The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. For example, the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana. The orator group which confers this title – the Faleiva (House of Nine) – is based at Leulumoega. This is also the same for the other districts. In the district of Tuamasaga, the paramount title of the district – the Malietoa title – is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega.

What district is Leulumoega the capital of?

A'ana

What is the Samoan word for the "House of Nine" in Leulumoega?

Faleiva

What is A'ana's paramount title?

the TuiA'ana

What's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district?

Malietoa

In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business?

Afega

What are the responsibilities of the Afega in each district?

I'm not sure.

What is the word for Afega according to the orator group?

I'm not sure.

What is the paramount title of the capital village?

I'm not sure.

What is the paramount title of the Afega district?

I'm not sure.

In what town does the TuiA'ana conduct business?

I'm not sure.


The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km² (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.

What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?

vulcanism

Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?

Savai'i

What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?

Mt Silisili,

How many meters is 6,096 feet?

What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?

Mt Matavanu

What is the source of solidified lava on Mata o le Afi?

I'm not sure.

What is different about Mauga Afi compared to the other islands?

I'm not sure.

What is the highest point in Mauga Afi?

I'm not sure.

When was a mantle plume discovered near Magua Alfi?

I'm not sure.

What is Mata o le Afi probably the result of?

I'm not sure.


The country currency is the Samoan tālā, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force, and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.

What institution is in charge of Samoa's currency?

Central Bank of Samoa

In addition to agriculture, what industry historically supported Samoa's local economy?

fishing

What fruit juice is a major Samoan export?

noni

What portion of Samoa works in agriculture?

two-thirds

What kind of oil does Samoa export?

coconut

How much of the country uses the Samoa tala?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people in Samoa receive money from overseas?

I'm not sure.

What resources does Samoa not produce themeselves and need to import?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Samoans are fishermen?

I'm not sure.

What fruit has the Samoan tala traditionally been dependent on?

I'm not sure.


The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline.[citation needed] Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances.[citation needed] The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure, political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries, and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia (then Virgin Blue).

In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation?

financial

The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa?

the labour market

What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment?

hotel infrastructure

What's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia?

Virgin Samoa

Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them?

helped

What have neighboring Pacific countries called for?

I'm not sure.

What is one strength of Virgin Blue and its operations?

I'm not sure.

What are two things that have helped the launch of Virgin Samoa?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Samoan government call for the financial sector to be deregulated?

I'm not sure.

What was launched as a joint venture between Pacific countries and capital investment?

I'm not sure.


In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]

What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?

copra

What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?

natural rubber

What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?

bananas

Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?

New Zealand

Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?

China

What did China produce before Melanesian colonization?

I'm not sure.

What new industries were produced by China in Somoa?

I'm not sure.

What happened when the price of cocoa beans fell?

I'm not sure.

What is there a large market for in Melanesia?

I'm not sure.

What groups were developing new industries and plantations in Melanesia?

I'm not sure.


The staple products of Samoa are copra (dried coconut meat), cocoa bean (for chocolate), and bananas. The annual production of both bananas and copra has been in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 metric tons (about 14,500 to 16,500 short tons). If the rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were eradicated, Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 metric tons (44,000 short tons) of copra. Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and used in fine New Zealand chocolates. Most are Criollo-Forastero hybrids. Coffee grows well, but production has been uneven. WSTEC is the biggest coffee producer. Rubber has been produced in Samoa for many years, but its export value has little impact on the economy.[citation needed]

What is copra?

dried coconut meat

How many metric tons of bananas and copra does Samoa produce each year?

13,000 to 15,000

What pest is the greatest threat to Samoan crops?

rhinoceros beetle

Are the cocoa beans grown in Samoa high or low quality?

high quality

What company produces more coffee than any other in Samoa?

WSTEC

In how many tons is the annual production of coffee?

I'm not sure.

What would happen if rubber wasn't produced in Samoa?

I'm not sure.

What kind of coffee plants are grown in Samoa?

I'm not sure.

What company is the largest copra producer?

I'm not sure.

What kind of impact does the export value of copra have on the economy?

I'm not sure.


Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate). The Head of State until 2007, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II, was a Bahá'í convert. Samoa hosts one of seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) from Apia.

What's the most popular church in Samoa?

