Disadvantages of electric traction include high capital costs that may be uneconomic on lightly trafficked routes; a relative lack of flexibility since electric trains need electrified tracks or onboard supercapacitors and charging infrastructure at stations; and a vulnerability to power interruptions. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service. The limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. The lethal voltages on contact wires and third rails are a safety hazard to track workers, passengers and trespassers. Overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly.

What issue can complicate electric railway service?

different supply voltages and frequencies,

What is a safety hazard to track workers?

voltages on contact wires

What is a safer alternative to third rails?

Overhead wires

Why overhead wires are not being widely used?

considered unsightly.

Advantages of electric traction include?

I'm not sure.

All regions use the same supply voltages and?

I'm not sure.

Lethal voltages on contact wires and third rails are non a safety hazard for whom?

I'm not sure.

Third rails are considered safer than overhead wires, but are considered what?

I'm not sure.


Railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, although such DC can be supplied from an AC catenary via on-board electric power conversion. Since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electrified railways used DC and many still do, particularly rapid transit (subways) and trams. Speed was controlled by connecting the traction motors in various series-parallel combinations, by varying the traction motors' fields, and by inserting and removing starting resistances to limit motor current.

What is speed limit for railways?

variable speeds

Why is DC motor being used more than AC type?

conversion was not well developed

What are two types of railway transportation still use DC motor?

rapid transit (subways) and trams

What must operate at constant speeds?

I'm not sure.

Speed was controlled by disconnecting the traction motors where?

I'm not sure.

A brush-type BC motor operated at what speeds?

I'm not sure.

All early electrified motors used what type of motor?

I'm not sure.

Varying the transition motors' fields helped control what?

I'm not sure.


Motors have very little room for electrical insulation so they generally have low voltage ratings. Because transformers (prior to the development of power electronics) cannot step down DC voltages, trains were supplied with a relatively low DC voltage that the motors can use directly. The most common DC voltages are listed in the previous section. Third (and fourth) rail systems almost always use voltages below 1 kV for safety reasons while overhead wires usually use higher voltages for efficiency. ("Low" voltage is relative; even 600 V can be instantly lethal when touched.)

Why do motors have little space for insulation?

low voltage ratings

What is most common volatage range used by railway system?

below 1 kV

Why 1kV voltage is almost always used by rail systems?

safety reasons

Which system uses higher voltages?

overhead wires

Is "low" voltage used by trains safe for people?

lethal

How many volts can be considered nonlethal when touched?

I'm not sure.

Motors have a lot of room for electrical what?

I'm not sure.

What can step down DC voltages?

I'm not sure.

Fifth (and sixth) railsystems use what voltages for safety reasons?

I'm not sure.

What has high voltage ratings?

I'm not sure.


There has, however, been interest among railroad operators in returning to DC use at higher voltages than previously used. At the same voltage, DC often has less loss than AC, and for this reason high-voltage direct current is already used on some bulk power transmission lines. DC avoids the electromagnetic radiation inherent with AC, and on a railway this also reduces interference with signalling and communications and mitigates hypothetical EMF risks. DC also avoids the power factor problems of AC. Of particular interest to railroading is that DC can supply constant power with a single ungrounded wire. Constant power with AC requires three-phase transmission with at least two ungrounded wires. Another important consideration is that mains-frequency 3-phase AC must be carefully planned to avoid unbalanced phase loads. Parts of the system are supplied from different phases on the assumption that the total loads of the 3 phases will even out. At the phase break points between regions supplied from different phases, long insulated supply breaks are required to avoid them being shorted by rolling stock using more than one pantograph at a time. A few railroads have tried 3-phase but its substantial complexity has made single-phase standard practice despite the interruption in power flow that occurs twice every cycle. An experimental 6 kV DC railway was built in the Soviet Union.

What type of electric power garantees lesser loss?

DC

Which type of supply for electric motors creates electromagnetic radiation?

AC

What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?

signalling and communications

Which type of power does require three-phase transmission?

AC

Where was an experimental 6kV DC railway built?

the Soviet Union

Railroad operators have shown little interest in returning to what?

I'm not sure.

What is being used on all bulk power transmission lines?

I'm not sure.

DC can supply variable power with a single underground what?

I'm not sure.

What requires a four-phase transmission with at least two underground wires?

I'm not sure.

How many railroads have tried 4-phase?

I'm not sure.


1,500 V DC is used in the Netherlands, Japan, Republic Of Indonesia, Hong Kong (parts), Republic of Ireland, Australia (parts), India (around the Mumbai area alone, has been converted to 25 kV AC like the rest of India), France (also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC), New Zealand (Wellington) and the United States (Chicago area on the Metra Electric district and the South Shore Line interurban line). In Slovakia, there are two narrow-gauge lines in the High Tatras (one a cog railway). In Portugal, it is used in the Cascais Line and in Denmark on the suburban S-train system.

What is most common voltage for DC supply?

1,500 V

How many narrow-gauge lines in Slovakia?

two

What railway line is DC being used in Portugal?

the Cascais Line

Where in India line has been converted to AC?

Mumbai area

In Romania, there are two narrow-gauge lines where?

I'm not sure.

There is a hog railway located where?

I'm not sure.

The Cascade Line is located where?

I'm not sure.

1,500 V DC is used in what district in Connecticut?

I'm not sure.

The South Shore Line suburb line uses what?

I'm not sure.


3 kV DC is used in Belgium, Italy, Spain, Poland, the northern Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Chile, and former Soviet Union countries (also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC). It was formerly used by the Milwaukee Road from Harlowton, Montana to Seattle-Tacoma, across the Continental Divide and including extensive branch and loop lines in Montana, and by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (now New Jersey Transit, converted to 25 kV AC) in the United States, and the Kolkata suburban railway (Bardhaman Main Line) in India, before it was converted to 25 kV 50 Hz AC.

What voltage is being used in railway system of South Africa and Chile?

3 kV DC

Besides using 3kV DC what other power type is used in the former Soviet Union countries?

25 kV 50 Hz AC

What was New Jersey Transit called before?

Western Railroad

What does the railway system of US use DC or AC?

AC

What was formally used by the Mississippi Road?

I'm not sure.

What is used by the current Soviet Union countries?

I'm not sure.

New York transit in the United States uses what?

I'm not sure.

The Kukuburra suburban railway is located where?

I'm not sure.

The Kolkata suburban railway in India converted from what?

I'm not sure.


Most electrification systems use overhead wires, but third rail is an option up to about 1,200 V. Third rail systems exclusively use DC distribution. The use of AC is not feasible because the dimensions of a third rail are physically very large compared with the skin depth that the alternating current penetrates to (0.3 millimetres or 0.012 inches) in a steel rail). This effect makes the resistance per unit length unacceptably high compared with the use of DC. Third rail is more compact than overhead wires and can be used in smaller-diameter tunnels, an important factor for subway systems.

What type is mostly used third rail or overhead wires?

overhead wires

Is trird rail system being used exclusively with AC or DC ?

DC distribution

What depth does the alternating current penetrate in a steel rail?

skin depth

What is physically more compact tird rail or overhead wires?

