The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

Why was the internet developed?

a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities

when was the internet developed?

what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?

a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet

When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?

how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?

4 years

What was developed as a way for various universities to communicate with each other?

I'm not sure.

What process was set up by the early 1980s?

I'm not sure.

When was the Internet further restricted?

I'm not sure.

What happened four years after the introduction of the World Wide Web?

I'm not sure.


In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.

Where were the first isps established?

Australia and the United States

where was the first commercial isp in the us located?

Brookline, Massachusetts

when was the first commercial isp customer served?

November 1989

when were the first commercial isps established?

what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?

The World

Where was the first ISP S established in 1999?

I'm not sure.

What was established in Boston Massachusetts?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the first private ISP?

I'm not sure.

What did the world do in 1999?

I'm not sure.


On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.

What would the absence of net neutrality permit?

ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content

what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns?

municipal broadband

how did president obama recommend to classify the internet?

a telecommunications service

what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet?

Title II (common carrier)

what would the internet be classified as based on title ii?

telecommunications

What did the implementation of net neutrality permit?

I'm not sure.

What was net neutrality a solution to?

I'm not sure.

What yell Law school professor considered to options regarding Internet service?

I'm not sure.

What did the Democrats present in 2015

I'm not sure.

What is the FCC expected to oppose with its vote?

I'm not sure.


On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

When did the FCC rule on net neturality?

February 2015

How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?

in favor

what did the FCC adopt for the internet?

Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934

what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to?

the First Amendment

what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?

free speech

Who ruled against neutrality in February 2015?

I'm not sure.

What to ask did FCC rule against?

I'm not sure.

Who compared his ruling to the fourth amendment?

I'm not sure.

The telecommunication act of 1934 and the Internet were compared to what?

I'm not sure.


On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.

When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?

13 April 2015

When was a general summary of net neutrality released?

I'm not sure.

When was the first draft of the net neutrality regulations published?

I'm not sure.


 ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

What do ISPs provide?

Internet access

how do isps provide internet access?

a range of technologies to connect users to their network

what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet?

television cable (CATV)

what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly?

wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)

what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet?

telephone lines

Who provides the Internet?

I'm not sure.

What old technology was unable to be used to connect to the Internet?

I'm not sure.

What technology is used to connect the Internet through wires?

I'm not sure.

Computer motherboards are used to do what?

I'm not sure.


For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

what traditional options were available for users and small businesses?

copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)

what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?

Fiber To The Home

who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?

users and small businesses

What options were available to large businesses?

I'm not sure.

What is using fiber optics to providers called?

I'm not sure.

What modern options are available to users and small businesses?

I'm not sure.


For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements?

medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs

what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers?

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

what is high-speed dsl used for?

customers with more demanding requirements

what is SONET?

synchronous optical networking

What is available to customers with less demanding requirements?

I'm not sure.

What's the abbreviation for synchronous transfer mode

I'm not sure.

What are the abbreviations for asynchronous optical networking

I'm not sure.


A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

What is a mailbox provider?

an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes

What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains?

A mailbox provider

what is the purpose of a mailbox provider?

It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email

how does a user store electronic mail?

A mailbox provider

What is an Internet mail service provider?

I'm not sure.

What online service does not provide storage?

I'm not sure.

Who allows people to send but not accept in-store mail?

I'm not sure.

Who invented male domains?

I'm not sure.


Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

What is SMTP?

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

What is IMAP?

Internet Message Access Protocol

How is access to mail provided?

implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

what are most mailbox providers as well?

access providers

who possibly controls their own mail servers?

companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals

All mailbox providers were also what?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of access providers?

I'm not sure.

What is used by organizations that depend on others to provide mail services?

I'm not sure.

How is traditional male provided?

I'm not sure.


Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

What do internet hosting services provide?

email, web-hosting, or online storage services

Who provides a virtual server service?

Internet hosting services

who provides cloud services?

Internet hosting services

Internet hosting protocols provide what?

I'm not sure.

Who provides physical servers to customers

I'm not sure.

Who provides off-line storage services

I'm not sure.


Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

Who does an ISP pay for internet access?

upstream ISPs

Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?

