India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018.

Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?

India

What will power the Indian-made ship?

four gas-turbine engines

What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?

8,000 nautical miles

Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?

Cochin Shipyard

When was the Indian-made ship launched?

August 2013

Who finished construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What will not power the Indian-made ship?

I'm not sure.

What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 106 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?

I'm not sure.

Who isn't constructing the Indian-made ship?

I'm not sure.

When was the Indian-made ship retired?

I'm not sure.


Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers.

What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?

to deploy balloons

As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?

thirty-seven

What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?

supercarriers

How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?

up to 90

Who owns the largest carriers in the world?

The United States Navy

What were carriers used for in the early 19th century?

I'm not sure.

As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there in the united states?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.N. Navy?

I'm not sure.

How many warcraft can supercarriers carry?

I'm not sure.

Who owns the smallest carriers in the world?

I'm not sure.


There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers".

What is the definition of an "aircraft carrier"?

There is no single definition

How may aircraft carriers be classified?

according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments

Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?

former head of the Royal Navy

Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?

Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope

What is the definition of an "warcraft carrier"?

I'm not sure.

How may aircraft be classified?

I'm not sure.

Who is Admiral Sir Mark Royal?

I'm not sure.

Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic local influence have aircraft carriers"?

I'm not sure.

what type of carrier has a single definition

I'm not sure.


The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?

The aircraft carrier

What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?

the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness

Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?

They had higher range and precision

What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?

the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes

What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?

the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships

What dramatically changed naval combat in World War I?

I'm not sure.

What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as secondary weapons?

I'm not sure.

Why were carrier-launched aircraft less effective than naval guns?

I'm not sure.

What was signalled in 1904 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?

I'm not sure.

What event didn't show the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?

I'm not sure.


The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as Hōshō (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and Béarn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]

What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?

flattop vessels

What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?

HMS Argus

What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?

the construction of new heavy surface combat ships

What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?

Washington Naval Treaty of 1922

What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?

Lexington-class

What develpment produced the first small fleet ships?

I'm not sure.

What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering civilian aircraft?

I'm not sure.

What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1920 limit?

I'm not sure.

What caused modern aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?

I'm not sure.

What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1972?

I'm not sure.


In December 2009, then Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma said at his maiden navy week press conference that concepts currently being examined by the Directorate of Naval Design for the second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2), are for a conventionally powered carrier displacing over 50,000 tons and equipped with steam catapults (rather than the ski-jump on the Gorshkov/Vikramaditya and the IAC) to launch fourth-generation aircraft. Later on in August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered. The navy also evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system. The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit.

What does EMALS stand for?

Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System

Who developed EMALS?

General Atomics

What do EMALS enable the launching of?

varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)

Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?

Indian Navy officers

How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?

three

What does MEALS stand for?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't develop EMALS?

I'm not sure.

What do EMALS disable the launching of?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?

I'm not sure.

How many out of service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?

I'm not sure.


In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the initial aircraft complement. For other operations, 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried. The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs. The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS and two SeaRAM for its defense. The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014.

What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?

Japan's largest military ship since World War II

How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?

five

How long is Japan's largest military ship?

820-foot-long (250 m)

How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?

How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?

What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Toyko held for?

I'm not sure.

How many helicopters can simultaneously land on China's largest military ship?

I'm not sure.

How long is Japan's largest civilian ship?

I'm not sure.

How many troops can Japan's smallest military ship carry?

I'm not sure.

How much does Japan's smallest military ship weigh?

I'm not sure.


The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.

What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?

the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class

Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?

Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)

When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?

How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?

100,000 ton

How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?

45,000 ton

What will some of the current UN fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?

I'm not sure.

Which feature of the new ships will replace the old nuclear catapults?

I'm not sure.

When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be commissioned?

I'm not sure.

How much does the Harrison R. Ford-class carrier weigh?

I'm not sure.

How much does the America-class amphibious peace ship weigh?

I'm not sure.


If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear.

What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?

VTOL-capable or helicopters

What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?

the launch area

What does V/STOL refer to?

aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing

What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?

hover

What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?

arresting gear

What type of aircraft have no need to accelerate?

I'm not sure.

What does the non-angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?

I'm not sure.

What does V/STOL not refer to?

I'm not sure.

