Instead of being defined by "non" words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term "civil society organization" (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance. The term "citizen sector organization" (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations such as Ashoka: Innovators for the Public. A more broadly applicable term, "Social Benefit Organization" (SBO) has been advocated for by organizations such as MiniDonations. Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities and limitations.

What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from?

"non" words

What type of language are organizations being directed towards?

new, positive-sounding terminology

What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use?

civil society organization

What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens, by the citizens?

citizen sector organization

What would a group like Crowdfund, GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to?

Social Benefit Organization

What do some innovators want to be defined by instead of non-words?

I'm not sure.

What type of descriptive definition confuses the Study of Global Governance?

I'm not sure.

What term does Ashoka: Innovators for the Public support as more broadly used?

I'm not sure.

How do these non words describe business capabilities and limitations?

I'm not sure.

What might the new terminology used confuse advocates about?

I'm not sure.


Literature consists of written productions, often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera, letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language differently than ordinary language (see literariness). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?

deemed to have artistic or intellectual value

What are two major divisions of literature?

fiction or non-fiction

Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?

poetry or prose

Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?

the novel, short story or drama

What words are the Latin roots of the word "literature?"

literatura/litteratura

What are the two Greek roots for "literature?"

I'm not sure.

What are two major divisions of English?

I'm not sure.

What does art consist of?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when literature often uses different languages?

I'm not sure.

What is the Italian concept of cultura?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when works are not categorized by historical periods?

I'm not sure.

Other than novella, what is the other subdivisions of prose literature?

I'm not sure.

What is literature as written productions always restricted to?

I'm not sure.

What is the Roman root for "literature?"

I'm not sure.

What is the Latin concept of cultura?

I'm not sure.

Besides historical genres, how are works often categorized?

I'm not sure.


Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.

The changing nature of the meaning of the term "literature" can be described as what?

a "culturally relative definition"

In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?

all books and writing

During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?

the Romantic period

During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?

it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature

What term has a "socially relative definition?"

I'm not sure.

Prior to the seventeenth century, literature as a term included what too things?

I'm not sure.

During what period did a more broad sense of the "literature" emerge?

I'm not sure.

In Eastern Europe, literature included all books and what else?

I'm not sure.

What do social studies take as its subject and analysis?

I'm not sure.

Due to the unvarying definition of literature, what can the term "literature' be described as?

I'm not sure.

What did literature refer to in Eastern Europe prior to the eighteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What period brought a term that was more unrestricted to describe literature?

I'm not sure.

What do social studies take as its subjects of analysis?

I'm not sure.

What has been the result of modern debates over what constitutes literature?

I'm not sure.

What is literature referred to because definitions have varied very little over time?

I'm not sure.

What did "literature" include in Western Europe prior to the seventeenth century?

I'm not sure.

When did a more unrestricted sense of the term "literature" emerge?

I'm not sure.

What does cultural studies take as its only subjects of analysis?

I'm not sure.


The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.

What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?

writing that possesses high quality or distinction

What French term for value-based literature literally translates as "fine writing?"

belles-lettres

Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?

"the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."

What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?

anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded

What is the meaning of the Spanish term, "belles-lettres?"

I'm not sure.

How does the Encyclopedia Britannia Tenth Edition classify literature?

I'm not sure.

Value-decisions can do what over time?

I'm not sure.

What years does the Encyclopedia Brittanica Tenth Edition cover?

I'm not sure.

What forms part of the so-called belles-lettres law?

I'm not sure.

What Italian term means "fine writing?"

I'm not sure.

How does the 1901 Encyclopedia Britannica define "literature?"

I'm not sure.

In what way can value-judgments not change?

I'm not sure.

Which edition of the World Book Encyclopedia uses the value judgment definition of "literature?"

I'm not sure.

When was the definition of value judgement first used?

I'm not sure.

What tradition does the value judgement definition form all of?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Eleventh Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica written?

I'm not sure.

How often do value-judgments change?

I'm not sure.


The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.

A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?

formalist

What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?

journalism

What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?

"ordinary language"

What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?

an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history

The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?

must use language according to particular standards

What does the normalist definition of "literature" say distinguishes it from ordinary speech?

I'm not sure.

The term referring to unpublished material in a particular field includes what type of literature as one example?

I'm not sure.

Tim Meyer says scientific literature, for example, must use what?

I'm not sure.

Ordinary language is an unstable category that is the same according to what?

I'm not sure.

What is the problem Jim Meyer states with the formalist definition?

I'm not sure.

What does the formalistic definition of literature state?

I'm not sure.

What is one type of writing not included in the formalistic definition of literature?

I'm not sure.

What is the difficulty with "ordinary language" according to cultural categories?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of unpublished material in a certain field?

I'm not sure.

What is the formalist definition of history?

I'm not sure.

Jim Meyer considers what term to be useful in explaining scientific literature?

I'm not sure.

What is "ordinary language" considered according to social history and differing categories?

I'm not sure.


Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

What elements of language make for poetic literature?

aesthetic and rhythmic qualities

Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?

verse

If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?

lines

Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?

the nineteenth century

The structure of poetry may have existed before what?

literacy

What two qualities are used in rhyming literary art?