Third rail

What is more prefferable for subway lines?

Third rail

All electrical systems use what kind of wires?

I'm not sure.

The third rail operates over what voltage?

I'm not sure.

Overhead wires are more compact than third rail and can be used for what?

I'm not sure.

What is considered an unimportant factor for subway systems?

I'm not sure.

Overhead wires are considered physically very what?

I'm not sure.


DC systems (especially third-rail systems) are limited to relatively low voltages and this can limit the size and speed of trains and cannot use low-level platform and also limit the amount of air-conditioning that the trains can provide. This may be a factor favouring overhead wires and high-voltage AC, even for urban usage. In practice, the top speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to 100 mph (160 km/h) because above that speed reliable contact between the shoe and the rail cannot be maintained.

Why DC system can effect the speed of trains?

low voltages

Can DC systems use low-level platform?

cannot

Besides speed and size what else the low voltage of DC system can effect?

air-conditioning

What is the speed limit for third rail system trains?

160 km/h

What can become unreliable if the speed exceeds the limit of 100 mph for DC system trains?

contact between the shoe and the rail

DC systems are limited to relatively high what?

I'm not sure.

The lowest speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to what?

I'm not sure.

Above what speed can reliable contact between the shoe and the rail be maintained?

I'm not sure.

What can not limit the size and speed of trains?

I'm not sure.

What is not a factor favoring overhead wires and high-voltage AC?

I'm not sure.


Some street trams (streetcars) used conduit third-rail current collection. The third rail was below street level. The tram picked up the current through a plough (U.S. "plow") accessed through a narrow slot in the road. In the United States, much (though not all) of the former streetcar system in Washington, D.C. (discontinued in 1962) was operated in this manner to avoid the unsightly wires and poles associated with electric traction. The same was true with Manhattan's former streetcar system. The evidence of this mode of running can still be seen on the track down the slope on the northern access to the abandoned Kingsway Tramway Subway in central London, United Kingdom, where the slot between the running rails is clearly visible, and on P and Q Streets west of Wisconsin Avenue in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington DC, where the abandoned tracks have not been paved over. The slot can easily be confused with the similar looking slot for cable trams/cars (in some cases, the conduit slot was originally a cable slot). The disadvantage of conduit collection included much higher initial installation costs, higher maintenance costs, and problems with leaves and snow getting in the slot. For this reason, in Washington, D.C. cars on some lines converted to overhead wire on leaving the city center, a worker in a "plough pit" disconnecting the plough while another raised the trolley pole (hitherto hooked down to the roof) to the overhead wire. In New York City for the same reasons of cost and operating efficiency outside of Manhattan overhead wire was used. A similar system of changeover from conduit to overhead wire was also used on the London tramways, notably on the southern side; a typical changeover point was at Norwood, where the conduit snaked sideways from between the running rails, to provide a park for detached shoes or ploughs.

What is the other name for the street trams?

streetcars

Where is third rail situated in the street trams system?

below street level

What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962?

Washington, D.C.

What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot?

leaves and snow

What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead  wire system?

cost and operating efficiency

All street trams use conduit what?

I'm not sure.

What is accessed through a wide slot in the road?

I'm not sure.

In what neighborhood in New York have the abandoned tracks not been paved over?

I'm not sure.

An advantage of conduit collection is much high what?

I'm not sure.

Cars on all lines have been converted to overhead wire in what city?

I'm not sure.


A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the "second generation" tram/streetcar system in Bordeaux, France (entry into service of the first line in December 2003; original system discontinued in 1958) with its APS (alimentation par sol – ground current feed). This involves a third rail which is flush with the surface like the tops of the running rails. The circuit is divided into segments with each segment energized in turn by sensors from the car as it passes over it, the remainder of the third rail remaining "dead". Since each energized segment is completely covered by the lengthy articulated cars, and goes dead before being "uncovered" by the passage of the vehicle, there is no danger to pedestrians. This system has also been adopted in some sections of the new tram systems in Reims, France (opened 2011) and Angers, France (also opened 2011). Proposals are in place for a number of other new services including Dubai, UAE; Barcelona, Spain; Florence, Italy; Marseille, France; Gold Coast, Australia; Washington, D.C., U.S.A.; Brasília, Brazil and Tours, France.

What year the "second generation" of tram system began to operate in France?

When was the original system discontinued?

How is the circuit of the third rail divided?

energized segment

Does energized segment of third rail pose the threat to pedestrians if uncovered?

no danger

An old approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by what system?

I'm not sure.

What system has been adopted in all sections of the new tram systems in Reims, France?

I'm not sure.

When did the new tram system in Paris, France open?

I'm not sure.

When did the new trans system in Achnor, France open?

I'm not sure.

The circuit is left undivided in what system?

I'm not sure.


The London Underground in England is one of the few networks that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that, on third rail and overhead networks, is provided by the running rails. On the London Underground, a top-contact third rail is beside the track, energized at +420v DC, and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at −210v DC, which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630v DC. London Underground is now upgrading its fourth rail system to 750v DC with a positive conductor rail energised to +500v DC and a negative conductor rail energised to -250v DC. However, many older sections in tunnels are still energised to 630v DC. The same system was used for Milan's earliest underground line, Milan Metro's line 1, whose more recent lines use an overhead catenary or a third rail.

What type of system does London Underground use?

four-rail system

What is the purpose of the forth rail?

carries the electrical return

What is the volatage surge of the third rail of London Underground system?

+420v DC

What is the voltage of the return rail?

−210v DC

Where was the system similar to London Underground used as well?

Milan

Which system in England is one of the few to use a five-rail system?

I'm not sure.

On the London Underground, a bottom-contact rail is located where?

I'm not sure.

A bottom-contact fourth rail is located where?

I'm not sure.

Which system is now upgrading their fifth rail system to 750v DC?

I'm not sure.

Many newer sections in tunnels are energised to what voltage?

I'm not sure.


The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current. This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings instead. This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrically bonded together. The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains. Some of these, particularly Victorian mains that predated London's underground railways, were not constructed to carry currents and had no adequate electrical bonding between pipe segments. The four-rail system solves the problem. Although the supply has an artificially created earth point, this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels. Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak, but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger metal chairs to carry the weight of trains. However, elastomeric rubber pads placed between the rails and chairs can now solve part of the problem by insulating the running rails from the current return should there be a leakage through the running rails.

What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system?

running rail carries any current

What danger can return currents cause?

electrolytic damage

How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes?

water and gas mains

How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels?

by using resistors

What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation?

ceramic chairs

What is a key advantage to the fifth rail system?

I'm not sure.

What can happen if the tunnel segments are electrically bonded together?

I'm not sure.

What has a tendency to flow past nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains?

I'm not sure.

What has a naturally created earth point?

I'm not sure.

What does not have to be seated on stronger metal chairs?

I'm not sure.


