During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?

the Dutch Golden Age

What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?

The County of Holland

When did the country of Holland dominate world trade?

I'm not sure.

What was the status of the Dutch Golden Age compared to the world?

I'm not sure.

During the 17th century what did Holland conquer?

I'm not sure.

What kind of fleet did Holland have in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

What trade fleet was the wealthiest and most urbanized?

I'm not sure.


The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?

Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?

Rotterdam

The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?

six

Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?

Amsterdam

When was the oldest stock exchange founded in England?

I'm not sure.

What court founded the stock exchange in the Netherlands?

I'm not sure.

Where did the spirit of the time evolve?

I'm not sure.

Who adopted the modern trading principles that stimulated their economy?

I'm not sure.

How many cities did the Low Countries inhabit?

I'm not sure.


Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?

The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?

Africa and the Pacific

What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?

breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient

From what location did the Portugese operate a slave trade?

I'm not sure.

When did the Portugese have a strong and fast navy?

I'm not sure.

What was broken by Africa on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Dutch navy located?

I'm not sure.

During what time period did Africa break Portugese influence?

I'm not sure.


The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?

seven

Who were the Generality Lands governed by?

the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government

The States General was made up of what?

representatives of each of the seven provinces

In what order was The Hague arranged?

I'm not sure.

What was a confederation of the federal government?

I'm not sure.

How many governments did the Dutch Republic consist of?

I'm not sure.

What was the feudal order made up of?

I'm not sure.

Where was the federal government seated?

I'm not sure.


In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?

the County of Drenthe

Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?

this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes

The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?

raadspensionaris

Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?

the stadtholder

Who commanded the army?

the stadtholder

What was the State General exempt from?

I'm not sure.

What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption?

I'm not sure.

What was each raadspensionaris governed by?

I'm not sure.

In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have?

I'm not sure.

Who commanded the representation in the States General?

I'm not sure.


In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Who appointed the stadtholders?

the states of each province

Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?

the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent

Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?

Zeeland and usually Utrecht

What are two things that define the princes in theory?

I'm not sure.

Who appointed the princes of Orange?

I'm not sure.

Who had the same princes as Holland?

I'm not sure.

Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht?

I'm not sure.

What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as?

I'm not sure.


There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?

Orangists

Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?

Republicans

What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?

I'm not sure.

What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?

I'm not sure.

What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?

I'm not sure.

What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?

I'm not sure.

What was the nature of the true republican structure?

I'm not sure.


After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?

the Peace of Westphalia

The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?

federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)

What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?

Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)

In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces?

I'm not sure.

What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as?

I'm not sure.

What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces?

I'm not sure.

When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre?

I'm not sure.

What was federally-governed Maastricht?

I'm not sure.


The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?

The States General of the United Provinces

Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?

Holland and/or Zeeland

What companies were the shipping expedition in control of?

I'm not sure.

What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland?

I'm not sure.

What did the VOC and WIC initiate?

I'm not sure.

What were Holland and Zeeland in control of?

I'm not sure.

What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC?

I'm not sure.


The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?

The framers of the US Constitution

Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."

James Madison

The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?

the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces

Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?

I'm not sure.

What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?

I'm not sure.

What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?

I'm not sure.

What is similar to the Federalist No. 20?

I'm not sure.

What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution?

I'm not sure.


In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.

What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?

the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579

What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?

personal religion

Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?

William of Orange

What was forbidden in all provinces?

Catholic services

When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice?

I'm not sure.

How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland?

I'm not sure.

What religious questions were forbidden under the union?

I'm not sure.

What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose?

I'm not sure.

What group became the strong supporter in the republic?

I'm not sure.


During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.

What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?

the Reformed Church

The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?

the time period and regional or city leaders

What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?

fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city

What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?

personal freedom of religion

What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office?

I'm not sure.

What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?

I'm not sure.

What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden?

I'm not sure.

Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning?

I'm not sure.


In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.

What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?

predestination

The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?

the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants

What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?

the Synod of Dort

When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?

I'm not sure.

Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith?

I'm not sure.

What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination?

I'm not sure.

What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as?