I'm not sure.

How has poetry been non-traditionally distinguished from prose?

I'm not sure.

Prior to the eighteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be what?

I'm not sure.

In 1657, what was the definition used for "poetry?"

I'm not sure.

Poetry constitutes the second earliest example of literature and was sustained how?

I'm not sure.

What is a type of lyric art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities?

I'm not sure.

What has non-traditionally been the distinguishing factor between poetry and prose?

I'm not sure.

How was poetry set prior to the eighteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What is the 1558 definition of poetry?

I'm not sure.

What is poetry the latest example of?

I'm not sure.

What qualities does prosaic use to evoke meanings?

I'm not sure.

What is prose cast in if poetry is cast in sentences?

I'm not sure.

What is the 1568 definition of poetry?

I'm not sure.

Until when was prose considered to need metrical lines?

I'm not sure.

What has poetry been confirmed to pre-date?

I'm not sure.


Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.

Literature intended for performance is what?

Drama

Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements?

music and dance

What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance?

opera and musical theatre

Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what?

A play

What do we call the author of a play?

a playwright

Drama is literature that is not intended for what?

I'm not sure.

Poetry is often combined with music and dance, as in what two things?

I'm not sure.

Nearly all drama took prose form until what general time frame?

I'm not sure.

What is comprised chiefly of dialogue between two characters?

I'm not sure.

A closet drama refers to a a play written to be sang instead of what?

I'm not sure.

What is literature not intended for performance?

I'm not sure.

What is the oral dramatic work of a playwright called?

I'm not sure.

What does a closest drama refer to?

I'm not sure.

Until when did very little drama take verse form?

I'm not sure.

What forms of drama combine with music and motion?

I'm not sure.

Until when did all musical theater take verse form?

I'm not sure.

What is the composer of an opera called?

I'm not sure.

What is a closet drama a subset of?

I'm not sure.


Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.

The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture?

Greek

Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?

performance associated with religious and civic festivals

A tragedy typically involved what subject matter?

historical or mythological themes

What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for?

radio

In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented?

The earliest form of drama we know about is from the Roman and what other culture?

I'm not sure.

Tragedy was a style that developed and evolved from performances associated with nonreligious festivals and what other type of festival?

I'm not sure.

War of the Worlds, written in 1838, was written for what medium?

I'm not sure.

Many works of tragedy have been adapted for what?

I'm not sure.

Television, film, and podcast literature have been adapted to what?

I'm not sure.

The latest form of drama we are aware of is from what culture?

I'm not sure.

What genre emerged from performances associated with nonreligious and civic festivals?

I'm not sure.

Comedies generally present what type of themes?

I'm not sure.

What was written for radio broadcast in 1838?

I'm not sure.

What have many works of horror been adapted for?

I'm not sure.

What was broadcast on radio in 1983?

I'm not sure.

What is the genre associated with religious themes and mythological festivals?

I'm not sure.

When was War of the Worlds originally written?

I'm not sure.


“The roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.”  Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters’ actions and words or the authors’ style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in ‘‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I’’ and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.

Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?

written records

We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?

our history

Who wrote "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I"?

Lord Byron

Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?

once we began to write it down

Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?

Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments

Literature in most forms can be seen as what?

I'm not sure.

The plot is only for what purpose?

I'm not sure.

What do authors also reference besides Roman mythology?

I'm not sure.

What did Lord Bryon write?

I'm not sure.

In "Childe Harold's Pilgimage: Cano I," Lord Byron talks about the Portuguese and what other groups?

I'm not sure.

What can be seen as written logs?

I'm not sure.

Besides entertainment and philosophy, what information is in a plot?

I'm not sure.

In what type of literature do authors make reference to Roman mythology and other old texts?

I'm not sure.

Who talks about the Spanish and Portuguese in "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I?"

I'm not sure.

Who is the main character in "Childe Harold's: Canto I?"

I'm not sure.

What do we learn about from studying and analyzing history?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote Childe Harold?

I'm not sure.

Who does Lord Bryon talk about besides the Greek and Spanish in "Childe Harold's Pilgrimige: Canto I?"

I'm not sure.

What are we able to continuously able to uncover new information about through history?

I'm not sure.


As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.

What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?

Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome

Besides entertainment or informational value, classic literature also possessed what quality?

a covert moral or didactic purpose

What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience?

urban culture

From what settings did lyric poetry derive?

courts and aristocratic circles

What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry?

the Shijing or Book of Songs

Literature from Ancient China, Cambodia, Ancient India, Persia and what other two societies are still studied today?

I'm not sure.

Two works that had either overt moral or didactic purpose are what?

I'm not sure.

What genres developed as rural culture grew and provided a larger audience?

I'm not sure.

Epic poetry was a specialty of what?

I'm not sure.

In West Asia, songs were collected by what people as poems?

I'm not sure.

What did academies provide when a more suburban culture developed?

I'm not sure.

Besides Ancient Japan, what classical societies have literature that is still studied today?

I'm not sure.

What genres developed as suburban culture provided a bigger audience?

I'm not sure.

Who collected songs as poems from West Asia?

