In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving East Prussia to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish Duchy of Courland to Russia. Aleksey Petrovich, Graf (count) Bestuzhev-Ryumin, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress Elizabeth, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support.

What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56?

June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire

According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746, what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia?

They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria

What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact?

the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria

What individual was the main target of the pact?

Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether

Why couldn't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia?

he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia


The Hanoverian king George II of Great Britain was passionately devoted to his family’s continental holdings, but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas. If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack. France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain, but it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

What was the house of king George II?

Hanover

Name two diverse geographies that king George II had to protect.

his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas

How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover?

it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

Why would France want to invade Hanover?

France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain

What was Britain's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed?

Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack


French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies. Louis’s goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests.

What was the objective of le Secret du roi?

goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies

Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?

his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti,

What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?

Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests

What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?

Unbeknownst to his foreign minister,

What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?

Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian


Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Augustus III, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria.

What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?

Saxony and Polish west Prussia

What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?

could not expect French support

What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?

he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack

What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?

the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia

Who was Poland's ancient ally?

Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania,


In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's basic framework for the alliance itself was to protect Hanover's interests against France. While at the same time, Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria. Not only that, France had no intention to ally with Russia, who meddled with their affairs in Austria's succession war, years earlier, and saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.

What country was pleased that Britain used its Hanover vote to elect Joseph as Te Holy Roman Emperor?

Austria

What country and person were displeased that Britain used it Hanover vote to elect Joseph as the Holy Roman Emporer?

Frederick and Prussia

What was the French view about the dismemberment of Prussia?

saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.

What was a major objective of Britain in joining the Austro-Russian alliance?

to protect Hanover's interests against France.

What was Kaunitz's objective with the French?

Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria


Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's insistence on neutrality, Britain soon turned to Russia. On September 30, 1755, Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover immediately. Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. Unbeknownst to the other powers, King George II also made overtures to the Prussian king; Frederick, who began fearing the Austro-Russian intentions, and was excited to welcome a rapprochement with Britain. On January 16, 1756, the Convention of Westminster was signed wherein Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another in order to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe.

What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia?

willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid

What did Russia use Britain's money for?

to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover

What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster?

Britain and Prussia

When was the Convention of Westminster signed?

January 16, 1756

Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border?

Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia,


The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin. Thereafter, on May 1, 1756, the First Treaty of Versailles was signed, in which both nations pledged 24.000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack. This diplomatic revolution proved to be an important cause of the war; although both treaties were self-defensive in nature, the actions of both coalitions made the war virtually inevitable.

What was the response of Empress Elizabeth of Russia to the English-Prussian agreement?

Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged

Why was France mad at the British-Prussian agreement?

France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria,

France was now in a desperate position, what did they do?

France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance

Who were the parties to the treaty of Versailles?

Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France

How many troops did Austria and France pledge to defend each other?

24.000 troops


The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named Fort Duquesne. British colonial militia from Virginia were then sent to drive them out. Led by George Washington, they ambushed a small French force at Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander Jumonville. The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at Fort Necessity on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender.

Where did the French build Fort Duquesne?

the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River

What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built?

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne?

British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful

Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne?

Led by George Washington

Where did the French for General George Washington's surrender?

Fort Necessity


News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, which was immediately followed by their expulsion of the Acadians. In July British Major General Edward Braddock led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne, but the expedition ended in disastrous defeat. In further action, Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships. In September 1755, French and British troops met in the inconclusive Battle of Lake George.

Which country dispatched regular troops to North America?

Britain and France

What was the result of the British attack on Ft Duquesne?

the expedition ended in disastrous defeat

Who led the British assault on Ft. Duquesne?

British Major General Edward Braddock

What was the result of the naval encounter between Britain and France?

Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships

Who won the Battle of Lake George?

inconclusive


For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions. This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, but although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes.

How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies?

It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help

Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm?

geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult

Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?

several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative

In treaty negotiations, what trades did France hope to make.

in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions.

How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?

France had few counterbalancing European successes.