An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP

What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?

access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to

what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?

upstream ISPs

What do ISPs pay customers for?

I'm not sure.

What usually has a small network than a contracting ISP?

I'm not sure.

What does an upstream ISP provide for customers?

I'm not sure.

What does the contracting ISP have access to that the upstream ISP does not?

I'm not sure.


In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP?

transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network

what do transit ISPs provide?

large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs

A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?

a tier 1 carrier

What is a PoP?

point of presence

What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?

Transit ISPs

Who provides minimal amounts of bandwidth for connecting ISPs?

I'm not sure.

What is a point of protocol abbreviated as?

I'm not sure.

What has the same connection to an upstream ISP?

I'm not sure.

What transmits Internet within the home?

I'm not sure.


A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

What is a VISP?

virtual ISP

What do VISPs resemble?

mobile virtual network operators

What do visps purchase services from?

a wholesale ISP

Who does an ISP purchase services from?

I'm not sure.

Who do wholesale ISP purchased services from?

I'm not sure.

What do virtual network operators resemble?

I'm not sure.

How do VISP's customers access the Internet?

I'm not sure.


Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

What are free ISPs?

Internet service providers that provide service free of charge

What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?

advertisements

What are free ISPs similar to?

commercial television

How are freenets run?

on a nonprofit basis

What type of ISPs are free of restrictions?

I'm not sure.

Who accepts donations instead of charging for services?

I'm not sure.

What kind of television are free ISPs like?

I'm not sure.

What are for-profit ISPs called?

I'm not sure.


A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

What is a WISP?

wireless Internet service provider

What technology is part of a WISP?

commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment

What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over?

900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands

What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?

wireless networking

What is a wired Internet service provider?

I'm not sure.

What kind of uncommon networking is used for WISPs

I'm not sure.

What operates unlicensed frequencies?

I'm not sure.

What is designed to operate under open 900 MHz

I'm not sure.

W ISP do not operate in what band?

I'm not sure.


ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

What is peering?

multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points

What does peering allow?

routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted

Why is peering used?

data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP

What are IXs?

Internet exchange points

Where do multiple ISPs connect?

peering points or Internet exchange points

Who may not engage in peering?

I'm not sure.

Different networks charge each other for what?

I'm not sure.

What would've been incurred by data passing through a third upstream ISP?

I'm not sure.

Nothing to what costs ISPs more money?

I'm not sure.


Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible?

A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible

What sort of route does data follow?

the most efficient route

What trade-off is not possible?

I'm not sure.

What follows most inefficient route?

I'm not sure.

What works unreliably?

I'm not sure.

What ensures upstream connections are not reliable?

I'm not sure.


Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries?

intelligence agencies

What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?

PRISM

What does PRISM do?

provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic

What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies?

a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment

What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do?

allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time

What are ISPs not legally required to do?

I'm not sure.

What this PRISM stopped the national security agency for doing?

I'm not sure.

Who objects to PRISM

I'm not sure.

What do ISPs remove from their networks to discourage intelligence agencies?

I'm not sure.

What do many people say violates the First Amendment?

I'm not sure.


Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.

Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?

fumetti

In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?

speech balloons

What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?

online webcomics

The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?

narrative pacing

Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images?

I'm not sure.

In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics?

I'm not sure.

In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics?

I'm not sure.

What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics?

I'm not sure.


The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.

When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?

Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?

Superman

What is Japanese cartooning known as?

manga

When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news?

I'm not sure.

Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983?

I'm not sure.

Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938?

I'm not sure.

What is Chinese cartooning known as?

I'm not sure.

What is Japanese cartooning not known as?

I'm not sure.


The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

French comics are also known as what?

bandes dessinées

When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?

when it refers to the medium

The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?

recurring characters

Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?

images and text

What are Japanese comics called?

manga

French comics are not known as what?

I'm not sure.

When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural?

I'm not sure.

The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?

I'm not sure.

No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?

I'm not sure.

What are Japanese comics never called?

I'm not sure.


The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.

Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?

Rodolphe Töpffer

Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?

Richard F. Outcault

When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?

What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?

satirical

Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America?

