. Tuvalu's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an oceanic area of approximately 900,000 km2.

How many reef islands does the Tuvalu group have?

three

What are the number of true atolls are in the Tuvalu islands?

six

What is the total land area of Tuvalu?

26 square kilometres

How does Tuvalu rank in country size as compared to other nations?

fourth smallest

What is the coverage of Tuvalu's economic zone?

900,000 km2


Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain. It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179°7'E and 8°30'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the reef habitats of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti and a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.

Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?

Funafuti

What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?

volcanic island chain

What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?

179°7'E and 8°30'S

How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?

How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?


Tuvalu experiences the effects of El Niño and La Niña caused by changes in ocean temperatures in the equatorial and central Pacific. El Niño effects increase the chances of tropical storms and cyclones, while La Niña effects increase the chances of drought. Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between 200 to 400 mm (8 to 16 in) of rainfall per month. However, in 2011 a weak La Niña effect caused a drought by cooling the surface of the sea around Tuvalu. A state of emergency was declared on 28 September 2011; with rationing of fresh-water on the islands of Funafuti and Nukulaelae. Households on Funafuti and Nukulaelae were restricted to two buckets of fresh water per day (40 litres).

What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?

El Niño and La Niña

Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?

El Niño

What temperature effect causes drought?

La Niña

What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?

200 to 400 mm

What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?

rationing of fresh-water


The governments of Australia and New Zealand responded to the 2011 fresh-water crisis by supplying temporary desalination plants, and assisted in the repair of the existing desalination unit that was donated by Japan in 2006. In response to the 2011 drought, Japan funded the purchase of a 100 m3/d desalination plant and two portable 10 m3/d plants as part of its Pacific Environment Community (PEC) program. Aid programs from the European Union and Australia also provided water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water.

What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought?

desalination plants

As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu?

Pacific Environment Community

What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu?

water tanks

What did Tuvalu's new water tanks make possible to store?

fresh water

In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu?


The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield (what is now Funafuti International Airport) was constructed. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer. In the low areas of Funafuti the sea water can be seen bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools with each high tide. Since 1994 a project has been in development to assess the environmental impact of transporting sand from the lagoon to fill all the borrow pits and low-lying areas on Fongafale. In 2014 the Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project was approved in order to fill 10 borrow pits, leaving Tafua Pond, which is a natural pond. The New Zealand Government funded the BPR project. The project was carried out in 2015 with 365,000 sqm of sand being dredged from the lagoon to fill the holes and improve living conditions on the island. This project increase the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent.

What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?

Funafuti International Airport

What was damaged by building of the war time air field?

Funafuti Lagoon

What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction  impacted?

fresh-water aquifer

What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu?

New Zealand Government

How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause?

eight per cent


The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occurred from 1998–2000 and from 2000–2001. A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera. The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production.

What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?

80 per cent

What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?

water temperature

What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?

reef restoration

What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?

foraminifera

What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?

ecosystem rehabilitation


The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks, which are under stress; although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon. Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti and inadequate sanitation systems have resulted in pollution. The Waste Operations and Services Act of 2009 provides the legal framework for waste management and pollution control projects funded by the European Union directed at organic waste composting in eco-sanitation systems. The Environment Protection (Litter and Waste Control) Regulation 2013 is intended to improve the management of the importation of non-biodegradable materials. In Tuvalu plastic waste is a problem as much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging.

What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon?

Funafuti Conservation Area

What factor has caused an increased demand for fish?

rising population

What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused?

pollution

What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu?

European Union

What do imports produce on Tuvalu?

plastic waste


Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.

What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?

Reverse osmosis

How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?

40 m3 per day

At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?

below 30%

What is the cost of R/O produced water?

A$3.50 per m3

What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?

government


In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities.

When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water?

July 2012

What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy?

National Water Resources Policy

What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu?

50 and 100L

What organization called for Tuvalu to  improve its water and sanitation systems?

United Nations

What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy?

Global Environment Fund


Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 90% of structures on the island. Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.

What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage?

low elevation

To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?

sea level rise

What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?

4.6 metres

Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?

Niulakita

Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?

second-lowest


Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?

