The Grands Magasins Dufayel was a huge department store with inexpensive prices built in 1890 in the northern part of Paris, where it reached a very large new customer base in the working class. In a neighborhood with few public spaces, it provided a consumer version of the public square. It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities, just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city. Like the bourgeois stores, it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods. Its advertisements promised the opportunity to participate in the newest, most fashionable consumerism at reasonable cost. The latest technology was featured, such as cinemas and exhibits of inventions like X-ray machines (that could be used to fit shoes) and the gramophone.

Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built?

the northern part of Paris

What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different?

exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities

What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to?

bourgeois stores

How were these stores different than most during that time?

transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods

Where weren't The Grands Magasins Dufayel built?

I'm not sure.

What weren't employees taught that made a shopping experience different?

I'm not sure.

What were employees taught that made a shopping experience the same?

I'm not sure.

What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel not compared to?

I'm not sure.

How were these stores the same as most during that time?

I'm not sure.


Arnold, Constable was the first American department store. It was founded in 1825 by Aaron Arnold (1794?-1876), an emigrant from Great Britain, as a small dry goods store on Pine Street in New York City. In 1857 the store moved into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House. During the Civil War Arnold, Constable was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis. Recognized as an emporium for high-quality fashions, the store soon outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street in 1869; this “Palace of Trade” expanded over the years until it was necessary to move into a larger space in 1914. In 1925, Arnold, Constable merged with Stewart & Company and expanded into the suburbs, first with a 1937 store in New Rochelle, New York and later in Hempstead and Manhasset on Long Island, and in New Jersey. Financial problems led to bankruptcy in 1975.

What is recognized as the "first" department store in America?

Arnold, Constable

Who founded Arnold, Constable?

Aaron Arnold

Where was the store moved in 1857?

a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House.

What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war?

was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis

When was the "Palace of Trade" built?

What is recognized as the "last" department store in America?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected Arnold, Constable?

I'm not sure.

Where was the store moved in 1875?

I'm not sure.

What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the revolutionary war?

I'm not sure.

When was the "Palace of Trade" destroyed?

I'm not sure.


In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the "Marble Palace" on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renaissance palazzo, the building's cast iron construction permitted large plate glass windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the Christmas shopping season. In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores.

Where was the "Marble Palace" built in 1846?

on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets

What policy did the Marble Palace introduce?

"free entrance" to all potential customers.

How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?

nineteen

What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?

cash and not credit

What customer services did the Marble Palace offer?

waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases

Where was the "Marble Palace" built in 1864?

I'm not sure.

What policy didn't the Marble Palace introduce?

I'm not sure.

How many departments did the new store have, built in 1962?

I'm not sure.

What buying methods did the Marble Palace use?

I'm not sure.

What customer services didn't the Marble Palace offer?

I'm not sure.


In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs.

Who opened the original "modern" department store in America?

John Wanamaker

What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time?

fixed prices marked on every article

How were important documents and money transported throughout the store?

pneumatic tubes

When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store?

In what state was Wanamakers established?

Pennsylvania

Who opened the last "modern" department store in America?

I'm not sure.

What feature made Wanamakers the same as other stores at the time?

I'm not sure.

How were unimportant documents and money transported throughout the store?

I'm not sure.

When was electric lighting last installed and used in the store?

I'm not sure.

In what state wasn't Wanamakers established?

I'm not sure.


Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the main shopping street in the Midwest, State Street in Chicago. Upscale shoppers came by train from throughout the region, patronizing nearby hotels. It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served as a model for other departments stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Field's also brought with it the now famous Frango mints brand that became so closely identified with Marshall Field's and Chicago from the now defunct Frederick & Nelson Department store. Marshall Field's also had the firsts, among many innovations by Marshall Field's. Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the "book signing." Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the "theme" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting "under the clock" on State Street.

In what year was Marshall Field and company established?

When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name?

9 September 2006

What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?

exceptional customer service

Where was Marshall's European buying office located?

Manchester, England

What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's?

personal shopper

In what year was Marshall Field and company closed?

I'm not sure.

When didn't Marshall's convert to the Macy's name?

I'm not sure.

What made Marshall's such a bad example for other stores?

I'm not sure.

Where was Marshall's European selling office located?

I'm not sure.

What charged service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's?

I'm not sure.


David Jones was started by David Jones, a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London. Appleton established a store in Sydney in 1825 and Jones subsequently established a partnership with Appleton, moved to Australia in 1835, and the Sydney store became known as Appleton & Jones. When the partnership was dissolved in 1838, Jones moved his business to premises on the corner of George Street and Barrack Lane, Sydney. David Jones claims to be the oldest department store in the world still trading under its original name.

What occupation did David Jones have?

merchant

Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet?

in London

Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?

Sydney

What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia?

Appleton & Jones

When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?

What occupation didn't David Jones have?

I'm not sure.

Where didn't David Jones and Charles Appleton meet?

I'm not sure.

Where did Appleton begin a store in 1852?

I'm not sure.

What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Austria?

I'm not sure.

When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton start?

I'm not sure.


Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons, many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s. Today Myer and David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. When Russian-born migrant, Sidney Myer, came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother, Elcon Myer. In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria. Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer. Both, Myer and David Jones, are up-market chains, offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands. Other retail chain stores such as Target (unrelated to the American chain of the same name), Venture (now defunct), Kmart and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe, though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.

