By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. Power in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland. A similar situation existed in the Principality of Wales, which was slowly being annexed into the Kingdom of England by a series of laws. During the course of the 15th century, the Crown of England would assert a claim to the Crown of France, thereby also releasing the King of England as from being vassal of the King of France. In 1534, King Henry VIII, at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation, separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope. His response was to place the King of England as "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England", thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church. Ireland, which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland, but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared a separate kingdom in personal union with England.

During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?

Kingdoms of England and Scotland

Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?

King Henry VIII

What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?

Church of England

Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?

the Pope

During the early Golden Age, what was Great Britain separated into?

I'm not sure.

During the late Middle Ages, Ireland was separated into England and what other country?

I'm not sure.

During the late Middle Ages, Ireland was separated into Scotland and what other country?

I'm not sure.

During the late Middle Ages, the Roman Church was separated into England and what other country?

I'm not sure.

During the late Middle Ages, the Crown of France was separated into England and what other country?

I'm not sure.


Scotland, meanwhile had remained an independent Kingdom. In 1603, that changed when the King of Scotland inherited the Crown of England, and consequently the Crown of Ireland also. The subsequent 17th century was one of political upheaval, religious division and war. English colonialism in Ireland of the 16th century was extended by large-scale Scottish and English colonies in Ulster. Religious division heightened and the King in England came into conflict with parliament. A prime issue was, inter alia, over his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism. The resulting English Civil War or War of the Three Kingdoms led to a revolutionary republic in England. Ireland, largely Catholic was mainly loyal to the king. Following defeat to the parliaments army, large scale land distributions from loyalist Irish nobility to English commoners in the service of the parliamentary army created the beginnings a new Ascendancy class which over the next hundred years would obliterate the English (Hiberno-Norman) and Gaelic Irish nobility in Ireland. The new ruling class was Protestant and British, whilst the common people were largely Catholic and Irish. This theme would influence Irish politics for centuries to come. When the monarchy was restored in England, the king found it politically impossible to restore all the lands of former land-owners in Ireland. The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 repeated similar themes: a Catholic king pushing for religious tolerance in opposition to a Protestant parliament in England. The king's army was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne and at the militarily crucial Battle of Aughrim in Ireland. Resistance held out, and a guarantee of religious tolerance was a cornerstone of the Treaty of Limerick. However, in the evolving political climate, the terms of Limerick were superseded, a new monarchy was installed, and the new Irish parliament was packed with the new elite which legislated increasing intolerant Penal Laws, which discommoded both Dissenters and Catholics.

Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?

Crown of England

What happened to Britain during the 17th century?

political upheaval, religious division and war

Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century?

his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism

The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain?

revolutionary republic in England

Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created?

Protestant and British

In what year did the Queen of Scotland inherit the Crown of England?

I'm not sure.

The 17th century was full of peace, political upheaval, religious division and what else?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the French Civil War?

I'm not sure.

The War of the Four Kingdoms is also known as what?

I'm not sure.

The English Civil War led to a religious upheaval where?

I'm not sure.


The Kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified in 1707 creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. Following an attempted republican revolution in Ireland in 1798, the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were unified in 1801, creating the United Kingdom. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining outside of the United Kingdom but with their ultimate good governance being the responsibility of the British Crown (effectively the British government). Although, the colonies of North American that would become the United States of America were lost by the start of the 19th century, the British Empire expanded rapidly elsewhere. A century later it would cover one third of the globe. Poverty in the United Kingdom remained desperate however and industrialisation in England led to terrible condition for the working class. Mass migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second-half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with the six counties that formed Northern Ireland remaining as an autonomous region of the UK.

In what year was the Kingdom of Great Britain founded?

When did the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland unite?

How large did the British Empire become by the beginning of the 20th century?

one third of the globe

What negative factor occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution in England?

terrible condition for the working class

What was the result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1919-1922?

Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom

Which kingdoms were unified in 2012 to create Great Britain?

I'm not sure.

In what year were the kingdoms of England and Ireland unified to create Great Britain?

I'm not sure.

In what year were Ireland and England unified to create the United Kingdom?

I'm not sure.

Which kingdoms were unified in 1707 to create the United KIngdom?

I'm not sure.

After which war did most of Ireland join the United Kingdom?

I'm not sure.


There are two sovereign states in the isles: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called the Republic of Ireland, governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply the United Kingdom, which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown Dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights of self-government and judicial independence; responsibility for international representation rests largely upon the UK (in consultation with the respective governments); and responsibility for defence is reserved by the UK. The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent parts: England, Scotland and Wales, forming Great Britain, and Northern Ireland in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Of these, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have "devolved" governments meaning that they have their own parliaments/assemblies and are self-governing with respect to certain areas set down by law. For judicial purposes, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England and Wales (the latter being one entity) form separate legal jurisdiction, with there being no single law for the UK as a whole.

What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today?

Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

What is another name that Ireland is also called?

Republic of Ireland

Northern Ireland is part of which country?

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

What is another name for the  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?

United Kingdom

Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements?

Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

The Republic of Channel Islands refers to which country?

I'm not sure.

Ireland is made up of how many constituent parts?

I'm not sure.

The four constituent parts of the United Kingdom are: England, Wales, Spain and what other country?