Christian Congregational Church of Samoa

What percentage of Samoa's population is Mormon?

Where is the Bahá'í place of worship located in Samoa?

Tiapapata

What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bahá'í House of Worship?

His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II

What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?

Roman Catholic

What percentage of Samoans were Methodist in 2007?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Head of State In Samoa until 2011?

I'm not sure.

When was the Roman Catholic church built in Samoa?

I'm not sure.

Who dedicated the Roman Catholic church built in Samoa in 1984?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Roman Catholic church located in Samoa?

I'm not sure.


Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. As such, ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of vāfealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.

What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans?

Christianity

What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?

vāfealoa'i

What word is used in Samoa to mean "respect"?

fa'aaloalo

What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?

What religion is practiced by the fa'aaloalo?

I'm not sure.

What word encapsulates the core beliefs of Christianity?

I'm not sure.

How much of the population believe in fa'a Samoa?

I'm not sure.

What is the practice of Christianity based on?

I'm not sure.

What happened when fa'a Samoa was introduced?

I'm not sure.


The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more physical and snappy. The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pate) or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body.

What does "siva" mean in Samoan?

dance

What's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers?

sasa

What are pates?

wooden drums

What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform?

fa'ataupati

The "slap dance" probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures?

insects

What is the Samoan word for rhythm?

I'm not sure.

What is another dance not performed by men?

I'm not sure.

Why was the siva dance created?

I'm not sure.

What kind of instruments are used when performing the siva?

I'm not sure.

What else does the sasa do besides having unique gentle movements of the body to music?

I'm not sure.


Albert Wendt is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience. In 1989, his novel Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree was made into a feature film in New Zealand, directed by Martyn Sanderson. Another novel Sons for the Return Home had also been made into a feature film in 1979, directed by Paul Maunder. The late John Kneubuhl, born in American Samoa, was an accomplished playwright and screenwriter and writer. Sia Figiel won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel "Where We Once Belonged". Momoe Von Reiche is an internationally recognised poet and artist. Tusiata Avia is a performance poet. Her first book of poetry Wild Dogs Under My Skirt was published by Victoria University Press in 2004. Dan Taulapapa McMullin is an artist and writer. Other Samoan poets and writers include Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia, Eti Sa'aga and Savea Sano Malifa, the editor of the Samoa Observer.

What Samoan author write Flying Fox in Freedom Tree?

Albert Wendt

In what country was Flying Fox in Freedom Tree made into a feature film?

New Zealand

Which Wendt novel was made into a film directed by Paul Maunder?

Sons for the Return Home

Who won a Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction for her book "Where We Once Belonged"?

Sia Figiel

What type of literature does Tusiata Avia write?

poetry

What novel was written by Martyn Sanderson?

I'm not sure.

What happened to Martyn Sanderson's novel in 1989?

I'm not sure.

What did Paul Maunder win in 1997?

I'm not sure.

What novel was written by Paul Maunder?

I'm not sure.

What book of poetry was published by John Kneubuhl in 2004?

I'm not sure.


In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.

What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?

The Five Stars

What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?

Sweet Inspiration

What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?

New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award

Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?

Tha Feelstyle

What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?

When did the band The Five Stars reach number one on the New Zealand charts?

I'm not sure.

What award did Penina o Tiafu recieve in 1999?

I'm not sure.

What song did Penina o Tiafau win the award for in 1999?

I'm not sure.

What kind of music style does Penina o Tiafau use?

I'm not sure.

Where was The Five Stars music video filmed?

I'm not sure.


Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU. Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, "Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth." Like very many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also "testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves," and to the "circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel." Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths.

What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?

MAU

What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa?

Hip hop

What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace?

Neil Ieremia

What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop, dance, and traditional Samoan culture?

Katerina Martina Teaiwa

Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular?

youths

What has Neil Leremia's company MAU recieved when touring in Europe and NY?

I'm not sure.

What is Lemi Ponifasio's position at hs company Black Grace?

I'm not sure.

What is popular among Samoan youth according to Lemi Ponifasio?

I'm not sure.

Among what group is the dance company MAU popular?

I'm not sure.

What dance form is taught at the University of Hawaii?

I'm not sure.