Cyclone Bebe

What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?

Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili

How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season?

three

What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?

Cyclone Ofa

What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?

Cyclone Gavin


In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau caused many families to shelter in evacuation centres or with other families. Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu); with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops. Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with 60-100 houses flooded, with the waves also causing damage to the health facility. Vasafua islet, part of the Funafuti Conservation Area, was severely damaged by Cyclone Pam. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.

What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu?

3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)

In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu?

March 2015

During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage?

Nui

What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during  Cyclone Pam?

The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become  a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam?

coconut palms


The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with recovery, including WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, OCHA, World Bank, DFAT, New Zealand Red Cross & IFRC, Fiji National University and governments of New Zealand, Netherlands, UAE, Taiwan and the United States.

What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam?

damage

What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary?

Cyclone Pam

What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu?

recovery

For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone??

cleaning-up


Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year."

What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu?

sea level

What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report?

5 mm

What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu?

satellite

Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise?

What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu?

degree of uncertainty


The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. The 2011 report of Pacific Climate Change Science Program of Australia concludes, in relation to Tuvalu, states the conclusions that over the course of the 21st century:

What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?

resilience

What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?

reefs

What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs?

faster rate

What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?

ocean acidification

Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?

on the islands


While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the [rest of] world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing."

What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?

relocation

What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population?

rising sea levels

When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu?

What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?

never be an option


The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states "that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin." Therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.

What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?

original sin only

What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?

Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes

Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?

privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain

What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?

Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin."

What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?

sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.

What is one of the things regarded by the dogma of the immaculate conception?

I'm not sure.

What did the Catholic Church prevent Mary from having?

I'm not sure.

What did Mary receive at baptism?

I'm not sure.


The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?

makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin

How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ?

the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal

What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?

let him be anathema."

What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?

The Council of Trent

What this a definition say Mary was free from?

I'm not sure.

Who says Mary was only free from Original Sin?

I'm not sure.

Who said that all men were capable of avoiding all sins throughout their life?

I'm not sure.

Who declared that God did not give Mary a special privilege?

I'm not sure.


The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?

doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus

What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?

Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother

Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?

Saint Joachim and Saint Anne

When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?

1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,

When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?

since the 4th century

What other event is the immaculate conception similar to?

I'm not sure.

Who often makes a distinction between the conception of Jesus in the conception of Mary?

I'm not sure.

Who believes that Mary is a product of a virginal conception?

I'm not sure.

Who upheld the belief that Mary was virtually conceived in 1677?

I'm not sure.

On what date is the virginal conception of Mary celebrated?

I'm not sure.


Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race. In Luke 1:47, Mary proclaims: "My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour." This is referred to as Mary's pre-redemption by Christ. Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism, the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?

Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour

What was explained by the man  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?

dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime

What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?

Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race.

According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?

Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

Why did Mary not need a Savior?

I'm not sure.

Who said that Mary was cleansed after sin?

I'm not sure.

What is referred to as Mary's redemption by Christ?

I'm not sure.

Who said that if humans had never sinned they would not need God's grace?

I'm not sure.


Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?

Greek theologians of Byzantium

Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?

St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary

What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?

the circumcision

Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?

Luke

What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ?

purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception

To what theologians was the concept of Mary's complete sinlessness unknown?

I'm not sure.

What is a sinless nature cleansed in a moment of grace?

I'm not sure.

Who did not see the human nature of Jesus and Mary as equally holy?

I'm not sure.

When was Jesus presented in a temple?

I'm not sure.

The commemoration of what was growing around by Byzantium?

I'm not sure.


It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are, it is pointed out, so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her; she is compared to Eve before the fall, as ancestress of a redeemed people; she is "the earth before it was accursed". The well-known words of St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin." It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin. But his argument is that all men are sinners; that they are so through original depravity; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin "of every sort" (omni ex parte).

What proof do some believe is offered as to proof of Mary being the ultimate concept of pure?

include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "

What phrases were used to describe Mary ?

in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her

Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?

Eve before the fall

Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?

St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin.

What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions  ?

his argument is that all men are sinners;

What was explicitly mooted before the twelfth century?

