While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.

What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?

Nevermind

What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?

grunge

What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?

Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden

What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?

Stone Temple Pilots

What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?

a hard rock sound

Who had success with the soft rock song Nevermind in 1991?

I'm not sure.

What form of music combined the clean sound of heavy guitar to produce feedback?

I'm not sure.

What kind of bands were consistent with mainstream hard rock?

I'm not sure.

What form of music did Stone Temple Pilots turn into mainstream hard rock?

I'm not sure.

What aesthetics did all grunge bands embrace?

I'm not sure.


Although Foo Fighters continued to be one of the most successful rock acts, with albums like In Your Honor (2005) reaching number two in the US and UK, many of the first wave of post-grunge bands began to fade in popularity. Acts like Creed, Staind, Puddle of Mudd and Nickelback took the genre into the 2000s with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs. They were followed in this vein by new acts including Shinedown and Seether. Acts with more conventional hard rock sounds included Andrew W.K., Beautiful Creatures and Buckcherry, whose breakthrough album 15 (2006) went platinum and spawned the single "Sorry" (2007), which made the Top 10 of the Billboard 100. These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the garage rock or post punk revival, including Black Rebel Motorcycle Club and Kings of Leon, and Queens of the Stone Age from the US, Three Days Grace from Canada, Jet from Australia and The Datsuns from New Zealand. In 2009 Them Crooked Vultures, a supergroup that brought together Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme and Led Zeppelin bass player John Paul Jones attracted attention as a live act and released a self-titled debut album that reached the top 20 in the US and UK and the top ten in several other countries.

When did the Foo Fighters album In Your Honor come out?

Three Days Grace is from what country?

Canada

The band Jet is from what country?

Australia

What supergroup featured members of Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age and Led Zeppelin?

Them Crooked Vultures

What was the title of Buckcherry's 2007 hit single?

"Sorry"

What 2005 Foo Fighters album reached number one in both the US and UK?

I'm not sure.

What year did post-grunge bands began to become popular?

I'm not sure.

What band had considerable commercial success by producing angst and anger?

I'm not sure.

What Andrew W.K. album went platinum and spawned the single Sorry?

I'm not sure.

What year did Them Crooked Vultures release a self-titled debut album featuring Jet?

I'm not sure.


Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music. The electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong bass drum and a backbeat on snare, sometimes using cymbals for emphasis. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, but usually providing a backing for the rhythm and lead guitars. Vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice.

What instrument is usually at the center of a hard rock sound?

The electric guitar

Rhythm guitar in hard rock usually plays what?

repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity

In hard rock, an electric guitar can also be used for what?

a solo lead instrument

What carries the backbeat in hard rock drumming?

snare

What instrument works in tandem with the drums to provide hard rock rhythms?

The bass guitar

What instrument is often used in soft rock music?

I'm not sure.

What is played to keep the music from becoming repetitive?

I'm not sure.

Which bass drum is used to drive rhythms?

I'm not sure.

What instrument is used without the drums for hard rock rhythms?

I'm not sure.

What do the vocals of rock songs try to avoid?

I'm not sure.


Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, and The Jeff Beck Group. Cream, in songs like "I Feel Free" (1966) combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock and roll. From 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group. Dave Davies of The Kinks, Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones, Pete Townshend of The Who, Hendrix, Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing, feedback and distortion. The Beatles began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with the White Album in 1968 and, with the track "Helter Skelter", attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic has described the "proto-metal roar" of "Helter Skelter," while Ian MacDonald argued that "their attempts at emulating the heavy style were without exception embarrassing."

Who was the guitarist for the band Cream?

Eric Clapton

Who was the guitarist in the Kinks?

Dave Davies

Who played guitar in The Who?

Pete Townshend

When did The White Album come out?

Keith Richards is the guitarist of what band?

The Rolling Stones

Who was a hard rock act that pioneered the blues sound?

I'm not sure.

When did The Jeff Beck Group record I Feel Free?

I'm not sure.

Which artist combined blues rock and psychedelia leaving out elements of jazz?

I'm not sure.

Who produced a form of psychedelic-influenced blues?

I'm not sure.

What artist avoided the use of distortion and pioneered new guitar effects?

I'm not sure.


In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous début, as did Southern rockers Lynyrd Skynyrd and proto-punk outfit New York Dolls, demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre. Montrose, including the instrumental talent of Ronnie Montrose and vocals of Sammy Hagar and arguably the first all American hard rock band to challenge the British dominance of the genre, released their first album in 1973. Kiss built on the theatrics of Alice Cooper and the look of the New York Dolls to produce a unique band persona, achieving their commercial breakthrough with the double live album Alive! in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the stadium rock era. In the mid-1970s Aerosmith achieved their commercial and artistic breakthrough with Toys in the Attic (1975), which reached number 11 in the American album chart, and Rocks (1976), which peaked at number three. Blue Öyster Cult, formed in the late 60s, picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album On Your Feet or on Your Knees (1975), followed by their first platinum album, Agents of Fortune (1976), containing the hit single "(Don't Fear) The Reaper", which reached number 12 on the Billboard charts. Journey released their eponymous debut in 1975 and the next year Boston released their highly successful début album. In the same year, hard rock bands featuring women saw commercial success as Heart released Dreamboat Annie and The Runaways débuted with their self-titled album. While Heart had a more folk-oriented hard rock sound, the Runaways leaned more towards a mix of punk-influenced music and hard rock. The Amboy Dukes, having emerged from the Detroit garage rock scene and most famous for their Top 20 psychedelic hit "Journey to the Center of the Mind" (1968), were dissolved by their guitarist Ted Nugent, who embarked on a solo career that resulted in four successive multi-platinum albums between Ted Nugent (1975) and his best selling Double Live Gonzo (1978).