Director Sima Urale is an award-winning filmmaker. Urale's short film O Tamaiti won the prestigious Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival. The feature film Siones Wedding, co-written by Oscar Kightley, was financially successful following premieres in Auckland and Apia. The 2011 film The Orator was the first ever fully Samoan film, shot in Samoa in the Samoan language with a Samoan cast telling a uniquely Samoan story. Written and directed by Tusi Tamasese, it received much critical acclaim and attention at film festivals throughout the world.

Who made the film O Tamaiti?

Sima Urale

What was Sima Urale's first feature-length production?

Apron Strings

What movie was the first ever all-Samoan production?

The Orator

Who wrote and directed The Orator?

Tusi Tamasese

In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?

What film directed by Oscar Knightley won Best Short Film in 1996?

I'm not sure.

What event did the first feature film made by Oscar Knightley open?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the first fully Samoan film made in 1996?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote and directed Siones Wedding in 2011?

I'm not sure.

Where did the film Apron Strings receive critical acclaim and attention in 2011?

I'm not sure.


Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991, and made the quarter finals in 1991, 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup. At the 2003 world cup, Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions, England. Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union, who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and thus, also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team.

What do Samoans affectionately call their national rugby team?

Manu Samoa

The Samoan team hasn't missed a Rugby World Cup since what year?

What organization governs the Samoan rugby team?

Samoa Rugby Football Union

What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003?

England

In what year did Manu Samoa make it to the second round of the World Cup?

What is the national sport in England?

I'm not sure.

How long has England competed at every Rugby World Cup?

I'm not sure.

How often did England make quarter finals?

I'm not sure.

When did England come close to beating Samoa?

I'm not sure.

What alliance has England been a member of since 1991?

I'm not sure.


Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia,[citation needed] with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL, Super League and domestic players. Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Super League and National Leagues in Britain. Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town, Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club. Other noteworthy players from NZ and Australia have represented the Samoan National team. The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012.

In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013?

Rugby League World Cup

Apart from Australia, in what country other than Samoa might Samoan rugby players live?

New Zealand

What Samoan rugby player signed to London Irish rugby club?

Setima Sa

How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition?

What rugby club did Maurie Fa'asavalu play for?

St Helens

What is mostly played by Australians living in New Zealand?

I'm not sure.

What players made up the British rugby team in 2013?

I'm not sure.

How many teams played in the 2013 Rugby League World Cup?

I'm not sure.

What rugby club did Francis Meli sign with in 2012?

I'm not sure.

How many teams will the NRL expand to have in 2012?

I'm not sure.


Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (Italian pronunciation: [dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini]; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Vatican's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered as the closest and most influential colleagues of Pope Pius XII, who in 1954 named him Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini automatically became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.

On What date was Pope Paul VI born?

26 September 1897

On what date did Pope Paul VI die?

6 August 1978)

In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?

When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?

21 June 1963

What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?

Giovanni


Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI (the first to take the name "Paul" since 1605) to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ, following the example of Apostle St. Paul.[citation needed] He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was automatically closed with the death of John XXIII, and gave it priority and direction. After the council had concluded its work, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, often walking a thin line between the conflicting expectations of various groups within Catholicism. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors. Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a humble servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, and other political issues, were often controversial, especially in Western Europe and North America.

What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI?

Marian

What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605?

"Paul"

In what year was the name "Paul" last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope?

What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope?

the Second Vatican Council

What publication promoted Pope Paul VI's views on abortion?

encyclical Humanae vitae


Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.

In what Italian province was Giovanni Battista Montini born?

Brescia, Lombardy

In what Italian village was Giovanni Battista Montini born?

Concesio

What political organization was Giovanni's father a member of?

Italian Parliament

How many brothers did Giovanni have?

two

What was Giovanni's mother descended from?

rural nobility


In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest. He was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year. Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. At the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian inspired culture'.

In what year did Montini enter the Catholic seminary to become a priest?

In what field did Montini obtain a doctorate in?

Canon Law

In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies?

Milan

At what age did Montini enter the Secretariat of state?

twenty-five

Where did Montini continue to study at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo?

Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici


The only foreign diplomatic experience Montini underwent was his time in the nunciature in Warsaw, Poland in 1923. Like Achille Ratti before him,[a] he felt confronted with the huge problem, not limited to Poland, of excessive nationalism: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars." When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because "this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences."