What were some of the original Australian department stores?

Grace Bros. and Waltons

When did Sydney Myer come to Australia?

Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store?

Bendigo, Victoria

What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones?

up-market chains

What department store brand is now out of business in Australia?

Venture

What were some of the unoriginal Australian department stores?

I'm not sure.

When did Sydney Myer come to Austria?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Myer Retail Group open its last store?

I'm not sure.

What type of hardware stores are Myer and David Jones?

I'm not sure.

What department store brand is now out of business in Austria?

I'm not sure.


From its origins in the fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest corporation in North America and was the largest department store operator in Canada until the mid-1980s, with locations across the country. It also previously owned Zellers, another major Canadian department store which ceased to exist in March 2013 after selling its lease holdings to Target Canada. Other department stores in Canada are: Canadian Tire, Sears Canada, Ogilvy, Les Ailes de la Mode, Giant Tiger, Co-op, Costco and Holt Renfrew. Grocery giant Superstores carry many non-grocery items akin to a department store. Woolco had 160 stores in Canada when operations ceased (Walmart bought out Woolco in 1994). Today low-price Walmart is by far the most dominant department store retailer in Canada with outlets throughout the country. Historically, department stores were a significant component in Canadian economic life, and chain stores such as Eaton's, Charles Ogilvy Limited, Freiman's, Spencer's, Simpsons, Morgan's, and Woodward's were staples in their respective communities. Department stores in Canada are similar in design and style to department stores in the United States.

What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally involved in?

the fur trade

What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013?

Zellers

How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart?

Currently, what department store is most popular in Canada?

Walmart

What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally not involved in?

I'm not sure.

What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2003?

I'm not sure.

How many stores did Woolco operate before buying Walmart?

I'm not sure.

Currently, what department store is least popular in Canada?

I'm not sure.

Currently, what department store is most unpopular in Canada?

I'm not sure.


Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls. In 2003, U.S. department store sales were surpassed by big-box store sales for the first time (though some stores may be classified as "big box" by physical layout and "department store" by merchandise).

What is one type of competition department stores face?

specialist stores

What types of stores have created even more competition?

superstores

What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?

residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs

In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?

What is one type of competition department stores never face?

I'm not sure.

What types of stores have created even less competition?

I'm not sure.

What types of stores haven't created even more competition?

I'm not sure.

What factor lead to a increase in department store shoppers?

I'm not sure.

In what year weren't department store sales beaten by larger stores?

I'm not sure.


Since the opening policy in 1979, the Chinese department stores also develops swiftly along with the fast-growing economy. There are different department store groups dominating different regions. For example, INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province, while Jinying department stores dominate Jiangsu Province. Besides, there are many other department store groups, such as Pacific, Parkson, Wangfujing，New World，etc., many of them are expanding quickly by listing in the financial market.

What began the influx of Chinese department stores?

opening policy in 1979

What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?

Zhejiang province

What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province?

Jinying

How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly?

by listing in the financial market.

What ended the influx of Chinese department stores?

I'm not sure.

What began the influx of Japanese department stores?

I'm not sure.

What area does INTIME department stores have the least influence in?

I'm not sure.

What department store has the least success in Jiangsu Province?

I'm not sure.

How are these domestic department stores expanding so quickly?

I'm not sure.


The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu, who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones. In 1907, another former Hong Kong expatriate in Australia, the Kwok's family, returned to Hong Kong and founded Wing On.

What year did Lane Crawford open?

Who established Lane Crawford?

Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford

What was the store's original target customer base?

visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families

Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store?

Ma Ying Piu

What year did Lane Crawford close?

I'm not sure.

Who closed Lane Crawford?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the store's original target customer base?

I'm not sure.

Who closed the first Chinese-owned department store?

I'm not sure.

Who opened the first Chinese-owned hardware store?

I'm not sure.


In Denmark you find three department store chains: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country, with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. Illums only store on Amagertorv in Copenhagen has the appearance of a department store with 20% run by Magasin, but has individual shop owners making it a shopping centre. But in people's mind it remains a department store. Salling has two stores in Jutland with one of these being the reason for the closure of a magasin store due to the competition.

What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark?

Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906).

Currently, what is the largest department store chain in Denmark?

Magasin

Where is Magasin's "flagship" store located?

Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen

How many stores does Salling have in Jutland?

two

What are the 4 main department store companies in Denmark?

I'm not sure.

Currently, what isn't the largest department store chain in Denmark?

I'm not sure.

Currently, what is the smallest department store chain in Denmark?

I'm not sure.

Where isn't Magasin's "flagship" store located?

I'm not sure.

How many stores does Salling have in Justinland?

I'm not sure.


France's major upscale department stores are Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps, which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country. The first department store in France, Le Bon Marché in Paris, was founded in 1852 and is now owned by the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH. La Samaritaine, another upscale department store also owned by LVMH, closed in 2005. Mid-range department stores chains also exist in France such as the BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville), part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette.

What are two main department stores in France?

Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps

What year was the first department store open in France?

Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?

LVMH

What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005?

La Samaritaine

What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?

BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)

What are three main department stores in France?

I'm not sure.

What year was the first department store closed in France?

I'm not sure.

What year wasn't the first department store open in France?

I'm not sure.