I'm not sure.

What was epic poetry the specialty of?

I'm not sure.

What did urban culture provide that helped poetry and satire?

I'm not sure.

What were poems in East Asia collected as?

I'm not sure.

Who collected songs in Ancient Asia?

I'm not sure.


In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.

Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?

philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry

What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?

modern paper making and woodblock printing

What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?

the Hundred Schools of Thought period

What classic work of war science originated during this period?

The Art of War

Who wrote The Art Of War?

Sun Tzu

The early literature of ancient China was primarily focused on psychology, historiography, philosophy, and what other three things?

I'm not sure.

Japan is the origin of modern paper making and what type of printing?

I'm not sure.

The Western Zhou Dynasty was present during what years?

I'm not sure.

Ancient Chinese literature placed little emphasis on historiography, which had detailed what?

I'm not sure.

What was complied in 388 BCE?

I'm not sure.

What was early literature focused on in ancient Asia?

I'm not sure.

What country is the origin of primitive paper making and woodblock printing?

I'm not sure.

What do the years 759-259 BCE mark the existence of?

I'm not sure.

What did Ancient Asian literature put heavy emphasis on?

I'm not sure.

What was compiled no later than 289 BCE?

I'm not sure.

What period occurred from 796-896 BCE?

I'm not sure.

What genre is Sima Qian's The Art of War?

I'm not sure.

What genre is Sun Tzu's Record of the Grand Historian?

I'm not sure.

What literature had a heavy emphasis on philosophy with very detailed court records?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Zuo Zhuan written and released?

I'm not sure.


In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.

What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?

drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry

An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?

Sanskrit

What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?

The Vedas

The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?

the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE

The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?

the Iron Age

Sanskrit literature begins with what that dates back to 1300-1100 BCE?

I'm not sure.

The early genres of Ancient India included drama, tragedy, fables, and what other two genres?

I'm not sure.

What literature follows the Vedas in Iron Range India?

I'm not sure.

The Vedic period spans the mid 3rd to mid 1st millennium BCE, also known as what?

I'm not sure.

The time between the 6th and 5th centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of what?

I'm not sure.

How did literature originate in ancient China?

I'm not sure.

What does Sanskrit literature end with?

I'm not sure.

What dates to 1530-1030 BCE?

I'm not sure.

When does the redirection of the Samhitas date to?

I'm not sure.

What dates back to the years 1005-100 BCE?

I'm not sure.

What dates to c. 1000-1500 BCE?

I'm not sure.

What period spans the late 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE?

I'm not sure.

What did the period between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC see?

I'm not sure.


In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.

What two epic narratives were written by Homer?

the Iliad and the Odyssey

Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?

Hesiod

Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?

philosophical texts

Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?

Sappho and Pindar

The two great ancient Greek historians were?

Herodotus and Thucydides

In ancient Rome, Homer wrote what two epics?

I'm not sure.

Modern Greek genres include philosophy, poetry, and what other three genres?

I'm not sure.

Plato and Socrates authored what?

I'm not sure.

The three Roman authors whose plays still exist are who?

I'm not sure.

Which playwright  provided the only real examples of the genre of New Comedy?

I'm not sure.

What two epics did Homer write in ancient Rome?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote Works end Days and Theology?

I'm not sure.

What types of texts did Plato and Socrates author?

I'm not sure.

Who were two early Roman historians?

I'm not sure.

Whose plays give examples of New Comedy?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote both the Iliad and Theogony?

I'm not sure.

What type of texts did Plato and Sappho author that were so important to the West?

I'm not sure.

What Westerners were influential lyric poets?

I'm not sure.

What still exists written by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Plato?

I'm not sure.


Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.

Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?

Roman

What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?

the romance

What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?

an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative

What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?

the invention of printing

What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?

the German Faust books

Greek classic literature influenced what genre of literature?

I'm not sure.

What genre was the most characteristic form of the Bronze Ages?

I'm not sure.

What literature proliferated during the Revival?

I'm not sure.

Modern romance developed into what type of narrative?

I'm not sure.

What are two late important examples of the novel?

I'm not sure.

What type of literature did Greek culture influenced?

I'm not sure.

What form of literature had limited popularity during the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What types of literature emerged during the Revival?

I'm not sure.

What is an early example of the novel from Russia?

I'm not sure.

What proliferated during the Middle Ages as a result of the printing invention?

I'm not sure.

What is German Monkey an important example of?

I'm not sure.

What is the Chinese Faust books an example of?

I'm not sure.


In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.

What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?

Romanticism

What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?

realism and naturalism

What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?

individual experience and emotion

How did naturalism effect the greater world?

influenced social and political change

20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?

the subjective

What literary genre exploded in thee early 18th century?

I'm not sure.

As the 18th century went on, European fiction evolved toward what?

I'm not sure.

What did realism influence prior to the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What did 21st century fiction and drama move back toward?

I'm not sure.

Proust, Eliot, Joy, Kafka and Pirand examplified what trend?

I'm not sure.

What happened during the Age of Reasoning?

I'm not sure.

During the 18th century, what did European fiction evolve toward?

I'm not sure.