What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?

excessive nationalism

How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?

treats foreigners as enemies

What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?

common frontiers

What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?

Peace

Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?

Rome


His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:

What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?

organisational skills

When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?

With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?

Pacelli

Where did Montini teach history?

Papal Academy for Diplomats

Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?

Giuseppe Pizzardo


As war broke out, Maglione, Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican's State Department, as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years.[page needed] Montini was in charge of taking care of the "ordinary affairs" of the Secretariat of State, which took much of the mornings of every working day. In the afternoon he moved to the third floor into the Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff. Pius XII did not have a personal secretary. As did several popes before him, he delegated the secretarial functions to the State Secretariat. During the war years, thousands of letters from all parts of the world arrived at the desk of the pope, most of them asking for understanding, prayer and help. Montini was tasked to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible.

What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?

ordinary affairs

What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?

Vatican's State Department

What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?

Private Secretary

What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?

letters

During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?

war years


At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9 891 497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:

In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?

How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?

ten million

What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government?

politician

With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to?

Pope Pius XII

What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances?

Mussolini


As Secretary of State Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to the persecuted hidden in convents, parishes, seminaries, and in ecclesiastical schools. At the request of the pope, together with Pascalina Lehnert, Ferdinando Baldelli and Otto Faller, he created the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, which aided large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other material assistance. In Rome alone this organization distributed almost two million portions of free food in the year 1944. The Vatican and the Papal Residence Castel Gandolfo were opened to refugees. Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. At the request of Pius XII, Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers, who had escaped from Axis prison camps, Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, German soldiers, partisans and other displaced persons. After the war and later as pope, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, into the major charity, Caritas Italiana.[b]

Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?

Pius XII

What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?

refugees

How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?

What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?

Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza

What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?

Church Asylum


Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers.

In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?

In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?

On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?

5 January

To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?

Milan

Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?

his sick-bed


Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends, but when Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up." He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the Council, his friend Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican. He was a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs but did not engage himself much into the floor debates on various issues. His main advisor was Monsignore Giovanni Colombo, whom he later appointed to be his successor in Milan The Commission was greatly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII to have the Council complete all its work in one single session before Christmas 1962, to the 400th anniversary of the Council of Trent, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's recent knowledge that he had cancer.

What group did Montini oppose reforming?

Ecumenical Council

In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission?

Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live?

Vatican

What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs?

debates

What illness had the Pope contracted?

cancer


During his period in Milan, Montini was known as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. Montini went new ways in pastoral care, which he reformed. He used his authority to ensure that the liturgical reforms of Pius XII were carried out at the local level and employed innovative methods to reach the people of Milan: Huge posters announced that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957. More than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals and lay persons delivered 7,000 sermons in the period not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and other places, where people meet. His goal was the re-introduction of faith to a city without much religion. "If only we can say Our Father and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith."

What type of political viewpoint was Montini known for as a member of the Catholic leadership?

progressive

What part of Catholic ministry did Montini seek to reform?

pastoral care

What type of media did Montini use to advertise the church's sermons to the people of Milan?

posters

How many "voices" did Montini's posters claim the people of Milan would hear?

From the 10 of NOvember to the 24 of November how many sermons were actually delivered to the Italian people?


Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."

To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?

Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate

According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?

love

How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?

When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?


Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years.

What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for?

pope

What had Montini yet to become?

a cardinal,

Who was elected pope in 1958?

Angelo Roncalli

When did Montini finally become a cardinal?

15 December 1958

What doicese did Montini become cardinal of?

Ss. Silvestro e Martino


As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.

What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?

Africa

In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?

How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?

fifteen

In what year did Montini visit the United States?

Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?

Engelberg Abbey


Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s." When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope.

What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?

reformer

What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?

Second Vatican Council

What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII

stomach cancer

In what year did Pope John XXIII die?

What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?

pope


Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.

What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?

Papal Tiara

What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?

Archdiocese of Milan

Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?

Washington, DC

Who was the last pope to be crowned?

Paul VI

What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?

Papal Coronation


During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]

Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?

Cardinal Augustin Bea

What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?

Council language

Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?

Pope John XXIII

Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?

Cardinal Augustin Bea

Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?

Vatican II


After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As "his pontifical goals" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.

What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?

a dialogue

How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?