On tracks that London Underground share with National Rail third-rail stock (the Bakerloo and District lines both have such sections), the centre rail is connected to the running rails, allowing both types of train to operate, at a compromise voltage of 660 V. Underground trains pass from one section to the other at speed; lineside electrical connections and resistances separate the two types of supply. These routes were originally solely electrified on the four-rail system by the LNWR before National Rail trains were rewired to their standard three-rail system to simplify rolling stock use.

What is the voltage shared two types of trains UK railroad system?

660 V

Why some sections of Bakerloo and District lines were rewired to three-rail system?

to simplify rolling stock use

How did it become possible to share the voltage for different types of train?

the centre rail is connected to the running rails

What joins the two types of supply?

I'm not sure.

What was rewired to the standard four-rail system?

I'm not sure.

What is the maximum voltage of the two UK rail systems?

I'm not sure.

Above ground trains pass from one section to the other at what?

I'm not sure.

The London Underground does not share tracks with whom?

I'm not sure.


A few lines of the Paris Métro in France operate on a four-rail power scheme because they run on rubber tyres which run on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel and, in some places, concrete. Since the tyres do not conduct the return current, the two guide rails provided outside the running 'roadways' double up as conductor rails, so at least electrically it is a four-rail scheme. One of the guide rails is bonded to the return conventional running rails situated inside the roadway so a single polarity supply is required. The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply, because some lines use reversing loops at one end, causing the train to be reversed during every complete journey. The loop was originally provided to save the original steam locomotives having to 'run around' the rest of the train saving much time. Today, the driver does not have to change ends at termini provided with such a loop, but the time saving is not so significant as it takes almost as long to drive round the loop as it does to change ends. Many of the original loops have been lost as lines were extended.

Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system?

rubber tyres

What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro?

two guide rails

What is required in order for the guide rails to operate properly?

a single polarity supply

How train is able to turn around after each completed journey?

reversing loops

Why was the reversing loop created?

having to 'run around' the rest of the train

All lines of the Paris Metro in France operate on what?

I'm not sure.

What runs on metal tyres?

I'm not sure.

Why were many of the original loops kept?

I'm not sure.

What type of tyres conduct the return current?

I'm not sure.

What runs on a pair of wide roadways made of steel?

I'm not sure.


An early advantage of AC is that the power-wasting resistors used in DC locomotives for speed control were not needed in an AC locomotive: multiple taps on the transformer can supply a range of voltages. Separate low-voltage transformer windings supply lighting and the motors driving auxiliary machinery. More recently, the development of very high power semiconductors has caused the classic "universal" AC/DC motor to be largely replaced with the three-phase induction motor fed by a variable frequency drive, a special inverter that varies both frequency and voltage to control motor speed. These drives can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency, and many modern electric locomotives are designed to handle different supply voltages and frequencies to simplify cross-border operation.

What was a disadvantage of DC system?

power-wasting resistors

How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives?

multiple taps on the transformer

What taps can provide lighting supply?

low-voltage transformer windings

What will AC/DC motor be replaced with?

three-phase induction motor

What is the main advantage of an induction motor?

can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency

What was an early disadvantage of AC?

I'm not sure.

One taps on the transformer can supply what?

I'm not sure.

The development of low power semiconductors caused what?

I'm not sure.

No modern electric locomotives are designed to handle what?

I'm not sure.

Combined low-voltage transformer windings supply what?

I'm not sure.


DC commutating electric motors, if fitted with laminated pole pieces, become universal motors because they can also operate on AC; reversing the current in both stator and rotor does not reverse the motor. But the now-standard AC distribution frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz caused difficulties with inductive reactance and eddy current losses. Many railways chose low AC frequencies to overcome these problems. They must be converted from utility power by motor-generators or static inverters at the feeding substations or generated at dedicated traction powerstations.

How can DC motor turn universal?

if fitted with laminated pole pieces

What problems did AC distribution cause?

inductive reactance and eddy current losses

How do railways try to solve the problem of inductive reactance of AC system?

low AC frequencies

How can low frequencies be obtained?

converted from utility power

Reversing the current in both stator and rotor also reverses what?

I'm not sure.

Many railways choose high AC frequencies to overcome what?

I'm not sure.

The now-standard DC frequencies are what?

I'm not sure.

The distribution frequencies of 60 and 70 Hz caused what?

I'm not sure.

Many railways choose low DC what?

I'm not sure.


High-voltage AC overhead systems are not only for standard gauge national networks. The meter gauge Rhaetian Railway (RhB) and the neighbouring Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB) operate on 11 kV at 16.7 Hz frequency. Practice has proven that both Swiss and German 15 kV trains can operate under these lower voltages. The RhB started trials of the 11 kV system in 1913 on the Engadin line (St. Moritz-Scuol/Tarasp). The MGB constituents Furka-Oberalp-Bahn (FO) and Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn (BVZ) introduced their electric services in 1941 and 1929 respectively, adopting the already proven RhB system.

How did non-standard gauge trains start to operate with high-voltage AC?

adopting the already proven RhB system.

When was the first trail of RhB system tested?

Low-voltage AC overhead systems are not only for what?

I'm not sure.

Which European trains can operate under high voltages?

I'm not sure.

The MAB consisted of whom?

I'm not sure.

Who started trials of the 111kV system?

I'm not sure.

When did the RhB start trials of the 11 kV system on the Rhaetian line?

I'm not sure.


In the United States, 25 Hz, a once-common industrial power frequency is used on Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system at 12 kV on the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C. and New York City and on the Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia. SEPTA's 25 Hz traction power system uses the same 12 kV voltage on the catenary in Northeast Philadelphia. This allows for the trains to operate on both the Amtrak and SEPTA power systems. Apart from having an identical catenary voltage, the power distribution systems of Amtrak and SEPTA are very different. The Amtrak power distribution system has a 138 kV transmission network that provides power to substations which then transform the voltage to 12 kV to feed the catenary system. The SEPTA power distribution system uses a 2:1 ratio autotransformer system, with the catenary fed at 12 kV and a return feeder wire fed at 24 kV. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad used an 11 kV system between New York City and New Haven, Connecticut which was converted to 12.5 kV 60 Hz in 1987.

What frequency was typically used on US Amtrak?

25 Hz

What voltage does SEPTA system use?

12 kV voltage

What specification is similar for both Amtrak and Septa systems?

catenary voltage

When was a 11kV system of NY, New Haven and Hartford was converted to 12.5 kV?

The Northeast Corridor connects Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and what city?

I'm not sure.

The Keystone Corridor connects Washington, D.C. and what city?

I'm not sure.

What uses a 1:2 ratio autotransformer?

I'm not sure.

When was the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad converted to a 11 kV system?

I'm not sure.

What uses a catenary fed at 24 kV?

I'm not sure.


In the UK, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway pioneered overhead electrification of its suburban lines in London, London Bridge to Victoria being opened to traffic on 1 December 1909. Victoria to Crystal Palace via Balham and West Norwood opened in May 1911. Peckham Rye to West Norwood opened in June 1912. Further extensions were not made owing to the First World War. Two lines opened in 1925 under the Southern Railway serving Coulsdon North and Sutton railway station. The lines were electrified at 6.7 kV 25 Hz. It was announced in 1926 that all lines were to be converted to DC third rail and the last overhead electric service ran in September 1929.