Who recorded the album School's Out?

Alice Cooper

Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band?

ZZ Top

Who was the lead singer of Montrose?

Sammy Hagar

Kiss' double live album Alive! came out in what year?

Who had a hit single with "(Don't Fear) The Reaper"?

Blue Öyster Cult

What British born singer achieved success with the album School's Out?

I'm not sure.

Who was the first British rock band to Challenge the American dominance of the hard rock genre?

I'm not sure.

What band did Alice Cooper mimic?

I'm not sure.

What year was Toys in the Attic by Blue Oyster Cult produced?

I'm not sure.

How high on the billboard charts did the song (Don't Fear) The Reaper by Journey reach?

I'm not sure.


Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce Perfect Strangers (1984), which reached number five in the UK, hit the top five in five other countries, and was a platinum-seller in the US. After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, Fair Warning, Van Halen rebounded with the Top 3 album Diver Down in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with 1984. It reached number two on the Billboard album chart and provided the track "Jump", which reached number one on the singles chart and remained there for several weeks. Heart, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which hit number one and contained four Top 10 singles including their first number one hit. The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with "Gimme All Your Lovin'" (1983), which helped their albums Eliminator (1983) and Afterburner (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with "Keep on Loving You" (1980) and "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1984), Journey with "Don't Stop Believin'" (1981) and "Open Arms" (1982), Foreigner's "I Want to Know What Love Is", Scorpions' "Still Loving You" (both from 1984), Heart’s "What About Love" (1985) and "These Dreams" (1986), and Boston's "Amanda" (1986).

What was the title of Deep Purple's 1980s reunion album?

Perfect Strangers

What album was Van Halen's commercial high point?

In what year did ZZ Top release Eliminator?

What band recorded "Keep On Loving You"?

REO Speedwagon

The hit single "Amanda" was recorded by what band?

Boston

How many years was Deep Purple performing before producing Perfect Strangers?

I'm not sure.

What Deep Purple album reached number five on the US music charts?

I'm not sure.

What Van Halen album from 1982 had somewhat slower sales?

I'm not sure.

Which Heart album contained 10 number one hits?

I'm not sure.

What was ZZ Tops successful single produced in 1980?

I'm not sure.


In the new commercial climate glam metal bands like Europe, Ratt, White Lion and Cinderella broke up, Whitesnake went on hiatus in 1991, and while many of these bands would re-unite again in the late 1990s or early 2000s, they never reached the commercial success they saw in the 1980s or early 1990s. Other bands such as Mötley Crüe and Poison saw personnel changes which impacted those bands' commercial viability during the decade. In 1995 Van Halen released Balance, a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996 David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, former Extreme singer Gary Cherone, was fired soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album Van Halen III and Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004. Guns N' Roses' original lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer Steven Adler was fired in 1990, guitarist Izzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recording Use Your Illusion I and II with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singer Axl Rose continued after the release of the 1993 covers album The Spaghetti Incident? Guitarist Slash left in 1996, followed by bassist Duff McKagan in 1997. Axl Rose, the only original member, worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over fifteen years to complete.

What was Van Halen's last album with Sammy Hagar?

Balance

Who was the Guns N Roses drummer who was fired by the band?

Steven Adler

What former member of Extreme briefly served as the lead singer for Van Halen?

Gary Cherone

Who was the only original member left in Guns N Roses?

Axl Rose

Slash left Guns N Roses in what year?

Which band found their commercial success much greater after they re-united?

I'm not sure.

What album by Van Halen released in 1995 did not include Sammy Hagar on vocals?

I'm not sure.

Who replaced was the replacement for David Lee Roth after he was fired?

I'm not sure.

What 2004 Van Halen album caused Van Halen to go on tour?

I'm not sure.

What did the release of Axl Rose's The Spaghetti Incident cause among the band?

I'm not sure.


In the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on "darker" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres.

By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?

heavy metal

What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?

Black Sabbath

What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?

hardcore punk

Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?

bluesy

In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?

stand-alone melodies

Which term was never used interchangeably with hard rock?

I'm not sure.

What did hard rock music change to keep it's identity?

I'm not sure.

What riffs were combined to create swing?

I'm not sure.

What band had a 1960s break through with an emphasis on darker themes?

I'm not sure.

Which two genres have never considered to have very much in common?

I'm not sure.


By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, In Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.

Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?

What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?

In Rock

Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?

occult and elements of Gothic horror

What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?

Paranoid

What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?

Judas Priest

What acid rock album did Led Zeppelin record in 1970?

I'm not sure.

What group moved from hard rock to progressive rock?

I'm not sure.