I'm not sure.

In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy?

I'm not sure.


Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.

When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?

in the 18th century

Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?

as long as their services took place secretly in private churches

When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches?

I'm not sure.

During what period did services move to a state of tolerance?

I'm not sure.

What changed from religious services to private churches?

I'm not sure.

What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches?

I'm not sure.

Where was active persecution taking place?

I'm not sure.


Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."

What language does the word "symbiosis" come from?

Greek

What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?

lichens

What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?

German

What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank?

I'm not sure.

When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens?

I'm not sure.

When was the the word "symbiosis" discovered?

I'm not sure.

What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist?

I'm not sure.

What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define "symbiosis" as "the living together of unlike organisms."?

I'm not sure.


The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).

How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?

130 years

How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis?

I'm not sure.

How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms?

I'm not sure.

What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis?

I'm not sure.

What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis?

I'm not sure.


Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.

What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?

obligate

What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?

facultative

What is an example of an obligate relationship?

lichens

What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts?

I'm not sure.

What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship?

I'm not sure.

What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship?

I'm not sure.

What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts?

I'm not sure.

What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts?

I'm not sure.


Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.

What is an example of ectosymbiosis?

mistletoe

What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?

disjunctive symbiosis

What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?

endosymbiosis

What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis?

I'm not sure.

What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis?

I'm not sure.

What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner?

I'm not sure.

What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union?

I'm not sure.


Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.

What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?

insects

What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?

Frankia

What endosymbionts live in coral?

algae

What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects?

I'm not sure.

What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae?

I'm not sure.

What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects?

I'm not sure.

What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects called?

I'm not sure.

What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules?

I'm not sure.


Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.

What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?

barnacles

Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.

lice

What is another name for ectosymbiosis?

exosymbiosis

What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales?

I'm not sure.

What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract?

I'm not sure.

What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish?

I'm not sure.


Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.

What is another term for mutualism?

interspecies reciprocal altruism

Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?

lifelong

What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit?

I'm not sure.

Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently?

I'm not sure.

What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic?

I'm not sure.

What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis?

I'm not sure.

What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis?

I'm not sure.


A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.

What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?

mutualistic

What do coral and algae produce together?

Coral reefs

How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?

fix carbon from the air

What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?

mycorrhyzal

What do herbivores have to digest animal prey?

I'm not sure.

Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground?

I'm not sure.

Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air?

I'm not sure.

What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?

I'm not sure.

What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on?

I'm not sure.


An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.

What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?

ocellaris clownfish

What prevents the clownfish from being stung?

A special mucus

What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?

mutual symbiosis

What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones?

I'm not sure.

What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish?

I'm not sure.

What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect?

I'm not sure.

What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish?

I'm not sure.

What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators?

I'm not sure.


A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.

What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?

the goby fish

What part of the fish is used to signal danger?

its tail

What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail?

I'm not sure.

What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish?

I'm not sure.

What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp?

I'm not sure.

What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby?

I'm not sure.

When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to?

I'm not sure.


Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.

What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?

non-obligate

What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber?

I'm not sure.

What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth?

I'm not sure.

What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship?

I'm not sure.

Where is the cirumrotatory growth in the crab located?

I'm not sure.


One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans.

When were the worms found?

the late 1980s

What does the bacteria give the worm?

nutrition

What land is near the worms' first known location?

the Galapagos Islands

From where do the host obtain the hydrogen sulfide or methane?

I'm not sure.

When were the Galapagos Islands discovered?

I'm not sure.

What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents?

I'm not sure.

When were the symbiotic bacteria discovered?

I'm not sure.

Where does the symbiotic bacteria get nutrition from?

I'm not sure.


During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity).

What is given to the host cell?

nutrients

What does the host make that affect its genes?

specialized cells

In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?

vertical transmission

From where does the endosymbiont gain nutrition?

I'm not sure.

Who offers a location for the host cell to vertically transmit nutrition?

I'm not sure.

When the offspring passes the genetic changes via vertical transmission what does the host cell obtain?

I'm not sure.