I'm not sure.

The Isle of Man and what else are known as the United Kingdom?

I'm not sure.

For legislative purposes, Scotland, Southern Ireland, England and Wales form what?

I'm not sure.


Ireland, the United Kingdom and the three Crown Dependencies are all parliamentary democracies, with their own separate parliaments. All parts of the United Kingdom return members to parliament in London. In addition to this, voters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland return members to a parliament in Edinburgh and to assemblies in Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Governance in the norm is by majority rule, however, Northern Ireland uses a system of power sharing whereby unionists and nationalists share executive posts proportionately and where the assent of both groups are required for the Northern Ireland Assembly to make certain decisions. (In the context of Northern Ireland, unionists are those who want Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and nationalists are those who want Northern Ireland join with the rest of Ireland.) The British monarch is the head of state for all parts of the isles except for the Republic of Ireland, where the head of state is the President of Ireland.

Which state send members to the parliament in Edinburgh?

Scotland

What type of government does the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies have?

parliamentary democracies

Who shares power in Northern Ireland?

unionists and nationalists

Unionists in Northern Ireland want to remain part of which country?

United Kingdom

Nationalist in Northern Ireland want to join which country?

the rest of Ireland

Ireland, the UK and the 3 Crown Dependencies are socialistic democracies with what?

I'm not sure.

Ireland, the UK and Great Britain are parliamentary democracies with what?

I'm not sure.

What type of system does Southern Ireland use to make decisions?

I'm not sure.

The Irish monarch is the head of state for all parts of the isles except?

I'm not sure.

The President of the United Kingdom is the head of state for which Republic?

I'm not sure.


Ireland and the United Kingdom are both part of the European Union (EU). The Crown Dependencies are not a part of the EU however do participate in certain aspects that were negotiated as a part of the UK's accession to the EU. Neither the United Kingdom or Ireland are part of the Schengen area, that allow passport-free travel between EU members states. However, since the partition of Ireland, an informal free-travel area had existed across the region. In 1997, this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area.

The United Kingdom is part of what union?

European Union (EU)

What does the Schengen area allow in the European Union?

passport-free travel between EU members states

When was a free-travel area created betwen Northern Ireland and Ireland?

This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what?

Common Travel Area

Ireland and the Crown Dependencies are part of what union?

I'm not sure.

What type of travel does the Amsterdam Treaty area allow?

I'm not sure.

Both the United Kingdom and Ireland are part of what area?

I'm not sure.

A formal free-travel area has existed across the region since when?

I'm not sure.

Since 1997 the area has required informal recognition and has become known as what?

I'm not sure.


Reciprocal arrangements allow British and Irish citizens to full voting rights in the two states. Exceptions to this are presidential elections and constitutional referendums in the Republic of Ireland, for which there is no comparable franchise in the other states. In the United Kingdom, these pre-date European Union law, and in both jurisdictions go further than that required by European Union law. Other EU nationals may only vote in local and European Parliament elections while resident in either the UK or Ireland. In 2008, a UK Ministry of Justice report investigating how to strengthen the British sense of citizenship proposed to end this arrangement arguing that, "the right to vote is one of the hallmarks of the political status of citizens; it is not a means of expressing closeness between countries."

What are the two exceptions to the voting rights in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand Britain?

presidential elections and constitutional referendums

In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland, allowed to vote in?

local and European Parliament elections

Which ministry wants to end this type of voting of EU nationals?

UK Ministry of Justice

What type of arrangement let British and Irish citizens vote in each other's elections?

Reciprocal arrangements

What type of arrangements restrict British and Irish voting rights?

I'm not sure.

In what year did a UK Ministry of Justice report propose to begin the arrangement?

I'm not sure.

British and Irish voters are allowed full voting rights, including presidential elections, due to what?

I'm not sure.

Exceptions include presidential elections and European Parliament elections where?

I'm not sure.

Which entity supports that the right to vote is a hallmark of economic status?

I'm not sure.


The Northern Ireland Peace Process has led to a number of unusual arrangements between the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom. For example, citizens of Northern Ireland are entitled to the choice of Irish or British citizenship or both and the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom consult on matters not devolved to the Northern Ireland Executive. The Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland also meet as the North/South Ministerial Council to develop policies common across the island of Ireland. These arrangements were made following the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.

What has caused several uncommon arrangements between the various states in the United Kingdom?

The Northern Ireland Peace Process

What type of citizenship can Northern Ireland people have?

choice of Irish or British citizenship or both

The 1998 Good Friday Agreement resulted in what arrangement?

policies common across the island of Ireland

The Northern Ireland Executive meets with what other government to develop policies for the island of Ireland?

Government of Ireland

The Northern Atlantic Peace Process involves arrangements between which kingdoms?

I'm not sure.

What was made following the Black Friday Agreement of what year?

I'm not sure.

What type of arrangements has the Northern Ireland Executive led to between the Republic of Ireland, Northern ireland and the UK?

I'm not sure.

What type of citizenship are people from Britain entitled to?

I'm not sure.

The Northern Ireland Executive and what other entity meet as the East/West Ministerial Council?

I'm not sure.


Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement, the British–Irish Council, is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles. The British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly (Irish: Tionól Pharlaiminteach na Breataine agus na hÉireann) predates the British–Irish Council and was established in 1990. Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures. Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the States of Jersey, the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald (Isle of Man).