The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly France.:15–16 By subsidising the armies of continental allies, Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage. In the Seven Years' War, the British chose as their principal partner the greatest general of the day, Frederick the Great of Prussia, then the rising power in central Europe, and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns.:106 This was accomplished in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favor of Prussia, leaving Austria to side with France. In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies, taking full advantage of its naval power. :64–66 The British pursued a dual strategy – naval blockade and bombardment of enemy ports, and rapid movement of troops by sea. They harassed enemy shipping and attacked enemy colonies, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort.

How did the British avoid having large contingents of troops in continental Europe?

allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies,

Identify an advantage that Britain had during the Seven Year's War.

Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage

Who led the armies supporting British interests in central Europe?

Frederick the Great of Prussia

What country was driven into an alliance with France by the British pairing with Prussia?

leaving Austria to side with France

How did the British behave in defending their colonies compared to the French approach?

In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies


William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade new France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized how vulnerable was the French Empire.

What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?

a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire

What locations did Pitt want from France?

North America and India

What was Pitt's primary military advantage?

Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy

How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?

He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies

How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?

even after that the British continued his strategy


The British Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe. However, a large French force was assembled at Toulon, and the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca, and the island was captured on 28 June (for which Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed). War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.

What was the reason that the British Prime Minister thought that ware in Europe could be prevented?

the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe

What country initiated conflict?

the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca

What was the result for Admiral Byng?

Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed

When was war declared between Britain and France?

War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May

How did the timing of the declaration of war compare to the conflicts in North America between Britain and France?

nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.


Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then using the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade Moravia from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.

How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?

he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony

What country was Saxony aligned with?

Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria

Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?

pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia

What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?

he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia

What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?

to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense


Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden.

How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?

leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary

How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?

leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east

Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.

a column of about 15,000 men

Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.

a column of 18,000 men

Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith

a corps of 30,000 troops.


The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the Siege of Pirna, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The only significant Austrian success was the partial occupation of Silesia. Far from being easy, Frederick's early successes proved indecisive and very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war.

How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?

Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered.

What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?

Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne

What happened to the Saxon army?

Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army

What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?

attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage

What was the result of the fury of Europe?

led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition


Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤670,000 (equivalent to ₤89.9 million in 2015) to its new ally. A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The British attempted to persuade the Dutch Republic to join the alliance, but the request was rejected, as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral. Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.

How did Britain Protect Hanover?

combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover

How did the British support Prussia?

shipping supplies and ₤670,000

Why did the Dutch reject Britain's offer to join the alliance?

the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral

Who had done better, the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America?

successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.

Who led the force to defend Hanover?

under the command of the Duke of Cumberland


In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then laid siege to the city. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia. Austrian Marshal Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting Battle of Kolin was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first military defeat. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.

Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?

the fortifications of Prague

Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757

Frederick II

What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?

both forces suffered major casualties

Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague?

Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia

How did Austrian Marshall Daun reverse the situation at Prague?

picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague.


Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take Königsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?

five days of artillery bombardment

How did the Russians used the captured Memel?

used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia

What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?

defeated a smaller Prussian force

What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?

he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory

What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?

Sweden


Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west. However, in November and December of 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. In spite of this, the Prussians were now facing the prospect of four major powers attacking on four fronts (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North). Meanwhile, a combined force from a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership, thus threatening Prussian control of Saxony.

What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?

the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west

What was the initial result of the French invasion?

Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757

What was the result of the Austrian invasion?

then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757

Name the four opponents of Prussia.

(France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)

What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?

a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership


This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.

What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?

Cumberland

What country won the battle at Hanover?

French

How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?

Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war

How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?

Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance


Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded its capital Stralsund. George II of Great Britain, on the advice of his British ministers, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at Fort William Henry. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition government that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the Continent, particularly in defence of Germany, and William Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize French colonies around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?

Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758

What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?

the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania

What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?

occupied most of Swedish Pomerania

What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?

Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine.

What political development shaped the policy of the British?

successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition


Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?

Count András Hadik

What city did Hadik occupy?

occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night

How was Berlin spared?

city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers

What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?

he immediately sent a larger force to free the city

How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?

Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines


In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war.

Where did Frederick invade in 1758

Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia

What city did Frederick lay siege to?

Olmütz

What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?

Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz,

How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?

Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia.


In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of Düsseldorf, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.

What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?

an annual subsidy of £670,000

How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?

Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army

Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?

the French

What caused alarm in France?

re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces

Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?

he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine


By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor. Both sides suffered heavy casualties – the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000 – but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin.

How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?

marched to counter it.

How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?

35,000 men

How many Russians were in defense?

Russian army of 43,000

Which army withdrew?

the Russians withdrew

What country was Prussia fighting on another front?

Swedish


The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Kołobrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians.

What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?

Marshal Daun

What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?

lost much of his artillery

Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?

retreated in good order, helped by dense woods

What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?

The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough

How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?

, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter


The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/

1759 saw several Prussian defeats

How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?

47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians

What happened at Minden in 1757?

the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French

What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?

Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000

What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?

Frederick himself lost half his army


The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos. In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?

near the mouth of the Loire

How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?

their Brest and Toulon fleets

What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?

the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet

What happened to the French Brest fleet?

caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground

With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?

putting an end to the French plans.


Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October, but could not hold it for long. The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau; but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Identify a success of the Austrians?

the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz

Where is Glatz

Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia

What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?

outnumbered three to one

Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?

General Saltykov

Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?

he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.


1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?

Spain

Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?

Portugal

Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?

Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side

What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?

. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida

Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?

the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain


On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?

the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them

What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?

. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons

Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians

Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania

identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.

the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.

What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?

. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.


Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Saxony, while his brother Henry won a victory in Silesia in the Battle of Freiberg (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of Göttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.

Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?

offering concessions to secure peace

How many troops did Frederick have left?

60,000 men

What development in Russia assisted Prussia?

Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin

What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?

Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden

What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?

He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command


By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?

his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened

In 1763 what was the status of Austria?

facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army

What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?

British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute

What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?

Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war

What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?

In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.


Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.

What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?

saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise

What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?

The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay

How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?

it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan

What damage was done at the alternate site?

It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction

How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?

the expedition returned having damaged French privateering


Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

Who decided to send British troops into Germany?

Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;

Who led the invasion troops?

The elderly General Bligh

Where did the troops land?

Cherbourg

Was the landing successful?

the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,

How did the British treat Cherbourg?

destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.


The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?

Worsening weather

How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?

the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast

How did the army get to the new anchorage location?

the army proceeded overland.

What happened to the British army?

a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops

How did the British army escape

A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked


Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.

What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?

Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756

What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758

captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758

Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.

The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762

What success did the British have in Cuba?

Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba

What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?

Manila in the Philippines


During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan. Therefore, the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York, and the North-west Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.

Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?

These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley

Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?

the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois

How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?

the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley

Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?

The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British

How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?

The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war


In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?

France's native allies

How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?

slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children

How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?

the French refused to protect their captives

How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?

French naval deployments

What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?

securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.


British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac. The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island), the St. John River valley, and the Petitcodiac River valley. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the Battle of Carillon (Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British.

How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?

French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena

Identify two other French possessions captured by the British.

Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac

Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean?

the Acadian population

What is Lie Saint-Jean called today?

Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island)

How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion?

4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British


All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside the city. The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, but they were unable to retake Quebec, due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville. The French forces retreated to Montreal, where on 8 September they surrendered to overwhelming British numerical superiority.

Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759

All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759

What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?

Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces

When did General Wolfe take Quebec?

On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French

Did the French take Quebec back?

they were unable to retake Quebec

What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?

British naval superiority


In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

Where did the French attack in 1762?

St. John's, Newfoundland

What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?

the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table

Did the French take St. John's?

they took St. John's

Did the French hold St. John's?

French forces were eventually defeated by British troops

Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?

Battle of Signal Hill


The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.

Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.

the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec

Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.

the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry

How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?

generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels

What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?

Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans

What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?

maps and other printed materials


The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

How were the British-French hostilities concluded?

hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris

Who ended up owning Louisiana?

the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana

What part of North America did Britain end up with?

they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?

Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter

What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans

Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans


In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent.