What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land horizontally?

I'm not sure.

What don't planes need because of having hover capablility?

I'm not sure.


The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiryū had their islands built on the port side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.

What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?

an island

What is concentrated in the small area called an island?

The superstructure of a carrier

Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?

starboard

What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?

management of the exhaust from the power plant

What was a major issue in the USS Langley?

Fumes coming across the deck

What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1932?

I'm not sure.

What is concentrated in the large area called an island?

I'm not sure.

Other than Chinese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?

I'm not sure.

What was the biggest advantage to the flush deck configuration?

I'm not sure.

What was a minor issue in the USS Langley?

I'm not sure.


1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13‑3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.

What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?

Charles de Gaulle

What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?

the French Navy

What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?

Aster

What is another name for the French Navy?

Marine Nationale

What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?

CATOBAR

What is the name of the 24,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?

I'm not sure.

What is the Charles de Gaulle not the flagship of?

I'm not sure.

What type of lasers does the Charles de Gaulle carry?

I'm not sure.

What is not another name for the French Navy?

I'm not sure.

What type of airplane is the Charles de Gaulle?

I'm not sure.


With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?

How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?

one every four years

What class does the USS America belong to?

America-class amphibious assault ships

What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?

Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?

USS Tripoli

How many supercarriers did the U.N. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?

I'm not sure.

How many old carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?

I'm not sure.

What class doesn't the USS America belong to?

I'm not sure.

What is the USS America incapable of destroying squadrons of?

I'm not sure.

Which other carrier joins the USS America in unactive service?

I'm not sure.


Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict.

Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?

to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size

How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?

nearly four times

Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?

Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive

Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?

World War II

Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War I?

I'm not sure.

How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the newer USS Enterprise?

I'm not sure.

Why do nations risk minimal political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?

I'm not sure.

Which era does the USA Enterprise belong to?

I'm not sure.

Today's aircraft carriers are so cheap that nations which operate them risk what?

I'm not sure.


Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

What does LSO stand for?

landing signal officer

Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?

a landing signal officer

What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?

colored paddles

Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?

Optical Landing System

What are LSO's still being used to do?

transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio

What does OSL stand for?

I'm not sure.

Who does a non-conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?

I'm not sure.

What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1960's?

I'm not sure.

Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1940's?

I'm not sure.

What are LSO's no longer being used to do?

I'm not sure.


Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?

using the ramp and a running start

What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?

STOVL

What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?

vertical

What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?

a ski-jump ramp

What do Russian carriers still use to recover?

traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft

What is a less fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?

I'm not sure.

What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off horizontally?

I'm not sure.

What landing aircraft have included the need for arresting cables?

I'm not sure.

What do Russian carriers include for launching heavily loaded conventional fighters?

I'm not sure.

What do Russian carriers no longer use to recover?

I'm not sure.


One CATOBAR carrier: São Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. São Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005–2010, São Paulo underwent extensive modernization. At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011[update] São Paulo had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory). She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012.

What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?

Clemenceau

Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?

the Brazilian Navy

Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?

the French Navy

What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?

extensive modernization

What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?

another major fire

What class carrier is the Pao Saulo?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Sao Paulo currently out of service for?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1936?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?

I'm not sure.

What advancement happened to Sao Paula in 2012?

I'm not sure.


1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000 tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes.[citation needed] Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser, she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles. The P-700 systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems.

What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?

STOBAR

When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?

in 1985

What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?

Tbilisi

What is unique about Tbilisi?

carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles

What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?

The P-700 systems

What type of airplane is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?

I'm not sure.

When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov last launched?

I'm not sure.

What was Admiral Florida Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?

I'm not sure.

What is mundane about Tbilisi?

I'm not sure.

What will be added from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?

I'm not sure.


The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?

Queen Elizabeth

What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?

70,600 tonnes

When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?

in 2017

When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?

in about 2020

Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?

Royal Navy

Which class of aircraft carriers is being deconstructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?

I'm not sure.

What will the displacement be for the SMH Queen Elizabeth?

I'm not sure.

When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to end?

I'm not sure.

When is Prince of Wales projected to end?

I'm not sure.

Who is buying HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?

I'm not sure.


In 2007, two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline. This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008. Jim Oberstar, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules. Oberstar said there was a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance, bordering on corruption." In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks, and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through.