What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement?

British–Irish Council

Which states belong to the British-Irish Council?

all of the states and territories of the British Isles

How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly?

How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally?

The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament?

Scottish Parliament

Which body, also established under the Tionol Agreement, is made up of the states and territories of the British Isles?

I'm not sure.

What body was established by the Good Friday Agreement and is made up of the states of Wales and Scotland?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the British-Scottish Parliamentary Assembly formed?

I'm not sure.

Establishing a mutual understanding between Britain and Ireland is the purpose of what body?

I'm not sure.

Representatives from where have been removed from the role and scope of the body?

I'm not sure.


The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom. During the February 2008 meeting of the British–Irish Council, it was agreed to set up a standing secretariat that would serve as a permanent 'civil service' for the Council. Leading on from developments in the British–Irish Council, the chair of the British–Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, Niall Blaney, has suggested that the body should shadow the British–Irish Council's work.

How often does the British-Irish Council meet?

biannually

What does the British-Irish Council discuss?

issues of mutual importance

Does the Parliamentary Assembly had any kinds of legislative authority?

no

What does the British-Irish Council do?

investigates and collects witness evidence

Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does?

Niall Blaney

The council has executive powers and meets how often?

I'm not sure.

How often does the Council meet to discuss civil service issues?

I'm not sure.

The Parliamentary Assembly also has legislative powers and collects what?

I'm not sure.

Reports on the Parliamentary Assembly's findings are presented to the governments of Spain, Ireland and what other country?

I'm not sure.

During the March meeting of what year, was it agreed to set up a permanent civil service for the council?

I'm not sure.


The United Kingdom and Ireland have separate media, although British television, newspapers and magazines are widely available in Ireland, giving people in Ireland a high level of familiarity with cultural matters in the United Kingdom. Irish newspapers are also available in the UK, and Irish state and private television is widely available in Northern Ireland.[citation needed] Certain reality TV shows have embraced the whole of the islands, for example The X Factor, seasons 3, 4 and 7 of which featured auditions in Dublin and were open to Irish voters, whilst the show previously known as Britain's Next Top Model became Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model in 2011. A few cultural events are organised for the island group as a whole. For example, the Costa Book Awards are awarded to authors resident in the UK or Ireland. The Man Booker Prize is awarded to authors from the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland. The Mercury Music Prize is handed out every year to the best album from a British or Irish musician or group.

What types of media give the people of Ireland information about what is going on in Britain?

British television, newspapers and magazines

What is available to the people in Northern Ireland so they have access to the media?

private television

What is one of the most popoular television shows in the United Kingdom?

The X Factor

Who can receive the Costa Book Award?

authors resident in the UK or Ireland

The United Kingdom and which country have combined media?

I'm not sure.

Ireland and which country have combined media outlets?

I'm not sure.

The X Factor seasons 1, 2 and 3 held auditions where?

I'm not sure.

Authors from the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Kingdom may be presented with which award?

I'm not sure.

The Mercury Music Prize is given out weekly for?

I'm not sure.


Many globally popular sports had modern rules codified in the British Isles, including golf, association football, cricket, rugby, snooker and darts, as well as many minor sports such as croquet, bowls, pitch and putt, water polo and handball. A number of sports are popular throughout the British Isles, the most prominent of which is association football. While this is organised separately in different national associations, leagues and national teams, even within the UK, it is a common passion in all parts of the islands. Rugby union is also widely enjoyed across the islands with four national teams from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The British and Irish Lions is a team chosen from each national team and undertakes tours of the southern hemisphere rugby playing nations every four years. Ireland play as a united team, represented by players from both Northern Ireland and the Republic. These national rugby teams play each other each year for the Triple Crown as part of the Six Nations Championship. Also since 2001 the professional club teams of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Italy compete against each other in the RaboDirect Pro12.

What are some of the minor sports in the United Kingdom?

croquet, bowls, pitch and putt

What is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom?

association football

How many national Ruby teams are there in the United Kingdom?

four

In which hemisphere do the rugby playing countries meet once every four years?

southern hemisphere

How often do the national rugby teams play for the Triple Crown?

each year

Beginning in 2011, teams of which countries compete in the RaboDirect Pro12?

I'm not sure.

Since what year have teams from Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Italy been competing in the Rugby Pro12 league?

I'm not sure.

As part of the Seven Nations Championship, which rugby teams play for the Triple Crown each year?

I'm not sure.

Rugby union is widely disliked where?

I'm not sure.


The idea of building a tunnel under the Irish Sea has been raised since 1895, when it was first investigated. Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004. A rail tunnel was proposed in 1997 on a different route, between Dublin and Holyhead, by British engineering firm Symonds. Either tunnel, at 50 mi (80 km), would be by far the longest in the world, and would cost an estimated £15 billion or €20 billion. A proposal in 2007, estimated the cost of building a bridge from County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway in Scotland at £3.5bn (€5bn).

The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?

What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?

Tusker Tunnel

Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?

The Institute of Engineers of Ireland

What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?

£15 billion or €20 billion

In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?

Since which year has the idea of a tunnel through the Antrim Sea been raised?

I'm not sure.

Which British Sea tunnel has most recently been proposed?

I'm not sure.

