Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD."

Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists?

the US military

What are the anthropologists part of?

US Army's strategy in Afghanistan

What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?

Counterinsurgency

Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?

Iraq

What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?

ethics

Who is working with the UN militalry in Afghanistan??

I'm not sure.

what focuses better focuses on meeting national needs in Afghanistan?

I'm not sure.

Where are HTS teams considering working beside Afghanistan?

I'm not sure.

What does the AA believe ethics are compatible with?

I'm not sure.


Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.

What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?

Biological

What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?

human universals

Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?

into the field

To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?

a community in its own setting

Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?

genetic

Who are interested in human variations and similarities to other organisms?

I'm not sure.

What are ideas shared by the dominite culture?

I'm not sure.

What kind of observations are made in and artificial environment?

I'm not sure.

What kind of work do anthropologists do with communities in a lab setting?

I'm not sure.


Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?

relevant time periods and geographic regions

How has human time on Earth been divided up?

cultural traditions based on material

Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?

tool

Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?

geographers

What is a central part of the science of anthropology?

comparative method

Who divides the world y theoretical emphasis?

I'm not sure.

Who likes to divide their projects into relevent time periods and geographic regions?

I'm not sure.

What helps anthropologists understand major trends in human culture?

I'm not sure.

What is divided into relevant cultural traditions based on art?

I'm not sure.


Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.

What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?

"other cultures

A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?

time

What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?

non-European/non-Western societies

Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"?

Ulf Hannerz

When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?

only in late 1960s

What do some authors argue developed as the study of western culture in terms of time and space?

I'm not sure.

When did anthropologist specializing in other culture start searching in the "Third World"?

I'm not sure.


Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.

What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?

set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region

Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?

research to a single locale

What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?

daily life of ordinary people

What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?

scientific laboratories

Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?

research

Where has ethnographic research become less common since the 1980's?

I'm not sure.

What often limits research to a certain local?

I'm not sure.

Who has norrowed the focus to the daily life of ordinary people?

I'm not sure.

What settings is reasearch increasinly moving away from?

I'm not sure.


Montana i/mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently "The Last Best Place". Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains.

What is the states rank in size?

What is its rank in popularion?

How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains?

Where does the state's name come from?

from the Spanish word montaña


Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2–1 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985.

What year was the state tree selected?

When was the state tree actually assigned?

What year was the state animal selected?

What is the state animal of Montana?

grizzly bear

What is the state fossil

Maiasaura


The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a "state ballad", "Montana Melody", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby.

When was the state song composed?


Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for "Gold and Silver", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864–65. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, "Montana Lullaby", adopted in 2007.

What is Montana's motto?

Oro y Plata

What does Montana's motto mean?

"Gold and Silver"

When was the motto adopted?

WHen was the state flower adopted?

What is the state flower for Montana?

bitterroot


The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the "big 7" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Montana's seven most populous cities, in rank order, are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell. Based on 2013 census numbers, they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana's population. and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs.

How much of the states population does the "Big 7" have?

35 percent


Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 "places", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

How many counties does Montana have?

What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?

Billings

What two cities have a population over 50,000?

Missoula and Great Falls


The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning "mountain", or more broadly, "mountainous country". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had "no meaning". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was eventually decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, so the original name of Montana was adopted.

Where does the state's name mean?

"mountain"

What did the Spanish call this region?

Montaña del Norte


With a total area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2), Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; the largest landlocked U.S. state; and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile (877 km) border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the only state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest.

What is the total area of Montana?

147,040 square miles

What state does Montana border to the south?

Wyoming

What state does it border to the west?

Idaho


The topography of the state is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the south-central part of the state are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the north-central portion of the state, and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains.

Where are most of the states mountain ranges?

western half of the state

How much of the state is prarie?

About 60 percent


The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.

Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?

north

Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?

Hudson Bay.


East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States. It contains the highest point in the state, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high. North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains.

How high is the Beartooth Plateau?

over 10,000 feet

What is thie highest point in the state?

Granite Peak

How high is Granite Peak?

12,799 feet


However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.

How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?

one

How long has the single congressional district been Republican?

What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?

29 to 21

What is the split in the State House of Representatives?

59 to 41.


In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.

In elections, what is Montana considered?

a swing state

What year was the last Democrat for president supported?

How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor?

60 percent

How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?

40 percent


Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.

What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?

Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport

When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?


Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana.

What is the states largest railway?

BNSF Railway

How long have railroads been important since in Montana


Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting.

What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?

Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation

What season is black bear hunting allowed?

spring

What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers?

wolves and mountain lions


Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state.

Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?

What fishing organization has its home here?

Federation of Fly Fishers

What type of fisheries does the state have?

trout and kokanee salmon fisheries

What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002?

A River Runs Through It


The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley, Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. There were no textbooks used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools.

When was the Montana Territory formed?

April 26, 1864

When was the first formal school on record?

How much were students charged per week?

When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?


Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for "blue-ribbon" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.

How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout?

What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?

Hudson Bay

Where do the watersheds divide at?

Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.

What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?

Pacific Ocean


East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976. The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union, having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82,000 square miles (210,000 km2)). Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.

What rivers form the Missouri River?

Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers

Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging?

Three Forks

Which direction does the water flow in this area?

north

Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River?


The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States, and drains about a quarter of Montana (36,000 square miles (93,000 km2)).

Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park?

north

Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river?

North Dakota


There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.

How many named lakes are there in Montana?

at least 3,223

What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?

Flathead Lake

What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?

Fort Peck Reservoir

What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on?

Missouri river


Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.

About how much area do forests cover the state?

approximately 25 percent


Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five federally endangered species–black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx and bull trout. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep.

How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana?

What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of?

grizzly bear

How many endangered species are in Montana?

five

How many species of game fish have hunting seasons?

at least 17


Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.

What is the annual precipitation?

15 inches

How much precipitation does Heron recieve?

34.70 inches

How much precipitation does the  Grinnell Glacier recieve?

105 inches


Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions—city and county government, school districts and others.

How many tax brackets does Montana have?

What is the highest tax bracket in Montana?

6.9 percent

Does Montana have a sales tax?

no


Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven tribal nations, were created in Montana. A twelfth nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a "landless" people headquartered in Great Falls, recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. Government. The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) in Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1851) in Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) in Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) at Poplar, and Chippewa-Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small Métis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana.

About how many Native Americans live in Montana?

Approximately 66,000

When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed?

What year was the Dawes act passed?

Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered?

Great Falls

About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation?


While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed]

What is the largest European-American race in Montana?

German

What was Helena originally founded as?

a mining camp


Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups.

What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?

6.5 percent

What three counties are Native Americans a majority?

Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt

Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%

1980 and 1990


The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution.

In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?

What month was the hottest ever recorded?

July

What problem has substantially increased in its severity?

forest fires


As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.

What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?

Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?

Isaac Stevens

What year was the treaty ratified?

What did the treaty establish?

Flathead Indian Reservation


The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.

What was the name of the first US Army post?

Camp Cooke

Where was Camp Cooke situated?

on the Missouri River

What year was the Great Sioux War?

What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?


English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).

What is the official language of Montana?

English

What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?

94.8 percent

What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?

Spanish

How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?

ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?

about 1,700


According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent).

What percent of the state is White?

89.4 percent

What percent of the state is Native American Indian?

6.3 percent

Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?


The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.

What was the population of the state in 2015?

How much did the population increase since 2010?

What county saw the largest growth?

Gallatin County

What city saw the largest growth?

Kalispell


In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from "peace churches" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.

What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?

When did she vote a second time against war?

What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?

smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.


Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.

About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?

over 13 million

In 1884 about how many bison remained?

about 325

Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?

General Philip Sheridan

What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?


Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.

When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?

When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?

What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?

1871, 1872 and 1873

What year was the Great White Sioux War?

When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?


Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.

When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?

Why was this constitutional convention held?

bid for statehood

When was the second constitutional convention held?

What year was Montana's statehood approved?

What other three states were approved in the same year?

North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington


The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.

What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?

How much land did the Homestead Act allow?

160 acres

What year was the first homestead claim claimed?


The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.

When was the Desert Land Act passed?

How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?

640 acres

How much was the charge per acre at first?


In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation.  This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.

Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s

James J. Hill

In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?

What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?

How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?

320 acres


In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.

When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?

When was the Sedition Act passed?

What were these acts make do to laws?

criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means

How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?

How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?


When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.

How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?

How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?

over 57,000

About how many Montanans  died in the war?

At least 1500

Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?

First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade,"

Where were air bases built in Montana?

Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow


Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters":  listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its provincial capital and largest city is Lahore. Punjab is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast and Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. In Pakistan it is bordered by Sindh to the south, Balochistān and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and Islamabad and Azad Kashmir to the north.

What does Punjab mean?

five waters

How many provinces does Pakistan have?

four

How large is Punjab?

205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)

What is Punjab's population?

What is Punjab's biggest city?

Lahore

What is the population of Lahore?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest city in India?

I'm not sure.

What is the area of Pakistan?

I'm not sure.

What does Pakistan mean?

I'm not sure.

How many provinces does India have?

I'm not sure.


Punjab's geography mostly consists of the alluvial plain of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. There are several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, and Margalla Hills, Salt Range, and Pothohar Plateau in the north. Agriculture is the chief source of income and employment in Punjab; wheat and cotton are the principal crops. Since independence, Punjab has become the seat of political and economic power; it remains the most industrialised province of Pakistan. It counts for 39.2% of large scale manufacturing and 70% of small scale manufacturing in the country. Its capital Lahore is a major regional cultural, historical, and economic centre.

What plain is Punjab in?

the alluvial plain of the Indus River

What are the Indus River's tributaries?

the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers

How much of Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?

How much of Pakistan's small-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?

What crops does Punjab grow?

wheat and cotton

How many mountain regions does Punjab have?

I'm not sure.

Where is the alluvial plain located?

I'm not sure.

Which tributary is located in the north?

I'm not sure.

What is Pakistan's main export?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the large scale manufacturing takes place in Lahore?

I'm not sure.


Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province in terms of land area at 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi), after Balochistan, and is located at the north western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The province is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, India) to the northeast, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north.

How large is Punjab compared to the other three provinces?

second largest

What is Pakistan's largest province?

Balochistan

How many square miles is Punjab?

What Indian states are on the east side of Punjab, Pakistan?

Punjab and Rajasthan

What Pakistani province is south of Punjab?

Sindh

What is Balochistan's land area?

I'm not sure.

What borders Balochistan to the northeast?

I'm not sure.

What is east of Balochistan?

I'm not sure.

What is west of Islamabad?

I'm not sure.

Where does Islamabad rank in terms of province size in Pakistan?

I'm not sure.


The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum and Sahiwal. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for Punjab.

Which province in Pakistan borders the other 3 provinces?

Punjab

What is Pakistan's capital?

Islamabad

How many rivers are in Punjab, Pakistan?

five

What is the easternmost river in Punjab?

Sutlej

How much of Pakistan's population lives in Punjab?

Nearly 60%

What is Faisalabad the capital of?

I'm not sure.

How many rivers are in Multan?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the Pakistan population resides in Sargodha?

I'm not sure.

What does the P in the acronym Punjab represent?

I'm not sure.

What does the S in Pakistan stand for?

I'm not sure.


There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.

How many departments does the Punjab administration have?

Who heads each government department?

a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary

Who do the Provincial Ministers report to?

the Chief Minister

Who do the Provincial Secretaries report to?

the Chief Secretary of Punjab

What rank is the Chief Secretary?

usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant

What is the civil servant designation for the Chief Minister?

I'm not sure.

Who does the Chief Minister report to?

I'm not sure.

What is the number of attached departments that report to secretaries?

I'm not sure.

What is the rank of a Provincial Minister?

I'm not sure.

What does the Chief Minister send to the Chief Secretary?

I'm not sure.


Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years ago. The main site in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilisation. The Vedic civilisation flourished along the length of the Indus River. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, and Hindu Shahi. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the Gurjara-Pratihara empire. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth.

What was Punjab formerly known as?

Panchanada

What ancient civilization lived in Punjab?

the Indus Valley Civilization

When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization?

more than 4000 years ago

What was the major Indus city in Punjab?

Harrapa

What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of?

the Lahore-Multan railroad

What was Panchanada once called?

I'm not sure.

When was Panchanada renamed Punjab?

I'm not sure.

When was the archaeological site at Harappa discovered?

I'm not sure.

When did Punjab comprise the Gujar empire?

I'm not sure.

What was the major export of the Kushans?

I'm not sure.


Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,[citation needed] Takshashila University. One of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history.

Who has invaded Punjab?

Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans

Who founded Taxila?

son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram

What is said to be the world's oldest university?