What effect did 20th century fiction and tragedy have on the world?

I'm not sure.

What was the reaction to the Age of Reason in the later 19th century?

I'm not sure.

In the 18th century, what did European fiction evolve toward?

I'm not sure.

What did 20th century realism and drama move back toward?

I'm not sure.

Which writers documented the external rather than the internal?

I'm not sure.


Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction. The separation of "mainstream" and "genre" forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up to our own times. William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War, and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general.

What sub-group of literature emerged in the 20th century?

Genre fiction

Alternative reality genre fiction is also known as what?

science fiction

Who were two 20th century writers who blurred the lines between journalism and literature?

William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson

By what means did these two writers create and emergent convergence of literature and journalism?

strong subjective statements

Critics based in what movement find fault in objective realism?

post-modern

What sub-group of literature emerged in the 21st century?

I'm not sure.

Hunter S. Thompson expanded what after the first World War?

I'm not sure.

Pre-modern critics have done what regarding the idea of objective realism?

I'm not sure.

William Burroughs continued to define the lines between literature and what?

I'm not sure.

Alternative fantasies are also know as what?

I'm not sure.

What two writers defined the lines between journalism and literature?

I'm not sure.

What genre of fiction developed in the 21st century?

I'm not sure.

What genre does skeptical realities and alternative detective refer to?

I'm not sure.

What idea have modern critics disparaged?

I'm not sure.

What are William Thompson and Hunter S. Burroughs known for?

I'm not sure.

Who has disparaged the idea of objective journalism?

I'm not sure.

What major form of literature appeared in the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

What is skeptical detective fiction also known as?

I'm not sure.


As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of "history of science" programmes, students rarely read such works.

What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?

advances and specialization

The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?

journals

The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?

Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton

In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?

"history of science" programmes

The literary nature of science writing has become more pronounced during what time period?

I'm not sure.

The science of Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton no longer serve for scientific instruction why?

I'm not sure.

Students often read classical scientists outside what programmes?

I'm not sure.

What has made new scientific research accessible to most audiences?

I'm not sure.

What do students rarely study outside programmes of literary study?

I'm not sure.

What are too technical to sit well in "history of science" programs?

I'm not sure.

The scientific works of which scientists are still studied regularly?

I'm not sure.


Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.

What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?

Philosophy

Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?

academic journals

Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?

Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche

What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?

logic

Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?

mathematics

Psychology has become what?

I'm not sure.

Most new pychologic work appears where?

I'm not sure.

Besides Plato, Achilles, Socrates, and Augustine, who are other noted major philosophers in history?

I'm not sure.

What is considered more literary and less technical?

I'm not sure.

Who are the major practitioners through history?

I'm not sure.

What have recent literature works argued to the merit the title of?

I'm not sure.

Logic is technical and similar to what field of study?

I'm not sure.


Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person’s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in ‘‘The English Journal’’ explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of “wonder”.

Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?

intimate emotional aspects

How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?

It benefits the psychological development and understanding

What writer's entry in "The English Journal" was concerned with young adult fiction?

D. Mitchell

Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?

to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child

How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?

“wonder”

What gives readers access to physical aspects of a character?

I'm not sure.

D. Michael wrote an entry about young adult fiction in what publication?

I'm not sure.

Accessing emotional aspects of a character benefits the philosophical development and what else?

I'm not sure.

What did D. Michael explain in "The English Journal?"

I'm not sure.

Who wrote an entry in "The Journal English?"

I'm not sure.

Who utilized adult literature to access an emotional experience?

I'm not sure.

How does literature benefit emotional states?

I'm not sure.


Hogan also explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character’s situation in literature allows literature to be considered “ecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion”. This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions. It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences. Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe, thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others.

How does literature unite members of a society?

by provoking universal emotions

How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?

allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to

What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?

what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe

What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?

literary devices

Logan says what two things explain what a person devotes to understanding a character's situation?

I'm not sure.

How does literature unite small communities?

I'm not sure.

What do readers access that provokes new physical experiences?

I'm not sure.

Authors choose literary devices based on what philosophical emotion they are trying to what?

I'm not sure.

Who explains that literature is a valid study of emotion because it unites a large community?

I'm not sure.

What do characters choose literary device according to?

I'm not sure.

In what way are certain cultural devices more effective than others?

I'm not sure.


Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology. The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self. Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self. In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”. Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.

Who conceived of "The Third Force Psychology Theory?"

Maslow

The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?

a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self”

The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?

the reason for living

What causes a person to become separated from their "true self"?

neurological development

What author espoused the theory of the "pristine unconscious?"

D.H Lawrence

Who came up with the "Fourth Force Psychology Theory?'

I'm not sure.

What does the Law suggest about human beings?

I'm not sure.

Who says that D.H. Lawrence's "pristine unconscious" is a metaphor for the fake self?"

I'm not sure.

It is said that literature is not a reputable tool to allow readers to do what?

I'm not sure.

Who is responsible for "Fourth Force Psychology and the Study of Literature?"

I'm not sure.

Who wrote "Third Force Theory?"

I'm not sure.

Who wrote "Third Force Psychology Theory and the Study of Literature?"