Who currently rents Le Bon Marche?

I'm not sure.

What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2015?

I'm not sure.


The design and function of department stores in Germany followed the lead of London, Paris and New York. Germany used to have a number of department stores; nowadays only a few of them remain. Next to some smaller, independent department stores these are Karstadt (in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen, also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin, the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (part of the Metro AG). Others like Hertie, Wertheim and Horten AG were taken over by others and either fully integrated or later closed.

What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated?

London, Paris and New York.

What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?

Karstadt

What major department store operates in Berlin?

KaDeWe

What store is a part of the Metro AG?

GALERIA Kaufhof

What cities influenced how department stores in Austria operated?

I'm not sure.

What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2011?

I'm not sure.

What department store wasn't taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What major department store no longer operates in Berlin?

I'm not sure.

What store isn't a part of the Metro AG?

I'm not sure.


The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Other international department stores include Debenhams and Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall. This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu and Sogo are all operated by PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.

Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?

Singapore and Sogo from Japan

When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open?

Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia?

Pacific Place Mall

Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?

PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.

What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed?

Harvey Nichols

Where did the Metro Department store originally end?

I'm not sure.

When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-close?

I'm not sure.

Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2003, inside Indonesia

I'm not sure.

Who operates the wide range of department stores in other areas?

I'm not sure.

What store led the Indonesian markets until 2000 when it closed?

I'm not sure.


Parkson enters by acquiring local brand Centro Department Store in 2011. Centro still operates for middle market while the 'Parkson' brand itself, positioned for middle-up segment, enters in 2014 by opening its first store in Medan, followed by its second store in Jakarta. Lotte, meanwhile, enters the market by inking partnership with Ciputra Group, creating what its called 'Lotte Shopping Avenue' inside the Ciputra World Jakarta complex, as well as acquiring Makro and rebranding it into Lotte Mart.

What store did Parkson buy in 2011?

Centro Department Store

Where did Centro open it's first store of 2014?

Medan

Who did Lotte partner with?

Ciputra Group

Where is the "Lotte Shopping Avenue" located?

Ciputra World Jakarta complex

What was Makro re-labeled as after it's purchase?

Lotte Mart

What store did Parkson sell in 2011?

I'm not sure.

Where did Centro open it's first store of 2004?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't Lotte partner with?

I'm not sure.

Where isn't the "Lotte Shopping Avenue" located?

I'm not sure.

What was Makro re-labeled as before it's purchase?

I'm not sure.


Ireland developed a strong middle class, especially in the major cities, by the mid-nineteenth century. They were active patrons of department stores. Delany's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin, Ireland. Unlike others, Delany's had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Thus it could claim to be the first purpose-built Department Store in the world. The word department store had not been invented at that time and thus it was called the "Monster House". The store was completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising, but reopened in 1922.

When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?

mid-nineteenth century.

What department store was founded in 1853?

Delany's New Mart

In what city was Delany's New Mart opened?

Dublin

What was Delany's originally called?

Monster House

In what year was the store destroyed?

When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its upper class?

I'm not sure.

What department store was founded in 1835?

I'm not sure.

In what city was Delany's New Mart closed?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't Delany's originally called?

I'm not sure.

In what year wasn't the store destroyed?

I'm not sure.


Mexico has a large number of department stores based in Mexico, of which the most traditional are El Palacio de Hierro (High end and luxury goods) and Liverpool (Upper-middle income), with its middle income sister store Fabricas de Francia. Sanborns owns over 100 middle income level stores throughout the country. Grupo Carso operates Sears Mexico and two high-end Saks 5th Avenue stores. Other large chains are Coppel and Elektra, which offer items for the bargain price seeker. Wal-Mart operates Suburbia for lower income shoppers, along with stores under the brand names of Wal-Mart, Bodega Aurrera, and Superama.

What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods?

El Palacio de Hierro

What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country?

Sanborns

What company operates Sears Mexico?

Grupo Carso

What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers?

Coppel and Elektra

What Mexican department store typically caters to low-end goods?

I'm not sure.

What company is responsible for over 200 stores in the country?

I'm not sure.

What company isn't responsible for over 100 stores in the country?

I'm not sure.

What company rejects Sears Mexico?

I'm not sure.

What chains typically don't cater to bargain shoppers?

I'm not sure.


The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA.

What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer?

high-end and luxury items

What city is Arthur Barnett in?

Dunedin

Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?

Invercargill

Where are H & J Smith stores typically located?

Southland

When was Laidlaw Leeds first established?

What sorts of goods do the least popular department stores in New Zealand offer?

I'm not sure.

What city isn't Arthur Barnett in?

I'm not sure.

Where isn't H & J Smith's flagship store?

I'm not sure.

Where are H & J Smith stores atypically located?

I'm not sure.

When was Laidlaw Leeds last established?

I'm not sure.


Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Danté remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market.

How did Panama's department stores originally begin?

as textile retailers

When did Panama's Department stores first start?

at the turn of the nineteenth century

What department store is often called "Felix" by the local population?

Felix B. Maduro

What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under?

Cocos

How did Panama's department stores originally end?

I'm not sure.

How didn't Panama's department stores originally begin?

I'm not sure.

When did Panama's Department stores first end?

I'm not sure.

What department store is never called "Felix" by the local population?

I'm not sure.

What store has managed to close despite much it's competition thriving?