The Tusker Tunnel is located between the islands of Rosslare and?

I'm not sure.

In what year was a rail tunnel rejected on a different route?

I'm not sure.

Either of the tunnels, would be the shortest in the world and are estimated to cost how much?

I'm not sure.


Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup. Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified "mob football", the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia.

What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?

National Archaeological Museum of Athens

What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?

harpastum

What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?

kemari

What country is the game chuck-guk from?

Korea

What country is the game wogabaliri from?

Australia

What Museum has a plant with an image of an episkyros player?

I'm not sure.

What game did Athenaeus reference in 218 AD?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of a similar, competitive game in Japan called?

I'm not sure.

What country is the game chuck-guk banned in?

I'm not sure.

What country is the game wogabaliri no longer played?

I'm not sure.


The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and only in their penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may also use their head or torso to do so instead. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years.

What year did the Football Association arrange The Laws of the Game?

Who Organizes the World Cups?

International Federation of Association Football

About how many years between World Cups?

four

What country did the Laws of the Game come from?

England

Who are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands?

goalkeepers

What country was the Laws of the Game banned from?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Football Association remove The Laws of the Game?

I'm not sure.

Who never organizes the World Cups?

I'm not sure.

About how many years long are World Cups?

I'm not sure.

Who are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their feet?

I'm not sure.


Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.

What century does football in England date back to?

eighth century AD

What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?

FIFA

In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?

mid-19th century

What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?

England

What century does football in England not exist in?

I'm not sure.

What organization has said that there is historical connections to association football with other games outside of Europe?

I'm not sure.

What century did the modern rules of association football end?

I'm not sure.

What country did kids play football in private schools in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.


The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.

Which rules were influential to the codes of association football?

Cambridge Rules

Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at?

Trinity College

In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential?

What year did the Sheffield FA form?

What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up?

Which rules were not influential to the codes of association football?

I'm not sure.

Which college were the Cambridge Rules unknown?

I'm not sure.

What year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were not influential?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Sheffield FA disband?

I'm not sure.

What year were the Cambridge Rules ignored?

I'm not sure.


At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.

What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game

goalkeeper

The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what?

score goals

Who's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring?

defenders

A team players layout is a what?

formation

Who's the most responsible for the teams tactics?

team's manager

What is the only position not specified by the Laws of the Game?

I'm not sure.

What do strikers and forwards try to avoid doing?

I'm not sure.

Who's job is to prevent their team from scoring?

I'm not sure.

What is a layout for team players never called?

I'm not sure.

Who is the least responsible for the teams tactics?

I'm not sure.


These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.

What year did the Football Association form?

At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?

Freemasons' Tavern

What year did the Rugby Football Union form?

How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?

eleven

Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?

The Sheffield FA

What year did the Football Association end?

I'm not sure.

What establishment did the Football Association have their last meeting?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Rugby Football Union remove?

I'm not sure.

How many clubs never ratified the original laws of the game?

I'm not sure.

Who played by their own rules till the 1890's?

I'm not sure.


The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England.

What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?

FA Cup

How long has the FA Cup been contested?

Who founded the worlds first football league?

William McGregor

How many clubs where in the first football league?

What country is the home of the first football league?

England

What is C.W. Alcock responsible for eliminating?

I'm not sure.

How long has the FA Cup been uncontested?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the worlds smallest football league?

I'm not sure.

How many clubs were in the last football league?

I'm not sure.

What country is the first football league forgotten in?

I'm not sure.


The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.

What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?

International Football Association Board

What year was the IFAB formed?

What city was FIFA formed?

Paris

How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB?

four

How many different British associations where part of the IFAB?

four

What does the abbreviation IFAB not stand for?

I'm not sure.

What year was the IFAB ignored?

I'm not sure.

What city was FIFA banned?

I'm not sure.

How many representatives did FIFA fire in the IFAB?

I'm not sure.

How many different British associations were not involved with the IFAB?

I'm not sure.


In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games. The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.

In 2006, which team helps secure a truce during a civil war?

Côte d'Ivoire

What city did a peaceful match between two armies take place in 2007?

Bouaké

When did the Football War happen?

June 1969

Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's?

Yugoslav Wars

Which team helped remove a truce during a civil war in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What city did a peaceful match between two armies take place in 2005?

I'm not sure.

Which wars were more tense in the 1980's due to football?

I'm not sure.

What match degenerated into rioting in July 1990?

I'm not sure.


The growth in women's football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international level mirroring the male competitions. Women's football has faced many struggles. It had a "golden age" in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches; this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs. The FA's ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting to officially recognise women's football in 1971. The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since, while women's football has been an Olympic event since 1996.

What decade is considered the "golden age" of women's football?

Since what year has women's football been an Olympic event?

Who voted to ban women's football from its grounds in 1921?

England's Football Association

In 1971, who officially recognized women's football?

UEFA

What year was the FIFA Women's first World cup?

What decade is considered the "golden age" of men's football?

I'm not sure.

What year was women's football not an Olympic event?

I'm not sure.

Who voted to ban women's football from its grounds in 1919?

I'm not sure.

Who officially recognized women's football in 1970?

I'm not sure.

What year was the FIFA Women's last World cup?

I'm not sure.


Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5–69.5 cm (27.0–27.4 in) circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.

