In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 125,037. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203, of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15,476 of which 7,650 or (49.4%) were in manufacturing, 51 or (0.3%) were in mining and 6,389 (41.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 109,358. In the tertiary sector; 11,396 or 10.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 10,293 or 9.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5,090 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7,302 or 6.7% were in the information industry, 8,437 or 7.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 10,660 or 9.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,338 or 4.9% were in education and 17,903 or 16.4% were in health care.

How many full time jobs were there in 2008?

How many jobs in the primary sector were agrictulture?

How many jobs in the primary sector were in forestry or lumber production?

How many jobs are in the secondary sector?

How many jobs are in the tertiary secotr?


In 2000[update], there were 94,367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16,424 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 5.7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 50.6% used public transport to get to work, and 20.6% used a private car.

How many workers commute into the municipality?

How many workers had to commute away from the municipality?

How much of the working population uses public transportation?

How many of the working population use private cars?


The University of Bern, whose buildings are mainly located in the Länggasse quarter, is located in Bern, as well as the University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) and several vocations schools.

Where are the majority of the buildings for the University of Bern?

Länggasse quarter


In Bern, about 50,418 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 24,311 or (18.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 24,311 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.6% were Swiss men, 33.0% were Swiss women, 8.9% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.

What percent of the population has completed non-mandatory upper secondary education?

What percent of the population has completed additionaly higher education?

The majority of the population to finish tertiary schooling in bern are what people?

Swiss men


The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

Do you have to go to the one year of kindergarten?

non

What seperates the children in secondary school?

ability and aptitude


During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern. There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality. Of the kindergarten pupils, 32.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5,040 pupils. Of the primary pupils, 30.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 35.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,581 pupils. There were 28.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 32.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

How many students were attending school during the 2009-2010 school year?

How many kindergarten classes were there?

How many primary classes were there?

How many lower secondary classes were there?


Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Bibliothèque nationale suisse, the Universitätsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Musikbibliothek. There was a combined total (as of 2008[update]) of 10,308,336 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 2,627,973 items were loaned out.

How many libraries are in Bern?


As of 2000[update], there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality, while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

How many pupils lived in another municipality?

How many pupils attended school outside of the city?


A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus. The Marzilibahn funicular is, with a length of 106 m (348 ft), the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular.

What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus?

A funicular railway

How long is the Marzilibah funicular?

106 m

What is the second shortest public railway in Europe?

Marzilibahn

What is the shortest public railway in Europe?

Zagreb funicular


Bern is also served by Bern Airport, located outside the city near the town of Belp. The regional airport, colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos, is connected to several European cities. Additionally Zürich Airport, Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg also serve as international gateways, all reachable within two hours by car or train from Bern.

What is the name of Bern's airport?

Bern Airport

What is the name of the regional airport?

Bern-Belp or Belpmoos


Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church.

What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?

the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

Where is Westminster Abbey located?

City of Westminster, London

When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?

Between 1540 and 1556

What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?

Church of England "Royal Peculiar"

What was Westminster Abbey's informal name?

I'm not sure.

What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey not considered?

I'm not sure.

In what country is Westminster Abbey located?

I'm not sure.

In what years wasn't the Abbey considered a cathedral?

I'm not sure.

What type of building is the Abbey not considered?

I'm not sure.


According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London. Construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III.

What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?

Thorn Island

When was a church first founded at the site?

7th century

Who was Mellitus?

a Bishop of London

When was construction of the present church started?

Who ordered the construction of the church?

King Henry III

What year did the destruction of the church begin?

I'm not sure.

Who commissioned the Abbey to be destroyed?

I'm not sure.

What was the area never named?

I'm not sure.

In what century wasn't the church established at the location?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't the Bishop in this time frame?

I'm not sure.


Since 1066, when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned, the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years.

Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?

Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror

Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?

How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?

Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?

Henry I and Richard II

When did royal weddings begin at the church?

Who were the last monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?

I'm not sure.

Since when haven't coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?

I'm not sure.

How many royal weddings haven't occurred at the abbey?

I'm not sure.

Which two reigning monarchs had funerals at the abbey?

I'm not sure.

When did royal weddings end at the church?

I'm not sure.