Which group did not achieve a commercial breakthrough in 1970?

I'm not sure.

Who's lyrics contained elements that warned against the occult?

I'm not sure.

What year did Judas Priest produced the album Paranoid?

I'm not sure.


With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like The Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in around two minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.

What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?

disco in the US and punk rock in the UK

What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?

The Ramones

What were three midwestern hard rock bands?

Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx

What city was Van Halen originally from?

Los Angeles

Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?

"Eruption"

What did hard rock replace as a mainstream genre?

I'm not sure.

What did the punk band The Ramones embrace as part of their music?

I'm not sure.

What San Francisco band utilized the skills of guitarist Eddie Van Halen?

I'm not sure.

What album is the showcase song Van Halen from?

I'm not sure.

Who was highly influential in creating the popularity of punk and disco music?

I'm not sure.


Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with Whitesnake's self-titled album (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem "Here I Go Again '87" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up Slip of the Tongue (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, "it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of Whitesnake". Aerosmith's comeback album Permanent Vacation (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity. Crazy Nights (1987) by Kiss was the band's highest charting release in the US since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK. Mötley Crüe with Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their commercial success and Def Leppard with Hysteria (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing seven hit singles (a record for a hard rock act). Guns N' Roses released the best-selling début of all time, Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced three top 10 hits, including the number one "Sweet Child O' Mine". Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums Pride (1987) and Long Cold Winter (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles. In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were New Jersey (1988) by Bon Jovi, OU812 (1988) by Van Halen, Open Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) by Poison, Pump (1989) by Aerosmith, and Mötley Crüe's most commercially successful album Dr. Feelgood (1989). New Jersey spawned five Top 10 singles, a record for a hard rock act. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, and New Jersey. A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them Extreme, Warrant Slaughter and FireHouse. Skid Row also released their eponymous début (1989), reaching number six on the Billboard 200, but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.

How many copies did Whitesnake's 1987 self title album sell?

17 million

What was the title of Aerosmith's 1987 comeback album?

Permanent Vacation

Def Leppard's album Hysteria churned out how many hit singles?

seven

What Guns N Roses album was the second best selling debut of all time?

Appetite for Destruction

What Guns N Roses song became a number one single?

"Sweet Child O' Mine"

What was benefited by the established acts?

I'm not sure.

By how many albums did Deep Purple outsell Witesnake's self-titled album?

I'm not sure.

What did Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato call the performance of Deep Purples' song Here I Go Again?

I'm not sure.

With what song did Motley Crue reach their commercial peak?

I'm not sure.

What was number one on the Billboard 200 album charts for 20 consecutive weeks in 1988?

I'm not sure.


A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a number two platinum album, Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the Top 10 hit "Jaded", and a blues cover album, Honkin' on Bobo, which reached number five in 2004. Heart achieved their first Top 10 album since the early 90s with Red Velvet Car in 2010, becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007), The Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist John Entwistle until 2006) and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997–2006 and Dio 2006–2010) and even a one off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007), renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as Audioslave (with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) and Velvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The long awaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified Black Ice (2008). Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into country music with "Who Says You Can't Go Home", which reached number one on the Hot Country Singles chart in 2006, and the rock/country album Lost Highway, which reached number one in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovi released another number one album, The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound.

What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?

Audioslave

What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single?

"It's My Life"

What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?

AC/DC

Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?

Scott Weiland

What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?

Chinese Democracy

Which band beside Bon Jovi were two rock bands that had very little commercial success in the 1970s and 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What year did Bon Jovi release their album Stiff Upper Lip?

I'm not sure.

What top 10 album by Heart was released in the early 90s?

I'm not sure.

What bassist for The Who died in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What Guns N' Roses album that was released in 2008 was there most successful album to date?

I'm not sure.


The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states. Today the term "High Plains" is used for a subregion of the Great Plains.

what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?

"Great Plains

who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?

Nevin Fenneman's

what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?

what was theregion called before "the great plans"?

the High Plains

What region lies east of the 96th or 98th meridian?

I'm not sure.

Who came up with the term High Plains?

I'm not sure.

What area of states lie in the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

In what century did people start calling what we call the Great Plains the High Plains?

I'm not sure.


Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in Texas and gradually moved northward. In 1866-95, cowboys herded 10 million cattle north to rail heads such as Dodge City, Kansas and Ogallala, Nebraska; from there, cattle were shipped eastward.

what type of land is much of the great plans?

open range

when did ranchers usually have a cattle round up?

spring and fall

in a cattle round up, what did ranchers do to the new calves?

branded

from 1866-95 about how many cattle did cowboys herd?

10 million

In what year were cattle first left free to roam the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

How many cowboys did it take to herd 10 million cattle north?

I'm not sure.

How many people lived in Dodge City, Kansas in 1866?

I'm not sure.

Where were the cattle shipped eastward to during the late 1800s?

I'm not sure.

How many cattle went through Dodge City, Kansas between the years 1866-95?

I'm not sure.


With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola, a place said to be rich in gold.

who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?

Hernando de Soto

what is the section of oklahoma and texas that  Hernando de Soto traveled?

the De Soto Trail

who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola?

The Spanish

what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in?

gold

In what state did Francisco Vazquez de Coronado first encounter Native Americans?