When the the host favors the endosymbiont's growth process what takes place?

I'm not sure.

Where can the specialized cells be found?

I'm not sure.


Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host.

What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?

drastic reduction in its genome size

What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?

Muller's ratchet phenomenon

What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?

lack of selection mechanisms

What takes place when the host's lifestyle reduces the endosymbiont's genome size?

I'm not sure.

What do the insects need for vertical transmission?

I'm not sure.

What happens when there is an increase in the effective population sizes for free living bacteria?

I'm not sure.

What happens when the DNA/RNA replications are retained?

I'm not sure.


Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table".

What language do the roots of "commensal" come from?

Latin

What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?

Commensalism

What type of symbiotic relationship happens when there is a major affect on the other organism?

I'm not sure.

What takes place when the organisms are neither significantly harmed or helped?

I'm not sure.

Commensalism explains a relationship between how many organisms when one gains most of the benefits?

I'm not sure.

What word is derived from the medieval English word?

I'm not sure.

Who is actually sharing a table?

I'm not sure.


Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants.

What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?

inquilinism

What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?

metabiosis

In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?

phoresy

Where do the spiders build their webs on the hermit crabs?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for a relationship where one organism refuses to provide a dwelling for the other?

I'm not sure.

What occurs when the spider utilizes phoresy with the hermit crab?

I'm not sure.

What can commensal relationships between plants and hermit crabs be considered?

I'm not sure.

When one organism gives away something another created what is it called?

I'm not sure.


A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.

Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?

A parasitic relationship

What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?

necrotrophic

What is it called when parasites need their host to live?

biotrophic

What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?

as many as half

Name a biotrophic organism.

a tick

What is the relationship termed if both organisms benefit?

I'm not sure.

What relationship happens after a biotrophic relationship occurs from a tick feeding on the blood of its host?

I'm not sure.

When both organisms benefit in an antipathetic symbiosis it is known as a?

I'm not sure.

What is an extremely unsuccessful mode of life?

I'm not sure.

How many fungi have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles?

I'm not sure.


Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.

What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?

Amensalism

What kinds of amensalism are there?

competition and antibiosis

When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?

competition

What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?

juglone

What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism?

I'm not sure.

What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients?

I'm not sure.

What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion?

I'm not sure.

What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone?

I'm not sure.

What are two types of antibiosis?

I'm not sure.


Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.

What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?

weevils

What does the Spanish ibex eat?

shrub

What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?

Amensalism

What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex?

I'm not sure.

What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof?

I'm not sure.

What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils?

I'm not sure.

What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil?

I'm not sure.

What genus are the Spanish ibex?

I'm not sure.


Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used.

What type of relationship harms both organisms?

Synnecrosis

What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?

death

How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?

uncommon

Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?

to protect the hive

What happens if a bee does not protect the hive?

I'm not sure.

What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved?

I'm not sure.

What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause?

I'm not sure.

What always happens to the victims of the bee sting?

I'm not sure.

What happens if the bee does not die?

I'm not sure.


While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid.

What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?

the evolution of all eukaryotes

What are eukaryotes?

plants, animals, fungi, and protists

What do all organelles have that is their own?

I'm not sure.

What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition?

I'm not sure.

What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria?

I'm not sure.

What always depends on the cell for the process of division?

I'm not sure.


The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."

What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?

symbiosis

Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?

Dorion Sagan

What is the biologist Darwin famous for?

I'm not sure.

What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last to utter this quote "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."?

I'm not sure.

What is not considered a driving force behind evolution?

I'm not sure.

Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?

I'm not sure.


Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.

How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?

a major role

What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?

nectar and large sticky pollen

What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?

dependent

What gave rise to a select group of plants?

I'm not sure.

What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers?

I'm not sure.

What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources?

I'm not sure.

What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources?

I'm not sure.

What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted?

I'm not sure.


The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces."

What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?

Forces armées canadiennes

What law constitutes the CAF?

the National Defence Act

Who are the CAF supposed to protect?

Her Majesty

What does CF stand for in this context?

Forces canadiennes

What does CFA stand for?

I'm not sure.