The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years. In the present era, the Fishmonger's Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, installed a community of Benedictine monks here.

Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?

Aldrich

Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?

Thames fishermen

Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?

Fishmonger's Company

When was the monk community installed?

960s or early 970s

What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Paul near the Abbey?

I'm not sure.

What type of fish did the Abbey give to Thames fisherman?

I'm not sure.

What kind of monks died at the Abbey?

I'm not sure.

Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a bun?

I'm not sure.

Who along with the Prince Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?

I'm not sure.


Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?

King Edward the Confessor

What style was the church rebuilt in?

Romanesque

When was the building consecrated?

28 December 1065

When did King Edward the Confessor die?

5 January 1066

Who was the first documented coronation?

William the Conqueror

What architectural design wasn't St Peter's abbey considered?

I'm not sure.

What year was the building started?

I'm not sure.

What was the date of the Abbey's demolition?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last recorded coronation at the Abbey?

I'm not sure.

What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1062?

I'm not sure.


The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Transept, survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum about eighty monks, although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery's extensive property and activities.

Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?

Bayeux Tapestry

What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?

a dozen

How was the community able to increase?

endowments

What is adjacent the abbey?

Palace of Westminster

Where is the only nonexistant depiction of Edward's abbey?

I'm not sure.

What was the final size of Dunstan's original monk community?

I'm not sure.

How was the community unable to increase?

I'm not sure.

How was the community able to decrease?

I'm not sure.

What is far away from the abbey?

I'm not sure.


The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the later 12th century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest. The abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.[citation needed]

Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?

The abbot and monks

The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?

government

Who was employed on royal service?

The abbot

With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?

secular

To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?

Cluniac

Who became a weak force after the Norman Conquest?

I'm not sure.

The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 11th century?

I'm not sure.

Who was unemployed on royal service?

I'm not sure.

With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to misidentify?

I'm not sure.

To what movement wasn't the task of spiritual leadership passed?

I'm not sure.


The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]

What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?

Lord of the Manor of Westminster

What did the monastery help fuel?

the town economy

What did the abbey build on the west side?

shops and dwellings

What encroached upon the sanctuary?

shops and dwellings

What did the abbot remain as a town built inside the abbey?

I'm not sure.

What did the monastery help kill?

I'm not sure.

What didn't the monastery help fuel?

I'm not sure.

What did the abbey build on the east side?

I'm not sure.

What never encroached upon the sanctuary?

I'm not sure.


The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. None were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar (the pavement has recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010).

What was the abbey to Norman kings?

coronation site

What architect continued work on the abbey?

Henry Yevele

Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?

Richard II

What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?

Cosmati

What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?

The Confessor's shrine

What was the abbey to Norman queens?

I'm not sure.

What architect stopped work on the abbey?

I'm not sure.

Who was reigning when Henry Yevele started his work on the abbey?

I'm not sure.

What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the Low Altar?

I'm not sure.

What played a small role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?

I'm not sure.


Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]

Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?

Henry VII

Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?

Blessed Virgin Mary

What part of France did the Caen stone come from?

Caen

Where did the Portland stone come from?

Isle of Portland

When was the Lady Chapel added?

Who took away a Perpendicular style chapel?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Perpendicular style chapel undedicated to?

I'm not sure.

What part of England did the Caen stone come from?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Portland wood come from?

I'm not sure.

When was the Lady Chapel subtracted?

I'm not sure.


In 1535, the abbey's annual income of £2400–2800[citation needed] (£1,310,000 to £1,530,000 as of 2016), during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey.

When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2800?

What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?

£1,310,000 to £1,530,000

To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?

Glastonbury Abbey

During what was the abbey made second in wealth?

the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries

When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2700?

I'm not sure.

What was the abbey's annual income as of 2015?

I'm not sure.

To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey first in wealth?

I'm not sure.

During what was the abbey made third in wealth?

I'm not sure.

When was the abbey's annual debt £2400–2700?

I'm not sure.


Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.

When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?

Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?

Henry VIII

What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?

destruction

What did changing the status of the abbey create?

the Diocese of Westminster

When did Henry VII take direct royal control?

I'm not sure.

When did Henry VIII take indirect royal control?

I'm not sure.

Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1504?