I'm not sure.

In 1540 Europeans first encountered Native Americans in what state?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the De Soto Trail gain its name?

I'm not sure.

What nationality was Hernando de Soto?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Texas become a state?

I'm not sure.


The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern Montana are mainly semi hot steppe land and are generally characterised by rangeland or marginal farmland. The region (especially the High Plains) is periodically subjected to extended periods of drought; high winds in the region may then generate devastating dust storms. The eastern Great Plains near the eastern boundary falls in the humid subtropical climate zone in the southern areas, and the northern and central areas fall in the humid continental climate.

what is the name of the line that divides the great plains?

The 100th meridian

about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year?

20 inches

what do high winds in the area sometimes cause?

dust storms

what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into?

humid subtropical climate

What Canadian province lies north of the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

What would be a state that lies east of the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

What meridian comprises the northern edge of the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

What meridian comprises the southern edge of the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

How much rain does Northern Alberta get every year?

I'm not sure.


After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain free farms. Land speculators and local boosters identified many potential towns, and those reached by the railroad had a chance, while the others became ghost towns. In Kansas, for example, nearly 5000 towns were mapped out, but by 1970 only 617 were actually operating. In the mid-20th century, closeness to an interstate exchange determined whether a town would flourish or struggle for business.

after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains?

what animal did hunters kill off for their hides?

bison

what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads?

European farmers

what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area?

packages of land and transportation

In what year were the homestead laws passed?

I'm not sure.

How many towns existed in Kansas in 1950?

I'm not sure.

How many free farms were doled out overall?

I'm not sure.

How many cities existed in Kansas as of 2000?

I'm not sure.

How many bison were killed for their hides?

I'm not sure.


The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the "Buffalo Commons" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.

how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920?

a third

who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893?

Frederick Jackson Turner

how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?

more than 6,000

how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return?

139,000 square miles

How many people lives per square mile on the Great Plains in 1900?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Great Plains considered "open" to inhabitants and farm activity?

I'm not sure.

What's the school-age population of Kansas?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the "Buffalo Commons" proposal made?

I'm not sure.

How many high schools remain in Kansas?

I'm not sure.


Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and wife, plains residents created busy social lives for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meetings, church activities and school functions. Women organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families. The Grange was a nationwide farmers' organization, they reserved high offices for women, and gave them a voice in public affairs.

who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?

Women

Who presided over church activities in the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

Who did barn raisings at farm on the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

Was it men or women that primarily engaged in corn huskings?

I'm not sure.

Between men and women, who handled most school functions?

I'm not sure.


From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age. Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge.

around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing

what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?

Ogallala Aquifer

what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?

Center pivot irrigation

When was the last ice age?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did center pivot irrigation get invented?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did aquafier depletion begin to outpace the ground's ability to recharge?

I'm not sure.

In what country was center pivot irrigation invented?

I'm not sure.


The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The region is known for supporting extensive cattle ranching and dry farming.

what is the great plains?

broad expanse of flat land

where does the great plains lie?

west of the Mississippi River

what is the region known for?

extensive cattle ranching

What lies east of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states?

I'm not sure.

What lies west of the Rocky Mountains?

I'm not sure.

What lies north of the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

What lies south of the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

Name one of the states the Mississippi River flows through.

I'm not sure.


The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plains" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiographic region defined by topography. The Great Plains ecoregion includes five sub-regions: Temperate Prairies, West-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, South-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, Texas Louisiana Coastal Plains, and Tamaulipus-Texas Semi-Arid Plain, which overlap or expand upon other Great Plains designations.

who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?

Commission for Environmental Cooperation

what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of?

Mexican, American, and Canadian governments

What states comprise the Temperate Prairies of the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

What states are in the West-Central Semi-Arid Praries?

I'm not sure.

Which states are in the South-Central Semi-Arid Prairies?

I'm not sure.

Between the Canadian, American, and Mexican portions of the Great Plains in which area does most of it lie?

I'm not sure.


The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soon as farms were established. Immigrants poured in, especially from Germany and Scandinavia. On the plains, very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch by themselves; they clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and, especially after the 1930s, handling paperwork and financial details. During the early years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After approximately one generation, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New technology including sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women regarding farm bookkeeping, and home economics courses in the schools.

what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?

railroads

what did the railroads make it easy to do?

ship wheat and other crops

who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?

immigrants

who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?

sewing and washing machines

In what decade did railroads start to appear in the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did many women work outdoors on the Great Plains?

I'm not sure.

In what decade were washing machines introduced?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did schools start offering home economics courses?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did the Great Plains start shipping wheat east?

I'm not sure.


During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

about how long ago did the climate become favorable?

about 25 million years ago

what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?

mammals

what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?

grazing diets

the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?

development of grazers

How many years ago did the Cenozoic era start?

I'm not sure.

In what era did ungulates start eating a browsing diet?

I'm not sure.

In what era did mammals develop teeth?

I'm not sure.

In what era did forest biomes start to grow?

I'm not sure.

When did the Cenozoic era end?

I'm not sure.