I'm not sure.

What does literature as a critical tool allow readers to do?

I'm not sure.

What does the theory suggest characters possess?

I'm not sure.


A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.

What is literary historical writing sometimes called?

creative nonfiction

Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?

literary journalism

What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?

to record data or convey immediate information

Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?

Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius

A small portion of historical writings are considered what?

I'm not sure.

What genres of modern writing rank as literature?

I'm not sure.

Three main literary historians include Hercules, Thucydides, and who else?

I'm not sure.

The secondary functions of historical documentations are what?

I'm not sure.

What does a significant amount of literature rank as?

I'm not sure.

Who are the major utilitarian historians?

I'm not sure.

What is the primary purpose of creative fiction?

I'm not sure.


Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.

What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?

Hammurabi

What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?

the Bible

Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?

the Corpus Juris Civilis

Under what Emperor did this group sit?

Justinian I

What empire did Justinian preside over?

the Byzantine Empire

Harambe of Babylon created what?

I'm not sure.

Late parts of the Bible could be seen as what?

I'm not sure.

What was Roman National Law referred to?

I'm not sure.

Many founding documents are called literature like Supreme Count Briefings and what else?

I'm not sure.

What location were Plato and Aristotle from?

I'm not sure.

Who reigned during the Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.

What was Babylonian civil law codified in?

I'm not sure.

What does Samuel Dean say law offers?

I'm not sure.


A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative, or the choice of literary genre, are all examples of literary technique. They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work, such as a conventional murder-mystery novel; or, the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader.

Literary devices are employed for what reason?

produce specific effects

What is one form of narration in literature?

first-person

What are two types of narrative structure in literature?

linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative

Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?

to surprise the reader

In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?

a conventional murder-mystery novel

Literary techniques are used to disenhance the what of a piece of literature?

I'm not sure.

Literary techniques cover a slim range of what?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of poetic technique?

I'm not sure.

What might the author do to bore the reader?

I'm not sure.

What do literary techniques specifically accomplish?

I'm not sure.

Why do all authors experiment with their technique?

I'm not sure.

What is a familiar structure is an example of?

I'm not sure.


Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine. The Samanid dynasty in the eastern part of Persia, Greater Khorasan and Central Asia as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world.

What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work?

the Islamic Golden Age

What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age?

Persian

What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?

the Kindi school

What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development?

the Buyid dynasty

What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?

Baghdad

What age was Ibn Sina born in?

I'm not sure.

What school did Ibn Sina attend?

I'm not sure.

Who built on Islamic mathmatical systems?

I'm not sure.

What dynasty supressed cultural development

I'm not sure.

What city was the cultural capital of the world?

I'm not sure.

What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina destroyed a big body of work?

I'm not sure.

What is one example of the type of translations done in the Muslim Golden Age?

I'm not sure.

What school translated Greco-Roman texts before the Islamic Golden Age?

I'm not sure.

What was one dynasty that provided a poor atmosphere for cultural development?

I'm not sure.

What country was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?

I'm not sure.


The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).

What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?

theology

Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?

Al-Farabi

What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?

Hamadan

Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?

Al-Biruni

What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?

the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar

Where did the study of all religious texts thrive?

I'm not sure.

What studies were suppresed by Avicenna's opponents?

I'm not sure.

who provided methodology and knowledge in theology?

I'm not sure.

What library did Avicenna found?

I'm not sure.

Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met after leaving Khwarezm?

I'm not sure.

What was one subject that Avicenna never developed?

I'm not sure.

Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Silver Age?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of one library that Avicenna didn't have access to?

I'm not sure.

Who was the famous astrologer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?

I'm not sure.

What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the unknown scholars of the time?

I'm not sure.


Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.

What present-day country was Avicenna born in?

Uzbekistan

What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?

Bukhara

What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?

Afghanistan

What was Avicenna's mother's name?

Setareh

By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?

ten

Who was born in the 9th century?

I'm not sure.

What present day city was the capital of Persia?

I'm not sure.

What government did Acicenna work in?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna begin to study when he was 10 years old?

I'm not sure.

What modern city in Eastern Asia was Avicenna born?

I'm not sure.

What present-day country did Avicenna die in?

I'm not sure.

What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born far away from?

I'm not sure.

What olden day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?

I'm not sure.

What was Avicenna's grandmother's name?

I'm not sure.

By what age had Avicenna learned some of the Quran?

I'm not sure.


A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.

What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?

the Brethren of Purity

Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?

Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī

What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?

Sunni

Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?

Nurullah Shushtari

What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?

Jules J. Janssens

What type of Islamic school did Avicenna invent?

I'm not sure.

What group did Avicenna found?

I'm not sure.

Who did Zahir al-Bayhai belove belonged to the Sunni Hanafi?

I'm not sure.

Who's family is considered Sunni by modern writers?

I'm not sure.

Who's court did Avicenna join?

I'm not sure.

What secret society was Avicenna considered to be followed by?

I'm not sure.

Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Impurity follower?

I'm not sure.

What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a rejecter of?

I'm not sure.

Who knew Avicenna was a Shia?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of one woman who thought Avicenna was Sunni?

I'm not sure.