I'm not sure.

What did the cathedral status not save the abbey from?

I'm not sure.


Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral.

When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?

The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?

a second cathedral of the Diocese of London

Who is the abbey dedicated to?

Saint Peter

When was Westminster Diocese resolved?

I'm not sure.

When was Eastminster Diocese dissolved?

I'm not sure.

The abbey was recognised as what after 1556?

I'm not sure.

The abbey was recognised as what until 1565?

I'm not sure.

Who isn't the abbey dedicated to?

I'm not sure.


The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.) The last of Mary's abbots was made the first dean.

The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?

Mary I of England

Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?

Elizabeth I

What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?

Collegiate Church of St Peter

Who was made the first dean of the new church?

The last of Mary's abbots

The abbey was forgiven to the Benedictines under whom?

I'm not sure.

The abbey wasn't regiven to the Benedictines under whom?

I'm not sure.

Who accepted the Benedictines again in 1559?

I'm not sure.

Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1595?

I'm not sure.

What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth II reestablished it?

I'm not sure.


It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn.

When did the abbey suffer damage?

Who attacked the abbey?

Puritan iconoclasts

What protected the abbey?

ties to the state during the Commonwealth

Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?

Oliver Cromwell

When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?

January 1661

When didn't the abbey suffer damage?

I'm not sure.

Who defended the abbey?

I'm not sure.

What attacked the abbey?

I'm not sure.

Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1685?

I'm not sure.

When was Oliver Cromwell murdered?

I'm not sure.


The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.

When were the western towers built?

between 1722 and 1745

Who built the western towers of the abbey?

Nicholas Hawksmoor

What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?

Purbeck

Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?

Sir George Gilbert Scott

What were the two western towers built from?

Portland stone

When were the eastern towers built?

I'm not sure.

Who built the eastern towers of the abbey?

I'm not sure.

What kind of marble was used for the ceilings of the abbey?

I'm not sure.

Under whom did the 18th century rebulding occur?

I'm not sure.

What were the three western towers built from?

I'm not sure.


A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele's renovation, with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed.

What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?

A narthex

When was the narthex designed?

mid-20th century

The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?

Yevele

What was redesigned for the west front of the abbey but not built?

I'm not sure.

What was designed for the east front of the abbey but not built?

I'm not sure.

When was the narthex redesigned?

I'm not sure.

The abbey was with towers following the renovation by whom?

I'm not sure.

The abbey was without towers following the destruction by whom?

I'm not sure.


Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.

Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?

Oxford and Cambridge

The first third of what was translated at the abbey?

King James Bible Old Testament

The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?

New Testament

The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?

20th century

Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?

the Blitz

Westminster Abbey was the third lowest place of learning after which two places?

I'm not sure.

The first quarter of what was translated at the abbey?

I'm not sure.

The first half of what was also translated at the abbey?

I'm not sure.

The Old English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?

I'm not sure.

Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1904?

I'm not sure.


In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the Abbey. On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey.

Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?

Sergei Fyodorov

What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997?

funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales

Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey?

Pope Benedict XVI

On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey?

17 September 2010

What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov?

Russian

Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1996?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last pope to set foot in the abbey?

I'm not sure.

On what date did the last pope set foot in the abbey?

I'm not sure.

What nationality was Sergei Fedorov?

I'm not sure.


Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Where was Henry III crowned?

Gloucester Cathedral

When was Henry III crowned?

Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?

French prince Louis

Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?

the Pope

Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?

The Archbishop of Canterbury

Where was Henry II crowned?

I'm not sure.

When was Henry II crowned?

I'm not sure.

Who had taken control of London when Henry II was to be crowned?

I'm not sure.

Who deemed Henry II's coronation to be improper?

I'm not sure.

Who is the unusual cleric for coronation ceremonies?

I'm not sure.


King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, at future coronations it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

What is the name of the throne used for coronation?

King Edward's Chair

What is another name for King Edward's Chair?

St Edward's Chair

Upon what are kings of Scots coronated?

the Stone of Scone

Who had stolen the Stone of Scone?

Scottish nationalists

What is the name of the throne unused for coronation?

I'm not sure.

What isn't another name for King Edward's Chair?

I'm not sure.

Upon what are kings of Wales coronated?