When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris  attempted to ground Southwest Airlines?

How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections?

How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes?

$10.2 million

What former chairman of the committee said it's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse?

Jim Oberstar

How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations?

Why did Boutris say Peters attempted to ground Southwest?

I'm not sure.

How many aircrafts were operated commercially that were in compliance with FAA safety rules?

I'm not sure.

How much did Southwest pay in penalties for not adopting new safety procedures?

I'm not sure.

How many other airlines were audited?

I'm not sure.


On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in a Senate committee that year.

When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?

July 22, 2008

who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?

House

What does the word 'customer' properly apply to?

the flying public

how long was the "cooling off" period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate?

two-year

When did the Senate approve a bill to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures?

I'm not sure.

What was the two year "cooling off" period for whistleblowers for?

I'm not sure.

What did the bill require entities regulated by the FAA be called?

I'm not sure.

When did the unanimous decision of the house and senate to pass the bill take place?

I'm not sure.


The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying.

What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?

hijacking

Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?

Department of Homeland Security

When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?

When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program?

What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over?

500 feet

When did the FAA start to regulate low altitude kite and balloon flying?

I'm not sure.

What epidemic in the 60's cause aviation security to be taken over by Homeland?

I'm not sure.

Whne did Homeland become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?

I'm not sure.

When did the Faa receive the power to set watercraft noise standards?

I'm not sure.


On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports.

When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?

World War II

What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?

radar

When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?

What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?

civil airports

When did America enter World War II?

I'm not sure.

When did the CAA begin to extend it's ATC responsibilities at military airports?

I'm not sure.

What was the first wartime program of financial assistance  aimed at promoting the development of civil airports?

I'm not sure.

When did congress extend it's ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports?

I'm not sure.

When did radar technology become permanent?

I'm not sure.


By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment.

When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?

When was the Airline Deregulation act?

When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?

when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?

What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?

computer technology

When did the agency achieve fully automated air traffic control systems?

I'm not sure.

When was airline deregulation phased out?

I'm not sure.

What was the act that phased out airline deregulation?

I'm not sure.

When was the nationwide strike that forced flight restrictions but failed to shutdown the aerospace system?

I'm not sure.

What type of enhancement did the air traffic control system get to keep up with air traffic growth?

I'm not sure.


The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight.

When was the Air Commerce Act passed?

May 20, 1926

Who was charged with fostering air commerce?

Secretary of Commerce

What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?

Aeronautics Branch

Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?

Aeronautics Branch

Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?

Secretary of Commerce

Who passed the Air Commerce Act?

I'm not sure.

Who was charged with fostering aviation oversight?

I'm not sure.

Who believed the airplane could not reach its federal potential without legislation?

I'm not sure.

Who was charged with the fostering of manufacturing planes?

I'm not sure.

What department did the Aeronautic Branch create?

I'm not sure.


The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower.

When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?

when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?

What agency would now act like the CAA?

Federal Aviation Agency

Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from?

CAB

Who was the FAA's first administrator?

Elwood R. Quesada

Who did President Eisenhower appoint as the FAA's first administrator?

I'm not sure.

What prompted the the legislation act of 1956?

I'm not sure.

What legislation gave the CAAs function to the government body, the FAA?

I'm not sure.

Who was the former general to President Eisenhower?

I'm not sure.

The approaching era of air traffic control prompted passage of what act?

I'm not sure.


On October 31, 2013, after outcry from media outlets, including heavy criticism  from Nick Bilton of The New York Times, the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight, but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited. Implementation will vary among airlines. The FAA expects many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing. Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled, with no signal bars displayed, and cannot be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones. If an air carrier provides Wi-Fi service during flight, passengers may use it. Short-range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards, can also be used.

When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?

October 31, 2013

What mode must mobile phones be put into?

airplane mode

What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices?

all phases

Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?

seat-back pocket

Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used?

can also be used.

When did the FAA begin to allow mobile phone calls during flights?

I'm not sure.

What paper criticized Nick Bilton?

I'm not sure.

Who made regulations that phones must not be in airplane mode, with mobile service enabled and bars displayed?

I'm not sure.

What must be in back pants pocket during takeoff and landing?

I'm not sure.