When was overhead wires system being used for the first time in UK?

1 December 1909

What line used the overhead wire system first Victoria to Crystal Palace or Peckham Rye to West Noorwood?

Victoria to Crystal Palace

What was the cause of lines not being extended?

the First World War

What voltage was used in the two lines opened in 1925 of Southern Railway?

6.7 kV 25 Hz

When did the UK pioneer overhead electrification of its urban lines?

I'm not sure.

Peckham Rye to Victoria opened when?

I'm not sure.

Because of the Second World War, what was not completed?

I'm not sure.

Three lines under the Southern Railway opened in what year?

I'm not sure.

All lines were converted to DC fourth rail in what year?

I'm not sure.


Three-phase AC railway electrification was used in Italy, Switzerland and the United States in the early twentieth century. Italy was the major user, for lines in the mountainous regions of northern Italy from 1901 until 1976. The first lines were the Burgdorf-Thun line in Switzerland (1899), and the lines of the Ferrovia Alta Valtellina from Colico to Chiavenna and Tirano in Italy, which were electrified in 1901 and 1902. Other lines where the three-phase system were used were the Simplon Tunnel in Switzerland from 1906 to 1930, and the Cascade Tunnel of the Great Northern Railway in the United States from 1909 to 1927.

What countries  used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century?

Italy, Switzerland and the United States

What country was a bigger user compare to the three of them?

Italy

Where did Italy start using the AC system?

in the mountainous regions of northern Italy

How long did the AC system last in northern Italy?

1901 until 1976

How long did three-phase system operate in Cascade Tunnel?

1909 to 1927

Who was the major user of railway electrification in the nineteenth century?

I'm not sure.

The four-phase system was used in what tunnel in Switzerland?

I'm not sure.

The four-phase system was used in what tunnel in the US?

I'm not sure.

The first four-way lines were in what country?

I'm not sure.

The first four-way lines were created in what year?

I'm not sure.


The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds. The tests were a success so, from 1932 until the 1960s, trains on the Budapest-Hegyeshalom line (towards Vienna) regularly used the same system. A few decades after the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to the Russian and later French 25 kV system.

What country has first tried to use single-phase AC?

Hungary

What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?

16 kV at 50 Hz

What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time?

four-pole rotating phase converter

How could the locomotives run on four speed levels?

motor could be changed using slip rings

What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII?

Russian

The number of poles on the 5,000 hp motor could be changed using what?

I'm not sure.

The first attempt to use standard-frequency double-phase AC were made in what country?

I'm not sure.

The locomotives carrying a three-pole rotating phase converter could feed what?

I'm not sure.

The first attempt to use standard-frequency double-phase AC were made in what year?

I'm not sure.

During the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to what?

I'm not sure.


To prevent the risk of out-of-phase supplies mixing, sections of line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated. This is achieved by Neutral Sections (also known as Phase Breaks), usually provided at feeder stations and midway between them although, typically, only half are in use at any time, the others being provided to allow a feeder station to be shut down and power provided from adjacent feeder stations. Neutral Sections usually consist of an earthed section of wire which is separated from the live wires on either side by insulating material, typically ceramic beads, designed so that the pantograph will smoothly run from one section to the other. The earthed section prevents an arc being drawn from one live section to the other, as the voltage difference may be higher than the normal system voltage if the live sections are on different phases and the protective circuit breakers may not be able to safely interrupt the considerable current that would flow. To prevent the risk of an arc being drawn across from one section of wire to earth, when passing through the neutral section, the train must be coasting and the circuit breakers must be open. In many cases, this is done manually by the drivers. To help them, a warning board is provided just before both the neutral section and an advance warning some distance before. A further board is then provided after the neutral section to tell drivers to re-close the circuit breaker, although drivers must not do this until the rear pantograph has passed this board. In the UK, a system known as Automatic Power Control (APC) automatically opens and closes the circuit breaker, this being achieved by using sets of permanent magnets alongside the track communicating with a detector on the train. The only action needed by the driver is to shut off power and coast and therefore warning boards are still provided at and on the approach to neutral sections.

What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations?

line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated

What invention prevented lines from getting mixed?

Phase Breaks

What was the part of wire in Phase Break sections an arc being drawn from one wire to another?

The earthed section

How were the drivers warned to start coasting the train?

warning board

What should the driver do in order to open and close the circuit breaker?

to shut off power and coast

Charged Sections consist of an earthed section of what?

I'm not sure.

In the US, a system known as Automatic Power Control does what?

I'm not sure.

Typically what are in use all the time?

I'm not sure.

The earthed section allows for what?

I'm not sure.

What must not be coasting to prevent the risk of an arc being drawn?

I'm not sure.


Modern electrification systems take AC energy from a power grid which is delivered to a locomotive and converted to a DC voltage to be used by traction motors. These motors may either be DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors which require further conversion of the DC to 3-phase AC (using power electronics). Thus both systems are faced with the same task: converting and transporting high-voltage AC from the power grid to low-voltage DC in the locomotive. Where should this conversion take place and at what voltage and current (AC or DC) should the power flow to the locomotive? And how does all this relate to energy-efficiency? Both the transmission and conversion of electric energy involve losses: ohmic losses in wires and power electronics, magnetic field losses in transformers and smoothing reactors (inductors). Power conversion for a DC system takes place mainly in a railway substation where large, heavy, and more efficient hardware can be used as compared to an AC system where conversion takes place aboard the locomotive where space is limited and losses are significantly higher. Also, the energy used to blow air to cool transformers, power electronics (including rectifiers), and other conversion hardware must be accounted for.

What nowdays electrification systems can use?

DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors

What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with?

converting and transporting

What type of losses happen during conversion and transmission in wires and electronics?

ohmic losses

What kind of losses take place in transformers and inductors during conversion/transmission process?

magnetic field losses

Modern electrification systems take DC energy from what?

I'm not sure.

4-phase AC motors require further what?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't involve losses?

I'm not sure.

Power conversion for an AC system takes place mainly in a what?

I'm not sure.

The energy used to blow air to heat transformers must be what?

I'm not sure.


In the Soviet Union, in the 1970s, a comparison was made between systems electrified at 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz). The results showed that percentage losses in the overhead wires (catenary and contact wires) was over 3 times greater for 3 kV DC than for 25 kV AC. But when the conversion losses were all taken into account and added to overhead wire losses (including cooling blower energy) the 25 kV AC lost a somewhat higher percent of energy than for 3 kV DC. Thus in spite of the much higher losses in the catenary, the 3 kV DC was a little more energy efficient than AC in providing energy from the USSR power grid to the terminals of the traction motors (all DC at that time). While both systems use energy in converting higher voltage AC from the USSR's power grid to lower voltage DC, the conversions for the DC system all took place (at higher efficiency) in the railway substation, while most of the conversion for the AC system took place inside the locomotive (at lower efficiency). Consider also that it takes energy to constantly move this mobile conversion hardware over the rails while the stationary hardware in the railway substation doesn't incur this energy cost. For more details see: Wiki: Soviet Union DC vs. AC.

What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970?

3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz

Which system had higher losses in overhead wires?

3 kV DC

Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations?

3 kV DC

What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware?

stationary hardware

It takes energy to move mobile conversion software where?

I'm not sure.

Which hardware in the railway substation incurs energy costs?

I'm not sure.

What was less energy efficient in than AC in providing energy?

I'm not sure.

The conversion for what system took place in the railway station?

I'm not sure.

Most of the conversion for the DC program took place inside what?

I'm not sure.


Newly electrified lines often show a "sparks effect", whereby electrification in passenger rail systems leads to significant jumps in patronage / revenue. The reasons may include electric trains being seen as more modern and attractive to ride, faster and smoother service, and the fact that electrification often goes hand in hand with a general infrastructure and rolling stock overhaul / replacement, which leads to better service quality (in a way that theoretically could also be achieved by doing similar upgrades yet without electrification). Whatever the causes of the sparks effect, it is well established for numerous routes that have electrified over decades.

What can be seen in the newly electrified lines?

"sparks effect"

What can electrification of modern trains effect?

patronage / revenue

How can better service quality be achieved?

rolling stock overhaul / replacement

Electrification in passenger rail systems leads to insignificant jumps in what?

I'm not sure.

What leads to decreasing service quality?

I'm not sure.

A "sparks effect" is often seen on old lines which are what?

I'm not sure.

Electric trains are often seen as less modern and what?

I'm not sure.

What is well established for routes that have been electrified for days?

I'm not sure.


Network effects are a large factor with electrification. When converting lines to electric, the connections with other lines must be considered. Some electrifications have subsequently been removed because of the through traffic to non-electrified lines. If through traffic is to have any benefit, time consuming engine switches must occur to make such connections or expensive dual mode engines must be used. This is mostly an issue for long distance trips, but many lines come to be dominated by through traffic from long-haul freight trains (usually running coal, ore, or containers to or from ports). In theory, these trains could enjoy dramatic savings through electrification, but it can be too costly to extend electrification to isolated areas, and unless an entire network is electrified, companies often find that they need to continue use of diesel trains even if sections are electrified. The increasing demand for container traffic which is more efficient when utilizing the double-stack car also has network effect issues with existing electrifications due to insufficient clearance of overhead electrical lines for these trains, but electrification can be built or modified to have sufficient clearance, at additional cost.

What is a major factor whn it comes to electrification?

Network effects

What was the reason some electrifications were removed after a while?

through traffic to non-electrified lines

Where can the issue of through traffic benefits occur?

long distance trips

What can be a drawback of electrification of long distance freight trains?

electrification to isolated areas

What does the increasing demand for container traffic make companies use more often?

diesel trains

What is a small factor with electrification?

I'm not sure.

What must be considered when converting lines from electric?

I'm not sure.

What has been removed because of the through traffic to electrified lines?

I'm not sure.

What is mostly an issue for short distance trips?

I'm not sure.

Companies often find they need to use what trains to heavily populated areas?

I'm not sure.


Additionally, there are issues of connections between different electrical services, particularly connecting intercity lines with sections electrified for commuter traffic, but also between commuter lines built to different standards. This can cause electrification of certain connections to be very expensive simply because of the implications on the sections it is connecting. Many lines have come to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards for different trains to avoid having to replace the existing rolling stock on those lines. Obviously, this requires that the economics of a particular connection must be more compelling and this has prevented complete electrification of many lines. In a few cases, there are diesel trains running along completely electrified routes and this can be due to incompatibility of electrification standards along the route.

What is the other issue that comes to sight when using electrification system?

connections between different electrical services

Why the commuter lines built to different standards can cause be complicated?

the implications on the sections it is connecting

What is the solution many lines came up with in order to avoid replacing present rolling stock?

to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards

Why are disel trains  still used on electrified routes?

due to incompatibility of electrification standards

What can be very inexpensive?

I'm not sure.

What is often built to the same standards?

I'm not sure.

What trains run along partially electrified routes?

I'm not sure.

What is compatible along the route?

I'm not sure.

How many lines have come to be overlaid with single electrification standards?

I'm not sure.


Central station electricity can often be generated with higher efficiency than a mobile engine/generator. While the efficiency of power plant generation and diesel locomotive generation are roughly the same in the nominal regime, diesel motors decrease in efficiency in non-nominal regimes at low power  while if an electric power plant needs to generate less power it will shut down its least efficient generators, thereby increasing efficiency. The electric train can save energy (as compared to diesel) by regenerative braking and by not needing to consume energy by idling as diesel locomotives do when stopped or coasting. However, electric rolling stock may run cooling blowers when stopped or coasting, thus consuming energy.

Which of two can be more efficiently electricified?

Central station

How can electric power plant become more power efficient?

it will shut down its least efficient generators

How can electric train be more energy efficient?

by regenerative braking

Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped?

diesel

What causes electric trains to waste energy?

cooling blowers

Diesel motors increase in efficiency where?

I'm not sure.

Electric rolling stock may use heating blowers when?

I'm not sure.

What can often be generated with a lower efficiency?

I'm not sure.

If an electric power plant needs to generate more power it shuts down what?

I'm not sure.

The diesel train can save energy by regenerative what?

I'm not sure.


Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large rail networks do not have significant oil reserves and those that did, like the United States and Britain, have exhausted much of their reserves and have suffered declining oil output for decades. Therefore, there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil. Rail electrification is often considered an important route towards consumption pattern reform. However, there are no reliable, peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue, although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s.

Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?

unsuitable

What type of natural resources is more scarce?

liquid fuel

What is the recent incentive in  order to overcome oil scarcity?

to substitute other fuels

What research can be used in the future if translated?

Soviet studies from the 1980s

Energy sources suitable for mobile power plants include what?

I'm not sure.

The reserves of nuclear fuel are what?

I'm not sure.

Most countries with small rail networks do not have what?

I'm not sure.

What is considered an insignificant route towards consumption pattern reform?

I'm not sure.

Translated Soviet studies are available from what decade?

I'm not sure.


In the former Soviet Union, electric traction eventually became somewhat more energy-efficient than diesel. Partly due to inefficient generation of electricity in the USSR (only 20.8% thermal efficiency in 1950 vs. 36.2% in 1975), in 1950 diesel traction was about twice as energy efficient as electric traction (in terms of net tonne-km of freight per kg of fuel). But as efficiency of electricity generation (and thus of electric traction) improved, by about 1965 electric railways became more efficient than diesel. After the mid 1970s electrics used about 25% less fuel per ton-km. However diesels were mainly used on single track lines with a fair amount of traffic  so that the lower fuel consumption of electrics may be in part due to better operating conditions on electrified lines (such as double tracking) rather than inherent energy efficiency. Nevertheless, the cost of diesel fuel was about 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content) than that of the fuel used in electric power plants (that generated electricity), thus making electric railways even more energy-cost effective.

What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?

electric

What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?

How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR?

25% less fuel per ton-km

What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains?

better operating conditions on electrified lines

How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit?

1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content

In the US, electric traction became more energy-efficient than what?

I'm not sure.

When was diesel traction three times as efficient as electric traction?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did electrics use about 35% less fuel per ton-km.

I'm not sure.

The cost of diesel was 2.5 times more than what?

I'm not sure.

Due to the inefficient generation of electricity in the US, diesel traction was twice as energy efficient in what year?

I'm not sure.


Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of energy-efficiency it drops as efficiency goes up. But most of this 43% decrease in energy-intensity also benefited diesel traction. The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller, increase of train weight, converting single track lines to double track (or partially double track), and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction: electric, diesel, and steam. However, there remained a 12–15% reduction of energy-intensity that only benefited electric traction (and not diesel). This was due to improvements in locomotives, more widespread use of regenerative braking (which in 1989 recycled 2.65% of the electric energy used for traction,) remote control of substations, better handling of the locomotive by the locomotive crew, and improvements in automation. Thus the overall efficiency of electric traction as compared to diesel more than doubled between 1950 and the mid-1970s in the Soviet Union. But after 1974 (thru 1980) there was no improvement in energy-intensity (wh/tonne-km) in part due to increasing speeds of passenger and freight trains.

What caused the energy efficiency to go up?

energy-intensity dropping

Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?

2-axle freight cars

What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?

electric

How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?

Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?

no improvement

There was a decreased use of what type of braking?

I'm not sure.

The overall efficiency of electric traction tripled during what years?

I'm not sure.

The overall efficiency of electric traction tripled in what country?

I'm not sure.

There were massive improvements in energy-intensity after what year?

I'm not sure.

Energy-efficiency increases as what goes up?

I'm not sure.


The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone country in the world after Mexico, and with the United States having more Spanish-speakers than Colombia and Spain (but fewer first language speakers). Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world. Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.

How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States?

There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States,

How many Hispanics speak English too?

Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.

What other language is often spoken in the United states?

The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States.

What type of language id Spanish?

Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world.

How many Spanish speaking students are there in the United States?

six million Spanish language students.

45 million people speak Spanish as a first or second language in what country?

I'm not sure.

What country is the second-largest Hispanophone country in the world?

I'm not sure.

What type of language is Spanish?

I'm not sure.

Half of all Spanish speakers also speak what very well?

I'm not sure.

Spanish has the largest number of native speakers in which branch of language?

I'm not sure.

How many Spanish speaking students are there in Spain?

I'm not sure.

What is the first American language?

I'm not sure.

What is the second most spoken language in Columbia?

I'm not sure.

What country has more first language Spanish-speakers than Mexico?

I'm not sure.

How many Hispanophones speak Spanish in Mexico?

I'm not sure.


The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries, with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California. The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states leaving behind a varying range of Hispanic legacy in the North American continent. Additionally, western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800, after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.

How old is the Spanish language in the United States?

The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries

Did the Spanish conquer land in the United States?

Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California.

Where in the United States did the Spanish explore?

The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states

Were there states ruled by the Spanish?

western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800,

Do the Spanish have a legacy in America from their forefathers?

after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.

When did the Spanish language start showing up in America?

I'm not sure.

Florida, Texas, and Colorado were part of which colonization?

I'm not sure.

Besides Florida, Texas, and Colorado, which other states were included in the colonization?

I'm not sure.

How many US states did the Spanish explorers explore?

I'm not sure.

Which years was the Louisiana Territory under Spanish rule?

I'm not sure.

Since when was the Spanish language been present in Mexico?

I'm not sure.

When were eastern regions of the Louisiana Territory under Spanish rule?

I'm not sure.

How many future U.S. states did French explorers explore?

I'm not sure.

What states were colonized by the French?

I'm not sure.

What conflict caused eastern regions of the Louisiana to be under Spanish rule?

I'm not sure.


Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America. Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513. In 1565, the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de León, founded St. Augustine, Florida, and as of the early 1800s, it became the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the continental United States. The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico, where Juan Ponce De León was its first governor

When did the Spanish arrive to America?

Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513.

Did Europeans speak Spanish in America?

Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America.

Where is the oldest settlement in America?

St. Augustine, Florida

What is the oldest city of the United States territory?

The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico

How was St. Augustine founded?

the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de León, founded St. Augustine, Florida

What was the first language spoken by the permanent European settlers?

I'm not sure.

Which Spanish settler arrived in the US first?

I'm not sure.

What year did Ponce de Leon settle in the US?

I'm not sure.

Which city did Juan Ponce de Leon found?

I'm not sure.

What's the capital of Puerto Rico?

I'm not sure.

When did the Spanish arrive to Puerto Rico?

I'm not sure.

Where is the oldest settlement in Puerto Rico?

I'm not sure.

What is the oldest city of Florida?

I'm not sure.

Where was Juan Ponce De Leion the first president?

I'm not sure.

When did the Spaniards found Puerto Rico?

I'm not sure.


In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836, the now largely "American" Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico and established the Republic of Texas. In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state. Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people (both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers who include German Texan) who were outnumbered (six-to-one) by English-speaking settlers (both Americans and other immigrant Europeans).[citation needed]

Was Texas a part of Mexico?

In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas

When did the Americans come to Texas?

A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836

Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans?

Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico

When did Texas become a state?

In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state.

Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state?

Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people

What was the name for the area Coahuila y Tejas was part of?

I'm not sure.

How many Texans were of Mexican descent in 1850?

I'm not sure.

How many Mexicans in Texas were Spanish speaking?

I'm not sure.

What's the other nationality with a heavy presence in Texas?

I'm not sure.

When did the republic dissolve and Texas entered the US?

I'm not sure.

When did the Americans some to Spain?

I'm not sure.

When did Spain become a state?

I'm not sure.

How many Texans were of English descent?

I'm not sure.

Who did Spain fight to get independence?

I'm not sure.

What census found fewer than 16,000 Texans of English descent?

I'm not sure.


After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present-day United Mexican States.

When did other states become part of Mexico?

After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain

What states made up of Alta California

California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California

What states were part of Santa Fe de Nuevo

most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México

Why is  there still Bilingual  spoken in these states?

The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory

When did other states become part of Colorado?

I'm not sure.

Why is there still bilingual spoken in Mexico?

I'm not sure.

What did Spanish in Spain differ from?

I'm not sure.

What was North Dakota a part of?

I'm not sure.

What was Nebraska a part of?

I'm not sure.


Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did. For example, the California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish, and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages. The constitutional convention of 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants; the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English; and the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.

Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?

Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law

Is Canada bilingual?

United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.

Was California a bilingual state?

California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,

Why didn't California officially become  bilingual?

the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English

Was there a court ruling?

the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.

Why isn't the southwest English-speaking?

I'm not sure.

Why didn't Caifornia officially become monolingual?

I'm not sure.

What had no English-speaking participants?

I'm not sure.

What had nine California participants?

I'm not sure.

Who developed Monolingualism?

I'm not sure.


For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover, all of those spoke Spanish, and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?

U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English

How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?

making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.

Was English in Puerto Rico successful?

It was completely unsuccessful,

How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?

Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island

Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?

the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

How did Mexico try to make Puerto Rico's language English?

I'm not sure.

Was French  in Peurto Rico successful?

I'm not sure.

How did Puerto Rico stay an English speaking territory?

I'm not sure.

For how long has the U.S. federal government tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt Spanish?

I'm not sure.

When did the U.S. government retreat from the policy of making Puerto Ricans use Spanish?

I'm not sure.


At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups, Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish, but millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland nonetheless are fluent in Spanish. Puerto Ricans are natural-born U.S. citizens, and many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States, increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii, where Puerto Rican farm laborers and Mexican ranchers have settled since the late 19th century, 7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.

How many Puerto Ricans are there?

At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups

Do they speak Spanish fluently?

Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish

Where are the biggest population of Puerto Ricans on the mainland?

many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States

Does Florida have a high Hispanic population?

increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii

Are Hispanics in Hawaii?

7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.

What is the second largest hispanic group?

I'm not sure.

How many Puerto Ricans are there?

I'm not sure.

Puerto Ricans are citizens of what country?

I'm not sure.

Which region of the United States have many Puerto Ricans migrated to?

I'm not sure.

Where did Puerto Rican farm laborers go in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

How many U.S. citizens are there?

I'm not sure.

Which group is least likely to be proficient in English?

I'm not sure.

How any of Puerto Rico's people are either English or Hispanophone or both?

I'm not sure.

How many Hawaiians live in the U.S. mainland?

I'm not sure.

Where have farm ranchers and English ranchers settled?

I'm not sure.


Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

Why did Cubans come to the United States?

Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability

What year did most Cubans start coming to America?

The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States

Where do most Cuban Americans live?

, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States

Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?

most are fluent in Spanish

Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?

In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

Cuba's political instability caused what?

I'm not sure.

What year did Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship end?

I'm not sure.

Who came into power in Cuba in 1959?

I'm not sure.

Most Cubans settled in which southern state?

I'm not sure.

Which city's first language is Spanish due to Cuban immigration?

I'm not sure.

Why did Baptista come to United States?

I'm not sure.

What year did most Spanish start coming to America?

I'm not sure.

Where do most Spanish live?

I'm not sure.

Do Floridians speak Spanish in America?

I'm not sure.

Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in Cuba?

I'm not sure.


Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. The uprising of the Sandinista revolution which toppled the Somoza dictatorship in 1979 caused many Nicaraguans to migrate particularly from those opposing the Sandinistas. Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988, and the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries. The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.

What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?

Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans

Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?

political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s

When did the Nicaraguans arrive?

Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988

Where did Nicaraguans settle in America?

The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.

Was there a specific reason many Nicaraguans fled to the U.S.?

the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries.

Spanish speaking Nicaraguans also migrated for what reason?

I'm not sure.

What years did Nicaraguans migrate?

I'm not sure.

Which revolution toppled the Somoza dictatorship?

I'm not sure.

What was another term for the Contra War?

I'm not sure.

When did the Contra War end?

I'm not sure.

What other Spanish Speaking people come to Florida?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Nicaraguans come to Florida?

I'm not sure.

When did the Floridians arrive?

I'm not sure.

Was there a specific reason many Floridians fled to the U.S.?

I'm not sure.

When did Florida Support the Contra War?

I'm not sure.


The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s, in which 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.

Why did Salvadorans come to America?

The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.

When did Salvadorans come to America?

The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s

How many Salvadorans immigrated?

20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,

What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?

United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group

Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?

Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.

Why did Salvadorans begin an exodus?

I'm not sure.

What caused the largest immigration of Salvadorans?

I'm not sure.

How many Salvadorans came to the US?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Salvadorans come to the US?

I'm not sure.

What's the fourth-largest Hispanic-Latino American group?

I'm not sure.

Why did Slavadorians come to Mexico?

I'm not sure.

When did Salvadorians come to Mexico?

I'm not sure.

What is the population of Salvadorans living in Mexico?

I'm not sure.

Who is the are the fifth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group?

I'm not sure.

How many of El Salvador's population escaped to Mexico?

I'm not sure.


As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador, including earthquakes and hurricanes. By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.

Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?

civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s

When did Salvadorans flee

Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990

Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?

the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000.

Is the  Salvadoran population still growing?

the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters

How many  Salvadorans  are in America now?

By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.

Why did Central Americans flee to El Salvador?

I'm not sure.

How many Salvadorans are in Mexico now?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of El Salvador in 1980?

I'm not sure.

What was the population of El Salvador in 1990?

I'm not sure.

What natural disasters hit the United States?

I'm not sure.


Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela, only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who born and/or grew up in Venezuela speaking Spanish. From 1910 to 1930, it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States; however, there are few specific figures indicating these statistics. Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation. They are frequently joined by relatives. However, since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary and due to the economic fluctuations in Venezuela which also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the US.

When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?

Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States.

Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries?

Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela

Why did Venezuelans come to America?

Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation.

Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before?

since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary

When did the Venezuelans emmigrate to Mexico?

I'm not sure.

Why did Europeans come to America?

I'm not sure.

Since when has European immigration included hopes of a higher salary?

I'm not sure.

How many South Americans emigrated to Mexico from 1910 to 1930?

I'm not sure.

When did Europenan immigrants go to Venezuela and later to Mexico?

I'm not sure.


In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States (mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral and Weston. Other main states with Venezuelan American populations are, according to the 1990 census, New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland. Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.

How did Chavez affect the Venezuelans?

In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States

What areas of America did the Venezuelans settle in?

mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida

Are there any other areas of America Venezuelans settled in?

New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland.

Where are the most populated city's Venezuelan live in?

Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.

What areas of America did the Chavez settle in?

I'm not sure.

Where are the most populated cities Floridians live in?

I'm not sure.

What census recorded Floridian populations?

I'm not sure.

When did Floridians oppose Hugo Chavez?

I'm not sure.

Where is the largest concentration of Floridians?

I'm not sure.


Although the United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere. Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language, especially at the management level. Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents, in Spanish and English, and other commonly used languages. By 2015, there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.

What language is spoken in the U.S.A?

English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere.

Is there such a thing as bilingual state?

Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents

Do American Hispanics speak English in the home?

there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.

Is there an official language of the United States?

United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language

What language is spoken in Mexico?

I'm not sure.

What is the official language of the United States?

I'm not sure.

By when did most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only Spanish in the home?

I'm not sure.

Who uses Spanish as their internal working languages?

I'm not sure.

What is a state that provides monolingual legislated notices?

I'm not sure.


The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s, although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones (including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English); the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.

Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history?

The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico

What is the states history?

The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory.

Has New Mexico had a majority of Spanish speaking natives.

The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s

Are Arizona and New Mexico residents speaking Spanish or English?

the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.

Who does the state have territory ties with?

I'm not sure.

What was part of Mexico territory until 1863?

I'm not sure.

What area has a the same ratio or anglophones?

I'm not sure.

What was the eastern half of the New Mexico Territory made into?

I'm not sure.


New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English. Although English is the state government's paper working language, government business is often conducted in Spanish, particularly at the local level. Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.–Mexico border since the 16th century.[citation needed]

Does New Mexico have an official language?

the state has no official language.

What language is New Mexico's language written in?

New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English.

How long has New Mexico been speaking Spanish?

Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.–Mexico border since the 16th century

Is New Mexico known for the Spanish language?

New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state

Does Colorado have an official language?

I'm not sure.

What language is Colorado's laws written in?

I'm not sure.

For how long has Spanish been spoken in Spain?

I'm not sure.

What is government business often conducted in in Spain?

I'm not sure.

What is the Colorado government's paper working laguage?

I'm not sure.


Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico. New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos), and borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings, particularly in the preterite, and partial merging of the second and third conjugations.

Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?

Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence

Is New Mexico's language different than from other Spanish dialect

, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish

How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?

has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico.

Does New Mexico's language also include other dialect?

New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos)

Does New Mexico also use language from the  American language when spoken in Spanish?

borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings

Why is Colorado always an after thought in American-Spanish speaking society?

I'm not sure.

How does Coloradp's Spanish dialect differ?

I'm not sure.

Does Colorado also use language from the American language when spoken in Spanish?

I'm not sure.

What has been relatively isolated from other English-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for English-Spanish words?

I'm not sure.


In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language (though it lacks de jure status) and is used in government. However, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Texas's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic, and consequently, Spanish is commonly spoken in the region. The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.

What is Texas official language?

In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language

Are there exceptions to Texas official language?

, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas.

How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?

. The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish

How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?

websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.

What is Mexico official language?

I'm not sure.

Are there exceptions to Mexico official language?

I'm not sure.

How does Texas handle people who don't speak Spanish?

I'm not sure.

What are most of Mexico's counties bordering Texas?

I'm not sure.

What has increased the import of English in Texas?

I'm not sure.


Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and of higher education. More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled, followed by French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%) although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.

What language, other than English, is spoken in the U.S.?

Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language

Are students taught Spanish in american schools?

More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses

How popular are Spanish language classes in the U.S,?

Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled

What other languages are popular among American students?

French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%)

Are these other languages learned in the U.S. as popular as Spanish?

totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.

What language other than American is spoken in the U.S.?

I'm not sure.

How popular are English classes in the U.S.?

I'm not sure.

What other languages are popular among Mexican students?

I'm not sure.

Are there other languages learned in the U.S. besides English?

I'm not sure.

How many university students were enrolled in autumn of 2002?

I'm not sure.


The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies. There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.

What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish?

The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish

Was this always the case in American political addresses?

following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov.

Does Washington (government) operate in both languages (bilingual-Spanish?)

politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies

If someone is not bilingual and only speaks Spanish, how do they learn about current events?

There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television

Is the Hispanic population relevant to the American media?

local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.

What speech is delivered only in English?

I'm not sure.

How many newspapers are there in Spain?

I'm not sure.

When did advertising for the English market increase?

I'm not sure.

How much did advertising for the English market increase from 1999 to 2000.

I'm not sure.

What language is used in the State of the Union?

I'm not sure.


Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants. Mr Veltman's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born. The complete set of these studies' demographic projections postulates the near-complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations. Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated), data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.

Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?

Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project

What is Calvin Veltman' study about?

the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants

What was Calvin Veltman' findings?

high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born.

Is Calvin Veltman' relevant to today's Hispanic Americans?

his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated),

Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman' for the modern age?

data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.

Who undertook the most complete study of Hispanic language adoption?

I'm not sure.

What demographics did Veltman exclude from the study?

I'm not sure.

Data from which census confirms the great Anglicization of the billingual population?

I'm not sure.

What is the preferred language of Hispanophone immigrants?

I'm not sure.

How many generations are required for a Native American to assimilate?

I'm not sure.


After the incorporation of these states to the United States in the first half of the 19th century, the Spanish language was later reinforced in the country by the acquisition of Puerto Rico in 1898. Later waves of emigration from Mexico, Cuba, El Salvador and elsewhere in Hispanic America to the United States beginning in the second half of the 19th century to the present-day have strengthened the role of the Spanish language in the country. Today, Hispanics are one of the fastest growing demographics in the United States, thus increasing the use and importance of American Spanish in the United States.

Which century did the US incorporate Spanish?

I'm not sure.

Which acquisition reinforced the Spanish language?

I'm not sure.

What year did Puerto Rico become a state?

I'm not sure.

Which countries came in major emigrations to the US?

I'm not sure.

What grows in the US as the Spanish population increases?

I'm not sure.

What was incorporated to the united states in the first half of the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

When was the aquisition of Spain?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the fastest growing demographics in Spain?

I'm not sure.

What strengthened the role of the English language in the the country?

I'm not sure.

Who increases the use and importance of American English in the United States?

I'm not sure.


Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean."

What is the oldest city in South Carolina?

Charleston

What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?

Charleston County

Charleston is located on what harbor?

Charleston Harbor

Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?

Atlantic Ocean

What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?

Ashley Rivers

What county is Charleston located in?

Charleston County

Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?

Atlantic Ocean

What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?

Cooper Rivers

What is the newest city in South Carolina?

I'm not sure.

What county is Charleston, North Carolina located in?

I'm not sure.

Charleston isn't located on what harbor?

I'm not sure.

Charleston Harbor is an outlet of what ocean?

I'm not sure.

What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Bay?

I'm not sure.


Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083  (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 – the third-largest in the state – and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.

What year was Charleston founded?

What was Charleston's original name?

Charles Town

Charles Town was named after which king?

King Charles II of England

Where was the city originally located?

Albemarle Point

What was Charleston's population in 2010?

What year was Charleston originally founded?

What was the originally name of Charleston?

Charles Town

Who was Charles Town named after?

King Charles II of England

How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?

Where was Charleston's first location?

Albemarle Point

What year wasn't Charleston founded?

I'm not sure.

What was Charleston's unoriginal name?

I'm not sure.

Charles Town was named after which queen?

I'm not sure.

Where wasn't the city originally located?

I'm not sure.

What was Charleston's population in 2012?

I'm not sure.


According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2) is covered by water. The old city is located on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlestonians say, "The Ashley and the Cooper Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean." The entire peninsula is very low, some is landfill material, and as such, frequently floods during heavy rains, storm surges, and unusually high tides. The city limits have expanded across the Ashley River from the peninsula, encompassing the majority of West Ashley as well as James Island and some of Johns Island. The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River.

How large is Charleston, South Carolina?

127.5 square miles (330.2 km2)

Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula?

North Charleston

How much of Charleston is covered by water?

18.5 square miles (47.9 km2)

How of Charleston's total area is dry land?

109.0 square miles (282.2 km2)

What town occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River?

Mount Pleasant

How small is Charleston, South Carolina?

I'm not sure.

Which city blocks Charleston for expanding down the peninsula?

I'm not sure.

How much of Charleston isn't covered by water?

I'm not sure.

How of Charleston's total area isn't dry land?

I'm not sure.

What town occupies the land directly west of the Cooper River?

I'm not sure.