I'm not sure.

When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books?

I'm not sure.

What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I?

I'm not sure.


Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]

In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?

Lascaux cave paintings

What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?

The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel

In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?

hieroglyphs

In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?

Trajan's Column

In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics?

I'm not sure.

What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics?

I'm not sure.

What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?

I'm not sure.

In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics?

I'm not sure.

In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics?

I'm not sure.


Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?

The Glasgow Looking Glass

When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?

In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?

Punch

Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?

Ally Sloper

When did Ally Sloper first appear?

What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end?

I'm not sure.

In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical?

I'm not sure.

Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine?

I'm not sure.

When did Ally Sloper last appear?

I'm not sure.


American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.

Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?

New York World

Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?

Outcault's The Yellow Kid

Which outlet did comic supplements fail in?

I'm not sure.

Which outlet did news supplements find success in?

I'm not sure.

Which outlet didn't comic supplements find success in?

I'm not sure.

Which strip had no success as a comic strip?

I'm not sure.

Which strip had a good deal of success as a news article?

I'm not sure.


Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.

What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?

Mutt and Jeff

When did Mutt and Jeff appear?

When did comic books make an appearance?

Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?

Action Comics

What comic strip did Bud Fisher fail with?

I'm not sure.

What news column did Bud Fisher have success with?

I'm not sure.

When did Mutt and Jeff end?

I'm not sure.

When did news books make an appearance?

I'm not sure.

Which comic book failed with its first superhero in 1938?

I'm not sure.


The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.

Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?

crime and horror

Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?

Comics Code Authority

When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?

When did the alternative comics movement begin?

Which genre of comic books had children concerned?

I'm not sure.

Which genre of comic books had parents excited?

I'm not sure.

Which group was disbanded after a Senate hearing on comic books content?

I'm not sure.

When did super heroes lose popularity again in comic books?

I'm not sure.

When did the alternative comics movement end?

I'm not sure.


From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.

Serialization of comics became less popular when?

How were comics published when serialization became less common?

as albums

Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?

L'Association

Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?

print market

Serialization of comics became more popular when?

I'm not sure.

Serialization of newspapers became less popular when?

I'm not sure.

How were comics published when serialization became more common?

I'm not sure.

Which major publisher published in formats that were not traditional?

I'm not sure.

Comics continue to decline regardless of the decrease in what market?

I'm not sure.


Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?

toba-e and kibyōshi picture books

What is ukiyo-e an example of?

woodblock prints

What picture books from the 16th century show manga origins?

I'm not sure.

What picture newspapers from the 17th century show manga origins?

I'm not sure.

What picture books from the 17th century don't show manga origins?

I'm not sure.

What is ukiyo-e not an example of?

I'm not sure.

what didn't become popular between the 17th and 20th centuries?

I'm not sure.


Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?

Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?

Western expatriates

When did Jiji Manga debut?

Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?

Rakuten Kitazawa

When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?

When did comic supplements stop showing up in Japan?

I'm not sure.

When did comic supplements start showing up in China?

I'm not sure.

Who never introduced satirical strips to Japan?

I'm not sure.

When did Jiji Manga end?

I'm not sure.

Who started the last Japanese comic strip in modern times?

I'm not sure.


The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.

What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?

Sazae-san

Where were comic strip stories first serialized?

magazines

What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?

after World War II

What comic strip was ended by Osamu Tezuka?

I'm not sure.

What comic strip wasn't created by Osamu Tezuka?

I'm not sure.

Where were comic strip stories never serialized?

I'm not sure.

What is considered the end of the modern comics in Japan?

I'm not sure.

What is considered the start of the ancient comics in Japan?

I'm not sure.


Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.

Where do comics usually appear?

newspapers

Where do comics never appear?

I'm not sure.

What country do weekly strips have normally occupied a single tier?

I'm not sure.

What country do daily strips have abnormally occupied a single tier?

I'm not sure.

What country do daily strips have normally occupied a double tier?

I'm not sure.

while Saturday strips have been given how many tiers?

I'm not sure.


Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.

Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?

magazines

How often are European serialized comics in magazines?

monthly or weekly

How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?

weekly

How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?

hundreds of pages

Where do non-serialized comics in Japan typically appear?