Takshashila University

What empire was Taxila a center of learning of?

the Maurya Empire

Who was Chanakya?

great Vedic thinker and politician

Who has Punjab invaded?

I'm not sure.

What did Ram found?

I'm not sure.

Who founded Takshashila University?

I'm not sure.

What was the centre of learning in the Greek Empire?

I'm not sure.

Who was the brother of Taksh?

I'm not sure.


The northwestern part of the South Asia, including Punjab, was repeatedly invaded or conquered by various foreign empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued.[citation needed] Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern-day Mong) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to the heartlands of his empire.[citation needed]

Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days?

Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan

What wealth did Alexander hope to find?

riches in gold, gems and pearls

From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab?

northeasterly

Who were the Aspii?

mountaineers

Who were the Cathians?

the people of Multan

What empires did South Asia invade?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take Alexander to cross the Hindu Kush?

I'm not sure.

What did Genghis Khan steal from South Asia?

I'm not sure.

How many Aspii were killed in battle?

I'm not sure.

When did Alexander attack Punjab?

I'm not sure.


The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.

What religion did Punjab become?

Muslim

What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?

dargahs

Who led the Umayyad army?

Muhammad bin Qasim

Where did the Umayyads conquer?

Sindh and Southern Punjab

Who did the Umayyads defeat?

Raja Dahir


In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire, Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock. Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, was driven out of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them.

Who was Raghunath Rao?

the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire

Who did Rao conquer in 1758?

Lahore and Attock

When was the Third Battle of Panipat?

Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar?

Maratha

Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761?

Ahmad Shah Abdali

When did Timur conquer Lahore?

I'm not sure.

Who was the son of Timur Shah Durrani?

I'm not sure.

When was the Second Battle of Panipat?

I'm not sure.

What did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade in 1758?

I'm not sure.

Who captured Multan in 1761?

I'm not sure.


In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir. Bhangi Misl was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. Syed Ahmad Barelvi a Muslim, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army.

When did Sikhism begin?

mid-fifteenth century

In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs?

Mughal empire

When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak?

December 1826

When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?

Who won at Balakot?

the professional Sikh Army

When did the Mughal empire begin?

I'm not sure.

Who led the Sikhs in the late eighteenth century?

I'm not sure.

How long did the Afghan Empire last?

I'm not sure.

What Muslim conquered Punjab?

I'm not sure.

How many years did the fight between Muslim and Sikh troops last?

I'm not sure.


Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. In Jhelum 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[citation needed]

When did Ranjit Singh die?

summer of 1839

What did Ranjit Singh's death cause?

political chaos

When was part of Punjab annexed into British India?

When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War?

What was the last territory added to British India?

the Sikh Empire

When was Maharaja Ranjit Singh born?

I'm not sure.

When did the first Anglo-Sikh War end?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the British official stationed in Lahore?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the territory annexed in 1849?

I'm not sure.

How many of the local resistance were killed in the 1857 rebellion?

I'm not sure.


Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib.

When did India and Pakistan fight in Punjab?

1965 and 1971

What is Kahuta an important location for?

Pakistan's nuclear program

Where does Punjab have major military bases?

Sargodha and Rawalpindi

When did India and Pakistan begin serious peace talks?

Who visits Nankana Sahib?

Sikh pilgrims

When did Punjab fight against India?

I'm not sure.

When was Sargodha built?

I'm not sure.

Where is Nankana Sahib?

I'm not sure.

When did trade between people become common?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of India's nuclear program?

I'm not sure.


The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab?

by May

When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable?

since the early 1970s

How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab?

51 °C

What was the record heat spike in Multan?

54 °C

When was the record heat spike in Multan?

June 1993

When did the first monsoon appear in Punjab?

I'm not sure.

What is the temperature in May?

I'm not sure.

What is the highest temperature recorded during a barsat?

I'm not sure.

The onset of what appears in October?

I'm not sure.

Official estimates rarely go under what?

I'm not sure.


The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: برادری) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District.

What is Punjab's major language?

Punjabi

How is Punjabi written?

in a Shahmukhi script

What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan?

Punjabis

What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively?

Where is Saraiki usually spoken?

south Punjab

What language has official recognition in Punjab?

I'm not sure.

Punjabi is the mother-tongue of less than what percentage of the population?

I'm not sure.

Urdu is the major language for what province?

I'm not sure.

What is the standard form of Urdu?

I'm not sure.