I'm not sure.

Who had stolen the Stone of Stone?

I'm not sure.

Who had protected the Stone of Scone?

I'm not sure.


Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons.

What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?

collegiate church

Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?

Queen Elizabeth I

Who governs the church?

the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?

the Dean and four canons residentiary

Who assist the chapter of Westminster?

the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk

What kind of church isn't Westminster Abbey?

I'm not sure.

Who hated Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?

I'm not sure.

Who governs the school?

I'm not sure.

Who aren't the members of the chapter of Westminster?

I'm not sure.

Who rejects the chapter of Westminster?

I'm not sure.


In addition to the Dean and canons, there are at present two full-time minor canons, one is precentor, and the other is sacrist. The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons. Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various lay officers constitute the college, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the choir school, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as 12 lay vicars, 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff.

How many lay vicars are there?

How many choristers are there at the abbey?

When was the office of Priest Vicar created?

How many lay vicars aren't there?

I'm not sure.

How many lay singers are there?

I'm not sure.

How many choristers aren't there at the abbey?

I'm not sure.

When wasn't the office of Priest Vicar created?

I'm not sure.

When was the office of Priest Vicar destroyed?

I'm not sure.


Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760, most kings and queens were buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Richard III, now buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. Most monarchs and royals who died after 1760 are buried either in St George's Chapel or at Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[citation needed]

Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?

Edward the Confessor

When did George II of Great Britain die?

Who was Edward the Confessor?

a royal saint

Where was Henry VI buried?

St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle

Where was Richard III buried?

Leicester Cathedral

Henry II rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?

I'm not sure.

When did George I of Great Britain die?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't Edward the Confessor?

I'm not sure.

Where was Henry V buried?

I'm not sure.

Where was Richard II buried?

I'm not sure.


From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.[citation needed]

Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?

inside chapels

Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?

master of the King's Works

Henry Purcell was buried where?

in the abbey

Where were aristocrats buried from the Later Ages?

I'm not sure.

Where were aristocrats burned from the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

Geoffrey Chaucer was unemployed as what?

I'm not sure.

Geoffrey Chaucer wasn't employed as what?

I'm not sure.

Henry Purcell was burned where?

I'm not sure.


Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]

Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?

Admiral Robert Blake

Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?

Isaac Newton

Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?

Charles Darwin

Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?

William Wilberforce

Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?

William Pitt

Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey ending with whom?

I'm not sure.

Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1772?

I'm not sure.

Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1828?

I'm not sure.

Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1883?

I'm not sure.

Who was buried under to William Wilberforce?

I'm not sure.


During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey.

In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?

cremated

In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated?

Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014?

Frances Challen

What family has the Northumberland Vault?

Percy Family

In the early 19th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Sir Henry Irving buried?

I'm not sure.

Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2004?

I'm not sure.

What family hasn't the Northumberland Vault?

I'm not sure.

What family has the Southumberland Vault?

I'm not sure.


In the floor, just inside the great west door, in the centre of the nave, is the tomb of The Unknown Warrior, an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during the First World War. He was buried in the abbey on 11 November 1920. This grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is forbidden to walk.[citation needed]

When was The Unknown Warrior buried?

11 November 1920

When was The Known Warrior buried?

I'm not sure.

When wan'ts The Unknown Warrior buried?

I'm not sure.

When was The Unknown Warrior burned?

I'm not sure.

Whose grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is encouraged to walk?

I'm not sure.

Whose grave isn't the only one in the abbey on which it is encouraged to walk?

I'm not sure.


At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.

Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?

At the east end of the Lady Chapel

The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?

the Battle of Britain

The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?

Tudor stained glass window

Where is the memorial chapel of the firemen of the RAF?

I'm not sure.

Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the ARF?

I'm not sure.

The memorial chapel of the seamen of the RAF has a window for what?

I'm not sure.

The memorial chapel of the airmen of the ARF has a window for what?

I'm not sure.

The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was created?

I'm not sure.


On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed]

When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?

Saturday September 6, 1997

When was a second public service held for Princess Diana?

Sunday

Who designed Diana's dress?

Catherine Walker

Who gave Diana the rosary beads?

Mother Teresa

When was the informal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?

I'm not sure.