I'm not sure.

Where do serialized comics in Japan atypically appear?

I'm not sure.

How often are American serialized comics in magazines?

I'm not sure.

How often do serialized comics typically appear in Chinese magazines?

I'm not sure.

How long is the atypical Japanese comic magazine?

I'm not sure.


Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?

graphic novels

What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?

tankōbon

What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?

fiction

What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?

graphic novels

What are bounds volumes of newspapers called in America?

I'm not sure.

What is the name not given to Japanese comics volumes?

I'm not sure.

What type of play is the word novel generally geared towards?

I'm not sure.

What term can mean a fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?

I'm not sure.

What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of long pieces?

I'm not sure.


Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch.

Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?

Europe

When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?

In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?

Punch

Where did gag cartoons last make an appearance?

I'm not sure.

Where did serious cartoons first make an appearance?

I'm not sure.

When did serious single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?

I'm not sure.

When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as comics?

I'm not sure.

In which publication was cartoon last used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?

I'm not sure.


Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.

What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?

lowbrow reputation

Who thought pop culture was a risk?

cultural elites

What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?

Comics

What did comics have in the United States because of sports roots?

I'm not sure.

What did comics not have in the United States because of cultural roots?

I'm not sure.

Who thought pop culture wasn't at risk?

I'm not sure.

What was thought to be bad for children and those who could not read or write?

I'm not sure.

What was thought to be only good for children and those who could read or write?

I'm not sure.


The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.

What is a comic that is as long as a book called?

graphic novel

Who helped "graphic novel" get public attention?

Will Eisner

What decade did the term "graphic novel" become well known by the public?

In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?

webcomics

The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term?

Maus

What is a comic that is as short as a book called?

I'm not sure.

Who helped "graphic novel" lose public attention?

I'm not sure.

What decade did the term "graphic novel" become lesser known by the public?

I'm not sure.

In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular offline?

I'm not sure.

The loss in popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term?

I'm not sure.


The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.

Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?

Rodolphe Töpffer

What century had comics in wide production?

What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?

Zig et Puce

What comics began to dominate in Europe?

Franco-Belgian

When was "The Adventures of Tintin" serialized?

Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1872?

I'm not sure.

What century had comics in local production?

I'm not sure.

What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles unpopular?

I'm not sure.

When was "The Adventures of Tintin" unserialized?

I'm not sure.


Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest serious analysis",[c] and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature".[d]

In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?

literacy

What was seen as "infantile" in the United States?

comics

Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?

literature

In the United States in the middle of the 19th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?

I'm not sure.

In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a boon to culture and what?

I'm not sure.

What was seen as sophisticated reading in the United States?

I'm not sure.

Comics were quoted as a product of art and what?

I'm not sure.

Comics were quoted as a sabotage of writing and what?

I'm not sure.


In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.

Comics for adults began to be called what?

Ninth Art

What year did Pilote begin?

What became a best-seller comic in the French language?

Adventures of Asterix

What does bandes dessinées not mean?

I'm not sure.

Comics for kids began to be called what?

I'm not sure.

What year did Pilote end?

I'm not sure.

What became a best-seller comic in the English language?

I'm not sure.

What became a low-seller comic in the French language?

I'm not sure.


Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics.

Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?

editorial interference

When was L'Écho des savanes begun?

Métal hurlant was of what genre?

science fiction

What format did adult comics begin to be published in?

prestige

Pilote cartoonists were happy with censorship and what?

I'm not sure.

Pilote readers were upset with censorship and what?

I'm not sure.

When was L'Écho des savanes ended?

I'm not sure.

Métal hurlant wasn't of what genre?

I'm not sure.

What format did child comics begin to be published in?

I'm not sure.


Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics".

Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?

Nihon Manga-Shi

When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?

What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?

Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics

Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?

Frederik L. Schodt

What publication is Schodt responsible for?

Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics

Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara reject?

I'm not sure.

When did Hosokibara reject Nihon Manga-Shi?

I'm not sure.

What was abolished in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?

I'm not sure.

Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga inside of Japan's borders?

I'm not sure.