Six

On what date was Vatican II re convened?

29 September

Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue?

Vatican II

What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?

Canon Law


He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.

What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?

Mystici corporis

How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?

mystical

What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?

simple

From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?

the east

What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?

separation


Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.

What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?

Church

Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?

papacy

What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?

religious freedom

What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?

Mary

In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?


Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia, revision of Canon Law, regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths, and birth control issues. He opened the final session of the council, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed. But all texts were finally agreed upon. The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?

reforms

What does the Catholic church considered "mixed" in a "mixed marriage"?

faiths

What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December?

the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?

With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?

bishops


Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.

For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?

Roman Curia

In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?

With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?

Pontificalis Domus

What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?

bureaucracy

Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?

non-Italians


Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.

At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?

eighty

At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?

At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?

What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?

papal elections

When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?


Reform of the liturgy had been a part of the liturgical movements in the 20th century mainly in France, and Germany which were officially recognized by Pius XII in his encyclical Mediator Dei. During the pontificate of Pius XII, the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals and other events. In 1951 and 1955, the Easter liturgies underwent revision, most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum. The Second Vatican Council made no changes to the Roman Missal, but in the document Sacrosanctum Concilium mandated that a general revision of it take place. After the Vatican Council, in April 1969, Paul VI approved the "new Order of Mass" promulgated in 1970, as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to "end experimentation" with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon.

What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?

Latin

What were revised between 1951 and 1955?

Easter liturgies

What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?

Easter Triduum

What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?

Mass

How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?

three


The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent "outlawing" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been "juridically abrogated", now being an "extraordinary form of the Roman Rite", while the other "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy".

What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?

vernacular

How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?

What type of music was used in traditional mass?

Gregorian Chant

Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?

Pope Benedict XVI

In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized?


In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of good will, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on January first of every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in Hungary, Poland and Romania, improved during his pontificate.

Who established the Pontifical Council for Culture?

Pope John Paul II

What organization did Paul VI create to address non believers by the church?

Secretariat for non-Christians

What was the Secretariat for non-believers eventually renamed?

Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue

What Prime Minister did Paul VI attempt to interact with in order to help Catholics in Communist countries?

Andrei Gromyko

What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year?

peace day


In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in "a day of consolation". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations.

In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?

Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?

Montini

Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?

Roger Peyrefitte

Who was Montini's alleged lover?

Paolo Carlini

On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?

April 18


Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogotá, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited Fátima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus.

How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?

six

What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?

the Pilgrim Pope

In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?

In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?

Manila

Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?

Msgr. Paul Marcinkus


Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:

What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?

United Nations

Who was the first pope to visit the United States?

Pope Paul VI

To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?

United Nations

What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?

peace

What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?

President Johnson


Like his predecessor Pius XII, Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate. This was a reflection of a new understanding between Church and State, which had been formulated first by Pius XI and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.

What number doubled during Paul Vi's papacy?

foreign embassies

Who did Paul Vi want to maintain a continuing dialogue with?

nations

What document states that the Catholic church is not subject to any particlar government?

Gaudium et spes

Who did the church retain the right to elect without interference from the state in its constitutional document?

bishops

What organization officially outlined the church's relationship to state?

Vatican II


Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, 6 August 1964, the second year of his Pontificate. It is considered an important document, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ. A later Council document Lumen Gentium stated that the Church subsists in the Body of Christ, raising questions as to the difference between "is" and "subsists in". Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church and between the Churches and with atheism.

What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ?

Ecclesiam suam

What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ?

Lumen Gentium

What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964?

Feast of the Transfiguration

On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated?

6 August

In what city  is the cathedral of St Peter's  located?

Rome


Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.

What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?

Celibacy

What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?

Celibacy

What document  of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?

Sacerdotalis caelibatus

What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?

Canon

In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?


Of his eight encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968. In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control. There were two Papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control. which were noted by the Pope in his encyclical The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially Pius XI, Pius XII and John XXIII and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate

Which one of Paul Vi's encyclicals best known in Catholic history?

Humanae vitae

What did Paul VI's Humanae Vitae condemn?

artificial birth control

What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church?

artificial

How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?

eight

What does Humanae Vitae mean?