What would you describe the shape of the football?

spherical

How many players are on each team?

eleven

What happens when both teams score the same amount of points?

a draw

What is the captain a part of before the start of the game?

the coin toss

What is another name for the football?

soccer ball

What would not describe the shape of the football?

I'm not sure.

How many players are excluded from each team?

I'm not sure.

What happens when both teams score different amounts of points?

I'm not sure.

What is the captain a part of after the end of the game?

I'm not sure.

What is a banned name for the football?

I'm not sure.


The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be received in an offside position.

Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play?

goalkeepers

When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?

throw-in restart

A ball cannot be received in what type of position?

offside

throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?

the pitch

Who can only handle the ball with their feet during play?

I'm not sure.

When is it okay for irregular players to use their hands?

I'm not sure.

What type of position can a ball always be received in?

I'm not sure.

When can players move the ball in no direction?

I'm not sure.


In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.

Who guards the goal?

goalkeeper

Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?

referee

what is allowed but restricted?

physical contact

Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?

when the ball has left the field of play

Who is not allowed to guard the goal?

I'm not sure.

Who is the only one who does not have the authority to stop the game when something is wrong?

I'm not sure.

What is not allowed but restricted?

I'm not sure.

When is play not allowed to be stopped?

I'm not sure.

What happens before a stoppage?

I'm not sure.


There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football.

How many laws are there in the official Laws of the Game?

Who maintains the Laws of the Game?

International Football Association Board (IFAB)

Broad terms in the laws allow for what?

flexibility

Who publishes the Laws of the Game?

FIFA

How many laws are excluded from the official Laws of the Game?

I'm not sure.

Who avoids the Laws of the Game?

I'm not sure.

What do broad terms in the laws help eliminate?

I'm not sure.

Who doesn't read the Laws of the Game?

I'm not sure.

How many people follow the official Laws of the Game?

I'm not sure.


Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.

Out of the maximum amount of players allowed, one must be a what?

goalkeeper

The maximum amount of players exclude what?

substitutes

What is the maximum amount of players allowed?

eleven

If there's a minimum amount of players it's usually what?

seven

Players are usually strategically placed by who?

coach

What position is not required for either team?

I'm not sure.

What is not excluded from the maximum amount of players?

I'm not sure.

What amount of players is not allowed?

I'm not sure.

Who does not usually place players strategically?

I'm not sure.

What position is not allowed on either team?

I'm not sure.


The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.

The equipment a player wears is also called a what?

kit

What is highly recommended by medical experts for male players?

An athletic supporter and protective cup

Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field?

goalkeeper

wearing anything that could be dangerous is what?

forbidden

What is not required but can be chosen to protect a player from head injuries?

Headgear

What is the equipment a player wears never called?

I'm not sure.

What is highly recommended by medical experts for female players?

I'm not sure.

Who wears clothing that matches everyone else on the field?

I'm not sure.

Wearing anything that could be dangerous is never what?

I'm not sure.

What is required to protect a player from head injuries?

I'm not sure.


As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.

Imperial units where once used to express the dimensions of a what?

football pitch

Laws were formulated in what country?

England

What unit of measurement is now expressed by the Laws?

metric

The use of imperial units is still popular in what kind of countries?

English-speaking

What have imperial units never been used to express the dimensions of?

I'm not sure.

What country never formulated laws?

I'm not sure.

What unit of measurement can't be expressed by the Laws?

I'm not sure.

What kind of countries are imperial units not considered popular?

I'm not sure.


The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.

What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?

100–110 m

In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?

When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented?

never

What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?

90–120 m

What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?

64–75 m

What is the range for the height for local matches in meters?

I'm not sure.

What year did the IFAB initially reject a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?

I'm not sure.

What is the range for the depth for international matches in meters?

I'm not sure.

What decision was recently implemented?

I'm not sure.

What is the length of the pitch for international child matches?

I'm not sure.


In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.

What is the penalty area marked by?

goal line

a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?

penalty kick

how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend?

16.5 m

Only who can handle the ball with his hands?

goalkeeper

What is the penalty area hidden by?

I'm not sure.

What can not be used to punish a penalty foul?

I'm not sure.

How many miles from the goalpost does a penalty area extend?

I'm not sure.

Who can't handle the ball with his hands?

I'm not sure.

Where do markings not define the position of the ball?

I'm not sure.


A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.

How many periods are in a standard football match?

two

How long are each period in a standard football match?

What are the periods in a football match called?

halves

Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?

referee

In what year did an incident help introduce added time?

How many periods are in a non-standard football match?

I'm not sure.

How long are each period in a non-standard football match?

I'm not sure.

What are the periods in a football match never called?

I'm not sure.

Who has no influence on how long stoppage time can go on for?

I'm not sure.

What year did an incident reduce additional time?

I'm not sure.


In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).

Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions?

knockout

Extra time has two periods which each are how long in minutes?

What are penalty shootouts officially known as in the Laws of the Game?

kicks from the penalty mark

Which goals count to the final score of the game?

Goals scored during extra time

When a winner must not be decided what type of match is this?

I'm not sure.

How long are extra time periods in hours?

I'm not sure.

What are penalty shootouts not known as in the Laws of the Game?

I'm not sure.

Which goals do not count toward the final score of the game?

I'm not sure.