What publication is Schodt not responsible for?

I'm not sure.


Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott McCloud defined comics "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.

Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?

Coulton Waugh

What was the name of Waugh's work?

The Comics

Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?

David Carrier

What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?

Comics and Sequential Art

Who put together a history of American comics in 1974?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't put together a history of American comics in 1947?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the name of Waugh's work?

I'm not sure.

Who created a book about comics from a biographical point of view?

I'm not sure.

What book did Will Eisner create in 1958?

I'm not sure.


Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.

What word is used in France for comics?

bandes dessinées

What word is used in Japan for comics?

manga

What does bandes dessinées mean?

drawn strip

What is the definitive factor of bandes dessinées?

drawn images

What word is rejected in France for comics?

I'm not sure.

What word is used in France for comedies?

I'm not sure.

What word isn't used in Japan for comics?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't bandes dessinées mean?

I'm not sure.

What is the non-definitive factor of bandes dessinées?

I'm not sure.


Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.

What comics are on the Internet?

Webcomics

Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?

readers

With webcomics, readers have access to what?

archived installments

Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?

infinite canvas

What comics aren't on the Internet?

I'm not sure.

Webcomics reach small audiences and new what?

I'm not sure.

Webcomics reach large audiences and old what?

I'm not sure.

With webcomics, readers have no access to what?

I'm not sure.

Held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?

I'm not sure.


Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.

Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?

Wordless novels

Storyboards are used a lot by what?

Film studios

Storyboards are not considered what?

an end product

Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?

the public

A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?

Wordless novels

Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by all?

I'm not sure.

Storyboards are not used a lot by what?

I'm not sure.

Scripts are used a lot by what?

I'm not sure.

Storyboards are considered what?

I'm not sure.

A book without pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?

I'm not sure.


Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task.

What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?

consensus

R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what?

Theorists

What are there prominent examples of in comic history?

pantomime comics

Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary?

images

What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?

What has been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?

I'm not sure.

R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are not considered to be comic what?

I'm not sure.

What aren't there prominent examples of in comic history?

I'm not sure.

Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be secondary?

I'm not sure.

What century had remembered comic forms rediscovered?

I'm not sure.


European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.

In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?

his own

Who introduced the term "multiframe"?

Henri Vanlier

Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?

Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle

Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?

Neil Cohn

In the 1940s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the term "multiframe"?

I'm not sure.

Who never used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s

I'm not sure.

Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1980s

I'm not sure.

Who used cognitive science to learn how dogs understand comics?

I'm not sure.


Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.

What Russian word is used for comics?

komiks

What German word is used for comics?

comics

What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?

manhua

What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?

manhwa

What Russian word isn't used for comics?

I'm not sure.

What Prussian word is used for comics?

I'm not sure.

What German word isn't used for comics?

I'm not sure.

What Chinese word wasn't derived from the Japanese word manga?

I'm not sure.

What Korean word wasn't derived from the Japanese word for manga?

I'm not sure.


The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?

newspaper comic strips

Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?

non-humorous

Comic books are what type of books?

periodicals

What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?

manga

What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?

bandes dessinées

The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where?

I'm not sure.

Comic is used for what other kind of work especially humorous works?

I'm not sure.

Comic books aren't what type of books?

I'm not sure.

What is the term that the French use for the comics out of Japan?

I'm not sure.

What is the term that the English use for the comics that don't come out of Belgian?

I'm not sure.


While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons.

Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?

specialists

What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?

penciller

What does an inker do?

finishes the artwork in ink

Though one person always creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?

I'm not sure.

What is a person called who doesn't do the initial pencil work for the artwork?

I'm not sure.

What is a person called who does the initial pen work for the artwork?

I'm not sure.

What does an linker do?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't an inker do?

I'm not sure.


Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.

What are the individual images with action called in comics?

Panels

Narrative is placed into panels using what?

encapsulation

Who puts the panels together using closure?

The reader

Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?

arrangement

When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?

asynchronous

What are the multiple images with action called in comics?

I'm not sure.

Narrative isn't placed into panels using what?

I'm not sure.

Who takes the panels apart using closure?

I'm not sure.

Timing and pace of comics is made by not adjusting size, shape and what of panels?