What is primarily divided by social stratifications?

I'm not sure.


The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Shahbaz Sharif, who became the Chief Minister of Punjab as being restored after Governor's rule starting from 25 February 2009 to 30 March 2009. Thereafter got re-elected as a result of 11 May 2013 elections. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

Who elects the Chief Minister?

the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab

In what year did Sharif become CM?

When was Sharif re-elected CM?

11 May 2013

What kind of legislature is the Provincial Assembly?

unicameral

How many seats are in the Provincial Assembly?

Who elects members of the Provincial Assembly?

I'm not sure.

When was the Provincial Assembly elected?

I'm not sure.

What election removed Sharif from office?

I'm not sure.

How many seats are reserved for Muslims?

I'm not sure.

What article established the Chief Minister?

I'm not sure.


Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8% and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year. and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.

How much has Punjab's economy grown since 1972?

quadrupled

How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2000?

How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2010?

What manpower does Punjab provide?

largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan

How much did Punjab's economy grow in 2008-09?

How has Pakistan's economy changed since 1972?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Pakistan's economy is agriculture?

I'm not sure.

What has the smallest economy in Pakistan?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the manufacturing sector did Punjab account for in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What was the total GDP growth of Pakistan in 2002-03?

I'm not sure.


Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.

What geographic feature does Punjab not have?

coastline

What medical product does Punjab manufacture?

surgical instruments

What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?

bicycles and rickshaws

How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture?

How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?

Which province has an extended coastline?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of textiles does Punjab export?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Pakistan's sugar mill plants are located in Punjab?

I'm not sure.

What type of machinery does Punjab not produce?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of agricultural machinery does Punjab manufacture?

I'm not sure.


Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.

What kind of climate does Punjab have?

tropical wet and dry

Who built Punjab's irrigation system?

the British

What are Punjab's largest crops?

Wheat and cotton

What are Punjab's secondary crops?

rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo

What calendar do Punjab's farmers use?

the Hindu calendar

What calendar do Punjab farms no longer use?

I'm not sure.

Who did Punjab create an irrigation system for?

I'm not sure.

Punjab has the largest crop of what in the world?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of one of their vegetables?

I'm not sure.

What aspects of Punjab's climate make it perfect for agriculture?

I'm not sure.


As of June 2012[update], Pakistan's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab. According to protesters, load shedding was depriving the cities of electricity 20–22 hours a day, causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard. Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012, with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers Fesco, Gepco and Mepco being ransacked or attacked.

What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012?

electricity

How long were cities without electricity in June 2012?

20–22 hours a day

Where were there riots in June 2012?

Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District

Which energy companies' offices were attacked by rioters?

Fesco, Gepco and Mepco

When was Pakistan's electricity problem solved?

I'm not sure.

How long was the rioting on 17 June 2012?

I'm not sure.

What city houses the offices of Fesco?

I'm not sure.

Which energy supplier rioted?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for the load shedding?

I'm not sure.


The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.

What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?

Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran

When did Rukn-e-Alam die?

1320 AD

When did Gardezi die?

1150 AD

When was Ahangar's tomb built?

sixteenth century

What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?

blue

Where does the structure of a mosque come from?

I'm not sure.

What colour is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi?

I'm not sure.

When did Emperor Shah Jahan live?

I'm not sure.

Where was Emperor Shah Jahan buried?

I'm not sure.

Who built Lahore Fort?

I'm not sure.


The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.

What are urs?

fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints

When are urs held?

the death anniversary of the saint

What genre of music is played at urs?

folk

Where is Buksh's shrine?

Lahore

Where is Zakria's shrine?

Multan

What are Sufi saints called?

I'm not sure.

Where do devotees come from?

I'm not sure.

What do the saints do at an urs?

I'm not sure.

Who created the mystic messages?

I'm not sure.

Who started the urs?

I'm not sure.


Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.

What is Punjab's biggest festival?

The national horse and cattle show

Where is the national horse and cattle show held?

Lahore

What happens at the national horse and cattle show?

sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions

Which district does not have exhibitions?

I'm not sure.

The biggest festival does not have what kind of competition?

I'm not sure.

Which festival is damaging the province's rural roots?

I'm not sure.

What does the Lahore festival discourage?

I'm not sure.


The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.

What famous tomb is in Lahore?

Jahangir's Tomb

Where was Nanak born?