According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.

What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?

Quran

Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?

ءMahmoud Massahi

What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?

Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)

What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?

Euclid's Elements

What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?

Abu Abdullah Nateli

Who learned arithmatic by the age of 10?

I'm not sure.

Who did AVicenna teach arithmatic to?

I'm not sure.

When did Avicenna start studying the Quran?

I'm not sure.

Who did Abu Abdullah Nateli teach Fiqh to.

I'm not sure.

Who wrote Euclid's Elements?

I'm not sure.

What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 12?

I'm not sure.

Who did Avicenna teach Indian arithmetic to?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna learn from the Shia scholar Ismail al-Zahid?

I'm not sure.

What was one biology book that Avicenna was taught from?

I'm not sure.

What popular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?

I'm not sure.


As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work. For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions, then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night, he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, made with the help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.

What text could Avicenna not understand?

the Metaphysics of Aristotle

What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle?

al-Farabi's commentary

How long did Avicenna study philosophy?

year and a half

How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle?

Forty times

How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?

three dirhams

What text did Avicenna embrace as a teenager?

I'm not sure.

What helped Avicenna understand al Farabi's commentary?

I'm not sure.

How long did Avicenna study Mathmatics

I'm not sure.

How many times did Acicenna read al Farabi's commentary?

I'm not sure.

What text could Avicenna understand?

I'm not sure.

What helped Avicenna forget the Metaphysics of Aristotle?

I'm not sure.

How long did Avicenna teach philosophy?

I'm not sure.

How many times did Avicenna teach the Metaphysics of Aristotle?

I'm not sure.

How much did Avicenna sell the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?

I'm not sure.


He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?

What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?

medicine

Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?

Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?

mathematics

What did Avicenna become at the age of 16?

I'm not sure.

What study did Avicenna give up at the age of 18?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna find more challanging than mathmatics and metaphysics?

I'm not sure.

At what age did Avicenna reject philosophy?

I'm not sure.

What subject did Avicenna start studying at 61?

I'm not sure.

Avicenna became a qualified biologist at what age?

I'm not sure.

Avicenna found medicine to be much harder than what subject?

I'm not sure.

What subject did Avicenna stop studying at 16?

I'm not sure.


Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.

Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?

the emir, Nuh II

What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?

access to the royal library of the Samanids

Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?

to conceal the sources of his knowledge

Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?

his father

What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?

Who helped Ibn Sina recover from an illness?

I'm not sure.

who dit Ibn Sina treat in the 9th century?

I'm not sure.

What library did Ibn Sina found?

I'm not sure.

Why did Ibn Sina burn the library?

I'm not sure.

Who did Ibn Sina help to write some of their earliest work.

I'm not sure.

Who was Ibn Sina's last appontment?

I'm not sure.

What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for hurting the emir?

I'm not sure.

Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal church?

I'm not sure.

Who did Ibn Sina assist in his physical labors?

I'm not sure.

What year did the emir Null II die from his illness?

I'm not sure.


When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Tabaristan, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.

At what age did Avicenna lose his father?

What dynasty ended in December 1004?

The Samanid dynasty

What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty?

Turkmenistan

What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work?

Nishapur

Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?

Mahmud of Ghazni

How old was Ibn Sina when his mother died?

I'm not sure.

What dynasty ended in the 10th century?

I'm not sure.

Who did Ibn Sina head westward with?

I'm not sure.

Who invited Ibn Sina to travel wesward?

I'm not sure.

What did Ibn Sina write while in Urgench?

I'm not sure.

At what age did Avicenna lose his mother?

I'm not sure.

What dynasty began in December 1004?

I'm not sure.

What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to before the end of the Samanid dynasty?

I'm not sure.

What is one district that Ibn Sina never traveled through in search of more work?

I'm not sure.

Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel eastwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?

I'm not sure.


Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir decreed that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.

What city did Ibn Sina settle in?

Rey

What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?

Tehran

How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?

thirty

Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?

Hamadãn

What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?

office of vizier

Where did Ibn Sina write his first thirty works?

I'm not sure.

Who did Ibn Sina feud with while at the palace?

I'm not sure.

Who was emir of Qazvin?

I'm not sure.

Who did Ibn Sina hide for forty days?

I'm not sure.

Who's death made Ibn Sani a vizier?

I'm not sure.

What city did Ibn Sina decide not to settle in?

I'm not sure.

What ancient city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?

I'm not sure.

How many of Ibn Sina's longer works were said to have been created in Rey?

I'm not sure.

Ibn Sina left Rey and moved northwards to what city?

I'm not sure.

What office did Ibn Sina lose in Hamadan?

I'm not sure.


Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.

Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?

city of Isfahan

What two cities were at war during this time?

Isfahan and Hamadãn

What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?

What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?

the Tajik

How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?

in the dress of a Sufi ascetic

What prefect wrote to Ibn Sani offering him a position?

I'm not sure.

What did Abu Ya'far do when he found out where Ibn Sani was hiding?

I'm not sure.

What was captured in the 10th century?

I'm not sure.

Who was given an honorable welcome in Hamadan?

I'm not sure.

What mercenaries captured Hamadan in the 10th century?