I'm not sure.

When a comic panel has events that are at the same time the panel is considered to be what?

I'm not sure.


Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words.

What association with comics is strong?

Speech balloons

The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?

comics

What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?

onomatopoeia

What association with comics is weak?

I'm not sure.

What disassociation with comics is strong?

I'm not sure.

The presence of a double speech balloon in an image turns it into what?

I'm not sure.

The non-presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?

I'm not sure.

What type of words are used to do word effects in comics?

I'm not sure.


Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.

What type of ink is often used in making comics?

India ink

What method is mostly used in making comics?

Cartooning

Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?

digital technology

Motion lines and what are often used in comics?

abstract symbols

What type of ink is never used in making comics?

I'm not sure.

What type of ink is often used in making comedies?

I'm not sure.

What method is least used in making comics?

I'm not sure.

Mixed media and what else are becoming unpopular for making comics?

I'm not sure.

Motion lines and what are never used in comics?

I'm not sure.


The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an uncountable noun and thus takes the singular: "comics is a medium" rather than "comics are a medium". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics are in the basement."

The term comedies refers to what?

I'm not sure.

The term comics doesn't refer to what?

I'm not sure.

When comic appears as a countable verb it refers to what?

I'm not sure.

When comedies appears as a countable noun it refers to what?

I'm not sure.

When comic doesn't appear as a countable noun it refers to what?

I'm not sure.


Saint Helena (/ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.

What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?

Saint Helena of Constantinople

What ocean is Saint Helena located in?

South Atlantic Ocean

What is the population of Saint Helena?

How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?

16 by 8 kilometres


The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War.

When was the island discovered?

How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?

more than 5,000

Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?

leading a Zulu army against British rule


Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism.

The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?

environmentalism

What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?

rainfall

The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?

environmental change


Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by da Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes). However, a paper published in 2015 reviewed the discovery date and dismissed the 18 August as too late for da Nova to make a discovery and then return to Lisbon by 11 September 1502, whether he sailed from St Helena or Tristan da Cunha. It demonstrates the 21 May is probably a Protestant rather than Catholic or Orthodox feast-day, first quoted in 1596 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, who was probably mistaken because the island was discovered several decades before the Reformation and start of Protestantism. The alternative discovery date of 3 May, the Catholic feast-day for the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in Jerusalem, quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes and Sir Thomas Herbert is suggested as being historically more credible.

What date was the island discovered on?

21 May 1502

What navigator discovered the island?

João da Nova

What country was João da Nova doing service for?

Portugal

What person is Saint Helena Island named after?

Helena of Constantinople


The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover, before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island.

What did the island have an abundance of when discovered?

trees and fresh water.

What was imported by the settlers of the island?

livestock, fruit trees and vegetables

What kind of buildings were built by the settlers?

a chapel and one or two houses.

Who was left on the island to recover when sick?

mariners

What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?

food


Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena’s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors.

Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?

Englishman Sir Francis Drake

What did English ships of war attack on the island?

Portuguese India carracks

Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?

the Dutch

Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?

The Portuguese and Spanish


The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?

The Dutch Republic

What year did the Dutch abandon the island?

Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?

Cape of Good Hope.


In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England.

Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?

the English East India Company

Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?

Oliver Cromwell

Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?

Captain John Dutton

What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?

Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?

East India Company


Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves.

What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?

new immigrants

What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?

Ecological problems

What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?

Isaac Pyke

What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?

Mauritius

How many slaves were on the island in 1723?


18th century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by implementing tree plantation, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol and introducing legal reforms. From about 1770, the island enjoyed a lengthy period of prosperity. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. St. James' Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 and in 1791–92 Plantation House was built, and has since been the official residence of the Governor.

When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity?

What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world?

James Cook

What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774?

St. James' Church

What is the official residence of the governor?

Plantation House


On leaving the University of Oxford, in 1676, Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long (24 ft) aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew's Church in Hutt's Gate, in the Longwood district. The 680-metre (2,230 ft) high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount.

Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena?

Edmond Halley

What university did Edmond Halley attend?

University of Oxford

How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory?

What district is the telescope set up in?

Longwood district

What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope?