What did France retain in India?

returned all the French trading ports

How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?

treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt

What French ally in the area abandoned the French?

loss of France's ally in Bengal

Who defected to the British?

the defection of Hyderabad to the British

What happened to French power in the area?

this effectively brought French power in India to an end


The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on February 15, 1763, at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig. Negotiations had started there on December 31, 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on excluding Russia (in fact, no longer a belligerent) from the negotiations. At the same time, he refused to evacuate Saxony until its elector had renounced any claim to reparation. The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it. The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748, with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector. The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor.

Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed?

at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig.

Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?

Austria, Prussia, and Saxony

What country made gains in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?

The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748

What did Austrian want in the Treaty of Hubertusburg

The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz

Did the Austrians retain Glatz?

Frederick would not allow it


Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the War of the Austrian Succession and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system. Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and its army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?

Austria's prestige was restored in great part

How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?

was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

What area was preserved from Prussian invasion?

it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony

Did Austria get Silesia back?

Austria was not able to retake Silesia

Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?

by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections


Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as she had more voices on the path that its army should have taken, and managed to slip out of the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now somehow-belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain, It can amassed a considerable power, even brought Britain in, on the future conflicts. This power dynamic is important to the future and the latter conflicts of the empire. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still not enough to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?

the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war.

What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?

Beside the rise of Prussia

What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?

-belligerent Hanover

How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?

she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

Which British king supported Hanover following the war?

George III of Great Britain


Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia’s volte-face after Elizabeth’s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The First Partition of Poland (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored.

What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?

Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced

What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?

his military genius was strenuously kept alive

What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?

Russia’s volte-face

What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?

Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland

What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?

a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved


The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the latter but led to considerable outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The Quebec Act of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists. The act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the Québécois remained loyal and did not rebel.

Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?

American Indian tribes

Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?

outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands

Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?

French Canadians

How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion?

The act protected Catholic religion

What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language?

The act protected Catholic religion and French language


The war had also brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Ottoman Empire, and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.

What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?

Lord Sandwich

What countries joined Britain as allies?

lacking any substantial ally

Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?

now saw Britain as a greater threat than France

When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?

What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?

Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762


Richard Phillips Feynman (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time.

Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?

parton model

Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?

Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga

In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize?

Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved, what are these known as?

Feynman diagrams

What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?

ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time

What was the disintegrated model in particle physics that Feynman proposed?

I'm not sure.

Who were the two women that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?

I'm not sure.

What year did Feynman lose his Nobel Prize?

I'm not sure.

What diagrams was Feynman unknown for making?

I'm not sure.

What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1989 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?

I'm not sure.


Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.

What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?

There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?

The Feynman Lectures on Physics

What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?

Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?

Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman

Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___

lectures

What was the name of Feynman's 1969 talk on nanotech?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as a graduate?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of one of his fiction books?

I'm not sure.

What book did John Gleck write about Feynman?

I'm not sure.

Why did Feynman lose credit for his writing?

I'm not sure.


Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, the son of Lucille (née Phillips), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager. His family originated from Russia and Poland; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews. They were not religious, and by his youth Feynman described himself as an "avowed atheist". He also stated "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'." Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time, and remarked that he found it a "wonderful book" and "valuable".

What was the date of Feynman's birth?

May 11, 1918

In what city was Feynman born?

New York City

Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?

atheist

What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold?

Ashkenazi

What did Feynam think of the Talmud?

"wonderful book" and "valuable"

What was the incorrect date of Feynman's birth?

I'm not sure.

What city was Feynman abandoned in at his birth?

I'm not sure.

Whats is no longer Feynman's religious affiliation?

I'm not sure.

What Jewish affiliation did his parents revoke?

I'm not sure.

What book did Feynman not encounter in a Seminary?

I'm not sure.


The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.

What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?

humor

What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?

father

What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?

radios

As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away, what was it?

home burglar alarm system

What talent did Feynman have, even early in his childhood?

engineering

What personality trait did Feynman hide from his mother?

I'm not sure.

What person influenced Feynman to think shallow?

I'm not sure.

What electronic instrument did Feynman break as a child?

I'm not sure.

What electronic device was Feynman restricted from building?

I'm not sure.

What talent did Feynman develop only after his childhood?

I'm not sure.