To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section. Hundreds of thousands of people claimed such homesteads, sometimes building sod houses out of the very turf of their land. Many of them were not skilled dryland farmers and failures were frequent. Much of the Plains were settled during relatively wet years. Government experts did not understand how farmers should cultivate the prairies and gave advice counter to what would have worked[citation needed]. Germans from Russia who had previously farmed, under similar circumstances, in what is now Ukraine were marginally more successful than other homesteaders. The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada.

when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?

how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?

up to 160 acres

how long did the person have to live on the land?

five years

when was the Kinkaid Act brought about?

the dominion act was passed in what year

In what year was the Kinkaid Act repealed?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Dominions Lands Act repealed?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the relatively wet years of the Great Plains end?

I'm not sure.

What number of people established homestead in Canada?

I'm not sure.

How many homesteaders failed to establish cultivated land?

I'm not sure.


Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.

Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?

scientific

What technology is used by night-vision devices?

active near-infrared illumination

What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?

Infrared astronomy

What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?

red

What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?

Infrared thermal-imaging cameras

What technology allows infrared thermal imaging cameras to observe people or animals without being detected?

I'm not sure.

What technology is used by night vision devices to observe changing blood flow in the skin?

I'm not sure.

What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space?

I'm not sure.

Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared astronomy used?

I'm not sure.

What type of radiation is used to detect heat loss in insulated systems?

I'm not sure.


The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.

At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?

700 nm

What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?

near-IR

Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?

780 nm

Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?

1050 nm

What objects are notably bright in near IR?

Leaves

What is the defined boundary between visible and infrared light?

I'm not sure.

At what wavelength does the human eye perceive red light?

I'm not sure.

What light is generated by an IR-passing photographic filter?

I'm not sure.

What objects are hard to see if all visible light leaks are blocked?

I'm not sure.

What value measures wavelengths as long as 1050?

I'm not sure.


The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.

What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?

emissivity

How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?

hotter

Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?

infrared cameras

What property describes how a surfaces thermal emissions give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers?

I'm not sure.

What shows the same image of two objects with differing emissivity?

I'm not sure.

What ideal shows inaccurate results when using infrared cameras?

I'm not sure.

How does pre-set emissivity help infrared cameras give accurate results?

I'm not sure.

How does comparing two differing objects to a black body give you accurate results?

I'm not sure.


Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).

What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy

What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?

it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency

What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?

the frequencies of infrared light

What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?

the mid-infrared

What technique can be used to identify organic compounds by analysis of their constituent bonds?

I'm not sure.

A group of chemical bonds in a molecule may have how many modes of oscillation?

I'm not sure.

What do most vibrations correspond to the frequencies of?

I'm not sure.

What are multiple modes of oscillation in a spectrum caused by?

I'm not sure.

What is the amount of absorption a group of atoms will show in cm?

I'm not sure.


In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?

infrared filters

What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?

Digital cameras

What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?

'T-ray' imaging

What is another name for terahertz radiation?

far-infrared

What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?

terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

What does T-ray imaging use to capture the near-infrared spectrum?

I'm not sure.

What is a recent development in infrared photography?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for IR bright areas?

I'm not sure.

What device uses far-infrared or terahertz radiation?

I'm not sure.

How do infrared blockers wash out an image?

I'm not sure.


Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.

What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?

Infrared reflectography

What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?

carbon black

What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?

pentimenti

What painting technique is used to reveal working practices?

I'm not sure.

What is visible in alterations of paintings?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when visible layers differ from the reflectogram?

I'm not sure.

What is useful to show if a painting is original or part of a reflectogram?

I'm not sure.

With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be?

I'm not sure.


The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.

Who discovered infrared radiation?

William Herschel

In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?

To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?

the Royal Society of London

What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?

a prism

What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?

Calorific Rays

Who discovered spectrum radiation?

I'm not sure.

When did the term Calorific Rays start to be used?

I'm not sure.

What did Herschel use to detect light from the sun?

I'm not sure.

What did Herschel refract from Calorific Rays?

I'm not sure.

What society did Herschel present his work on the red spectrum?

I'm not sure.


Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).

What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?

heat radiation

What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?

What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers?

8 to 25

Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?

visible

What radiation is responsible for 49% of the heating of the Earth?

I'm not sure.

Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation?

I'm not sure.

What type of light or laser will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 um band?

I'm not sure.

What type of waves will char paper?

I'm not sure.


Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.

What is another term for infrared homing?

Infrared tracking

What devices make use of infrared homing?

Missiles

What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking?

heat-seekers

Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat?

vehicle engines

What does IR stand for?

infrared

What is another term for heat seekers?

I'm not sure.

Besides vehicle engines and people what other objects create and retain heat?

I'm not sure.

What term means to generate heat and is especially visible in infrared wavelengths of light?

I'm not sure.

What is the term that uses the infrared spectrum that is radiated by hot bodies?

I'm not sure.

What term describes the spectrum of light that is part of the visible spectrum?

I'm not sure.


High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 µm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 µm), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.

Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high?

Cumulonimbus

What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared?

white

Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer?

Stratocumulus

What color are Strarus clouds in infrared?

grey

What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers?

Besides cumulonimbus, what types of clouds are lower and warmer?

I'm not sure.

What ice clouds show up grey in infrared?

I'm not sure.

What land surface can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land?

I'm not sure.

What color are lower intermediate clouds on infrared?

I'm not sure.

What difference allows high clouds to be distinguished?

I'm not sure.


The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy.

What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth?

water vapor in the atmosphere

To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited?

at a high altitude

Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft?

balloon

What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere?

Space telescopes

What limits the sensitivity of high altitude observatories?

I'm not sure.

What is the ideal location for atmospheric windows?

I'm not sure.

What kind of telescopes avoid absorbing infrared radiation?

I'm not sure.

Where can you place an observatory to avoid the atmospheric window?

I'm not sure.

What absorbs infrared radiation from space away from high altitude?

I'm not sure.


Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while InGaAs's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). Unfortunately, international standards for these specifications are not currently available.

What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see?

Near-infrared

Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared?

water absorption

In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?

What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?

What is the lowest international standard in micrometers for InGaAs?

I'm not sure.

What is the nearest emission peak visible to the human eye?

I'm not sure.

Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define common silicon detectors?

I'm not sure.

What InGaAs is progressively further from the visible spectrum for the human eye?

I'm not sure.

At what measurement do different physical mechanisms cease to be sensitive?

I'm not sure.


Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiations are associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (i.e., the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.

What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?

Heat

What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?

thermal radiation

What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?

the solar corona

The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?

infrared

How does heat propagate through a vaccuum?

I'm not sure.

What object emits heat in the x-ray spectrum?

I'm not sure.

How is heat associated with emission from an object?

I'm not sure.

What spectra is heat extended into?

I'm not sure.

What is the association of heat with thermal radiation?

I'm not sure.


Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).

What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?

In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?

What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?

the black body radiation law

What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?

increases

What type of cameras see infrared radiation?

Thermographic

What camera detects temperature in the infrared range?

I'm not sure.

What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on environment?

I'm not sure.

When an object has visible illumination, what happens to the amount of radiation an object emits?

I'm not sure.

What is the range of the black body radiation law?

I'm not sure.

What is the nanometer range that allows you to see temperature variations?

I'm not sure.


The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)

What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?

imbedded stars

What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?

protostars

What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?

Stars

What glows with heat and shows visible light?

I'm not sure.

What can be used to detect protostars when they are cool?

I'm not sure.

What spectrum benefits stars?

I'm not sure.

What heats clouds of gas and makes them readily detected?

I'm not sure.

What do stars emit a smaller portion of in our galaxy?

I'm not sure.


Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?

night vision

What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?

electrons

Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?

electrical

What equipment uses the infrared spectrum with visible light?

I'm not sure.

What do night vision devices convert electrons into?

I'm not sure.

By what process do night vision devices convert infrared into photons?

I'm not sure.

What process uses a chemical source to augment ambient light?

I'm not sure.

What does a visible light source increase for a night vision device?

I'm not sure.


IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared.

What is the IrDA?

the Infrared Data Association

What does the acronym LEDs stand for?

light-emitting diodes

What is a term for when something is switched on and off?

modulated

What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current?

silicon photodiode

Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms?

IR does not penetrate walls

What term means filtering out slowly to change infrared radiation from ambient light?

I'm not sure.

What device changes infrared radiation to standards published by the Ir DA?

I'm not sure.

What devices use IR data transmission in short range communication to command appliances?

I'm not sure.

Name the devices that use IrDA to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam.

I'm not sure.

What infrared remote control protocols are used in areas of high population density?

I'm not sure.


In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.

What letter represents the index of refraction?

n

What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?

k

What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?

Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion

Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?

sidewall angle

What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?

light

What industry can use infrared light to characterize the extinction Coefficient?

I'm not sure.

What reflectance is measured from the surface of a critical dimension?

I'm not sure.

What letter represents trench structures?

I'm not sure.

Along with critical dimension and depth, what can infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to index of refraction?

I'm not sure.


Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting.

What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?

Infrared cleaning

Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?

green

Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?

scaling

Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?

infrared

What cleaning technique is used to find position and resolution?

I'm not sure.

What can be corrected by scanning or scaling?

I'm not sure.

What color channels are used to detect inpainting?

I'm not sure.

What does infrared cleaning do to detect scaling?

I'm not sure.

What removes the effects of an additional infrared channel on the scanner?

I'm not sure.


Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.

Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?

clouds

After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?

infrared

Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?

cloud droplets

What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?

greenhouse

What does the greenhouse effect absorb from the sun?

I'm not sure.

After Earth absorbs methane, in what spectrum is it re-emitted?

I'm not sure.

What substances absorb the sulfur hexafluoride emitted by the Earth?

I'm not sure.

What keeps the atmosphere and surface re-radiated?

I'm not sure.

What substances emit water vapor back to the atmosphere?

I'm not sure.


Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future.

What term refers to  the variety and variability of life on Earth?

Biodiversity

What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to?

genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation

What type of biodiversity happens near the equator?

Terrestrial biodiversity

Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant?

It is richest in the tropics.

Where is sea surface temperature the highest?

along coasts in the Western Pacific

What term refers to the temperature of life on earth?

I'm not sure.

What types of temperature does Biodiversity refer to?

I'm not sure.

What type of temperature happens near the equator?