When was the formal funeral of Diana, Prince of Wales?

I'm not sure.

When was a third public service held for Princess Diana?

I'm not sure.

When was a second public service held for Princess Mary?

I'm not sure.

Who never designed Diana's dress?

I'm not sure.


Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey.

What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?

Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School

Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?

the Pope

When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?

The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?

Westminster Abbey Choir School

What are also in the precincts of Eastminster Abbey?

I'm not sure.

Who never required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?

I'm not sure.

Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a vanity school?

I'm not sure.

When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a vanity school?

I'm not sure.

The altar boys of the abbey are trained where?

I'm not sure.


The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

Who built the organ?

Harrison & Harrison

When was the organ built?

When was the organ first used?

the coronation of King George VI

What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?

pipework

Who designed the two organ cases?

John Loughborough Pearson

Who destroyed the organ?

I'm not sure.

When was the organ destroyed?

I'm not sure.

When was the organ last used?

I'm not sure.

What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1948?

I'm not sure.

Who designed the three organ cases?

I'm not sure.


In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16 ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ. One part of the instrument, the Celestial Organ, is currently not connected or playable.

What part of the organ is not connected or playable?

the Celestial Organ

What part of the organ is connected or playable?

I'm not sure.

What part of the organ is fully playable?

I'm not sure.

In 2008, the console of the organ was refurbished by who?

I'm not sure.

In 2006, the console of the organ was destroyed by who?

I'm not sure.

In 2006, the console of the guitar was refurbished by who?

I'm not sure.


The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

When were the bells overhauled?

How many bells make up the abbey ring?

Ten

When were the ten bells cast?

Who cast the abbey bells?

Whitechapel Bell Foundry

When weren't the bells overhauled?

I'm not sure.

When were the bells scrapped?

I'm not sure.

How many bells don't make up the abbey ring?

I'm not sure.

When were the ine bells cast?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the abbey bells?

I'm not sure.


In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

Who cast the two service bells?

Robert Mot

When were the two service bells cast?

1585 and 1598

When was the Sanctus bell cast?

Who cast the Sanctus bell?

Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester

Where is the "dish bell" kept?

in the refectory

Who cast the three service bells?

I'm not sure.

When were the three service bells cast?

I'm not sure.

When was the Sanctus bell ruined?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the Sanctus bell?

I'm not sure.

Where isn't the "dish bell" kept?

I'm not sure.


The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above.

Under whom was the chapter house built?

Henry III

Who restored the chapter house in 1872?

Sir George Gilbert Scott

Under whom wasn't the chapter house built?

I'm not sure.

Under whom was the chapter house torn down?

I'm not sure.

Who restored the chapter house in 1827?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the chapter house in 1872?

I'm not sure.

Who restored the chapel house in 1872?

I'm not sure.


Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

What style is the octagonal chapter house?

Geometrical Gothic style

There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?

crypt

What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?

vaulted

What kind of windows are in the chapter house?

4-light quatre-foiled windows

The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?

the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

What style is the octagonal chapel house?

I'm not sure.

There is an octagonal what above the chapter house?

I'm not sure.

What kind of ceiling isn't in the chapter house?

I'm not sure.

What kind of windows aren't in the chapter house?

I'm not sure.

The architecture of the chapel house is contemporary with what?

I'm not sure.


The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?

A door in the vestible dates back to when?

When were the exterior flying buttresses added?

the 14th century

Who else met in the chapter house?

King's Great Council and the Commons

What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapel house?

I'm not sure.

A window in the vestible dates back to when?

I'm not sure.

When were the interior flying buttresses added?

I'm not sure.

Who else never met in the chapter house?

I'm not sure.

When were the exterior flying buttresses subtracted?

I'm not sure.


The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?

The Pyx Chamber

When does the Pyx Chamber date to?

the late 11th century

When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?

the Trial of the Pyx

What formed the overcroft of the monks' dormitory?

I'm not sure.

What destroyed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?

I'm not sure.

When doesn't the Pyx Chamber date to?

I'm not sure.

When does the Styx Chamber date to?

I'm not sure.

When were oldly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?

I'm not sure.


The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light.

The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?

English Heritage

Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?

the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?

repairs

The Pyx Chamber and chapter house aren't under guardianship of whom?