I'm not sure.


The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections.

When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?

Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines?

Henry Hoskyn

Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?

Manila

What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed?

Battle of Manila in 1945

When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established?

When was the first department store in the Philippines closed?

I'm not sure.

When was the last department store in the Philippines opened?

I'm not sure.

Who closed some of the first department stores in the Philippines?

I'm not sure.

Where were some of the newest Philippines stores located?

I'm not sure.

What historical event led to many department stores in the area being saved?

I'm not sure.


In Puerto Rico, various department stores have operated, such as Sears, JC Penney, Macy's, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Sam's Club and others. La New York was a Puerto Rican department store. Topeka, Capri and Pitusa are competitors on the Puerto Rican market that also have hypermarkets operating under their names. Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan, a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants. The mall is set to open in March 2015.

What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?

La New York

When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open?

March 2015

How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?

100 tenants

What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens?

Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue

What department store in Puerto Rico isn't named after an American city?

I'm not sure.

When is the Mall of San Juan expected to close?

I'm not sure.

When isn't the Mall of San Juan expected to open?

I'm not sure.

How many tenants aren't expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?

I'm not sure.

What two minor retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens?

I'm not sure.


The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza "Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.

When was Saint Petersburg established?

early 18th century

Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society?

Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor

What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?

Dostoyevsky

What historical site still operates within the mall?

Komissarzhevskaya Theatre

When was Saint Petersburg demolished?

I'm not sure.

Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the poorest of society?

I'm not sure.

What unknown author described parts of the mall in his books?

I'm not sure.

What historical site no longer operates within the mall?

I'm not sure.

What historical site still operates outside of the mall?

I'm not sure.


Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise. It operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM was designed to advance the Bolsheviks' goals of eliminating private enterprise and rebuilding consumerism along socialist lines, as well as democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM became a major propaganda purveyor, with advertising and promotional campaigns that taught Russians the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behavior. In trying to create a socialist consumer culture from scratch, GUM recast the functions and meanings of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the march toward utopian communism. By the late 1920s, however, GUM's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers, who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement. GUM's main function became one of distributing whatever the factories sent them, regardless of consumer demand or quality.

What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism?

State Department Stores (GUM)

When did GUM begin to decline and lose power?

late 1920s

Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM?

Lenin

When did they first establish the organization?

What group was established in 1912 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism?

I'm not sure.

What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between communism and consumerism?

I'm not sure.

When did GUM stop declining and gained power?

I'm not sure.

Who never formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM?

I'm not sure.

When did they last establish the organization?

I'm not sure.


In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow, followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage. Other popular stores are Mega (shopping malls), Stockmann, and Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, and White Wind (Beliy Veter) sell large number of electronic devices. In St. Petersburg The Passage has been popular since the 1840s. 1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window (За витриной универмага) on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950's.

Where is the most notable Russian department store located?

Moscow

In what city is the Passage located?

St. Petersburg

What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?

Behind Store Window

When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed?

Where is the least notable Russian department store located?

I'm not sure.

Where is the most notable Russian department store not located?

I'm not sure.

In what city isn't the Passage located?

I'm not sure.

What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the current Soviet Union?

I'm not sure.

When wasn't the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed?

I'm not sure.


The five most prevalent chains are Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store is the largest, operating more than 40 stores (include outlet, young plaza, foreign branches). Hyundai Department Store has about 14 stores (13dept, 1outlet), and there are 10 stores in Shinsegae. Shinsegae has 3 outlet store with Simon. Galleria has 5, AK has 5 stores. Galleriaeast and west is well known by luxury goods. These five department stores are known to people as representative corporations in the field of distirution in South Korea. From fashion items to electric appliances, people can buy various kinds of products. Every weekend, people are fond of going around these department stores, because their location is usually easy to visit. As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City, Busan, is the largest department store in the world.

What department store chain operates the most stores?

Lotte Department Store

Where is the "field of distribution" most often associated with?

South Korea

What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?

Shinsegae department store

Where is the largest department store in the world located?

Centum City, Busan

What department store chain operates the least stores?

I'm not sure.

What department restaurant chain operates the most stores?

I'm not sure.

Where is the "field of distribution" least often associated with?

I'm not sure.

Where is the smallest department store in the world located?

I'm not sure.

What store was the smallest department store in the world in 2010?

I'm not sure.


The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Inglés stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galerías Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Inglés, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.

What was the name of the first Spanish department store?

Almacenes el Siglo

When was the first Spanish department store opened?

October 1881

What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain?

El Corte Inglés

When was El Corte Ingles established?

What wasn't the name of the first Spanish department store?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the last Spanish department store?

I'm not sure.

When was the first Spanish department store closed?

I'm not sure.

When was El Corte Ingles demolished?

I'm not sure.

What department store brand now rents most of the market in Spain?

I'm not sure.


John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.

What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle?

Bainbridge

What is the world's oldest department store?

John Lewis Newcastle

Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store?

Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge

What was the location of the first store?

Market Street, Newcastle

When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?

What is the current name of John Lewis Newcastle?

I'm not sure.

What is the world's newest department store?

I'm not sure.

Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the last store?

I'm not sure.

What was the location of the last store?

I'm not sure.

When did John Lewis sell and take over the Bainbridge store?

I'm not sure.


Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester – although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate.

Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?

Kendal Milne and Faulkner

Where was the store located?

Manchester

How long did the store operate for?

over 200 years

Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store?

House of Fraser

Who purchased a small shop in 1853, which would eventually become Kendals?

I'm not sure.

Who purchased a large shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?

I'm not sure.

Where wasn't the store located?

I'm not sure.

How long didn't the store operate for?

I'm not sure.

Who eventually sold and ceased operation of the store?

I'm not sure.


All major cities have their distinctive local department stores, which anchored the downtown shopping district until the arrival of the malls in the 1960s. Washington, for example, after 1887 had Woodward & Lothrop and Garfinckel's starting in 1905. Garfield's went bankrupt in 1990, as did Woodward & Lothrop in 1994. Baltimore had four major department stores: Hutzler's was the prestige leader, followed by Hecht's, Hochschild's and Stewart's. They all operated branches in the suburbs, but all closed in the late twentieth century. By 2015, most locally owned department stores around the country had been consolidated into larger chains, or had closed down entirely.

When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington?

In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?

How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time?

four

By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations?

When did Garfinckel's end operating in Washington?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't Garfield's go bankrupt?

I'm not sure.

How many minor department stores did Baltimore have at the time?

I'm not sure.

How many major department stores didn't Baltimore have at the time?

I'm not sure.

By what year hadn't most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations?

I'm not sure.


Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists – set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, "windowless" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns.

How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?

What demographic were most stores focusing on?

middle-class audience

What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?

Sears

How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?

How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1903?

I'm not sure.

How many stores wasn't J. C. Penny operating in 1930?

I'm not sure.

What demographic weren't most stores focusing on?

I'm not sure.

What store was one of the last to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?

I'm not sure.

How many stores was Sears operating in 1904?

I'm not sure.


After World War II Hudson's realized that the limited parking space at its downtown skyscraper would increasingly be a problem for its customers. The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield, just beyond the city limits. It was the largest suburban shopping center in the world, and quickly became the main shopping destination for northern and western Detroit, and for much of the suburbs. By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson's sales; it closed in 1986. The Northland Center Hudson's, rebranded Macy's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores, was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall's high storefront vacancy, decaying infrastructure, and financial mismanagement.

In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?

What was the store called in Southfield?

Northland Center

In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close?

What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?

Federated Department Stores

What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?

Macy's

In what year didn't Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking outside of cities?

I'm not sure.

What was the store called in Northfield?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper open?

I'm not sure.

What company purchased the Northland Center in 2016?

I'm not sure.


George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912. His descendants built Southdale Center in 1956, opened the Target discount store chain in 1962 and the B. Dalton Bookseller chain in 1966. Dayton's grew to 19 stores under the Dayton's name plus five other regional names acquired by Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation closed the flagship J. L. Hudson Department Store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000. In 2002, Dayton's and Hudson's were consolidated into the Marshall Field's name. In 2005, May Department Stores acquired all of the Marshall Field's stores and shortly thereafter, Macy's acquired May.

Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?

George Dayton

In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established?

When was the Southdale Center opened?

What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?

Mervyn's

Who closed Dayton's Dry Goods?

I'm not sure.

In what year wasn't Dayton's Dry Goods established?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods closed?

I'm not sure.

When was the Southdale Center closed?

I'm not sure.

What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1987?

I'm not sure.


In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.

In what year did Horne began doing business?

In what city did Horne begin their operations?

Pittsburgh

What company purchased Horne's in 1972?

Associated Dry Goods

How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?

ten

In what year didn't Horne begin doing business?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Horne stop doing business?

I'm not sure.

In what city did Horne cease their operations?

I'm not sure.

What company purchased Horne's in 1927?

I'm not sure.

How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1949?

I'm not sure.


The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.

Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?

the North German Confederation

When was the Paris Convention?

When was the Berne Convention?

When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?

What name did the merged secretariats adopt?

United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property

What constitution epressly protected intellectual propert?

I'm not sure.

What position was established by the Paris convention in 1886 and the Berne Convention 1883?

I'm not sure.

Secretaties from what convention merged with the secrataries of the Paris Convention  in 1886?

I'm not sure.

Who located in Paris after merging in 1893?

I'm not sure.

What name was adopted by the administrative secretatioes from the Berne Convention?

I'm not sure.


The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown., in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears." The statement that "discoveries are...property" goes back earlier. Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, "All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years." In Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propriété intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846.

When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?

October 1845

Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?

Massachusetts Circuit Court

Who wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property"?

Justice Charles L. Woodbury

What year did the "discoveries are property" concept appear in French law?

When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?

What French author mentioned intellectual property in 1845?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled on the 1846 patent case?

I'm not sure.

What justice wrote "All new discoveries are the property of the author"

I'm not sure.

In what year did French law state that " the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates"?

I'm not sure.

What is delivered to the nventor for anywhere from 1-15 years?

I'm not sure.


The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist – notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent "to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury".

Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?

Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)

When did Jewish law recognize copyright?

in the 16th century

When did Sybaris offer patents?

500 BCE

How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?

one year

What Jewish principle justified copyright in 500 BCE?

I'm not sure.

How long was the patent offered by Jewish law?

I'm not sure.

What Greek state offered copyrights?

I'm not sure.

A Jewish law considered intellectual creations to be what?

I'm not sure.


A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability.:17

Who grants a patent?

the government

Who is a patent granted to?

an inventor

How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?

three

An invention is a solution to what type of problem?

technological

What is a patent offered in exchange for?

public disclosure of the invention

What excludes the inventor from making using selling or offering to sell an invention?

I'm not sure.

What is kept from public disclosure in exchange for a patent?

I'm not sure.

What is a solution to an intellectual problem?

I'm not sure.

What grandson inventor exclusive use of an invention for a limited amount of time?

I'm not sure.

What needs to be new obvious and have an industrial application?

I'm not sure.


The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to "Promote progress." By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work. Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual property legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be "absolute protection". "If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better. The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions". This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric. Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the America Invents Act, stress international harmonization. Recently there has also been much debate over the desirability of using intellectual property rights to protect cultural heritage, including intangible ones, as well as over risks of commodification derived from this possibility. The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.

What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?

Promote progress.

What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?

create and disclose their work

Which view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property?

absolute protection or full value

Which recent law stresses international harmonization?

America Invents Act

What has the stated objective of protecting the inventor?

I'm not sure.

Who do patents keep from disclosing their work?

I'm not sure.

What new treats intellectual property different than real property?

I'm not sure.

What recent loss stresses national harmonization?

I'm not sure.

Why is less intellectual property more desirable?

I'm not sure.


In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy is more than US$5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people. The value of intellectual property is considered similarly high in other developed nations, such as those in the European Union. In the UK, IP has become a recognised asset class for use in pension-led funding and other types of business finance. However, in 2013, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated: "There are millions of intangible business assets whose value is either not being leveraged at all, or only being leveraged inadvertently".

How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?

more than US$5 trillion

How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?

18 million

Where has IP become a recognised asset class?

the UK

How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?

millions

What was estimated to be worth $18 million to the US economy?

I'm not sure.

What does intellectual property create for 5 trillion people?

I'm not sure.

What is not valued as highly in other developed countries?

I'm not sure.

What has become a recognized asset class in the European Union?

I'm not sure.

What country has millions of tangible assets not being leveraged?

I'm not sure.


Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea).

What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?

Patent infringement

Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?

in the US

What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?

civil

What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?

criminal

What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?

criminal

What is caused by using or selling a patented invention?

I'm not sure.

What does the US have a safe harbor for?

I'm not sure.

What type of cases in the US are handled by criminal law?

I'm not sure.

What types of cases in Russia and China are handled by civil law?

I'm not sure.


Copyright infringement is reproducing, distributing, displaying or performing a work, or to make derivative works, without permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator. It is often called "piracy". While copyright is created the instance a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright.[citation needed] Enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU, and which has not entered into force, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to active police for infringement. There are limitations and exceptions to copyright, allowing limited use of copyrighted works, which does not constitute infringement. Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine.

When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?

May 2011

Which countries signed ACTA?

United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU

Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?

fair use and fair dealing

What is the common term for copyright infringement?

piracy

What is it called when you reproduce distribute display works from copyright with their without permission?

I'm not sure.

What is not created until the copyright owner registers the copyright?

I'm not sure.

Which document allows unlimited use of copyrighted works?

I'm not sure.

What countries refused to accept ACTA

I'm not sure.

What is the government responsible for enforcing?

I'm not sure.


Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party. In many countries, a trademark receives protection without registration, but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement. Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and, in several jurisdictions, under criminal law.

What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?

Trademark infringement

What does registering a trademark provide?

legal advantages for enforcement

Where is a trademark protected without registration?

In many countries

How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?

civil litigation

How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?

criminal law

What occurs when someone uses an identical trademark but not when the use a similar trademark

I'm not sure.

What this trademark protection require in most jurisdictions?

I'm not sure.

A trademark without what receives the same legal advantages as a registered trademark?

I'm not sure.

What is addressed by criminal law in all jurisdictions?

I'm not sure.


Trade secret misappropriation is different from violations of other intellectual property laws, since by definition trade secrets are secret, while patents and registered copyrights and trademarks are publicly available. In the United States, trade secrets are protected under state law, and states have nearly universally adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act. The United States also has federal law in the form of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (18 U.S.C. §§ 1831–1839), which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime. This law contains two provisions criminalizing two sorts of activity. The first, 18 U.S.C. § 1831(a), criminalizes the theft of trade secrets to benefit foreign powers. The second, 18 U.S.C. § 1832, criminalizes their theft for commercial or economic purposes. (The statutory penalties are different for the two offenses.) In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right but penalties for theft are roughly the same as the United States.[citation needed]

Which type of intellectual property is secret?

trade secrets

What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets?

Uniform Trade Secrets Act

What US federal law protects trade secrets?

Economic Espionage Act

Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?

an equitable right

US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?

a property right

What secrets this federal law protect?

I'm not sure.

What do most US states use the Economic Espionage Act to protect?

I'm not sure.

What does federal law protect using the Uniform Trade Secrets Act?

I'm not sure.

What does the Unified Trade Secrets Act make a federal crime?

I'm not sure.

What is criminalized by the United Trade Secrets Act when for the benefit of a foreign power?

I'm not sure.


Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law. Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest or otherwise abusing related legislations; and that it disallows intelligent discussion about specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.

Which term is criticized as vague?

intellectual property

What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?

specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.

Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?

semantic

Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?

intellectual property

What term is criticized is too specific?

I'm not sure.

What does the term intellectual property allow intelligent discussion about?

I'm not sure.

Which term is criticized as being too concrete in narrow?

I'm not sure.

What do supporters say the term intelectual propertyspecially serves?

I'm not sure.


Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion". He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.

Who founded the Free Software Foundation?

Richard Stallman

Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?

Richard Stallman

Who said the term 'intellectual property' "operates as a catch-all"?

Richard Stallman

How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?

in the singular

What term does Richard Stallman support using?

I'm not sure.

Who said the term intellectual property simplifies and clarifies these issues?

I'm not sure.

What does Stallman advocate refering to in the plurally?

I'm not sure.

What does Stallman say is created by confusing ownership with monopolies?

I'm not sure.


On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers. Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge. He mentions that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time".

Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?

copyright

What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?

the printing press

What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?

copyright

What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?

property rights and free speech

Who pointed out that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time"?

Stallman

What does Stallman say that censorship is a form of?

I'm not sure.

What was censorship a regulatory model for?

I'm not sure.

What does Stallman say is meant to be mandatory?

I'm not sure.

What restricts free Speech?

I'm not sure.

What does Stallman say is a natural right?

I'm not sure.


Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word "property" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas.

Who is one advocate of copyleft?

Lawrence Lessig

Who has objected to the idea of IP because "property" implies scarcity?

Stephan Kinsella

Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?

tangible

How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?

indefinitely

What Law proffessor suppoert copyright?

I'm not sure.

Who says property does not imply scarcity?

I'm not sure.

IP is like what other kind of property?

I'm not sure.

What can not be duplicated without diminishing the original?

I'm not sure.


Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents. More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology.

What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?

health

IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?

the masses

Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?

the public

Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?

patent

What type of monopolies does IP create?

intellectual

What is suppoerted by pharmaceutical patents?

I'm not sure.

what concentrated intersts for tha benefit of the masses?

I'm not sure.

What kind of monopolies does IP break up?

I'm not sure.

Whose interests are helped by expanding IP

I'm not sure.


The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should "focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development—not as an end in itself".

Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?

World Intellectual Property Organization

When was a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" issued?

Who issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property"?

the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?

the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?

Who says that IP is in harmony with other human rights?

I'm not sure.

When did the WIPO issue the "Human rights and intellectual property"

I'm not sure.

What did the WIPO say IP failures infringed on?

I'm not sure.

When did the UN Committee adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Inellectual Property Organization'?

I'm not sure.

What tends to be governed by social goals?

I'm not sure.


Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. "An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations".:1108–9

For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?

socially valuable

What is an example of socially valuable goods?

life-saving medicines

What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?

the marginal cost of production

Who might a higher price exclude from the market?

anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product

What do IP rights keep companies from charging?

I'm not sure.

What does an IRP driven regime encourage production of four poor populations?

I'm not sure.

What type of goods are exempt from the ethical problems brought on by IP rights?

I'm not sure.

What do IP rights keep companies from recouping?

I'm not sure.


Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural "property" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.

What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?

community creativity

What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?

indigenous cultural "property"

Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?

Western

The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?

written

Who includes common creativity in their definition of intellectual property?

I'm not sure.

What does current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?

I'm not sure.

What bias is eliminated by asking native cultures to write down their cultural artifacts?

I'm not sure.

What definition includes any works that are result of community creativity?

I'm not sure.


Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America. In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights. In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor. Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property. These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority.

What is the American film industry's trade organization?

Motion Picture Association of America

The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?

film

Which country is the world's largest producer of films?

United States

The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?

intellectual-property

Congress has advocated a strong protection of what kind of rights?

I'm not sure.

What has Congress argued that people are entitled to?

I'm not sure.

What type of reforms have weakened the MPAA?

I'm not sure.

What is Congress aware of that makes it difficult to expand the conception of intellectual property?

I'm not sure.


The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy. The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls "piracy". The industry has had victories against some services, including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster, and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright. The electronic age has seen an increase in the attempt to use software-based digital rights management tools to restrict the copying and use of digitally based works. Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted, that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems. Equivalent provisions, to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time, and are being expanded in, for example, Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive. Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 (91/250/EEC), and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 (98/84/EEC). This can hinder legal uses, affecting public domain works, limitations and exceptions to copyright, or uses allowed by the copyright holder. Some copyleft licenses, like GNU GPL 3, are designed to counter that. Laws may permit circumvention under specific conditions like when it is necessary to achieve interoperability with the circumventor's program, or for accessibility reasons; however, distribution of circumvention tools or instructions may be illegal.

What does the recording industry call piracy?

copyright infringement

What type of company was Napster?

file-sharing

What law enforces digital rights management systems?

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?

Article 6 and 7

When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?

The growth of what has strengthened copyright policy?

I'm not sure.

What industry did not have success against the file sharing company Napster?

I'm not sure.

What has seen a decrease in the use of digital rights management tools?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a civil law to prevent circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights

I'm not sure.

What can copyleft license hinder?

I'm not sure.


In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of "trademark", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is "capable of distinguishing" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark.

When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?

What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?

common law

What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?

trademark

What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?

a trademark

What type of law handled IP rights after 1994?

I'm not sure.

What type of IP did the TRIP agreement muddied the definition of?

I'm not sure.

What is a sign that is often shared between one business and another?