Southern


Throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the return leg of their voyages to British India and China. At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions, and during war time, form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy. Captain James Cook's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771, on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand.

Saint Helena was an important port of which company?

East India Company

What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?

water and provisions

What vessel was owned by Captain James?

HMS Endeavour

What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?

HMS Endeavour

Vessels of what navy protected convoys?

Royal


The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802–1807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.

What was made illegal in 1792?

importation of slaves

What year did Coolie labourers arrive?

How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?

What was the population of the island in 1814?


In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821.

The British government detained who in Saint Helena?

Napoleon Bonaparte

What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?

Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?

Briars pavilion

What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?

Longwood House

What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?


After Napoleon's death, the thousands of temporary visitors were soon withdrawn and the East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena. Between 1815 and 1830, the EIC made available to the government of the island the packet schooner St Helena, which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape carrying passengers both ways, and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island.

Who took full control of the island after Napoleon's death?

East India Company

The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830?

the packet schooner St Helena

The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island?

wine and provisions


Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena’s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death.

Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?

coffee

Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?

Paris

What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?

coffee


Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies.

When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?

The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?

Who banned slavery in their colonies?

British Parliament

Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?


Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889.

What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?

1833 India Act

Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?

East India Company

During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?

steam ships

How many ships were going to the island in 1855?

By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?


In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there.

Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?

British

Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?

over 15,000

What were the freed slaves known as?

Liberated Africans


In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?

Napoleon III

What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?

Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?

Napoleon I

Who has authority over Longwood house?

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs


On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum, on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown. He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent.

Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage?

Joshua Slocum

When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?

11 April 1898

When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip?

20 April 1898

Who presented two lectures on their voyage?

Sir R A Standale


A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the Second World War, the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena.

What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?

New Zealand

What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?

Ascension Island

What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?

Wideawake airport

What year was Wideawake Airport built?


During this period, the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax, with prices peaking in 1951. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres. The decision by the British Post Office to use synthetic fibres for its mailbags was a further blow, contributing to the closure of the island's flax mills in 1965.

What did the Island sell for increased revenue during this period?

flax

What year did flax prices peak?

The British Post Offices decision to use what kind of fibres hurt the flax industry?

synthetic fibres

What year did the Island's flax mills close?


From 1958, the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced its service calls to the island. Curnow Shipping, based in Avonmouth, replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977, using the RMS (Royal Mail Ship) St Helena.

What year did the Union Castle shipping line slowly start to reduce their service calls to the island?

Which shipping company replaced Union-Castle Line mailship service?

Curnow Shipping

What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced?


The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies as British Dependent Territories. The islanders lost their right of abode in Britain. For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island. The Development and Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena.

What right was lost by the citizen of the islands due to the act?

right of abode in Britain

What department was formed to help raise the living standards of the citizens in Saint Helena?

The Development and Economic Planning Department

What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed?

Where was the only work outside of Saint Helena located?

Falkland Islands and Ascension Island


In 1989, Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff–Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout.

What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched?

Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena?

Prince Andrew

What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for?

Cardiff–Cape Town route

What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have?

a mixed cargo/passenger layout.


The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an elected Executive and Legislative Council. In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect?

In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands?

British Overseas Territories Act 2002

What were the dependent territories renamed to?

British Overseas Territories


The UK government has spent £250 million in the construction of the island's airport. Expected to be fully operational early 2016, it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development, reducing dependence on British government aid. The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry, with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually. As of August, 2015 ticketing was postponed until an airline could be firmly designated.

How much money was spent on construction of the island's airport?

250 million

Which government built the island's airport?

UK government

When was the airport expected to be fully functional?

early 2016

Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete?

tourism

How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?

up to 30,000


Located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola, and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs, such as the mail boat that serves the island, the RMS St Helena. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Despite its remote location, it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations.

What is the nearest port to Saint Helena?

Namibe

What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called?

the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport

What is the mail boat that serves the island called?

RMS St Helena

What hemisphere is the island located in?

Western

What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations?