Nankana Sahib

Who was the first Sikh Guru?

Guru Nanak

What famous hill stations are in Punjab?

Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro

What famous mosque is in Punjab?

Badshahi Mosque

Where are Jahangir's Gardens?

I'm not sure.

Which city houses the Sihk shrines?

I'm not sure.

Taxila has become a major centre of what in the modern age?

I'm not sure.

What city is the Murree hill nearby?

I'm not sure.

Who was born in Harrapa?

I'm not sure.


Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.

Who are some well-known Punjab poets?

Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah

What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?

folk singers

Who is the 'Queen of Music'?

Malika-i-Mauseequi

When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?

from 1930 until 1979

When was Sultan Bahu popular?

I'm not sure.

What was Ustad Amanat Ali Khan's nickname?

I'm not sure.

What poet was most prolific during 1930 to 1979?

I'm not sure.

When was Alam Lohar born?

I'm not sure.

Folk singers created classical whats?

I'm not sure.


For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles.

What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?

Ghazals and folk songs

What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?

the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons

Who sings about the joy of living?

Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi

What does Heer Ranjha sing about?

Love

What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?

Ghazals and folk songs

What is the name of the singer that sings songs representing the rains?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote songs after the style of Sammi?

I'm not sure.

What type of songs are limited to a set number of moods?

I'm not sure.

What tends to be less popular with the people?

I'm not sure.

What songs use the same styling?

I'm not sure.


Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.

How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?

How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?

Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?

south

What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?

Midlothian

Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?

west


The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.

What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?

English

In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?

What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?

Give me liberty or give me death

In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?

St. John's Church

Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

Thomas Jefferson


Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area.

Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?

government

What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?

Fourth

How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?

How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?

Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?

Dominion Resources


In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.

What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?

First Continental Congress

What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?

Williamsburg

What general led the troops that burned Richmond?

Benedict Arnold

Who led the militia that defended Richmond?

Sampson Mathews

Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?

Thomas Jefferson


Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788.

Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?

Charles-Louis Clérisseau

In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?

What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?

Richmond

What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?


After the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below, George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal in the 18th century to bypass Richmond's rapids, with the intent of providing a water route across the Appalachians to the Kanawha River. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag. As a result of this and ample access to hydropower due to the falls, Richmond became home to some of the largest manufacturing facilities in the country, including iron works and flour mills, the largest facilities of their kind in the South. The resistance to the slave trade was growing by the mid-nineteenth century; in one famous case in 1848, Henry "Box" Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, escaping slavery.

What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?

James River and Kanawha Canal

To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?

Kanawha River

To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?

Philadelphia

What was Henry Brown's nickname?

Box

What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?

industrial


On 17 April 1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its national capital to Richmond. The city was at the end of a long supply line, which made it somewhat difficult to defend, although supplies continued to reach the city by canal and wagon for years, since it was protected by the Army of Northern Virginia and arguably the Confederacy's best troops and commanders. It became the main target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862 and 1864-5.

On what date was Virginia's secession from the Union?

17 April 1861

After leaving the Union, what nation did Virginia join?

Confederacy

Along with 1864-5, what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond?


In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the South's largest slave markets, Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy, the Tredegar Iron Works, which turned out artillery and other munitions, including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in war, as well as much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol, with the Confederacy's executive mansion, the "White House of the Confederacy", located two blocks away. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed.

What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?

Tredegar Iron Works

What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?

CSS Virginia

What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?

White House of the Confederacy

How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?

two blocks

Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?

McClellan


Three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B. Gordon's desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed. On April 1, General Philip Sheridan, assigned to interdict the Southside Railroad, met brigades commanded by George Pickett at the Five Forks junction, smashing them, taking thousands of prisoners, and encouraging General Grant to order a general advance. When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg, Confederate casualties exceeded 5000, or about a tenth of Lee's defending army. General Lee then informed Jefferson Davis that he was about to evacuate Richmond.

Where was Petersburg located in relation to Ford Stedman?

east

5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee's army?

tenth

On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line?

Boydton Plank

What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman?

John B. Gordon

In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended?

March


Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night, as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors. On April 2, 1865, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted the city's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained. The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-

What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?

tobacco

What general received the surrender of Richmond?

Godfrey Weitzel

On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?

April 2, 1865

By what means did Davis leave Richmond?

train

What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?