I'm not sure.

The Styx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?

I'm not sure.

Who no longer cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?

I'm not sure.

Who cares for and manages the Styx Chamber and chapter house?

I'm not sure.

English Heritage has unfunded what for the chapter house?

I'm not sure.


The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.

What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?

The Westminster Abbey Museum

The area the museum occupies dates back to when?

The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?

What is located in the vaulted overcroft beneath the monks' dormitory?

I'm not sure.

What is located in the vaulted undercroft above the monks' dormitory?

I'm not sure.

The area the store occupies dates back to when?

I'm not sure.

The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory hasn't been a museum since when?

I'm not sure.

The vaulted overcroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?

I'm not sure.


The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?

funeral saddle, helm and shield

What kind of panels are in the museum?

panels of mediaeval glass

What belonging to Henry VI is in the museum?

I'm not sure.

What belonging to Henry V isn't in the museum?

I'm not sure.

What not belonging to Henry V is in the museum?

I'm not sure.

What kind of panels aren't in the museum?

I'm not sure.

What kind of panels are in the library?

I'm not sure.


Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

Who modelled the effigies in the museum?

sculptor Patience Wright

What are the effigies made of?

wax

What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?

some of his own clothes

Who never modelled the effigies in the museum?

I'm not sure.

What aren't the effigies made of?

I'm not sure.

What are the fridges made of?

I'm not sure.

What is the effigy of Discount Nelson wearing?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?

I'm not sure.


A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

What was recently added to the museum exhibit?

13th-century Westminster Retable

What is the Westminster Retable?

England's oldest altarpiece

What was the altarpiece designed for?

high altar of the abbey

What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?

altarpiece

What was recently subtracted from the museum exhibit?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't recently added to the museum exhibit?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the Westminster Retable?

I'm not sure.

What was the altarpiece undesigned for?

I'm not sure.

What was undamaged but cleaned and then conserved?

I'm not sure.


In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company.

What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?

major building work

On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?

4 August 2010

Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?

a restaurant

What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?

English Oak

Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?

Luke Hughes and Company

What was proposed for the abbey in June 2008?

I'm not sure.

On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would be continued?

I'm not sure.

Panter Hudspith refurbished a 13th-century foodstore into what?

I'm not sure.

What kind of furniture isn't in the restaurant?

I'm not sure.

Who never supplied the furniture for the restaurant?

I'm not sure.


A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.

What will be created in the medieval triforium?

The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries

What has been designed to help with the gallery?

Gothic access tower with lift

When will the new galleries open?

What will be destroyed in the medieval triforium?

I'm not sure.

What will be created in the medieval biforium?

I'm not sure.

What has been undesigned to help with the gallery?

I'm not sure.

When will the new galleries close?

I'm not sure.

When will the old galleries open?

I'm not sure.


Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.

What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?

Political corruption


Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.

One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?

nepotism

Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?

gombeenism

Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?

human trafficking

The repression of what is also considered political corruption?

political opponents


The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?

bribery

What does kleptocracy mean?

rule by thieves


Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.

What are some forms of corruption now  called?

institutional corruption

Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?

bribery

This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?

the primary purpose of the institution


In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

What does corruption undermine in politics?

democracy

What does corruption disregard in politics?

formal processes

Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?

accountability

Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?

judiciary

Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?

public administration


More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.

What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?

trust and tolerance

Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?

bought and sold

The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?

accountability


In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?

private

Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?

bureaucracy

What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?

Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations

Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?

competition


Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.

Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?

public investment

What is more plentiful in capital projects?

bribes and kickbacks

Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?

compliance


Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?

Swiss

What form has corruption taken in Africa?

rent extraction

In Africa, the finances are often moved where?

overseas


University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.

Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?

University of Massachusetts Amherst

The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?

external debts

What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?

political instability


Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.

Where is corruption most noticeable?

countries with the smallest per capita incomes

These countries rely on foreign aid for what?

health services

In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?

Local

Which report described this corruption?

the 2006 World Bank Report

How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?

about half


Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.

What kind of employees received payments?

ghost employees

Where were drugs siphoned off to?

the black market

In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?

counterfeit drugs

If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?

money


Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.

Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?

environmental destruction

Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?

bribed

Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?

social rights worker protection

When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?

illegitimate economic advantage


The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.

Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?

Amartya Sen

What can trigger famine conditions?

drought

While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?

government action or inaction


Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.

Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?

kleptocracy


The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.

Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?

construction

How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?

physically diverted

Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?

assessments


In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?

workmanship

What happens with contracts to aid corruption?

kickbacks

Recipients of aid are concerned about what?

exclusion

Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?

forced to give sexual favors

Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?

statistics


Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.

These types of corruption can harm what?

the public health

Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?

social relationships


Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).

Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?

sports

Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?

anti-doping controls


Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.

The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?

artificial

What needs to stay away from loopholes?

national anti-corruption initiatives


In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.

What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?

a bribe

What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?

two

What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?

culture of corruption

Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?

harm


In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]

What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?

active and passive bribery


This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?

mutual understanding

A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?

accepting

Bribes can be direct or what?

indirect


Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe.

Selling or trading government position influence is called what?

influence peddling

Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?

tri-lateral

In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?

an accessory

Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?

distinctive criteria

What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?

article 12


Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?

Patronage

What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?

Romania


Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.

What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?

nepotism

What is it called when friends are favored over other people?

cronyism

Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?

old boy network


Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.

Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?

enemies

False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?

politically sensitive issues


Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.

What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?

Gombeenism

Parish pump politics is also called what?

parochialism

Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?

Irish Banking crisis

Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?

senior management or committee position


Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting.

Illegal interference with an election is called what?

Electoral fraud

Another term for electoral fraud is what?

voter fraud

Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?

intimidation


Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.

When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?

Embezzlement

It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?

public

One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?

personal


A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.

What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?

kickback

A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?

bidder


Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption.

What is not limited to just government officials?

Kickbacks


An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt:

When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?

unholy alliance

While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?

patronage


An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed]

When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?

1920s and 1930s

Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?

Du Yuesheng

In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?

a gang boss


The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.

What was Noriega's government accused of being?

narcokleptocracy

What country did Noriega rule?

Panama

What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?

United States

What is a narcokleptocracy?

government profiting on illegal drug trade

What is Noriega's first name?

Manuel


Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for "The functionaries of every government ... to command at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe."

According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?

safe


Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.

Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?

Brunetti and Weder

Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?

Adserà, Boix, and Payne

About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?

different states in the US.


Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more likely to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell.

Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?

Snyder and Strömberg

What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?

Cincinnati Post

Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?

incumbents

Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?

voter turnout


An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.

What did the analysis show mixed results for?

growth of the Internet

What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?

traditional sources of funding

How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?

a tiny fraction


Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.

How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?

three

What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?

Bribe Payers Index

What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?

CPI

When was the CPI first released?

Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?

Government Defence Anti-corruption Index


The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a serious problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?

over 100,000

How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?

six

One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?

Control of Corruption

Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?

Millennium Challenge Corporation


A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance.

A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?

International Budget Partnership

When was the Global Integrity Index first published?

Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?

public surveys

Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?

in-country experts


Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data.

The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?

local

Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?

worldwide


Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society.

What is the British aid agency's research called?

Drivers of Change

What does Drivers of Change skip?

numbers

What does Drivers of Change promote?

understanding corruption


Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.

Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?

cronyism

What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?

Complicated

The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?

privatization and deregulation

What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?

Nordic

What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?

rule of law


Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less.

Selling government property is highly at risk for what?

cronyism

What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?

Those with political connections

Where is corruption even more prevalent?

non-privatized sectors

Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on?

privatized less


In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.

Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?

principle of subsidiarity

What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?

embezzlement

Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?

centralized


If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.

What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?

kleptocracy

What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?

diamonds and oil

Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?

foreign aid

Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?

armaments


A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.

In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?

economic and social problems


The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classic case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?

Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko

What did Zaire used to be known as?

Democratic Republic of the Congo

What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?

kleptocracy

Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?

General Sani Abacha


More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven.

What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?

Forbes

The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?

a portion

What is Fidel Castro's official title?

General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba


Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

What is OAS?

Organization of American States

Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?

the African Union

What organization joined at the universal level?

the United Nations Convention against Corruption

When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?


Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.

Why is it difficult to measure corruption?

imprecise definitions of corruption

When did indices on corruption first appear?

What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?

the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI