In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code values. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "wide character" encoding. Some programming languages, such as Seed7, use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the Python programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software.

How is UTF-32 widely used?

internal representation of text in programs

What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters?

what version of python can be used with UTF-32?

What does not vary across platforms?

I'm not sure.

What uses UCS-4 as an internal representation?

I'm not sure.

What is the last version of Python that can use UTF-32?

I'm not sure.

What does Python use to generate the standard wide character encoding?

I'm not sure.

What is used to represent transmitted text?

I'm not sure.


Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, é can be represented in Unicode as U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Thus, in many cases, users have multiple ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence.

What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?

most letter/diacritic combinations

How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?

How is the accent added to the small latin e?

What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent?

What are inserted before a main character?

I'm not sure.

What cannot have multiple instances of diacritics?

I'm not sure.

What do applications have to implement?

I'm not sure.

What prevents redundancy in the ways you can make one character?

I'm not sure.

How is the capital letter e indicated in unicode?

I'm not sure.


The CJK ideographs currently have codes only for their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements (often called radicals in English), so in principle, Unicode could have decomposed them, as it did with Hangul. This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points, while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph (which might do away with some of the problems caused by Han unification). A similar idea is used by some input methods, such as Cangjie and Wubi. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does.

The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?

radicals

Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?

ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly

What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?

greatly reduced the number of required code points

What ideographs do not have codes for their precomposed form yet?

I'm not sure.

What are precomposed forms called in English?

I'm not sure.

What are called radicals in Hangul?

I'm not sure.

What did Unicode do to CJK ideographs?

I'm not sure.

What decomposes regularly in Wubi?

I'm not sure.


Many scripts, including Arabic and Devanagari, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard), which became the proof of concept for OpenType (by Adobe and Microsoft), Graphite (by SIL International), or AAT (by Apple).

What does ACE stand for?

Arabic Calligraphic Engine

Who created ACE?

DecoType

When was ACE created?

Who created OpenType?

Adobe and Microsoft

Who created Graphite?

SIL International

When was OpenType created?

I'm not sure.

What does AAT stand for?

I'm not sure.

Who partnered with SIL International?

I'm not sure.

Which two companies produced DecoType?

I'm not sure.

What are two examples of scripts without orthographic rules?

I'm not sure.


Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible, but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts, but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail.

where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences?

in fonts

Can real stacking be accomplished?

Real stacking is impossible

what is a solution to the placement of combining marks?

assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing

What type of stacking is required?

I'm not sure.

Approximated stacking is not possible with what kinds of fonts?

I'm not sure.

What does the operating system tell what to do?

I'm not sure.

What numerical value is assigned to the glyph?

I'm not sure.

What is a mark adjust its position relative to?

I'm not sure.


Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (Latin scripts only, 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters) and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). Note that MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4.

What subset of Unicode is used by Windows?

WGL-4 with 652 characters

What are MES-1, MES-2, AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of?

Multilingual European Subsets

What subset includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4?

How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4?

since Windows NT 4.0

MES-1 uses what scripts only?

Latin scripts only

What system uses MES-3A?

I'm not sure.

How many Latin characters are supported in WGL-4?

I'm not sure.

How many characters are in MES-3B?

I'm not sure.

MES-3A combines which two other sets?

I'm not sure.

What subset only uses the Greek script?

I'm not sure.


Rendering software which cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character" (U+FFFD, �), to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. The Apple's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the SIL International's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.

What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character?

open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character"

What is the code for the Unicode replacement character?

U+FFFD

What is the name of Apple's font?

Last Resort

What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly?

a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character

What company uses the Unicode Fallback font?

SIL International

What is the Unicode for an open rectangle?

I'm not sure.

What company uses U+FFFD?

I'm not sure.

What is the glyph that Apple's Last Resort font displays?

I'm not sure.

What software by SIL cannot process unicode characters?

I'm not sure.


Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to UTF-16 (the variable-width current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is Windows NT (and its descendants, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The Java and .NET bytecode environments, Mac OS X, and KDE also use it for internal representation. Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode, as well as on its descendants, Windows 98 and Windows ME.

What is the dominant scheme for internal processing?

Unicode

What is Unicode available through Windows on?

Microsoft Layer

What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16?

What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems?

Unicode

What are legacy encodings used exclusively for?

I'm not sure.

What was the precursor to the UCS-2?

I'm not sure.

What descended from Mac OS X?

I'm not sure.

What are Mac OS X and KDE called?

I'm not sure.

What is fixed-width one byte?

I'm not sure.


MIME defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the "Subject:"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email transmission of Unicode the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding are recommended, depending on whether much of the message consists of ASCII-characters. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software.

What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode?

the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding

Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified?

MIME standards

How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email?

two different mechanisms

How many ways can ASCII characters be encoded in an email?

I'm not sure.

What is another way to refer to the text body?

I'm not sure.

What specifications are visible to the user?

I'm not sure.

When is Base64 not recommended?

I'm not sure.


Thousands of fonts exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts—sometimes described as "pan-Unicode" fonts—attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several reasons justify this approach: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to demand resources in computing environments; and operating systems and applications show increasing intelligence in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as needed, i.e., font substitution. Furthermore, designing a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs constitutes a monumental task; such a venture passes the point of diminishing returns for most typefaces.

How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire?

fewer than a dozen fonts

What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as?

"pan-Unicode" fonts

Unicode-based fonts are normally focused on supporting what?

basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols

What are most of the fonts on the market called?

I'm not sure.

Pan unicode fonts only support what?

I'm not sure.

What normally need more than one or two writing systems?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for computing environments?

I'm not sure.


In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the Cocoa text system in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding.

What is the code for separating lines?

What is the code for separating paragraphs?

How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X?

Cocoa text system

How does the newliine normallization format work?

every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline

What widely adopted solution did Unicode provide?

I'm not sure.

What uses HTML recommendations?

I'm not sure.

Why does it matter which newline character is chosen?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the Cocoa text system?

I'm not sure.

What are common newlines converted into?

I'm not sure.


Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?

complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names

What is TRON?

alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

What perception does the unification of glyphs cause?

the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged

What does Unicode encode instead of characters?

I'm not sure.

What are characters defined as?

I'm not sure.

What alternative has become popular in Japan?

I'm not sure.

What languages do not suffer from the unification of glyphs?

I'm not sure.

What are being merged alongside just the glyphs?

I'm not sure.


Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process. In this case, information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select.

what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?

Advanced Typographic

Where is information provided to designate which character form to select?

plain text

How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations?

Unicode variation sequences

What has worsened the practical aspects of unification?

I'm not sure.

What prevents OpenType from having alternative glyphs?

I'm not sure.

What designates which alternate character to select?

I'm not sure.


Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.

Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what?

preexisting character encodings

How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?

three different encoding forms

Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard?

version 3.0

What is Unicode converted into?

I'm not sure.

How many encoding forms does Unicode have?

I'm not sure.

After what version did it become possible to add preexisting characters?

I'm not sure.

What type of characters can be added in versions post 3.0?

I'm not sure.

What does adding characters help to preserve?

I'm not sure.


Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '～' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either U+FF5E ～ FULLWIDTH TILDE (in Microsoft Windows) or U+301C 〜 WAVE DASH (other vendors).

What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?

Injective mappings

A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?

Shift-JIS or EUC-JP

what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?

What helps to convert characters out of Unicode?

I'm not sure.

WAVE DASH is only found in what version of OS?

I'm not sure.

What is the Windows code for EUC-JP?

I'm not sure.

What are the names of the two forms of Unicode?

I'm not sure.

What does a lack of consistency prevent?

I'm not sure.


Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for Tibetan script[citation needed] (the Chinese National Standard organization failed to achieve a similar change).

How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated?

What is another word for ligatures?

conjuncts

What is the ISCII standard?

128 code points

How many points is Arabic given?

I'm not sure.

Who argued Indic scripts should follow the practice of other writing systems?

I'm not sure.

Why are more ligatures in Unicode likely to happen?

I'm not sure.

Which organization successfully argued for the Tibetan script?

I'm not sure.

What is the visual order transformed into?

I'm not sure.


Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word แสดง  [sa dɛːŋ] "perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส.

What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language?

Thai Industrial Standard 620

Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized?

its ordering of Thai characters

How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly?

Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order

How are Thai characters written similarly to other Unicode scripts?

I'm not sure.

What standard did Unicode create for the Thai language?

I'm not sure.

Who criticized the order of Thai characters?

I'm not sure.

What kind of machine was the Thai Industrial Standard 620 not implemented on?

I'm not sure.

What are written to the right of the preceding consonant?

I'm not sure.


Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent, but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, underdots, as needed in the romanization of Indic, will often be placed incorrectly[citation needed]. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features.

How are characters with diacritical marks represented?

either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks

What encoding does Charis SIL use?

Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies

What is the issue with underdots and their placement?

often be placed incorrectly

Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence?

diacritical marks

How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed?

identically

What is the maximum number of non-spacing marks?

I'm not sure.

What romanization mark is rarely visually incorrect?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the rendering technology OpenType uses?

I'm not sure.

What are rendered identically in practice?

I'm not sure.

Macrons are used only in what form of Idic?

I'm not sure.


Detroit (/dᵻˈtrɔɪt/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States.

What city has the biggest population in Michigan?

Detroit

What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?

Wayne County

How many people inhabit metro Detroit?

5.3 million

What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit?

Detroit River

In what region of the country is Detroit located?

Midwest


Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census population of 5,218,852, area of 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2]). The Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000. The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan's population.

How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area?

one-half

How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?

How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?

1,337 square miles

In which census are these numbers coming from?


Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to present. Between 2000 and 2010 the city's population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nation's 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777, more than a 60 percent drop from a peak population of over 1.8 million at the 1950 census. This resulted from suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and the decline of Detroit's auto industry. Following the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs or other states or nations, the city has focused on becoming the metropolitan region's employment and economic center. Downtown Detroit has held an increased role as an entertainment destination in the 21st century, with the restoration of several historic theatres, several new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and a handful of other neighborhoods has increased. Many other neighborhoods remain distressed, with extensive abandonment of properties.

By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?

The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?

auto

What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?

entertainment

What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?

abandonment of properties


The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on December 3, 2013; he cited its $18.5 billion debt and declared that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were unfeasible. On November 7, 2014, Judge Rhodes approved the city's bankruptcy plan, allowing the city to begin the process of exiting bankruptcy. The City of Detroit successfully exited Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy with all finances handed back to the city at midnight on December 11, 2014.

Who is the Governor in Michigan?

Rick Snyder

On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?

July 18, 2013

How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy?

$18.5 billion

On which date was Detroit's bankruptcy plan approved?

November 7, 2014

What type of bankruptcy did Detroit go through?

Chapter 9


On the shores of the strait, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one French people and French Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, naming it after Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765, it was the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec.

What was Detroit's population in 1773?

What was Detroit's population in 1778?

What was Detroit's population in 1765?

Who was the French Minister of Marine in 1701?

Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain

Which French officer led the 1701 expedition?

Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac


The region grew based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. Detroit's city flag reflects its French colonial heritage. (See Flag of Detroit). Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French, remain a subculture in the region today.

What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region?

fur

What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit?

Muskrat French

By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced?

Anglo-American settlers


From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18–23, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.

In which War was Detroit captured by the British?

War of 1812

In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?

Battle of Frenchtown

In which year was Detroit recaptured?

In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?

Monroe County


Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying "Thank God for Michigan!" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the "Wolverines".

What year was the Battle of Gettysburg?

Who led the Wolverine Brigade?

George Armstrong Custer

What Brigade was the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment a part of?

Iron Brigade

How many casualties did the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment have in Gettysburg?


During the late 19th century, several Gilded Age mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.

What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?

Paris of the West

On which waterway is Detroit located?

Great Lakes

What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?

David Whitney House

Which street became known for it's mansions?

Woodward Avenue

Who electrified Detroit?

Thomas Edison


With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.

Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?

Jimmy Hoffa

Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?

Walter Reuther

How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?

How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?


Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city; in a short period it became the 4th-largest city in the nation. The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city. Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the Ku Klux Klan beginning in 1915. "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK," whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as black Americans. The Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s, when one-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic Works Progress Administration organizer. A total of 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.

What was the name of a vigilante group in Detroit?

The Black Legion

How many people of The Black Legion were convicted of crimes?

By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit?

What is the name of the movement of rural blacks in the early 20th century called?

The Great Migration


Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job. The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American, and approximately 600 were injured, 75% black people.

How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?

How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?

After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?

Packard plant protest

What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?

Packard


As in other major American cities in the postwar era, construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car easier. In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941 at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.

In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed?

How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941?

What made car travel much easier?

highways


In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. two months later. While the African-American Civil Rights Movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner city black youth wanting change. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades. It was the most costly riot in the United States.

In which year did Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech in Detroit?

What is the name of the riot in Detroit in 1967?

Twelfth Street riot

Who was the Governor of Michigan in 1967?

George W. Romney

Who was the President of the United States in 1967?

President Johnson

How many people were killed in the Twelfth Street riots?


On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, which followed segregated neighborhoods. The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The Sixth Circuit Court affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area. The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974. The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence. In a narrow decision, the Court found that schools were a subject of local control and that suburbs could not be forced to solve problems in the city's school district.

Who was Governor of Michigan in 1970?

William Milliken

What is the court case that ruled that schools were subject to local control?

Milliken v. Bradley

In which year did the Supreme Court hear Milliken v. Bradley?


"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period," said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota. "Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems." John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit, says, "Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then."

What case is cited as a reason for White people leaving Detroit?

Milliken

What school does John Mogk teach at?

Wayne State University

At which school did Myron Orfield teach?

University of Minnesota


In November 1973, the city elected Coleman Young as its first black mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity in the police department. Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but tension between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters was problematic throughout his mayoral term. In 1976, the federal government offered $600 million for building a regional rapid transit system, under a single regional authority. But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit. Following the failure to reach an agreement over the larger system, the City moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system, which became known as the Detroit People Mover.

Who was the first black mayor of Detroit?

Coleman Young

What did Detroit build after the failure of a larger regional transportation system?

Detroit People Mover

How much did the federal government offer for a rapid transit system?

$600 million

Who did Detroit argue with when trying to plane a regional transit system?

suburban neighbors


The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 also affected Detroit and the U.S. auto industry. Buyers chose smaller, more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used eminent domain to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.

What hurt the Auto industry?

gasoline crises

What did Detroit use to build it's tax base?

eminent domain

What was one of the effects of having employers cut jobs and closing plants in Detroit?

eroding the tax base


As mayor, Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown. Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services.

What group of buildings opened in 1977?

The Renaissance Center

What was Mayor Young criticized for not reducing?

high crime rate

What area did downtown Detroit continue to lose businesses to?

suburbs


Long a major population center and site of worldwide automobile manufacturing, Detroit has suffered a long economic decline produced by numerous factors. Like many industrial American cities, Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census. The peak population was 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and loss of jobs (as described above), by the 2010 census, the city had less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 residents. The city has declined in population in each census since 1950.

In which year did Detroit's population peak?

What was the population of Detroit in 1950?

1.8 million

By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950?

What was the population of Detroit in 2010?


Campus Martius, a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States. The city's riverfront has been the focus of redevelopment, following successful examples of other older industrial cities. In 2001, the first portion of the International Riverfront was completed as a part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration, with miles of parks and associated landscaping completed in succeeding years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.

In which year was Campus Martius open?

What area has Detroit been trying to redevelop?

riverfront

In which year did Detroit celebrate it's 300th anniversary?

What opened in 2011?

Port Authority Passenger Terminal

Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal?

Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center


Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of that in has come in 2013 and 2014. Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. The number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.[when?] Among the most notable redevelopment projects are the Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel; the David Broderick Tower; and the David Whitney Building. Meanwhile, work is underway or set to begin on the historic, vacant Wurlitzer Building and Strathmore Hotel.[citation needed]

How much has been invested in Detroit since 2006?

$9 billion

Which hotel is set to be renovated?

Strathmore

How much money has been invested in Detroit in 2013-2014?

$5.2 billion

How many vacant downtown buildings are there in Detroit?


Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe urban decay and thousands of empty buildings around the city. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city has difficulty providing municipal services. The city has considered various solutions, such as demolishing abandoned homes and buildings; removing street lighting from large portions of the city; and encouraging the small population in certain areas to move to more populated locations. While some have estimated 20,000 stray dogs roam the city, studies have shown the true number to be around 1,000-3,000. Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246 million in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit; the rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.

How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit?

How much in unpaid taxes did Detroit fail to collect in 2011?

$246 million

What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair?

urban decay


The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a till plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor sit atop, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point. The highest elevation in the city is located directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of 8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).

What is the prominent topographical feature in Detroit?

Detroit Moraine

How tall is the tallest point in Detroit?

675 to 680 feet

What is the lowest point in Detroit along side?

Detroit River

What material is the Detroit Moraine composed of?

clay


Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.

What company mines salt in Detroit?

Detroit Salt Company

How many acres is the Windsor Salt Mine?

How many routes to Canada does Detroit have?

four

What is the railway tunnel to Canada called?

Michigan Central Railway Tunnel

What it the Ferry to Canada called?

Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry


Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes; the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA Hardiness zone 6b, with farther-out northern and western suburbs generally falling in zone 6a. Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 12 days. The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 25.6 °F (−3.6 °C) in January to 73.6 °F (23.1 °C) in July. Official temperature extremes range from 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934 down to −21 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is −4 °F (−20 °C) on January 19, 1994, while, conversely the record high minimum is 80 °F (27 °C) on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences. A decade or two may pass between readings of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, which last occurred July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 thru April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.

What body of water affects Detroit's climate?

Great Lakes

How many days a year does the temperature in Detroit drop below 0?

When is the warm season in Detroit?

May to September


Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011. Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May), averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranging from 11.5 in (29 cm) in 1881−82 to 94.9 in (241 cm) in 2013−14. A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of snow cover. Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.

What is the average rainfall for summer months?

33.5 inches

How many inches of snow does Detroit get on average?

When do thunderstorms usually occur in Detroit?

spring and summer

How many days a year does Detroit get a thick snow pack?


Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.

What architectural style does One Detroit Center boast?

post modern Neo-Gothic spires

What style does the Guardian building use?

Art Deco

What is a famous theater in Detroit?

Fox Theatre

What is a famous opera house in Detroit?

Detroit Opera House

What university is near the New Center?

Wayne State University


While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District.

What areas of Detroit contain high rises?

Downtown and New Center

What is the neighborhood just west of Woodward?

Palmer Park

What type of neighborhood is Sherwood Forest?

historic


The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three-and-one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle Park (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two-mile (3 km) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8 km) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the pedestrian parks will stimulate residential redevelopment of riverfront properties condemned under eminent domain.

What is the large island park in Detroit?

Belle Isle Park

What is Michigan's first urban park?

Tri-Centennial State Park

How long is the second phase of the riverfront?

two-mile

What is the total length of the Detroit International Riverfront?

five miles


Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated. Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit. Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.

What district is Lafayette Park a part of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district

How large is Lafayette Park?

In which part of Detroit is Mexicantown International Welcome Center?

Southwest Detroit

Who planned Lafayette Park?

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell


The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes. A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied. The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.

How many of Detroit's residential lots are are underdeveloped?

a quarter

How many of Detroit's housing is unoccupied?

How many home in Detroit need minor repairs?

How many of Detroit's home are in good condition?

Where are most of the low density area of Detroit located?

northeast and on the city's fringes


Public funding and private investment have also been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax. The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn. Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts. Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan. In 2011, Mayor Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.

How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008?

Who was the Mayor of Detroit in 2011?

Mayor Bing

What is the plan called that seeks to clear land for neighborhood construction?

Far Eastside Plan

How many acres of land does the Far Eastside Plan seek to clear?

How was the 2008 stimulus plan payed for?

earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax


The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems. From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098. As of 2010[update] the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City, said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country."

What was the median household income in 2009?

What was the median household income in 2000?

How many residents of Detroit in three live in poverty?

one

Who said that Detroit is one of the poorest big cities in the country?

Luke Bergmann


Oakland County in Metro Detroit, once rated amongst the wealthiest US counties per household, is no longer shown in the top 25 listing of Forbes magazine. But internal county statistical methods – based on measuring per capita income for counties with more than one million residents – show that Oakland is still within the top 12, slipping from the 4th-most affluent such county in the U.S. in 2004 to 11th-most affluent in 2009. Detroit dominates Wayne County, which has an average household income of about $38,000, compared to Oakland County's $62,000.

What is Oakland Counties rank in affluence in 2009?

What city dominates Wayne County?

Detroit

What is Oakland Counties average income?

What is Wayne Counties average income?


The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. In 1940, Whites were 90.4% of the city's population. Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home; in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit. The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century.

What percentage of Detroit's residents where white in 1940?

Where did the population of Detroit shift to in the second half of the 20th century?

suburbs

How many blacks lived in Detroit in 1930?

What was the movement of blacks to northern cities called?

Great Migration

What industry is responsible for a large growth in Detroit's population?

automobile


Detroit remains one of the most racially segregated cities in the United States. From the 1940s to the 1970s a second wave of Blacks moved to Detroit to escape Jim Crow laws in the south and find jobs. However, they soon found themselves excluded from white areas of the city—through violence, laws, and economic discrimination (e.g., redlining). White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and exploding bombs. The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs. One of the implications of racial segregation, which correlates with class segregation, may be overall worse health for some populations.

Why did Blacks move to Detroit in the middle if the 20th century?

Jim Crow

What is an example of economic discrimination?

redlining

What exacerbated segregation in Detroit?

white migration to the suburbs

What generally declines in places that are segregated by race or class?

health


While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit. The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four. A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation. Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs.

How much of Michigan's population is Black?

13 percent

How much of Detroit's population is Black?

82 percent

What was Detroit ranked as in a 2010 study on segregated cities?

four

Where have many Black people been moving to in recent years?

suburbs

What is the 2009 population of Whites in Detroit?


Detroit has a Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During the Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s the Mexican community began to settle what is now Mexicantown. The population significantly increased in the 1990s due to immigration from Jalisco. In 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans. The number of Hispanics was a 70% increase from the number in 1990.

When did Mexicantown start to grow?

What was Detroit's 2010 Hispanic population?

What was Detroit's 2010 Mexican population?

What was it called when many Mexican's were forcibly repatriated?

Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s


As of 2002 there are four areas in Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has population of Hmong with a smaller group of Lao people. A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck includes Bangladeshi Americans, Indian Americans, and Pakistani Americans; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. Many of those residents own small businesses or work in blue collar jobs, and the population in that area is mostly Muslim. The area north of Downtown Detroit; including the region around the Henry Ford Hospital, the Detroit Medical Center, and Wayne State University; has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest Detroit and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities including an area in the westside adjacent to Dearborn and Redford Township that has a mostly Indian Asian population, and a community of Vietnamese and Laotians in Southwest Detroit.

Where does most of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit live?

A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck

What is a word that could describe a lot of the Asian people who work or live in downtown Detroit?

transient


Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employer Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, and the Henry Ford Health System in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmaker Shinola and an array of small and/or startup companies. New Center bases TechTown, a research and business incubator hub that’s part of the WSU system. Like downtown and Corktown, Midtown also has a fast-growing retailing and restaurant scene.

Which company makes timepieces in Midtown?

Shinola

What is the largest employer in Detroit?

Detroit Medical Center

What district is Midtown north of?

central business district

Other than Downtown and Midtown, what area boasts a fast growing restaurant scene?

Corktown

Where is TechTown based?

New Center


A number of the city's downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs around Metropolitan Detroit into the downtown core.[citation needed] Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center. PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices. In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.

What Tech company is based in Detroit?

Compuware

What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit?

Blue Cross Blue Shield

Which company moved it's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010?

Quicken Loans

What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit?

Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office


The city of Detroit and other private-public partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, Campus Martius Park, Dequindre Cut Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city itself has cleared sections of land while retaining a number of historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment; though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties. Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city. In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.

Which part of Detroit has gotten billions in investment around the turn of the millennium?

downtown

What part of Detroit is Green Alleys located in?

Midtown

What type of vacant buildings have been spared destruction?

historically significant


Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems. Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96%. Numerous developments have been recently completely or are in various stages of construction. These include the $82 million reconstruction of downtown's David Whitney Building (now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown, the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel (now a Westin and luxury condos) and Fort Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.

What part of Detroit still has high population density??

Midtown

Which building's reconstruction cost $82 million?

David Whitney Building

Which Downtown tower was converted to residential use?

David Broderick Tower

What was the former name of the Doubletree?

Fort Shelby Hotel

What was the former name of the Westin?

Book Cadillac Hotel


On May 21, 2014, JPMorgan Chase announced that it was injecting $100 million over five years into Detroit's economy, providing development funding for a variety of projects that would increase employment. It is the largest commitment made to any one city by the nation's biggest bank.[citation needed] Of the $100 million, $50 million will go toward development projects, $25 million will go toward city blight removal, $12.5 million will go for job training, $7 million will go for small businesses in the city, and $5.5 million will go toward the M-1 light rail project. On May 19, 2015, JPMorgan Chase announced that it has invested $32 million for two redevelopment projects in the city's Capitol Park district, the Capitol Park Lofts (the former Capitol Park Building) and the Detroit Savings Bank building at 1212 Griswold. Those investments are separate from Chase's five-year, $100-million commitment.

Which bank announced an investment into Detroit in 2014?

JPMorgan Chase

How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to blight removal?

$25 million

How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to job training?

$12.5 million

How much did JPMorgan announce in additional investment into Detroit in 2015?

$32 million


A desire to be closer to the urban scene has also attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as Grosse Pointe and Royal Oak, Detroit. Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19. A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities. About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit.

Which city has a lower than usual drinking age?

Windsor, Ontario

How many suburban residents take in Detroit's entertainment options?

two-thirds

Who conducted a study about Detroit's walk-ability?

Walk Score


Known as the world's automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for that industry. Detroit's auto industry, some of which was converted to wartime defense production, was an important element of the American "Arsenal of Democracy" supporting the Allied powers during World War II. It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown. Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions, beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport; The D; Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings); Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"); and The 313 (its telephone area code).

What "Arsenal" was Detroit a part of ?

Arsenal of Democracy

What nickname for Detroit recognizes it's musical history?

Motown

What is Detroit's area code?

Which hockey team is based in Detroit?

Red Wings

What Kiss song gave Detroit the nickname Rock City?

Detroit Rock City


In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood. Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.

Which artist resided in Delray?

John Lee Hooker

Which musician attended Cass Tech?

Donald Byrd

Which musician accompanied Donald Byrd on several albums?

Pepper Adams

What is the name of the jazz museum in Detroit?

Graystone International Jazz Museum

What type of music is John Lee Hooker known for?

blues


Other, prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s was Nolan Strong, Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer – who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit, and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune, which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s, laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.

Who was a big influence on Smokey Robinson?

Nolan Strong

What label operated in Third Avenue?

Fortune

Who was Jack Brown's wife?

Devora Brown

What label became Detroit's most famous?

Motown


Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, the Jackson 5, Martha and the Vandellas, The Spinners, Gladys Knight & the Pips, The Marvelettes, The Elgins, The Monitors, The Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists The Andantes and The Funk Brothers, the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman's 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown, based on Allan Slutsky's book of the same name.

Who founded Motown records?

Berry Gordy, Jr.

Who did a documentary on Motown?

Paul Justman

Who wrote a book about Motown?

Allan Slutsky


Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including: the MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as The Necros, The Meatmen, and Negative Approach.

What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s?

hardcore punk rock underground

What year did the movie about Kiss come out?

In which decades did bands like MC5 and Rare Earth become big in Detroit?

1960s and 70s


In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The city is also home to rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker. The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Detroit Cobras, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons.

Which Detroit artist has the highest hip-hop sales?

Eminem

Which band toured with Kid Rock?

Sponge

What genre does The White Stripes fit into?

garage rock

What is J Dilla's occupation?

producer


Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s. The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, "Detroit techno". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as "Movement", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza. In the early years (2000-2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth.

Techno started in which city?

Detroit

What genre of music featured robotic themes?

Detroit techno

What is the Detroit Electronic Music Festival known as?

Movement

When does "Movement" occur?

Memorial Day Weekend

Where does "Movement" take place?

Hart Plaza


Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre (5,174 seats), Music Hall (1,770 seats), the Gem Theatre (451 seats), Masonic Temple Theatre (4,404 seats), the Detroit Opera House (2,765 seats), the Fisher Theatre (2,089 seats), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 seats), Saint Andrew's Hall, the Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall (2,286 seats) which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.

What building does the Detroit Symphony Orchestra play in?

Orchestra Hall

What family purchased the Detroit opera House?

Nederlander

How many seats does the Fisher Theater have?

Which Detroit theater has 4,404 seats?

Masonic Temple Theatre

In what year was the Detroit Opera House purchased?


Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum (birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world's oldest car factory building open to the public), the Pewabic Pottery studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory.

What is the name of the art museum in Detroit?

Detroit Institute of Arts

What is the name of the Detroit museum of African American history?

Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History

Where was the birthplace of the Model T?

Ford Piquette Avenue Plant

What does MOCAD stand for?

Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit

What does CAID stand for?

Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit


In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex. The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit, meanwhile, hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak, the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.

What is the U.S.'s largest museum complex?

The Henry Ford

Where is the Detroit Zoo?

Royal Oak

What museum is in Bloomfield Hills?

Cranbrook Art Museum

What museum is on Belle Isle?

Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory

What Detroit gallery opened in 2010?

G.R. N'Namdi Gallery


The city's Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses. On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market. The Midtown and the New Center area are centered on Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers; for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.

Which market has the largest open air flowerbed in the US?

Eastern Market

How big is Midtown's population?

Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors?

Detroit Festival of the Arts

How many casino resorts ore in downtown?

three

On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors?

Saturdays


Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest. River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.

Which parks hosts the Winter Bash?

Campus Martius Park

Which parade started in 1924?

America's Thanksgiving Parade

Which festival spans five days?

River Days

Which festival draws up to 3 million people?

Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival

What is the country music festival in Detroit called?

Hoedown


An important civic sculpture in Detroit is "The Spirit of Detroit" by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well. A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.

Who sculpted the Spirit of Detroit?

Marshall Fredericks

When was the Joe Louis memorial dedicated?

October 16, 1986

Who commissioned the Joe Luis memorial?

Sports Illustrated

Who sculpted the Joe Louis memorial?

Robert Graham

How long is the Joe Louis memorial?


Detroit is one of 12 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname "Hockeytown".

How many metropolitan areas boast teams from all major US sports?

What is the name of Detroit Piston's arena?

The Palace of Auburn Hills

Where do the Tigers play?

Comerica Park

Where do the Lions play?

Ford Field

Where do the Red Wings play?

Joe Louis Arena


In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

Which bowl game is held in Detroit?

Little Caesars Pizza Bowl

Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?

Ford Field

Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?

Mid-American Conference


In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936). In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937.

What is Detroit's sports related nickname?

City of Champions

What is Eddie Tolan's nickname?

The Midnight Express

Who won the boxing title in 1937?

Joe Louis

Who won the Stanley Cup in 1936?

Red Wings

Who won the World Series in 1935?

Tigers


The city is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The city government is run by a mayor and a nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances.

How many people are on the city council?

nine

When was Detroit's charter approved?

Who approves Detroit's budgets?

The council

What is Detroit's charter called?

Home Rule Charter


Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department.

Where is Wayne County's Probate Court located?

Coleman A. Young Municipal Center

Where is the Circuit Court located?

Frank Murphy Hall of Justice

Which District Court is Detroit home to?

Thirty-Sixth


Detroit has struggled with high crime for decades. Detroit held the title of murder capital between 1985-1987 with a murder rate around 58 per 100,000. Crime has since decreased and, in 2014, the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000, lower than in St. Louis, Missouri. Although the murder rate increased by 6% during the first half of 2015, it was surpassed by St Louis and Baltimore which saw much greater spikes in violence. At year-end 2015, Detroit had 295 criminal homicides, down slightly from 299 in 2014.

What was Detroit's murder rate in 2014?

43.4 per 100,000

What was Detroit's murder rate in the mid to late 80s?

58 per 100,000

What city had a higher murder rate than Detroit in 2014?

St. Louis

How many murders did Detroit have in 2014?

How many murders did Detroit have in 2015?


Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit. Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011. The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).

What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?

two-thirds

What is Detroit's rate of property crime?

62.18 per 1,000

What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?

5 per 1,000

What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?

16.73 per 1,000


Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents. Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.

When was Detroit incorporated?

How many mayors has Detroit had?

Who was Detroit's last Republican mayor?

Louis Miriani

Who was Detroit's first black mayor?

Coleman Young

What was Dennis Archer's former occupation?

Supreme Court Justice


In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.

Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?

Rick Snyder

What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?

Stephen Rhodes

What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?

Chapter 9

When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?

July 18, 2013

How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?

$18.5 billion


Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, located in Northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, dentistry, law, engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center.

What research university is located in Midtown?

Wayne State University

What Catholic university is in Detroit?

University of Detroit Mercy

In which district is Detroit Mercy's Law School located?

Downtown

Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with?

Society of Jesus


Sacred Heart Major Seminary, originally founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Sacred Heart Major Seminary offers a variety of academic programs for both clerical and lay students. Other institutions in the city include the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, University of Michigan–Dearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn.

What Seminary is located in Detroit?

Sacred Heart Major Seminary

When was Sacred Heart Major Seminary founded?

What University opened a satellite campus in the Detroit Medical Center?

Michigan State

When was the University of Michigan founded?

When did the University of Michigan leave Detroit?


Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side. The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs. Of the three Catholic high schools in the city, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.

How many Catholic high schools are in Detroit?

three

How many Catholic grade schools are in Detroit?

four

On which side of the city of the city are all of the Catholic schools located?

west

Two of the three Catholic high schools are operated by which religious group?

Society of Jesus


The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Newspaper Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit. In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery. The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.

Under which agreement are Detroit's major newspapers published?

Detroit Newspaper Partnership

When was The Metro Times founded?

In what year did Detroit's two major newspapers reduce home delivery?


Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America. Covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events. The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States; according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.

What newspaper was founded in 1935?

Michigan Chronicle

How is Detroit's TV market ranked?

11th largest

How often does the Michigan Chronicle publish?

weekly

What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming?

Ontario


Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit. The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.

How many major hospitals are in Detroit?

over a dozen

What is the Detroit VA hospital called?

John D. Dingell

How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?

How many beds does the DMC have?

Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?

DMC


Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment. Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations. The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.

Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?

Vanguard Health Systems

How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?

$1.5 B

What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?

St. Joseph's

How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?

$417 M

How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?

$500 M


On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion, and is expected to open in 2020. "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border," Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons.

Who is the Transport Minister in Canada?

Lisa Raitt

How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost?

$250 million

How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost?

$2.1 billion

When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open?

How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for?

95 per cent