What does the Canadian Armed Forces Act state?

I'm not sure.

What act names the leader of the les cnadiennes Forces as Her Majesty?

I'm not sure.

What is the Italian name of the Canadian Armed Forces?

I'm not sure.

What law constitutes the CEF?

I'm not sure.

Who aren't the CAF supposed to protect?

I'm not sure.

What does COF stand for in this context?

I'm not sure.


This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces.

How many sub components are there?

four

What act defines the CAF?

the National Defence Act

What does RNC stand for?

I'm not sure.

What does RACF stand for?

I'm not sure.

What four components make up the Force Reserve?

I'm not sure.

What is the Canadian Armed Forces associated with under the National Defence Act?

I'm not sure.

How many non-sub components are there?

I'm not sure.

What act does not define the CAF?

I'm not sure.


The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council.

Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?

Queen Elizabeth II

Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?

the Governor General of Canada

Who leads the CAF?

the Chief of the Defence Staff

Who advises the Chief of the Defence?

the Armed Forces Council.

Who is the Chief Commander of the Canadian Armed Forces?

I'm not sure.

Who is represented by the Governor General of Canada?

I'm not sure.

What is led by the Defence Staff Chief?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Defence Staff Chief advised by?

I'm not sure.

Who currently is the Assistant-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?

I'm not sure.

Who doesn't represent Queen Elizabeth II?

I'm not sure.

Who leads the CAEF?

I'm not sure.

Who advises the Chief of the Offense?

I'm not sure.


During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s.

What war were the CAF involved in?

Cold War

What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?

the security of Europe

What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?

the Soviet military threat

Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?

the early 1950s

What year did the CAF leave Europe?

the early 1990s

What were based in Europe in 1950?

I'm not sure.

Where were Canadian ground and air forces based in 1950?

I'm not sure.

What years did the Cold War take place?

I'm not sure.

What war were the CAAF involved in?

I'm not sure.

What was the goal of the CAF during the warm war?

I'm not sure.

What military thread did the CAF not protect against in Europe?

I'm not sure.

Approximately since what year was the CAF not stationed in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What year did the CAF join Europe?

I'm not sure.


However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002.

What Treaty is the CAF part of?

the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?

international security operations

What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?

Afghanistan

What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?

Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?

out of area

What does NTAO stand for?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Cold War end?

I'm not sure.

What country began war in 2002?

I'm not sure.

What Treaty is the CAF not part of?

I'm not sure.

What type of operation is the Canadian Military uninvolved in?

I'm not sure.

What country has the Canadian Military not worked in the last years?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan end?

I'm not sure.

Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military not set?

I'm not sure.


Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to:

What is Canada's defense policy based on?

Canada First Defence Strategy

When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?

How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?

six core missions

What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?

North America

When was the First Canada Defence Strategy introduced?

I'm not sure.

What is based on the First Canada Defence Strategy?

I'm not sure.

How many global missions are Canadians equipped to carry out?

I'm not sure.


Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?

conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy

What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?

deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés

What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?

the American Air Forces

What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?

military training

What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?

relationship-building efforts

What do the Armed Canadian Forces contribute to?

I'm not sure.

How does the Armed Canadian Forces contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy?

I'm not sure.

What is the Cooperation System Among the American Air Forces an example of?

I'm not sure.

What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces never contribute too?

I'm not sure.

What is not an example of another activity that the CAF performs?

I'm not sure.

What other air force does the CAF not cooperate with?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the activities the CFF works on with other countries?

I'm not sure.

What diplomatic effort does the CAF doesn't perform as part of it's duties?

I'm not sure.


Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States.

What year was Canada united in a confederation?

The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?

French and British forces

What is one of the threats that faced them?

European powers

What American war threatened Canada?

the American Revolutionary War

Early on, what did they defend against with the British?

invasion by the United States

When was the Confederation established?

I'm not sure.

What year did the American Revolutionary War take place?

I'm not sure.

Who aided in defence during the Fenian Rebellion?

I'm not sure.

Who aided in defence during the Red River Raids?

I'm not sure.

When were Canadian army units formed?

I'm not sure.