I'm not sure.

What can be proved from Scripture?

I'm not sure.

Whose teachings on the sinlessness of Mary only include Original Sin

I'm not sure.

What terms were only applied to Mary after the fifth century?

I'm not sure.

Who is not sure that Mary had sufficient grace to overcome sin?

I'm not sure.


Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justinian I, were accustomed to call Mary "prepurified" in their poetic and credal statements, the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem. In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate, when she was "purified" at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally "holier than all 'Men' born of woman" since Mary's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero. Sophronius' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene (d. 749/750). John, besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation, grants her the unique honor of "purifying the waters of baptism by touching them." This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ, especially in the legacy of Nazianzen. As such, Nazianzen's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary's holiness to also imitate Christ's baptism at the Jordan. The Damascene's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary's "pre purification" as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature. In fact, Damascene (along with Nazianzen) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary's complete holiness from her Conception by the "all pure seed" of Joachim and the womb "wider than heaven" of St. Ann.

Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?

Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians

What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?

Emperor Justinian I,

In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary  in his writings ?

to call Mary "prepurified"

What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?

she was "purified" at the Annunciation

How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible?

holier than all 'Men' born of woman

What doctrine appeared first among the Latin theologies?

I'm not sure.

Whose teachings did Emperor Justinian I augment?

I'm not sure.

Who says that Mary was not immaculate at the Annunciation?

I'm not sure.

Who said that Mary had the honor of being the first to purify the waters of baptism by touching them?

I'm not sure.

What uses Mary's absolute holiness is a key for understanding her pre-purification?

I'm not sure.


By 750, the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East, under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne. In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans, whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage. The spread of the feast, by now with the adjective "Immaculate" attached to its title, met opposition on the part of some, on the grounds that sanctification was possible only after conception. Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Other theologians defended the expression "Immaculate Conception", pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.

What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?

the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East

What was the name of this festival ?

under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne

Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by?

In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans

Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?

Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas.

According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?

out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.

What was widely celebrated in the West by 750?

I'm not sure.

What group in the West was the conception of St. Anne associated with

I'm not sure.

What did Thomas Aquinas support attaching to the title conception of Mary?

I'm not sure.

When did the Eastern church start to celebrate the conception of Mary?

I'm not sure.

What is St. Albertus Magnus say could be conferred at the moment of conception?

I'm not sure.


On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary, without using the word "Immaculate", he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave, and he used the word "immaculate" of Mary, but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception. On 4 September 1483, referring to the feast as that of "the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin", he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the "glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin" and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that "the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin", since, he said, "up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See." This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent.

What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?

authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477

Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?

Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses

What document made the authorization official ?

with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477

What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary  ?

but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception.

What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all .

mortally sinful

Which Pope authorized dioceses to introduce the feast in the fourteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What was introduced to the Roman diocese in 1476?

I'm not sure.

What Pope in 1477 included the word immaculate in the name of the feast

I'm not sure.

Who said it was sinful and heretical to say that the glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin?

I'm not sure.

What term was applied to Mary's conception in 1483?

I'm not sure.


In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.

What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?

published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria

Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?

Mariano Spada

What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?

appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867

Who gave the teacher the new job ?

Pope Pius IX

What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?

Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.

What did Mariano Spada publish in 1872?

I'm not sure.

Who asserted that Aquinas was referring to the question of the immaculate conception?

I'm not sure.

What work asserted a problem between a doctrine of Pius IX and the teachings of Aquinas?

I'm not sure.

Who appointed Spada master of the sacred palace in the eighteenth century?

I'm not sure.


It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. In doing so, he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless. It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term "conception" in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX. Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?" and stronger expressions follow, showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child.

Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?

St Bernard of Clairvaux

Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?

St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.

What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting  the a virgin conception of Mary ?

How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?

What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct  maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?

conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation

Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?

instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See

Who raised the question of the Immaculate Conception in the 1200s?

I'm not sure.

What was already being celebrated in some churches of the East?

I'm not sure.

Who instituted a feast of the conception of the Blessed Virgin with the permission of the Holy See?