Of Human Life


To the pope as to all his predecessors, marital relations are much more than a union of two people. They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons create a new person materially, while God completes the creation by adding the soul. For this reason, Paul VI teaches in the first sentence of Humanae vitae that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God the Creator. This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships. The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as biology, psychology, demography or sociology. The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:

According to Paul VI  to whom are a  man and woman in union with besides each other?

God

What does God contribute to a married couple's child?

soul

Who is considered to be love?

God

From whom is married love generated?

God

What type of relations did Paul VI's Humanae VItae discuss?

marital


The reaction to the encyclical's continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was very mixed. In Italy, Spain, Portugal and Poland, the encyclical was welcomed. In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in La Paz, Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque declared, if American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent. The Senate of Bolivia passed a resolution stating that Humanae vitae could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences, but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies. The Jesuit Journal Sic dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.

Who was president of the World Bank in 1968?

Robert McNamara

What were developing countries encouraged to allow access to by the World Bank?

birth control

In what country did doctors call the World Bank's offer of resources in exchange for liberal birth control policies "insulting"?

Bolivia

Who said Columbia did not want American aid if it required changing the Catholic church's stance on birth control?

Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque

What country did Cardinal archbishop Anlbal Munoz Duque represent?

Colombia


Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the negative reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid", he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years time they'll call me a prophet." His biography on the Vatican's website notes of his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate". Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae.

To whom did Paul VI tell "not to be afraid" when the church released its statement on birth control?

Edouard Gagnon

What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years?

prophet

To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to?

Pope John Paul II

Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae?

Pope John Paul II

To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response?

the encyclical


After the Council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue. The separated brothers and sisters, as he called them, were not able to contribute to the Council as invited observers. After the Council, many of them took initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. But the Catholic Church itself recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters, that much needed to be done within, to be an open partner for ecumenism. To those who are entrusted the highest and deepest truth and therefore, so Paul VI, believed that he had the most difficult part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart. Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, "Do you love me more" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the Church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.

In what city did the pope encourage visits from Catholics from other countries?

Rome

In how many ways did Paul VI contribute to an ecumenical dialogue between Catholics?

two

In Paul VI's view what does the Catholic ecumenical dialogue require from someone?

whole person

How much of the person is needed to fully engage in a ecumenical dialogue according to Paul VI?

whole

To what historical figure can the words "Do you love me more" be attributed?

Christ


This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965, which was read out on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism, but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches. In May 1973, the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint Creed issued after the visit demonstrated that there are virtually no more[additional citation needed] theological discrepancies between the Coptic and Roman Catholic Churches.

What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church?

Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965

In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?

In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?

Rome

Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations?

Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III

How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973?

three


Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960. Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge. He praised Paul VI[e] and his contributions in the service of unity. Paul replied that "by entering into our house, you are entering your own house, we are happy to open our door and heart to you." The two Church leaders signed a common declaration, which put an end to the disputes of the past and outlined a common agenda for the future.

Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960?

Paul VI

Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy?

Michael Ramsey

How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?

three

What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations?

Anglican Centre

In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey?

Rome


Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it." Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.

What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea's Secretariat promote?

Christian Unity

What group condemned mixed faith marriages?

Congregation of Faith

To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of?

Anglican

Which church did Paul VI call "our beloved sister church"?

Anglican Church

Who described the Anglican church as "our beloved sister Church"?

Paul VI


In 1965, Paul VI decided on the creation of a joint working group with the World Council of Churches to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. In the following three years, eight sessions were held which resulted in many joint proposals. It was proposed to work closely together in areas of social justice and development and Third World Issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to share together in the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, to be held every year. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians. On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in Uppsala, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing in an ecumenical manner: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity." The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.

In what year was a group created to work with the World Council of Churches to increase dialogue between Catholic Christians and other Christian denominations?

In what year did the World Council of Churches meet in Uppsala, Sweden?

What type of theologians did the World Council of Churches decide to include in their committees?

Catholic

In what country did the World Council of Churches meet in 1968?

Sweden

Whose backing did the World Council of Churches require Catholic theologians serving on joint committees to have?

Vatican


The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjavík, Iceland. It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and cooperation of the past five years. The Reformed Churches entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church. The President of the Lutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches Fredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. Reformation should be celebrated as a thanksgiving to God, his truth and his renewed life. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul, and promised the participation and cooperation in the festivities.

Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland?

Lutherans

In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church?

In what year did the Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Lutheran church?

Who was president of the World Council of Churches during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation?

Fredrik A. Schiotz

To whom did Schiotz state one should be grateful for the Reformation?

God


Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on so many levels. When Cardinal Augustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "as far as the cooperation with Bible societies is concerned, I am totally in favour." He issued a formal approval on Pentecost 1967, the feast on which the Holy Spirit descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.

Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible?

Protestant Bible societies

Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible?

Cardinal Augustin Bea

In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible?

What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with?

Protestants


The next three popes, including Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, were created cardinals by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Wojtyła was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977, which also included Bernardin Gantin from Benin, Africa. This became the last of Paul VI's consistories before his death in August 1978. Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."[citation needed]

How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?

three

Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?

Joseph Ratzinger

What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26, 1967?

Karol Wojtyła

In what year did Paul VI die?

What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope?

John Paul I


Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched a Western on TV, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created." He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the Feast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say the Angelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.

Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?

Castel Gandolfo

What was considered to be the papal summer residence?

Castel Gandolfo

Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?

Sandro Pertini

For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?

two hours

What animals did Paul VI consider to be "the most beautiful animals God ever created"?

horses


On 20 December 2012, Pope Benedict XVI, in an audience with the Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of heroic virtue, which means that he could be called "Venerable". A miracle attributed to the intercession of Paul VI was approved on 9 May 2014 by Pope Francis. The beatification ceremony for Paul VI was held on 19 October 2014, which means that he can now be called "Blessed". His liturgical feast day is celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death as is usual.

In what year was Paul VI beautified?

On what day was Paul VI born?

26 September

Whose liturgical feast is celebrated on the 26th of September?

Paul VI

On what day was the beautification ceremony performed for Paul VI?

19 October

What was attributed to Paul VI and officially approved on May 9, 2014?

A miracle


In December 2013, Vatican officials approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff which was the curing of an unborn child in California, U.S.A in the 1990s. It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff. In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognized the miracle attributed to the late pontiff.

According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990's?

pontiff

Who approved the miracle of Paul VI?

Pope Francis

What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi's miracle?

Congregation for the Causes of Saints

What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood?

beatification


On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine Credere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter shall now soon be presented to the pope for approval.

What magazine broke the story of Paul VI pending saint hood?

Credere

What type of miracle was attributed to Pope Paul VI?

healing

What group declared the healing a miracle by Paul VI?

The Congregation for the Causes of Saints

Who needed to approve the Congregation for the Causes of Saints conclusion that Paul VI performed a miracle?

pope

Who was required to sign a decree declaring Paul VI a saint?

Pope Francis


On basic Church teachings, the pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust. Pope Paul VI was less outstanding than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII, nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion. In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, torn to several directions as Saint Paul, who said, "I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides."

What was Pius XII accused of not condemning?

Holocaust

Whose theology did Paul VI continue to propagate during his papacy?

Pius XII

What type of work did Paul Vi finish that had been started by two previous popes?

reform

On which anniversary of his Humanae Vitae did Paul VI reconfirm the beliefs set forth by the Humanae Vitae?

tenth

Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor?

John XXIII


Unlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the Council, the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the Church and its ministries. Conservatives complained, that "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and divorced called for full acceptance." Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.

Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?

opponents

What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?

controversial

To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?

theological freedoms

What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?

taboo


Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions. Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.

How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy?

five

What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II?

National Bishop Conferences

What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with?

Communism

The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome?

Bishops

How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?

all


From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ornate tomb, but in a grave in the ground. He is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with other popes. In his will, he requested to be buried in the "true earth" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave.

How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?

three hours

At what time did Paul VI die?

On what day did Paul VI die?

6 August

From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?

bed

What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?

Castel Gandolfo


With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eugênio de Araújo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the Church at the time saying that the European period of the Church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal Basil Hume. At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the regal vestments of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.

How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?

five

What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?

Argentina

What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?

Brazil

What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?

Roman Curia

What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?

regal vestments


Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.

What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?

army

Who was the first pope to visit five continents?

Paul VI

Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?

world

What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?

bishops

What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?

motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane


Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.

What is the largest rating of an electric motor?