I'm not sure.

Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee from after Hamadan?

I'm not sure.

What two cities were at peace during this time?

I'm not sure.

What year did Isfahan lose to Hamadan?

I'm not sure.

What mercenaries were accepted after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?

I'm not sure.

How did Ibn Sina escape from Ramadan?

I'm not sure.


Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?

Arabic

What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?

ethics

Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?

Persian

What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?

Aristotle

What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?

Metaphysics

Who composed most of their works in Greek?

I'm not sure.

Where was Greek the language of science?

I'm not sure.

Who did Ibn Sina oftenpraise in his commentaries?

I'm not sure.

Who's wrote many books in pure Persian language?

I'm not sure.

In what language was none of Ibn Sina's works written in?

I'm not sure.

What is one subject that Ibn SIna never specialized in?

I'm not sure.

Ibn Sina also wrote all of his works in what other language?

I'm not sure.

What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina idolize heavily?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the objects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?

I'm not sure.


His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215. Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.

Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?

Latin

How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?

fifty

On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?

Europe

What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?

Sufficientia

Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?

Thomas Aquinas

What book of healing did Ibn Sina write in Latin?

I'm not sure.

What did the 12th century Parisian decrees suppresse?

I'm not sure.

What did Latin Avicennism replace in Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who impacted Ibn Sina's thoughts on metaphysics?

I'm not sure.

What  Bishop studied under Ibn Sina?

I'm not sure.

Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was fully available in what language?

I'm not sure.

How many months did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?

I'm not sure.

On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available forty years after its composition?

I'm not sure.

What was the title of Ibn Sina's Tape of Healing?

I'm not sure.

Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have no influence on?

I'm not sure.


Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.

What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?

essence and existence

Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?

al-Farabi

What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?

Islamic theology

What does Muslim philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?

I'm not sure.

What does Islamic philosophy less clearly explain than Aristotelianism?

I'm not sure.

Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe nothing to?

I'm not sure.

What is late Islamic metaphysics imbued with?

I'm not sure.

What is early Muslim metaphysics imbued with?

I'm not sure.


Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.

What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?

the question of being

What two points did he write about?

essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)

Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?

al-Farabi

What is the Arabic term for existence?

Wujud

Mahiat is Arabic for what?

essence

Who followed Avicenna's leadand investigated the question of being?

I'm not sure.

What to parts of being did Avicenna merge?

I'm not sure.

What is the Latin word for essence?

I'm not sure.

What can not coexist with its effect?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna stop an inquiry into?

I'm not sure.

What two points did he read about?

I'm not sure.

Who also began an inquiry into the answer of being?

I'm not sure.

What is the Arabic term for resistance?

I'm not sure.

Mahiat is Muslim for what?

I'm not sure.


Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.

What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?

necessity

According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?

contingency-in-itself

What is the necessary according to Avicenna?

the source of its own being without borrowed existence

According to Avicenna, what always exists?

The necessary

If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?

false in itself

What is one modality of being that Avicenna did not analyze?

I'm not sure.

Who argued that the impossible thing could exist?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna believe could never be actualized by an external cause?

I'm not sure.

What is the necessary not a source of?

I'm not sure.

What is one modality of being that Avicenna never analyzed?

I'm not sure.

According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an internal cause?

I'm not sure.

What is the unnecessary according to Avicenna?

I'm not sure.

According to Avicenna, what never exists?

I'm not sure.

If necessary being is false in itself, what is contingent?

I'm not sure.


The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad), and time (waqt).

The necessary exists due to what?

Its-Self

What is something that the necessary does not have?

a definition

What is the Arabic for situation?

wad

What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?

time

What has many existences?

I'm not sure.

What does the necessary have?

I'm not sure.

What is the necessary attached to?

I'm not sure.

The necessary exists despite what?

I'm not sure.

What is something that the necessary has?

I'm not sure.

What is the Islamic for situation?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing that the Necessary is attached to?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing that the Unnecessary is detached from?

I'm not sure.


Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.

What religion was Avicenna?

Muslim

What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?

rational philosophy

What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?

prove the existence of God

Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?

19th century

Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?

the prophets

Who used philosophy to challange Islamic theology?

I'm not sure.

Who's existance was Avicenna trying to disprove?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote the curriculum at Islamic religious schools?

I'm not sure.

What was highly influental up until the 1900's?

I'm not sure.

Who was inspired by Avicenna's work?

I'm not sure.

What region was Avicenna?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna not want to reconcile with Islamic theology?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna hope not to do through his work?

I'm not sure.

Up until what century was Avicenna's work slightly influential?

I'm not sure.

Who did Avicenna view as uninspired philosophers?

I'm not sure.


There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, if prophecy could be questioned, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly, without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.

What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?

philosophy

What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?

the political implications of such a theory

What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?

epistemological matters

What did Avicenna consider an illusion?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote about distinguishing philosophy from prophecy?

I'm not sure.

Why did Avercenna not explain his theories to others?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish fake prophecy from illusion?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna love about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on biology more clearly?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?

I'm not sure.


Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.

Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?

al-Razi

Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?

three

Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?

al-Ghazali

Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?

al-Tusi

What are Islamic schools also known as?

madrasahs

Who's philosophy was spilt into 4 different schools?