In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.

Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?

the IFAB

What is the golden goal?

the first goal in extra time

Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?

France

What team did France beat in 1998?

Paraguay

What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?

Who experimented with creating losers by requiring penalty shootouts?

I'm not sure.

What is the golden goat?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?

I'm not sure.

What team did France beat in 1995?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Czech Republic win in the final of Euro?

I'm not sure.


The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in his official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.

Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player?

yellow card

How many yellow cards lead to a red card?

A second

What does a red card mean?

dismissal

A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what?

booked

Managers and support staff is considered what and thus cannot be shown a card?

Non-players

Which card does a referee avoid to signal a caution to a player?

I'm not sure.

How many yellow cards lead to a blue card?

I'm not sure.

What does a blue card mean?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when a referee gives out a green card?

I'm not sure.

Who can always be shown a card?

I'm not sure.


Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red card. Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh.

Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?

mandatory suspensions

Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?

appeals

Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?

good

What do players who are sent off in a game never faced with?

I'm not sure.

What can clubs do if they feel that a punishment was not harsh enough?

I'm not sure.

What kind of conduct is never enforced by Football associations?

I'm not sure.

What is never allowed as recourse for player suspensions?

I'm not sure.


There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.

Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?

In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?

What year were professional players allowed to play in the  Summer Olympics?

What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament?

What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics?

Which year was there not a Winter Olympic Game?

I'm not sure.

What year was a men's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?

I'm not sure.

What year were novice players allowed to play in the Summer Olympics?

I'm not sure.

What is the age requirement on the Olympic men's tournament?

I'm not sure.

What was the last year that there was a football tournament at the Winter Olympics?

I'm not sure.


After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.

What does UEFA Stand for?

European Championship

The FIFA Confederations Cups is usually considered a warm-up for what?

FIFA World Cup

What do winners of the continental competition get to do?

contest the FIFA Club World Cup

What does CAF stand for?

African Cup of Nations

What does UEFA Stand against?

I'm not sure.

What is considered a warm-up for the FIFA Confederations Cups?

I'm not sure.

What do losers of the continental competition get to do?

I'm not sure.

What does CAF oppose?

I'm not sure.

What are the least prestigious competitions called?

I'm not sure.


The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division.

What do teams gain for doing well throughout the season?

points

What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in regular season?

round-robin

What could happen to the top few teams at the end of the season?

promoted to a higher division

What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season?

relegated to a lower division

Who operate league systems?

governing bodies

What do teams lose for doing well throughout the season?

I'm not sure.

What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in off-season?

I'm not sure.

Who avoid league systems?

I'm not sure.

What happens to the worst team at the end of the season?

I'm not sure.

Which teams are banned from competition?

I'm not sure.


A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team." Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.

What is one who replaces a player during a game called?

substitutes

What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games?

three

Who decides on who's rewarded points for abandoned games?

individual football associations

What is one who injures a player during a game called?

I'm not sure.

What is the minimum number of substitutions during most professional games?

I'm not sure.

Who decides on who's rewarded points for completed games?

I'm not sure.

Who can not be replaced during the course of the game?

I'm not sure.


Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture. In America the term "Georgian" is generally used to describe all building from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are "architectural in intention", and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period, though that covers a wide range.

Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?

George I, George II, George III, and George IV

What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as?

Colonial Revival

Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?

between 1714 and 1830

What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.

Neo-Georgian

What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830?

House of Hanover

What type of architecture was current before 1714?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the 20th centry revival in the United States?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the 19th century revival in Great Britian?

I'm not sure.

What is the American term Georgian restricted to?

I'm not sure.


The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically rather restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English vernacular architecture (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period.

What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?

Greece and Rome

What type of architecture did Georgian replace?

English vernacular architecture

Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?

the exterior

What does Georgian architecture have a distaste for?

I'm not sure.

Where is ornament typically found one Georgian architecture?

I'm not sure.

And what type of architecture is ornament normally not restrained?

I'm not sure.

What type of building to do Georgian. Bring Renaissance architecture to?

I'm not sure.


In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm. Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world, and the standards of construction were generally high. Where they have not been demolished, large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more, and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol.

During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?

property developers

Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?

London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol

What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?

a square of garden

What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?

all over the English-speaking world

What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?

generally high

Who did landowner sell to during the Georgian period?

I'm not sure.

During what period did rows of unique terraced houses become the norm?

I'm not sure.

Where were the wealthy and poor persuaded to live?

I'm not sure.

In what part of the world was there moderate amount of building

I'm not sure.

Why did so few Georgian buildings survived for two centuries or more?

I'm not sure.


The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.

What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?

architect

How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?

pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings

How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?

the apprenticeship system

Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?

William Halfpenny

What years were William Halfpenny active?

What high sounding title was reserved for professionals before the mid-century??

I'm not sure.

After what time did anybody you could get away with using the title architect do so?

I'm not sure.

What did landowners still design?

I'm not sure.

What style of architecture disseminated through the new professional architecture?

I'm not sure.

From what century on the architect's and craftsmen stop learning the Georgian style?

I'm not sure.


Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Thomas Archer, William Talman, and Nicholas Hawksmoor; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720. Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell, author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus (1715-1725); Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent; Isaac Ware; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who spent most of his career in England. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the Elder. The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant, though at the start of the period Hanover Square, Westminster (1713 on), developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.

What style did Georgian succeed?

English Baroque

Which architect was a transitional figure?

James Gibbs

Which book did Colen Campbell write?

Vitruvius Britannicus

What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?

The European Grand Tour

What Venetian spent most of his career in England?

Giacomo Leoni

What style succeeded Georgian?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the Venetian who is prominent in the early Georgian period?

I'm not sure.

What common tour was not popular among wealthy patrons?

I'm not sure.

What book did Richard Boyle right?

I'm not sure.

What country continues to have a dominant influence?

I'm not sure.


The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.

What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?

Gothic and Chinoiserie

Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?

European Rococo

John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?

The Regency style

Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?

William Wilkins and Robert Smirke

Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?

around 1750

What style was the English-speaking world's equivalent of the Georgian style?

I'm not sure.

Palladian architecture is a whimsical alternative to what other two styles?

I'm not sure.

What modes were fashionable before the mid-1760s?

I'm not sure.

What style of the early Georgian era was John Nash known for?

I'm not sure.

What style architecture lost popularity after 1800?

I'm not sure.


Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.

Georgian architecture is characterized by?

its proportion and balance

What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?

Regularity of housefronts

What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?

ancient Rome or Greece

What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?

lack of symmetry

What type of architecture was known for its asymmetry and balance?

I'm not sure.

What was an undesirable feature of Georgian town planning?

I'm not sure.

Why were Georgian additions where earlier structures remained visible so approved of?

I'm not sure.

What type of designs laid in the classical orders after the Gothic revival?

I'm not sure.

What kind of ratios were used in Gothic revival architecture?

I'm not sure.


Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.

What revived style dominated English country house architecture?

Palladian

What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?

made wide and relatively shallow

Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?

the centre

Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?

basement area

What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?

mezzanine floor

What revised style dominated urban English architecture?

I'm not sure.

What was done to make houses look more impressive from close-up?

I'm not sure.

Where was the height generally lowest in Palladian architecture?

I'm not sure.

What led to steps going down to a mezzanine floor in grand houses?

I'm not sure.

What area had high windows just below ground level?

I'm not sure.


Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.

What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?

window tax

When was the sash window developed?

the 1670s

What plans became universal inside larger houses?

Corridor plans

What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?

the internal plan and function of the rooms

What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?

Their height

What tax was maximized by building large and regularly spaced windows

I'm not sure.

What increasingly began above waist height in the main rooms?

I'm not sure.

Before this. What could generally be deduced from the outside

I'm not sure.

What plans were not universal inside large houses?

I'm not sure.

What type of window was required before 1670?

I'm not sure.


Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The roofline was generally clear of ornament except for a balustrade or the top of a pediment. Columns or pilasters, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out, and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure.

What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?

trees

What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?

domes

What often topped pilasters of columns?

pediment

What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?

geometrical or plant-based

What aspect of buildings became very rare?

Internal courtyards

What was often used too accentuate functional parts of buildings?

I'm not sure.

What type of courtyard became more popular at this time

I'm not sure.

What was typically visible from the ground?

I'm not sure.

What type of ornament was popular outside but not inside?

I'm not sure.

What was the human figure often used for?

I'm not sure.


Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming. The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror. Plasterwork ceilings, carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture, paintings, porcelain, mirrors, and objets d'art of all kinds. Wood-panelling, very common since about 1500, fell from favour around the mid-century, and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China.

Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?

Inside ornament

What was the typical main focus of rooms?

chimneypiece

What type of ceilings became commonplace?

Plasterwork ceilings

What fell out of favor during this time?

Wood-panelling

Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from?

China

What could overgenerous outside ornaments be sometimes?

I'm not sure.

What became the new main focus of rooms?

I'm not sure.

What was no longer topped with a painting or mirror?

I'm not sure.

What type of ceilings became rare?

I'm not sure.

What type of wood paneling became very common after 1500?

I'm not sure.


In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the "area". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.

Most town people lived in what type of houses?

terraced houses

What was used to protect the "area"?

iron railings

Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?

main reception rooms

What did most wealthy townspeople live in?

I'm not sure.

Due to the new entry style what rooms were moved up one floor?

I'm not sure.

What people were not allowed to use the discrete entrance to the area?

I'm not sure.

What were put behind the house on the same level?

I'm not sure.


Town terraced houses for all social classes remained resolutely tall and narrow, each dwelling occupying the whole height of the building. This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings, which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors, as in Oxbridge colleges, the lawyers in the Inns of Court or The Albany after it was converted in 1802. In the period in question, only in Edinburgh were working-class purpose-built tenements common, though lodgers were common in other cities. A curving crescent, often looking out at gardens or a park, was popular for terraces where space allowed. In early and central schemes of development, plots were sold and built on individually, though there was often an attempt to enforce some uniformity, but as development reached further out schemes were increasingly built as a uniform scheme and then sold.

What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on?

tall and narrow

Well-off continental dwellings consisted of?

wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building

What year did The Albany convert?

What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common?

Edinburgh

What was popular for terraces where there was enough space?

A curving crescent

What kind of town houses were tall and wide?

I'm not sure.

What type of dwellings formed wide apartments occupying whole buildings?

I'm not sure.

What shape looking out over the street was popular for terraces?