I'm not sure.

Before TRIP how was a trademark defined?

I'm not sure.


Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.

What does Florida stand for

Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land")

What states border Florida

to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida

What is the state capital of Florida

Tallahassee is the state capital

Where does Florida rank in US population

the 3rd most populous

What city has the most people in Florida

Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida

What does Florida mean in French?

I'm not sure.

What state is located in the Northeastern region of the US?

I'm not sure.

What is not the state capital of Florida?

I'm not sure.

What is the fourth most populous state in the US?

I'm not sure.

What city in Florida has the least amount of people?

I'm not sure.


A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.

What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US

it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles

What level is most of the land in florida

Much of the state is at or near sea level

What is the florida climate

The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south

Some animals and reptiles native to Florida

American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee

Name a National Park in Florida

Everglades National Park

What is the length of the shortest Contiguous Coastline in the US?

I'm not sure.

How much of the state is not near sea level?

I'm not sure.

What region in Florida is not subtropical?

I'm not sure.

What region in Florida is not tropical?

I'm not sure.

What park is outside of Florida?

I'm not sure.


"By May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult. Very soon, 'many smokes' appeared 'along the whole coast', billowing against the sky, when the Native ancestors of the Seminole spotted the newcomers and spread the alarm by signal fires". The Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida.[full citation needed] Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a colony at present-day Pensacola, one of the first European settlements in the continental United States, but it was abandoned by 1561.

What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539

Hernando de Soto

Who established early settlements in Florida

Both the Spanish and French established settlements

Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida

Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano

What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida

Native ancestors of the Seminole

What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida

Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more

What happened in 1538?

I'm not sure.

What coast did Hernando de Soto not find?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't Hernando de Soto looking for?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Hernando de Soto see?

I'm not sure.

What was founded in 1561?

I'm not sure.


In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.

What did Spain trade Florida for

In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba

Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba

Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba

What road did the British construct

the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia

What river does the Kings road cross

the St. Johns River

What did Germany trade Florida for?

I'm not sure.

Who owned Cuba after the Eight Years War?

I'm not sure.

What road did the British destroy?

I'm not sure.

What river does the Kings road not cross?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the river named after a sheep?

I'm not sure.


The British divided Florida into the two colonies of British East Florida and British West Florida. The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to the two new colonies reports of the natural wealth of Florida were published in England. A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber.

What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida

British East Florida and British West Florida

Who was given Florida land grants

officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement

Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from

coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda

The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as

what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County

What did the Colonist cultivate

the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber

Which country divided Florida into North and South Florida?

I'm not sure.

Who was not given Florida land grants

I'm not sure.

What is the last permanent colony known as?

I'm not sure.

What did the British not introduce?

I'm not sure.

What did the British not export?

I'm not sure.


As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government. Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.

What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida

British governors were directed to call general assemblies

Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence

Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence

Who did Florida side with during the revolution

Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.

What legal system is still used by florida

English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government

What legal system was not introduced by the British in Florida?

I'm not sure.

Who did Florida oppose during the revolution?

I'm not sure.

What legal system has never been used by Florida?

I'm not sure.

Where did East and West Florida send representatives?

I'm not sure.

What did representatives draft in Florida?

I'm not sure.


Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.

Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from

English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina

Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as

Florida Crackers

Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements

Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers

Where did the Spanish patrol well?

I'm not sure.

Who were checked while migrating to Florida?

I'm not sure.

Who were not called the Florida Crackers?

I'm not sure.

What states did people not move from?

I'm not sure.


These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

What led to the rebellion in 1810

Spanish rule

What did the rebellion lead to

the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23

What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag

a single white star on a blue field

What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion

Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge

What led to the rebellion in 1811?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1810?

I'm not sure.

What happened on September 22?

I'm not sure.

When did meetings end?

I'm not sure.

Where were the French overcome at?

I'm not sure.


Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.".

Where did Seminole Indians raid

Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements

Who did the Indians offer haven to

runaway slaves

What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now

First Seminole War

Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary

orida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage

Where did Seminole Indians not raid?

I'm not sure.

What Indians lived in North Florida?

I'm not sure.

What people did Indians turn away refuge from?

I'm not sure.

Who said "serving every earthly purpose as a post of annoyance to them"

I'm not sure.

What did John Quincy Adams say about Georgia?

I'm not sure.


Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance. Andrew Jackson served as military governor of the newly acquired territory, but only for a brief period. On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.

Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US

Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons

What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US

Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821

Which president was given control of Florida

James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance

When did East and West Florida Merge

On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory

What happened on March 2 1821?

I'm not sure.

Which president failed to take possession of Florida?

I'm not sure.

What president took possession of North and South Florida?

I'm not sure.

When did the United States separate East and West Florida?

I'm not sure.

When did north and south florida join?

I'm not sure.


By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

What was an issue in the early 1800's

Indian removal was a significant issue

What did congress pass in 1830

In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act

Who did Seminoles harbor

runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles

What was the name of the treaty of 1832

Treaty of Payne's Landing

What did Paynes Landing promiss

the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

What people weren't an issue in 1800s?

I'm not sure.

What region of the US were Indians welcomed?

I'm not sure.

What was passed in 1840?

I'm not sure.

Who were known as the White Seminoles?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Treaty of Payne's landing removed?

I'm not sure.