What year wasn't Canada united in a confederation?

I'm not sure.

The forces of what countries didn't people serve before the unification?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the threats that didn't faced them?

I'm not sure.

What Asian war threatened Canada?

I'm not sure.

Early on, what didn't they defend against with the British?

I'm not sure.


The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias—frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940.

Who initially had military command?

the British Crown-in-Council

Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?

Halifax

When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?

The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?

the Department of Militia and Defence

When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?

November 1940

What responsibility remained with a commander-in-chief for North America?

I'm not sure.

Where was the British Crown-in-Council stationed?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Royal Canadian Navy formed?

I'm not sure.

When were land forces referred to as the Army of Canada?

I'm not sure.

Who initially didn't have military command?

I'm not sure.

Where was the secretary-in-chief stationed?

I'm not sure.

When did the French Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?

I'm not sure.

The Canadian Armed Forces were initially disorganized under what department?

I'm not sure.

When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the French Army?

I'm not sure.


The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War.

When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?

Second Boer War

Under what command did they serve?

British command

When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?

the First World War

What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?

Second World War

What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?

Korean War

What force was first deployed overseas during the Second World War?

I'm not sure.

Who entered into conflict with the United Kingdom during the First World War?

I'm not sure.

What wars did the Canadian Council-in-Crown send its forces into?

I'm not sure.

When was the first overseas deployment of the French Military?

I'm not sure.

Under what command did they not serve?

I'm not sure.

When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Asia?

I'm not sure.

What other European war were the Canadian Forces not involved in?

I'm not sure.

What Asian war were the Canadian Forces never involved in?

I'm not sure.


Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?

more than 200 operations

How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?

What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?

Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War

What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?

United Nations Peacekeeping operations

What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?

an aircraft carrier

What military units have completed more than 200 operations worldwide?

I'm not sure.

How many international operations have Canadian military units participated in since 1947?

I'm not sure.

What have Canadian military units done since 1974?

I'm not sure.

When did the Cold War take place?

I'm not sure.

How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1987?

I'm not sure.

How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Nationally?

I'm not sure.

What are some of the wars the French Military was involved in?

I'm not sure.

What non-peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?

I'm not sure.

What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 40 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?

I'm not sure.


Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia.

What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?

the Normandy Landings

What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?

the strategic bombing of German cities

What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?

the Battle of Vimy Ridge

What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?

Croatia

Who are the Battle of Normandy Landings and the Vimy Ridge Raid notable to?

I'm not sure.

Who are the Battle of Dieppe and the Battle of Medak Pocket notable to?

I'm not sure.

What famous World War II battle was the French Military part of?

I'm not sure.

What effort was the Canadian Military known for in France?

I'm not sure.

What Battle in France was the Canadian Military not known for?

I'm not sure.

What country was the latest French Military effort?

I'm not sure.


At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect.

Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?

the largest volunteer army ever

What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?

the Soviet Union

Which other country had a sizable naval army?

Japanese

When did Canada possess the fifth-largest air force?

I'm not sure.

When did Canada possess the fourth-largest naval surface fleet?

I'm not sure.

What was introduced at then end of the war?

I'm not sure.

How many conscripts made it into the naval surface fleet?

I'm not sure.

Canada had which biggest army during the Third World War?

I'm not sure.

What country fell providing with less information on Canada's army size?

I'm not sure.

Which other country had a small naval army?

I'm not sure.


The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.

When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?

1 February 1968

What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?

the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force

What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?

the British government

When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?

What war aided Canadian legislative independence?

the First World War

When did the French Armed Forced become to be?

I'm not sure.

What does the Canadian Armed Forces not consist of?

I'm not sure.

What allowed Canada to fully having their own army at the start?

I'm not sure.

When did Canada lose independence from the United Kingdom?

I'm not sure.


After the 1980s, the use of the "Canadian Armed Forces" name gave way to "Canadian Forces";[citation needed] The "Canadian Armed Forces" name returned in 2013.

What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?

Canadian Armed Forces

When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?

After the 1980s

When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?

What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?

Canadian Forces

What is the new name of the Canadian Forces?

I'm not sure.

When did the French Armed Forces end?

I'm not sure.

When was the French Armed Forces name reintroduced?

I'm not sure.

What was the new name of the French Armed Forces?

I'm not sure.


Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.

What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?

Land Forces

Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?

What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?

ISAF

Who requested the aid of the Canadians?

the Government of Afghanistan

What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?

peacekeeping

What forces were sent out out of rejection of peacekeeping?

I'm not sure.

Until when were Canadian forces in Iraq?

I'm not sure.

What force were the Canadians part of in Iraq?

I'm not sure.

Who requested the aid of the French?

I'm not sure.


The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.

What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?

approximately $20.1 billion

How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?

74th in size

What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?

approximately 119,000

By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?

What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?

around 124,000

What is yesterday's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?

I'm not sure.

How are the French forces ranked in size compared to other military?

I'm not sure.

What is the total force of the French Forces?

I'm not sure.

By what date is the secondary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?

I'm not sure.


In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s, possibly because the Canadian populace had come to perceive the CAF as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers, as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the Department of National Defence. The poll found that nearly two thirds of Canadians agreed with the country's participation in the invasion of Afghanistan, and that the military should be stronger, but also that the purpose of the forces should be different, such as more focused on responding to natural disasters. Then CDS, Walter Natynczyk, said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful, the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually.

What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?

the Canada First Defence Strategy

How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?

through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness

What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently?

loss of existing members

What was the effort called to downgrade the Canadian Forces?

I'm not sure.

How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2018?

I'm not sure.

What major problem is the CAF not trying to address currently?

I'm not sure.


The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called "core capabilities" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet – the C-130 Hercules – and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to:

What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?

main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles

What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?

C-130 Hercules

What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?

CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters

When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?

What equipment was acquired to aid in Iraq?

I'm not sure.

What small transport plane is part of the CAF mission?

I'm not sure.

What new type of helicopter was not recently acquired?

I'm not sure.

When was the renewal and re-equipment effort ended?

I'm not sure.


In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas—vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.

What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?

medicine, communication, logistics, and administration

What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?

What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s?

vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers

Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?

the Department changed its policies

What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

What roles were women recruited for in the 1980s?

I'm not sure.

What year did further recruitment for men open in the CAF?

I'm not sure.

What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1990s?

I'm not sure.

Why were men eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?

I'm not sure.

What charter directly affected a man's right to serve in the CAF?

I'm not sure.


In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women.

Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.

infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery

On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?

5 February 1987

Who created an office to study these effects?

the Minister of National Defence

What was the study called?

Combat-Related Employment of Women

Name some of the teaching opportunities in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.

I'm not sure.

On what date was a study created to research the impart on men in direct involvement?

I'm not sure.

Who created an office to reject these effects?

I'm not sure.

What was the school called?

I'm not sure.


All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. It also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean Chretien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines.

What year were most military occupations opened to women?

What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?

submarine service

By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?

100 percent

Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact?

the government of Jean Chretien

What year were most military occupations opened to men?

I'm not sure.

hat military occupation wasn't opened to men until the 2000s?

I'm not sure.

By how much did opening these jobs to men increase the recruiting pool by?

I'm not sure.

Which government was responsible in French history for this fact?

I'm not sure.


All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments.

What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?

equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force

What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?

Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots

What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service?

an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments

What is a requirement for equipment for the CE?

I'm not sure.

What are some of the equipment used by neither men and women?

I'm not sure.

What special entitlement are men provided as part of their service?

I'm not sure.


The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.

What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?

It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.

What is the hierarchy of the French Armed Forces?

I'm not sure.


The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who, since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to the elected House of Commons.

What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces?

The Canadian constitution

Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?

the governor general

What orders fall under the royal prerogative?

troop deployment and disposition orders

Who must sign these orders for them to be valid?

the monarch or governor general

Who's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders?

the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet

What determines who is the Secretary-in-Chief of the Armed forces?

I'm not sure.

Who does the Secretary-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?

I'm not sure.

What orders fall under the non-royal prerogative?

I'm not sure.