I'm not sure.

Where on earth does temperature have the most variety?

I'm not sure.

Where is sea surface biodiversity the highest?

I'm not sure.


This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's definition was "Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e., molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...". The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined "biological diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.

Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper?

Bruce A. Wilcox

Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper?

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)

At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented?

1982 World National Parks Conference

What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define "biological diversity"?

Who is the author of the park research paper?

I'm not sure.

Who commissioned the park research paper?

I'm not sure.

At what event was the park research paper presented?

I'm not sure.

What year did the IUCN define "biological diversity"?

I'm not sure.

What did the IUCN define "biological diversity" as?

I'm not sure.


On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback (more ancestors, more descendants) and/or a negative feedback arising from resource limitation. Hyperbolic model implies a second-order positive feedback. The hyperbolic pattern of the world population growth arises from a second-order positive feedback between the population size and the rate of technological growth. The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth can be similarly accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity. The similarity between the curves of biodiversity and human population probably comes from the fact that both are derived from the interference of the hyperbolic trend with cyclical and stochastic dynamics.

What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?

the Phanerozoic

What model is widely used in macrosociology?

hyperbolic model

What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?

exponential and logistic models

What model implies a second-order positive feedback?

Hyperbolic model

What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?

The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth

What model correlates much better than the cyclical model?

I'm not sure.

What model is widely used in Stochastic dynamics?

I'm not sure.

What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by stochastic dynamics?

I'm not sure.

What model implies a second-order macrosociology trend?

I'm not sure.

What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and macrosociology trends?

I'm not sure.


Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat crop is destroyed by a pest we may plant a hardier variety of wheat the next year, relying on intraspecific diversity. We may forgo wheat production in that area and plant a different species altogether, relying on interspecific diversity. Even an agricultural society which primarily grows monocultures, relies on biodiversity at some point.

What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat?

Interspecific crop diversity

What is the variety of alleles within a single species?

Interspecific crop diversity

When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new?

If a crop fails in a monoculture

What can destroy a wheat crop?

a pest

What type of a society primarily grows monocultures?

agricultural society

What has some responsibility for offering variety in monoculture?

I'm not sure.

What is the variety of alleles within a single production area?

I'm not sure.

When do we rely on production diversity to replant the land with something new?

I'm not sure.

What can destroy a single species?

I'm not sure.

What type of a society primarily grows wheat?

I'm not sure.


In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number, 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone. Biodiversity took the biggest hit in Latin America, plummeting 83 percent. High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries. This is despite the fact that high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries, which was explained as a result of process whereby wealthy nations are outsourcing resource depletion to poorer nations, which are suffering the greatest ecosystem losses.

What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970

What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?

What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?

What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?

What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?

What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 2014?

I'm not sure.

What year was the study canceled by World Wildlife Fund?

I'm not sure.

What percentage accounts for the low-income countries gone?

I'm not sure.

What percentage accounts for the wealthy nations gone?

I'm not sure.

What percentage accounts for the Latin America freshwater wildlife gone?

I'm not sure.


A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. "If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species." At present, the most threatened ecosystems are found in fresh water, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, which was confirmed by the "Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment", organised by the biodiversity platform, and the French Institut de recherche pour le développement (MNHNP).

In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent?

Who conducted the 2007 study?

National Science Foundation

What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system?

If any one type is removed from the system

Where are the most threatened ecosystems found?

in fresh water

In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and community diversity are codependent?

I'm not sure.

Who conducted the 2000 study?

I'm not sure.

What can cause a break down of a water system?

I'm not sure.

Where are the most threatened species found?

I'm not sure.

What said that the most threatened ecosystems are found in France?

I'm not sure.


Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive. The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.

What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?

an introduced species

Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?

In Belgium

What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?

leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive

What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?

endemic and other local species

What types of new species can be introduced?

The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites

What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it feeds on?

I'm not sure.

Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf without sunlight?

I'm not sure.

What disrupts the feeding habits of exotic organisms?

I'm not sure.

What does introducing new spinosas often do?

I'm not sure.

What types of new nutrients can be introduced?

I'm not sure.


The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are sometimes given to communities living on the fringes of the forest, who sustain their livelihood partially or wholly from forest resources or products. The unclassed forests covers 6.4 percent of the total forest area and they are marked by the following characteristics:

What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species?

The forests

How many endemic floral species do forests harbor?

How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?

What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area?

endemic species

What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests?

hunting and grazing

What plays a vital role in harbouring finges?

I'm not sure.

How many endemic floral species does grazing harbor?

I'm not sure.

How many endemic faunal species does grazing harbor?

I'm not sure.

What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific forest?

I'm not sure.

What types of activities are granted rights in reserved species?

I'm not sure.


Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give "sovereign national rights over biological resources" (not property). The agreements commit countries to "conserve biodiversity", "develop resources for sustainability" and "share the benefits" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that allow bioprospecting or collection of natural products, expect a share of the benefits rather than allowing the individual or institution that discovers/exploits the resource to capture them privately. Bioprospecting can become a type of biopiracy when such principles are not respected.[citation needed]

What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources?

the Convention on Biological Diversity

What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity?

the Convention on Biological Diversity

What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability?

the Convention on Biological Diversity

What is the process of collecting natural products?

bioprospecting

What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over private resources?