I'm not sure.

Whose conception does St. Bernard say was sinless?

I'm not sure.

What Pope's definition of conception agreed with St. Bernard's?

I'm not sure.


The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered. Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ, he argued that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.

What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?

that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ

What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?

to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.

What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the

Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ

What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?

immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;

How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?

rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.

What did St. Bonaventure argue?

I'm not sure.

Who did Scotus believe did not have a special role in salvation history?

I'm not sure.

Who is preserved from all taint of sin to the merits of Mary?

I'm not sure.

What did Mary's Immaculate Conception remove her from?

I'm not sure.


Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545–63)—which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine—instead declined to take a position.

Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?

Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception.

How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?

stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith.

Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?

end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties

In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ?

Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323

What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?

declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567

What celebration did popular opinion oppose?

I'm not sure.

Who said that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is not in accord with Catholic belief?

I'm not sure.

What counsel was held in the fourteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What belief was taught in many theological facilities by the 1500s?

I'm not sure.

What counsel held between 1545 and 1563 affirmed the doctrine?

I'm not sure.


The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence" "in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven, by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended, and on whose top the Lord himself leaned; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides, which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully; in that impregnable tower before the enemy, from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong; in that garden enclosed on all sides, which cannot be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots; in that resplendent city of God, which has its foundations on the holy mountains; in that most august temple of God, which, radiant with divine splendours, is full of the glory of God; and in very many other biblical types of this kind."

What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?

papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus

What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?

Genesis 3:15

According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?

the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence

Where was Mary represented (according to the Holy document ) on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?

in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world

What holy document says Mary was present in Eden?

I'm not sure.

Who would Mary never be completely triumphant over?

I'm not sure.

What did God have foreshading of?

I'm not sure.

What did Moses see from earth to heaven?

I'm not sure.


Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators. The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas. Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature, traditional objections to Palamas' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of "the purification of Mary" at the Annunciation. Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus' purification at His baptism and Mary's at the Annunciation, but Theophanes of Nicaea, Joseph Bryennius, and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary's Conception as the first moment of her all-immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced. In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius, St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary's title as "prepurified" against the Dominican, Manuel Calecas, who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary's all-holiness from the first moment of her existence.

What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?

Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception

What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?

dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration"

What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?

because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin.

What is the theological study of Mary called ?

Mariology

What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?

took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators.


Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?

Martin Luther

What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?

Protestant Reformation

What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?

Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her

What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ?

this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.

What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?

Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

What protestant reformer said that Mary was not born with sinful flesh?

I'm not sure.

What did the immaculate conception permit Mary to do?

I'm not sure.

What Lutherans do not support this doctrine?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Holy Spirit purify Jesus?

I'm not sure.


The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be "revealed by God", stating: "The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith."

What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ?

Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission

What document did this group create once it was convened ?

The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ"

What did the document attempt to clarify ?

teaching about Mary in the two definitions

What was the final conclusion reached in the report by the group ?

Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions.

What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?

The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held

What did the Roman Catholic Church conclude about the teaching on the Assumption and the Immaqculate Conception?

I'm not sure.

According to the Anglicans what are the teachings on The Assumption and Immaculate conception not cosistant with?

I'm not sure.

What was 5the Roman Catholic church concerned with?

I'm not sure.

Who did The Anglicans say revealed these concepts?

I'm not sure.

What doctrine do Anlicans believe is a matte5r of faith?

I'm not sure.


Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. Thus, commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones", George Sale stated: "It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For according to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. And for this reason they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam."

What  religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?

claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam.

What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion  ?

passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones

According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?

Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them.

What does this other religion also state  happens  to everyone besides Mary and her First born child  ?

every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil

What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?

every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out,

Who does Islam claim first taught the immaculate conception of Mary?

I'm not sure.

Who says it is not that the concept of the Immaculat conception is taken from the Qur'an?

I'm not sure.

What does the Qur'an say is pretended?

I'm not sure.

What does the Bible say happens to every person that comes into the world?

I'm not sure.

What did the Holy Spitit place between Mary and the devil?

I'm not sure.