I'm not sure.

What was popular for terraces where space was lacking?

I'm not sure.


The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi. Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where "the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, "a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect".

What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?

Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood

Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood?

Sir John Summerson

A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year?

What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses?

the French Wars

Which city is agreed to be the first to have semi detached houses?

I'm not sure.

What was this semi detached house modeled after?

I'm not sure.

What plans date back to the early 1700s?

I'm not sure.

What ward to disking become popular?

I'm not sure.

What type of house was born in the early Georgian period?

I'm not sure.


Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.

What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?

Church Building Act of 1818

The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?

Non-conformist and Roman Catholic

What were Anglican churches internally designed for?

maximum audibility, and visibility

What were common in new churches?

Galleries

Churches filled up with monuments to what?

monuments to the prosperous

What act slowed the building of churches in Britain?

I'm not sure.

What were filled with monuments to God?

I'm not sure.

What places of worship were in demand in the early years of this period?

I'm not sure.

What was uncommon in the new churches?

I'm not sure.

What was used in front of the church when funds were limited?

I'm not sure.


Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors".

Somerset House was designed by whom?

Sir William Chambers

In what year was Somerset House designed?

Commercial projects in the late period tended to be "architectural" in what way?

"architectural in intention"

What was considered a lesser class of designers?

surveyors

What government building was finished in 1776?

I'm not sure.

All what types of prestigious buildings worse functional as mills and factories?

I'm not sure.

What do commercial projects early in them. Tend to be?

I'm not sure.

What type of building like Renaissance palaces regardless of budget?

I'm not sure.


Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the Georgian era. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an over-sized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary, offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas.

American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials?

wood with clapboards

What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period?

brick or stone

Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America?

Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary

What material was rarely used for Georgian period American buildings?

I'm not sure.

What comment material was easy to transport in this period?

I'm not sure.

What type of architecture was sparsely scattered through the English colonies during the Georgian era

I'm not sure.


Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture").

What style did was little represented in British colonies?

Baroque

Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?

palaces and churches

What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?

Hammond-Harwood House

What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?

What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?

Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy

What style was widely represented in British colonies?

I'm not sure.

What other building besides churches were calmly done in the Georgian style

I'm not sure.

What is considered to be the best remaining example of the Baroque style?

I'm not sure.

Who built the Villa Pisani at Montagnana?

I'm not sure.


After about 1840, Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles, including Gothic Revival, that had originated in the Georgian period, developed and contested in Victorian architecture, and in the case of Gothic became better researched, and closer to their originals. Neoclassical architecture remained popular, and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period. In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols.

What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned?

What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as?

the Battle of the Styles

What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?

Federalist Style

When was the Battle of the Styles contested?

early Victorian period

What year to Georgian architecture become even more popular?

I'm not sure.

What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Classical called?

I'm not sure.

What style had many elements of Gothic along with revolutionary symbols?

I'm not sure.

Georgian and what other style were known as revival?

I'm not sure.


In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. The Grange, for example, a manor built in Toronto, was built in 1817. In Montreal, English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand séminaire de Montréal.

What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called?

Colonial Revival

Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain?

United Empire Loyalists

What Toronto building was built in 1817?

The Grange

What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House?

John Ostell

What was the Georgian style cold in the colonies?

I'm not sure.

Who embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their British heritage

I'm not sure.

What style was dominant in the country for the second half of the nineteenth century?

I'm not sure.

What manner was built in Montréal in 1870?

I'm not sure.

When did John Ostell build the Grange?

I'm not sure.


The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences.

The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?

Neo-Georgian

Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?

Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?

Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters

Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?

Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons

The US revival of Georgian architecture is referred to as was

I'm not sure.

Where was neo-Georgian style common after the 1950s?

I'm not sure.

What police headquarters was built in 1950?

I'm not sure.

Who still uses the Georgian style for public buildings?

I'm not sure.


The Republic of Liberia, beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The United States did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 1822 and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born Black Americans from United States and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans relocated to the settlement. The Black American settlers carried their culture with them to Liberia. The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after the United States. In January 3, 1848 Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy free-born Black American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected as Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence.

How did the republic of liberia begin?

as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS)

When did the Republic of Liberia declare it's independence?

July 26, 1847

When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence?

February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 182

How many slaves were freed in the american civil war?

more than 15,000

What was the Liberian flag and constitution modeled after?

the United States

What is the oldest country in Africa?

I'm not sure.

When did the American Civil War end?

I'm not sure.

How many Liberians fled to the United States during the Civil War?

I'm not sure.

Who led a coup to overthrow the Liberian government in 1948?

I'm not sure.

What country did Liberia gain independence from?

I'm not sure.


Longstanding political tensions from the 27 year rule of William Tubman resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew the leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of political instability. Five years of military rule by the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy. A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005. Recovery proceeds but about 85% of the population live below the international poverty line.

How long did william tubman rule?

27 year

In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death?

How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council?

five years

How long was the rule of the national democratic party?

five years

What did the liberian civil war result in?

the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy.

How old did William Tubman live to be?

I'm not sure.

How many people live in the capitol of Liberia?

I'm not sure.

When were the first democratic elections held in Liberia?

I'm not sure.

What started the First Liberian Civil War?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Liberians live in poverty?

I'm not sure.