I'm not sure.

What agreement commits countries to conserve bioprospecting?

I'm not sure.

What agreement commits countries to develop resources for biopiracy?

I'm not sure.

What is the process of collecting national rights?

I'm not sure.

What do countries that allow natural agreements expect?

I'm not sure.


Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).

What can typically cause mass extinctions?

Rapid environmental changes

What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct?

More than 99 percent

How many species have ever lived on earth?

over five billion species

How many species currently live on earth?

Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,

What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth?

50 billion tonnes

What can typically cause the biosphere?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of DNA base pairs are estimated to be extinct?

I'm not sure.

How many DNA base pairs have ever existed?

I'm not sure.

How many DNA base pairs are on earth?

I'm not sure.

What is the estimated weight of the total amount of species on Earth?

I'm not sure.


The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend. This dramatic rise in diversity was marked by periodic, massive losses of diversity classified as mass extinction events. A significant loss occurred when rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous. The worst was the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago. Vertebrates took 30 million years to recover from this event.

Which era included a rapid growth period?

the Cambrian explosion

The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?

the last 540 million years

In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?

the Cambrian explosion

What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?

vertebrate diversity

In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?

the Permian-Triassic extinction event

Which era included a rapid phylum period?

I'm not sure.

The Cambrian era covers what time period?

I'm not sure.

In which era, did the first phylum of organisms appear?

I'm not sure.

What type of diversity showed an overall extinction trend?

I'm not sure.

In which event did the vertebrates collapse in the carboniferous?

I'm not sure.


Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International.

Who describes the "Evil Quartet"?

Jared Diamond

What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?

Evil Quartet

What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?

HIPPO

What is the most authoritative classification in use today?

IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats

What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?

the World Wildlife Fund

Who describes the "IUCN"?

I'm not sure.

What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and organization extinctions?

I'm not sure.

What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over Population, and Over-conservation?

I'm not sure.

What is the most invasive classification in use today?

I'm not sure.

What funding organization uses IUCN's Classification of Direct Population?

I'm not sure.


Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more abundant ones. The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool. This problem is not always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) observations alone. Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved. However, hybridization with or without introgression may, nevertheless, threaten a rare species' existence.

What can threaten endemic species with extinction?

genetic pollution

What are another names for genetic pollution?

uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping

What causes genetic pollution?

either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species

What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?

Hybridization and introgression

What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?

The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species

What can threaten morphological species with extinction?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for interbreeding?

I'm not sure.

What causes introgression pollution?

I'm not sure.

What are side-effects of introduction and pollution?

I'm not sure.

What behavior causes swamping of a normal adaptation?

I'm not sure.


The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."

What is the estimate age of the Earth?

about 4.54 billion years old

What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?

the Eoarchean Era

What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?

Hadean Eon

Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?

Western Australia

Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?

Western Greenland

What is the estimate age of rocks?

I'm not sure.

What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of rocks on Earth?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the era that predated rocks on Earth?

I'm not sure.

Where was the 4.54 billion year old graphite found?

I'm not sure.

Where were the 3.7 billion year old fossils found?

I'm not sure.


The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists believe that corrected for sampling artifacts, modern biodiversity may not be much different from biodiversity 300 million years ago., whereas others consider the fossil record reasonably reflective of the diversification of life. Estimates of the present global macroscopic species diversity vary from 2 million to 100 million, with a best estimate of somewhere near 9 million, the vast majority arthropods. Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural selection.

What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?

The fossil record

Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?

how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections.

What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?

from 2 million to 100 million

What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?

Diversity

What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest scientists in history?

I'm not sure.

Why are some scientists uncertain about the diversification of life?

I'm not sure.

What is the time estimate variation of the present global fossils?

I'm not sure.

What appears to increase continually in the absence of fossils?

I'm not sure.

What do some scientists believe is not much different from biodiversity 900 million years ago?

I'm not sure.


Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, symbionts and livestock, among others), which can be contrasted with the associated diversity that arrives among the crops, uninvited (e.g.: herbivores, weed species and pathogens, among others).

What are two types of Agricultural diversity?

‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity

What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised?

Planned diversity

What type of diversity arrives uninvited?

associated diversity

What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens?

associated diversity

What are two types of uninvited diversity?

I'm not sure.

What type of diversity included the crops which a farmer has uninvited?

I'm not sure.

What type of agriculure arrives uninvited?

I'm not sure.

What type of agricluture includes herbivores and pathogens?

I'm not sure.

What can be divided by covers?

I'm not sure.


Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus, according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College, and Drew Harvell, associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) at Cornell University.

What is becoming an international political issue?

Biodiversity's relevance to human health

What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?

climate change

What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?

changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources

What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?

those that buffer against infectious disease transmission

What is becoming an international population issue?

I'm not sure.

What issue is closely linked with changes in the West Nile Virus?

I'm not sure.

What changes in biodiversity have an effect on human health?

I'm not sure.

What types of West Nile Virus disappear when a new disease is introduced?

I'm not sure.

What is causing biodiversity's relevance to human health to become an international  population issue?

I'm not sure.