100 megawatts

What is the main example of a DC power source?

batteries

What does AC stand for?

alternating current

What does DC stand for?

direct current

In what device are small motors commonly found?

electric watches

What is the smallest rating of an electric motor?

I'm not sure.

What is the main example of a RC power source?

I'm not sure.

What does EC stand for?

I'm not sure.

What does DCC stand for?

I'm not sure.

In what device are large motors least commonly found?

I'm not sure.


Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century.

Who created the first electrostatic device?

Andrew Gordon

Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?

André-Marie Ampère

In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?

What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?

mercury

Who created the last electrostatic device?

I'm not sure.

Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric non-interactions?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Faraday convert non-electrical energy into mechanical energy?

I'm not sure.

What toxic substance originally didn't serve the function of brine in primitive motors?

I'm not sure.


In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.

In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?

Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?

rotor

What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?

electromagnetic self-rotors

What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?

commutator

What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?

permanent magnets

In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with non-electromagnetism?

I'm not sure.

Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a non-DC motor?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Jedlik call his earliest devices?

I'm not sure.

What discovery solved the problem of non-continuous rotation?

I'm not sure.

What did Jedlik's improved device make the need for?

I'm not sure.


After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself. His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river. It was not until 1839/40 that other developers worldwide managed to build motors of similar and later also of higher performance.

When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments?

What was Jacobi's improved motor used to propel?

boat

Who created the first real electric motor?

Moritz von Jacobi

Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's first motor?

Jacobi himself

How long did it take for Jacobi's first world record to be broken?

four years

When were developers competing with Jacobi able to not match his accomplishments?

I'm not sure.

What was Jacobi's improved motor used to not propel?

I'm not sure.

Who created the first fake electric motor?

I'm not sure.

Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's second motor?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take for Jacobi's second world record to be broken?

I'm not sure.


The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.

Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?

William Sturgeon

Which inventor went bankrupt?

Thomas Davenport

What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?

the high cost of primary battery power

What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?

electricity distribution

How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?

600 revolutions per minute

Who developed the last motor capable of being used for machinery?

I'm not sure.

Which inventor never went bankrupt?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?

I'm not sure.

What necessary technical development always occurred to make electric motors useful?

I'm not sure.

How slow did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?

I'm not sure.


A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The first commercially successful DC motors followed the invention by Zénobe Gramme who, in 1871, reinvented Pacinotti's design. In 1873, Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor, which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other, one as a generator. (See also 1873 : l'expérience décisive [Decisive Workaround] .)

What made Pacinotti's motor an important advancement?

non-fluctuating current

Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti?

Zénobe Gramme

How far from each other were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations?

2 km

Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for?

generator

In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations?

Vienna and Philadelphia

What made Pacinotti's motor an unimportant advancement?

I'm not sure.

Who created a motor very different from Pacinotti?

I'm not sure.

How similar were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations?

I'm not sure.

Besides a motor, what didn't Gramme use the other device for?

I'm not sure.

In what two cities did Gramme never conduct his demonstrations?

I'm not sure.


In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887–88 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the "L". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.

What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?

small air gap

Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?

Frank Julian Sprague

What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?

electric trolley system

What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?

South Side Elevated Railway

Who did Sprague work for early in his career?

Thomas Edison

What can't exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?

I'm not sure.

Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?

I'm not sure.

What was the transportation advancement made impossible by Sprague's designs?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of Chicago's last electric trolley system?

I'm not sure.

Who did Sprague not work for early in his career?

I'm not sure.


Application of electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor, providing easy control at the point of use, and improving power transmission efficiency. Electric motors applied in agriculture eliminated human and animal muscle power from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water. Household uses of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience, comfort and safety possible. Today, electric motors stand for more than half of the electric energy consumption in the US.

How much energy do electric motors use in the modern United States?

more than half

In what domain did electric motors reduce reliance on humans and animals?

agriculture

Besides shafts, belts and compressed air, what did electric motors reduce the need for?

hydraulic pressure

Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety?

in the home

How much energy do electric motors use in the modern UK?

I'm not sure.

In what domain did electric motors not reduce reliance on humans and animals?

I'm not sure.

Besides shafts, belts and compressed air, what didn't electric motors reduce the need for?

I'm not sure.

Where didn't electric motors improve convenience and safety?

I'm not sure.