When Richard was five years old, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, but this brother died at four weeks of age. Four years later, Richard gained a sister, Joan, and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, as they both shared a natural curiosity about the world. Their mother thought that women did not have the cranial capacity to comprehend such things. Despite their mother's disapproval of Joan's desire to study astronomy, Richard encouraged his sister to explore the universe. Joan eventually became an astrophysicist specializing in interactions between the Earth and the solar wind.

What happened to Feyman's younger brother?

died at four weeks of age

What is Feynman's sister's name?

Joan

What science displicine did Feyman encourage his sister to study?

astronomy

Who was the one that pushed Joan to explore the universe?

Richard

What career did Joan hold?

astrophysicist

What happened to Feyman's younger parent?

I'm not sure.

What is Feynman's estranged sister's name?

I'm not sure.

What scientific discipline did Feynman discourage his sister from studying?

I'm not sure.

Who was the one that pushed Richard to explore the universe?

I'm not sure.

What career did Joan lose?

I'm not sure.


Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123—high, but "merely respectable" according to biographer James Gleick. When he turned 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. In high school he was developing the mathematical intuition behind his Taylor series of mathematical operators. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation.

What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?

What high school did Feynman go to?

Far Rockaway High School

Feyman taught himself many math subjects, including Trigonometry at what age?

What did Feyman derive before he went to college?

half-derivative

What burrough was Feynman's high school in?

Queens

What IQ score did Feynman attain in middle school?

I'm not sure.

What high school did Feynman get expelled from?

I'm not sure.

What age did Feynman forget Trigonometry?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman derive only after college?

I'm not sure.


He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics—an unprecedented feat—but did rather poorly on the history and English portions. Attendees at Feynman's first seminar included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. He received a PhD from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. Feynman's thesis applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laying the groundwork for the "path integral" approach and Feynman diagrams, and was titled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics".

Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in?

mathematics and physics

Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in?

history and English

What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams?

perfect score

When did he receive his PhD?

What was Feynman's PhD thesis titled?

The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics

Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman fail?

I'm not sure.

Which one section of the graduate exam did Feynman do well in?

I'm not sure.

What score did Feynman receive on his history exams?

I'm not sure.

When did Feynman lose his PhD?

I'm not sure.

What was Feynman's banned PhD thesis titled?

I'm not sure.


At Princeton, the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project—the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb. Feynman said he was persuaded to join this effort to build it before Nazi Germany developed their own bomb. He was assigned to Hans Bethe's theoretical division and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe–Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work by Robert Serber.

Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?

Manhattan Project

Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project?

Hans Bethe

What did Feynman produce with the help of Bethe?

Bethe–Feynman formula

What was the purpose of the Bethe-Feynman formula?

calculating the yield of a fission bomb

Who had previously worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman?

Robert Serber

Which weaponry research did Feynman oppose?

I'm not sure.

Whose division was Feynman restricted from at the Manhattan Project?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman produce without the help of Bethe?

I'm not sure.

Why was the Bethe-Feynman formula unnecessary?

I'm not sure.

Who had never worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman?

I'm not sure.


He immersed himself in work on the project, and was present at the Trinity bomb test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. On witnessing the blast, Feynman ducked towards the floor of his truck because of the immense brightness of the explosion, where he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage of the event.

Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation

truck windshield

What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?

Trinity bomb test

What did Feynman see after the atomic test?

"purple splotch" afterimage

What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against?

ultraviolet radiation

What bomb test was Feynman not present for?

I'm not sure.

What was invisible to Feynman after the atomic test?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman think that wind would shield him against?

I'm not sure.

Why did Feynman decide never to have a truck?

I'm not sure.


Feynman's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality. On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility, where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents (for example, due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall) could be avoided. He also did theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which later proved not to be feasible.

What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?

nuclear reactor

Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?

Oak Ridge facility

What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?

safety procedures

Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible?

uranium hydride bomb

Where did Feynman work on the "Wateer Boiler"?

Los Alamos

What was the Water Boiler that Feynman had no influence on?

I'm not sure.

Where was Feynman imprisoned after his work at Los Alamos?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman help destroy at the Oak Ridge Facility?

I'm not sure.

Which weapon did Feynman find to be feasible?

I'm not sure.

Where was the "Water Boiler" worked on without Feynman?