Who must sign these orders for them to be invalid?

I'm not sure.


The Armed Forces' 115,349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial.

The armed forces has approximately how many members?

Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?

the Chief of the Defence Staff

Who appoints the Chief of the Defence?

The governor general

What location does the National Defense operate out of?

Ottawa, Ontario

What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council?

the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.

The rallied forces has approximately how many members?

I'm not sure.

Who is the highest ranking member of the non-Armed Forces?

I'm not sure.

Who doesn't appoint the Chief of the Defence?

I'm not sure.

What are some of the members of the Non-Armed Forces Council?

I'm not sure.


Canada's Armed forces operate out of 27 Canadian Forces bases (CFB) across the country, including NDHQ. This number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged. Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Officers will generally either directly enter the Canadian Armed Forces with a degree from a civilian university, or receive their commission upon graduation from the Royal Military College of Canada. Specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout Canada, and to a lesser extent, the world.

How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?

Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?

Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu

What is the place called where initial training happens?

Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School

How many non-Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?

I'm not sure.

Where do non-Canadian Forces members go for training?

I'm not sure.

What is the place called where post-initial training happens?

I'm not sure.


The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.

How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have?

Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?

Halifax

What formation is located in Quebec?

the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)

What international exercises does the RCN partake in?

NATO exercises

How many warships does the Non-Canadian Navy have?

I'm not sure.

Where are the Maritime Forces Pacific located?

I'm not sure.

What formation is located in Ottawa?

I'm not sure.

What international exercises does the RNN partake in?

I'm not sure.


The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions—the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division—the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters.

Who heads the Canadian Army?

Commander of the Canadian Army

How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?

four divisions

What are the four divisions?

the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division

What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?

the 5th Canadian Division

The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?

the 5th Canadian Division

Who heads the non-Canadian Army?

I'm not sure.

How many divisions are there in the non-Canadian Army?

I'm not sure.

What is the sixth division?

I'm not sure.

The non-Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?

I'm not sure.


Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command structure.

How many brigades does the Army consist of?

three

Each Brigade contains how many regiments?

one

What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?

tactical helicopter squadron

What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?

a field ambulance

How many brigades does the non-Army consist of?

I'm not sure.

Each non-Brigade contains how many regiments?

I'm not sure.

What squadron is present but is an official part of the Brigade?

I'm not sure.

What medical group is not present at all Brigades but not part of it?

I'm not sure.


The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each has a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The 5th Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while the 4th Canadian Division and the 3rd Canadian Division each have three Reserve Force brigade groups. Major training and support establishments exist at CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.

Where is most of the major training performed?

CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.

Where is most of the minor training performed?

I'm not sure.


The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.

Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?

the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force

Where is the commander based out of?

Winnipeg

How many air force wings are located across Canada?

eleven

Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?

tactical commander

Who heads the non-Canadian Air Force?

I'm not sure.

Where is the commander based out of?

I'm not sure.

How many air force wings are located outside of Canada?

I'm not sure.

Who reports to the operational secretary about the wings?

I'm not sure.


Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany.

What are some locations of the air bases?

Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba

Where are the command facilities located?

Winnipeg and North Bay

Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?

Geilenkirchen, Germany

What NATO force are the Canadians part of?

Airborne Early Warning Force

What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?

Labrador

What are some locations of the navy bases?

I'm not sure.

Where are the non-command facilities located?

I'm not sure.

Where is the non-Canadian component of the NATO located?

I'm not sure.

What non-NATO force are the Canadians part of?

I'm not sure.

What location is a Canadian navy base located whose name is also a dog breed?

I'm not sure.


The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.

What does JTFN stand for?

Joint Task Force (North)

What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?

a chain of forward operating locations

What can each forwarding operation location provide?

fighter operations

What squadrons deploy to these locations?

CF-18 squadrons

What patrols are organized from these locations?

Arctic sovereignty patrols.

What it located through non-Canada's Northern Regions?

I'm not sure.

What can't each forwarding operation location provide?

I'm not sure.

What squadrons won't deploy to these locations?

I'm not sure.

What patrols aren't organized from these locations?