West Africa


The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 (47 sq mi), and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago). Coastal areas are covered in volcanic rock and warmer and drier than the centre. The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak at 818 m (2,684 ft). In 1996 it became the island's first national park. Much of the island is covered by New Zealand flax, a legacy of former industry, but there are some original trees augmented by plantations, including those of the Millennium Forest project which was established in 2002 to replant part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable cabbage tree species. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably also quite green. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but cattle, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, mice, rabbits, rats and sheep have been introduced, and native species have been adversely affected as a result. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to these introductions. As a result, the string tree (Acalypha rubrinervis) and the St Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction.

How many square miles is Saint Helena?

What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?

volcanic

How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?

What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?

What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?

Millennium Forest project


There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the shore.

How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?

one kilometre

Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?

South

Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?

Southwest

Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?

West

Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?

Southeast


The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover, known locally as the wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag.

What is the national bird of Saint Helena?

the Saint Helena plover

What is the Plover known locally as?

wirebird


The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by the Benguela Current and trade winds that blow almost continuously. The climate varies noticeably across the island. Temperatures in Jamestown, on the north leeward shore, range between 21–28 °C (70–82 °F) in the summer (January to April) and 17–24 °C (63–75 °F) during the remainder of the year. The temperatures in the central areas are, on average, 5–6 °C (9.0–10.8 °F) lower. Jamestown also has a very low annual rainfall, while 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) falls per year on the higher ground and the south coast, where it is also noticeably cloudier. There are weather recording stations in the Longwood and Blue Hill districts.

What current affects the environment of Saint Helena?

Benguela Current

On average, how much lower are the temperatures in the central areas in celsius?


Saint Helena is divided into eight districts, each with a community centre. The districts also serve as statistical subdivisions. The island is a single electoral area and elects twelve representatives to the Legislative Council of fifteen.

How many districts is the island of Saint Helena divided into?

eight

What do the districts also serve as?

statistical subdivisions


Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659, and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants, mainly descended from people from Britain – settlers ("planters") and soldiers – and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement – initially from Africa (the Cape Verde Islands, Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records), then India and Madagascar. Eventually the planters felt there were too many slaves and no more were imported after 1792.

When was Saint Helena first settled?

What was the population of the island in 1659

Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?

Africa

Later on, what two locations were slaves brought from?

India and Madagascar

Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves?


In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone.

In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?

a provisioning station

What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?

British West Africa Squadron

What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?

Brazil

How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?

How many slaves were freed from the island?

many thousands


Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master.

When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?

How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?

What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?


The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law.

What kind of citizenship do the citizens of Saint Helena hold?

British Overseas Territories citizenship

On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island?

21 May 2002

What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena?

British Overseas Territories Act 2002


During periods of unemployment, there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period. The majority of "Saints" emigrated to the UK, South Africa and in the early years, Australia. The population has steadily declined since the late 1980s and has dropped from 5,157 at the 1998 census to 4,255 in 2008. In the past emigration was characterised by young unaccompanied persons leaving to work on long-term contracts on Ascension and the Falkland Islands, but since "Saints" were re-awarded UK citizenship in 2002, emigration to the UK by a wider range of wage-earners has accelerated due to the prospect of higher wages and better progression prospects.

What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period?

emigration

When did the population of the island start to steadily decline?

late 1980s

What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK?

prospect of higher wages


Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena, which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009.

What communion do most residents of the island belong to?

Anglican

When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?

June 2009

Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?

the Diocese of St Helena

The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?

bishop


Other Christian denominations on the island include: Roman Catholic (since 1852), Salvation Army (since 1884), Baptist (since 1845) and, in more recent times, Seventh-day Adventist (since 1949), New Apostolic and Jehovah's Witnesses (of which one in 35 residents is a member, the highest ratio of any country). The Catholics are pastorally served by the Mission sui iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, whose office of ecclesiastical superior is vested in the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands.

When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island?

What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas?

When did Baptists come to the island?

How many Johovah's Witnesses were on the island?

When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island?


Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.

Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?

Queen Elizabeth II

Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?

the Governor

Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?

the United Kingdom


There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a "Chief Councillor" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.

How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?

Who presides over the executive council?

the Governor

The head of government on the island is who?

the Governor

When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?

23 March 2013