I'm not sure.


Due to the top secret nature of the work, Los Alamos was isolated. In Feynman's own words, "There wasn't anything to do there." Bored, he indulged his curiosity by learning to pick the combination locks on cabinets and desks used to secure papers. Feynman played many jokes on colleagues. In one case he found the combination to a locked filing cabinet by trying the numbers he thought a physicist would use (it proved to be 27–18–28 after the base of natural logarithms, e = 2.71828...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept a set of atomic bomb research notes all had the same combination. He left a series of notes in the cabinets as a prank, which initially spooked his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy or saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets. On several occasions, Feynman drove to Albuquerque to see his ailing wife in a car borrowed from Klaus Fuchs, who was later discovered to be a real spy for the Soviets, transporting nuclear secrets in his car to Santa Fe.

Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __?

top secret

How did Feynman spook a colleague?

left a series of notes in the cabinets

What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he found these notes?

saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets

Feynman visited his wife in which New Mexico city?

Albuquerque

Feynman borrowed a car from Klaus Fuchs, who was later found to be a what?

spy for the Soviets

How did Feynman help a colleague?

I'm not sure.

What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he stole these notes?

I'm not sure.

Which New England city did Feynman visit his wife in?

I'm not sure.

Who did Feynman steal a car from?

I'm not sure.

What job did Feynman's driver have?

I'm not sure.


Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression".

In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?

The Pleasure of Finding Things Out

What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?

possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies

After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?

depression

What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?

error on his part

Which book did Feynman avoid about the Manhattan project?

I'm not sure.

What was his reasoning in helping destroy the atomic bomb?

I'm not sure.

What disorder was Feynman falsely diagnosed with?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Spain had been defeated?

I'm not sure.


Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."

Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?

University of Wisconsin–Madison

Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?

Dean Mark Ingraham

Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?

Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?

Manhattan project

Where did Feynman get rejected for a job after getting his PhD?

I'm not sure.

Who told Feynman to never return to teaching?

I'm not sure.

Which year did Feynman lose his PhD?

I'm not sure.

Where was Feynman a senior professor of physics in 1942?

I'm not sure.


After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities.

At which college did Feyman turn down a job?

Institute for Advanced Study

Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?

Cornell University

Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?

Hans Bethe

Why did Feynman go through a depression?

destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb

His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?

Nobel Prize–winning work

Which college did Feynman always have a job in?

I'm not sure.

Where did Feynman turn down a job after the war?

I'm not sure.

Which colleague did Feynman avoid at Cornell?

I'm not sure.

Why was Feynman immune to depression?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman's work make him hated for?

I'm not sure.


Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca.

Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?

no teaching duties

Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?

students

The  Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?

Princeton University

Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?

California Institute of Technology

In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?

Ithaca

Why did Feynman decide to accept all offers from the Institute of Advanced Study?

I'm not sure.

Where did Feynman receive no inspiration?

I'm not sure.

What university forbid Feynman from being on campus?

I'm not sure.

What college did Feynman end up living in?

I'm not sure.

Which city did Feynman get lost in after affixing tire chains?

I'm not sure.


Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone".

Which nickname did Feynman receive?

Great Explainer

Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?

fully understood

In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?

antiparticles

Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?

light cone

Which nickname did Feynman lose?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman suggest can't exist in a lecture?

I'm not sure.

What unknown teacher was considered the "Great Explainer"?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman think were static and could never spin?

I'm not sure.


He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van.

What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?

Feynman diagrams

What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?

positrons

Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?

his van

What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?

approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes

What did Feynman steal that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the antiparticle part of electrons?

I'm not sure.

Where did Feynman code his diagrams?

I'm not sure.

What did Feynman diagrams allow nobody to do?

I'm not sure.

What diagrams did Feynman put on the exterior of his truck?

I'm not sure.


From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.

What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?

quark model

What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?

parton model

Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?

not real particles

Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?

Ernest Rutherford

After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?

sixth quark

What model did Murray Gell-Mann oppose?

I'm not sure.

What model did Feynman produce to go against the quark model?

I'm not sure.

What were quarks thought of in the 1990s?

I'm not sure.

Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of silver?

I'm not sure.

What was discovered after the seventh quark?

I'm not sure.