I'm not sure.


The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters.

When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?

October 2012

What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?

Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command

What specifically prompted this merger?

the 2012 federal budget

When was the non-Canadian Joint Operations Command established?

I'm not sure.

What are the parts that merged into the non-Canadian Joint Operations Command?

I'm not sure.

What specifically didn't prompt this merger?

I'm not sure.


The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa.

what does CANSOFCOM stand for?

The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command

What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?

generating special operations forces

What do the special forces support?

CJOC

Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?

CFB Trenton

How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?

what does CANSOFCORN stand for?

I'm not sure.

What is the CANSOFCOM not focused on?

I'm not sure.

What don't the special forces support?

I'm not sure.

Where is the non-Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?

I'm not sure.

How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron aren't based at Petawawa?

I'm not sure.


Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.

What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?

electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks

Where is the Information Management Group located?

CFS Leitrim in Ottawa

What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?

design and build cyber warfare capabilities

When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?

June 2011

Who heads the Directorate?

the Director General Cyber

What is the the Information Management Group not responsible for?

I'm not sure.

Where is the non-Information Management Group located?

I'm not sure.

What is the task of the non-Cyber Task Force?

I'm not sure.

When was the Directorate of Non-Cybernetics established?

I'm not sure.

Who was fired from the Directorate?

I'm not sure.


The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command.

Who does The Health Services Group serve?

the Canadian Armed Forces

Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?

Joint Task Force

What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?

domestic support

Who won't The Health Services Group serve?

I'm not sure.

Who can't temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?

I'm not sure.

What type of support does The Health Services Group refuse?

I'm not sure.


The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows:

When can the reserve force be called upon?

in times of national emergency or threat

What troops does The reserve force consists of?

primary and supplementary

When can't the reserve force be called upon?

I'm not sure.

What troops does The reserve force not consist of?

I'm not sure.


Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen and women, trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CAF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Primary Reserve. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, who is usually a major general or rear admiral, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force – the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES) – in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group.

Who commands the reserves?

Chief of Reserves and Cadets

What are some of the components of the reserve force?

the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)

Who won't command the reserves?

I'm not sure.

What are some of the components of the non-reserve force?

I'm not sure.


The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve.

Who conducts training of the cadets?

Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service

What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?

12 to 18 years

What branch are the majority of COATS members?

officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre

Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?

Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS

Who conducts formation of the cadets?

I'm not sure.

What age are the cadets in the Non-Canadian Cadet Movement?

I'm not sure.

What branch are the minority of COATS members?

I'm not sure.

Who is not eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?

I'm not sure.


The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.

What do Canadian Rangers perform?

provide surveillance and patrol services

Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?

in Canada's arctic

Which force are the Rangers part of?

reserve force

What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?

Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory

What do non-Canadian Rangers perform?

I'm not sure.

Where do the non-Canadian Rangers operate?

I'm not sure.

Which force aren't the Rangers part of?

I'm not sure.

What genocide did the Canadian Rangers start?

I'm not sure.


Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring "dirty work" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and "dressed down" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial/regimental full dress, such as the naval "high-collar" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges.

What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?

service dress

What other parts are there to a uniform?

gloves, swords, and medals

What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?

operational dress is now the daily uniform

What can be worn in cold winter weather?

Approved parkas

What is only worn for very specific occasions?

a ceremonial/regimental full dress

What is suitable for CAD members to wear on any occasion?

I'm not sure.

What other parts aren't there to a uniform?

I'm not sure.

What is not the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?

I'm not sure.

What can be worn in warm winter weather?

I'm not sure.

What is only worn for very non-specific occasions?

I'm not sure.


Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or "regimental" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided "pillbox" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur "Astrakhan" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet.

What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?

beret, wedge cap, ballcap

Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?

coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn

What is the most popular head dress worn?

The beret

What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?

CG634 helmet

What are some of the unauthorized head dresses for the CAF?

I'm not sure.

Are there specific rules for not wearing head dresses?

I'm not sure.

What is the least popular head dress worn?

I'm not sure.

What headdress does the Non-Canadian Army wear?

I'm not sure.