I'm not sure.

Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was banned in Islamic schools?

I'm not sure.

What did al-Tusi believe Avicenna's theological works were isolated from?

I'm not sure.

Who's philosophy did Avicenna use to gain greater spiritual insight?

I'm not sure.

Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was less taught in Islamic schools?

I'm not sure.

Misinterpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?

I'm not sure.

Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to reject their own great spiritual insights?

I'm not sure.

Who used Avicenna's work to help understand past political events?

I'm not sure.

What are Islamic schools not known as?

I'm not sure.


While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:

Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?

the castle of Fardajan

What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?

"Floating Man"

What was the soul according to Avicenna?

a substance

How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?

intellectually

How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?

suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations

What did Avicenna write after being released from a castle near Hamahhan?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna believe proved the soal had no substance?

I'm not sure.

Who believe existance required sensory data input?

I'm not sure.

What is dependant on the body?

I'm not sure.

How did Avicenna believe humans communicated with God?

I'm not sure.

Where was Avicenna twice imprisoned?

I'm not sure.

What did Avicenna read while he was imprisoned?

I'm not sure.

How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Woman"?

I'm not sure.

How did Avicenna want woman to think of themselves as?

I'm not sure.


However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware. Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance.

Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?

the brain

What is the universal agent?

Intellect

In Avicenna's work "Floating Man", what is the core of a human being?

the knowledge that "I am"

What is the body's perfection?

the soul

In Avicenna's "Floating Man", what could the essence of a person not be?

the body

Where did Avicenna claim the soul and sensation interacted?

I'm not sure.

What prepares the brain to recieve rational thought?

I'm not sure.

Why couldn't the flying persons soul be their essence?

I'm not sure.

What is dependent on a physical thing?

I'm not sure.

What is necessary in relation to the soul?

I'm not sure.

Where did treason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?

I'm not sure.

What is the local agent?

I'm not sure.

In Avicenna's work "Floating Man", what is the perimeter of a human being?

I'm not sure.

What is the body's imperfection?

I'm not sure.

In Avicenna's "Floating Man", what could the essence of a person be?

I'm not sure.


In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."

What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?

Aristotle

What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?

Posterior Analytics

What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?

Aristotelian induction

What kind of inquiry did Avicenna discover?

I'm not sure.

What work of Aristotle's did Avicenna closely follow?

I'm not sure.

What method did Avucenna claim led to absolute certainty?

I'm not sure.

What method was replaced by Aristotelian method of induction?

I'm not sure.

What philosopher did Avicenna not discuss in his The Book of Healing text?

I'm not sure.

What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna not focus on?

I'm not sure.

What method did Avicenna support as leading to absolute certainty?

I'm not sure.

What method didn't Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?

I'm not sure.

What work of Socrate's does Avicenna focus on?

I'm not sure.


An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham. Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned."

What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?

temporal logic

Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?

Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī

What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?

Avicennian logic

What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?

Albertus Magnus

Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?

Aristotle

who studied and developed theories on temporal logic?

I'm not sure.

Who's system of logic did Avicenna further develop?

I'm not sure.

Who's system of logic is dominant in modern times?

I'm not sure.

What European logicians did Avicennian logic borrow from?

I'm not sure.

Whorefuted the law of noncontradiction?

I'm not sure.

What was a subject that Avicenna studied, and developed a theory on?

I'm not sure.

Who expanded on Avicenna's work in permanent logic?

I'm not sure.

What became the nondominant system of Islamic logic?

I'm not sure.

What European magician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?

I'm not sure.

Whose law of contradiction did Avicenna endorse?

I'm not sure.


Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").

What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?

Kitab al-shifa

What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?

classical psychology

In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?

quantitative extension

Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?

Descartes

What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?

De Anima

What text embodies Avicenna's legacy in philosophy?

I'm not sure.

What kind of extension does Avicenna say the soul has?

I'm not sure.

Who's agrument disagrees with Avicenna's argument on the soul?

I'm not sure.

What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Muslim?

I'm not sure.

What subject is never seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?

I'm not sure.

In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is with what?

I'm not sure.

Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is with quantitative extension?

I'm not sure.

What is the Latin for Avicenna's philosophy parts in his Book of Healing?

I'm not sure.


Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.

What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?

physiology

According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?

strong enough

How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?

his understanding of perception

How does man first perceive features of an object?

external senses

The body and soul's interaction takes place where?

the physical body

What does Avicenna not ground his psychology on?

I'm not sure.

According to Avicenna, the body and soul must not be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?

I'm not sure.

How does Avicenna explain the disconnection between body and soul?

I'm not sure.

How does man first perceive features of an subject?

I'm not sure.

The body and soul's interaction takes place when?

I'm not sure.


Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.

What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?

Al-Biruni

What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?

mathematical astronomy

What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?

Aristotle

What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?

Venus

Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?

below the Sun

What Muslim astrologer did Avicenna influence?

I'm not sure.

What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astronomy?

I'm not sure.

What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the moon?

I'm not sure.

What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the moon?

I'm not sure.

Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the moon?

I'm not sure.