In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT (albeit the largest). The FAA administrator would no longer report directly to the president but would instead report to the Secretary of Transportation. New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT, which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president.

When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport?

What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name to?

Federal Aviation Administration

Who would the FAA administrator report to?

Secretary of Transportation

Who approves new programs and budget requests?

DOT

Who is the final person to approve the budget that is submitted?

president

What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name from?

I'm not sure.

Who would the secretary of transport report to instead of the FAA?

I'm not sure.

What agencies combined to make the Federal Aviation Administration?

I'm not sure.

Who did the secretary of transportation send budget requests to to be approved?

I'm not sure.


The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities.

What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to?

Bureau of Air Commerce

When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed?

When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system?

What were the people who used maps, blackboards, and mental calculation to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling between cities called?

air traffic controllers

What was the Bureau of Air Commerce renamed to?

I'm not sure.

When did the bureau create the first air traffic control centers?

I'm not sure.

When was the Aeronautics branch renamed to reflect it's decreased status?

I'm not sure.

What did the bureau used to ensure the safe travels of aircraft?

I'm not sure.

As personal flying increased, what did the Bureau establish?

I'm not sure.


In 2014, the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience. The move was made to increase flight traffic controller racial diversity. Before the change, candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be "fast-tracked" for consideration. The agency eliminated that program and instead switched to an open system to the general public, with no need for any experience or even a college degree. Instead, applicants could take "a biographical questionnaire" that many applicants found baffling.

When did the FAA change it's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates?

What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools?

personality test

Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change?

anyone

What did applicants now take that many of them found baffling?

biographical questionnaire

What kind of degree do you need to be considered?

I'm not sure.

When did the agency switch to a system where people could be "fast-tracked" for consideration?

I'm not sure.

How did applicants find the biological questionnaire?

I'm not sure.

Who switched to an open system for candidates who completed the coursework at participating colleges?

I'm not sure.


The FAA has been cited as an example of regulatory capture, "in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging for not only beneficial regulation, but placing key people to head these regulators." Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz, who used to be a Special Agent with the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation and with FAA Security, is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA. Rather than commend the agency for proposing a $10.2 million fine against Southwest Airlines for its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008, he was quoted as saying the following in an Associated Press story: "Penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be stiffer. At $25,000 per violation, Gutheinz said, airlines can justify rolling the dice and taking the chance on getting caught. He also said the FAA is often too quick to bend to pressure from airlines and pilots." Other experts have been critical of the constraints and expectations under which the FAA is expected to operate. The dual role of encouraging aerospace travel and regulating aerospace travel are contradictory. For example, to levy a heavy penalty upon an airline for violating an FAA regulation which would impact their ability to continue operating would not be considered encouraging aerospace travel.

What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA?

Joseph Gutheinz

How much do penalties against airlines cost per violation?

A heavy penalty for violating FAA reulations could said to be do what?

impact their ability to continue operating

What did the agency propose to find Southwest Airlines?

$10.2 million

Who used to be the Inspector General for the Department of Transportation?

I'm not sure.

When did Joseph Gutheinz commend the agency for proposing a $10.2 million fine against Southwest?

I'm not sure.

Who said penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be $25,000?

I'm not sure.

What would be considered encouraging aerospace travel?

I'm not sure.

When did Southwest conduct mandatory inspections.

I'm not sure.


The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part) and Wigan. Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border were added to the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire. The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, Bowland Rural District and the parishes of Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from Skipton Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the new Lancashire. One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994. In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent unitary authorities.

In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?

In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire

Which places were added to the new county of Cheshire?

Warrington and Widnes

Where were the boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton included?

Merseyside

Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire?

Simonswood

Besides Greater Manchester, to what other county was a part of Oldham incorporated into?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Liverpool made a part of Merseyside?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Skipton Rural District made part of Lancashire?

I'm not sure.

In addition to Greater Manchester, part of Tameside became a portion of what other county?

I'm not sure.

When was Sefton included as part of Merseyside?

I'm not sure.


The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England. It has landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere, operating as a property company, but also exercising the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster. While the administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s, the county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries. As a result, the High Sheriffs for Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed "within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster".

When did the administrative boundaries for the Duchy of Lancaster change?

What is the Duchy of Lancaster?

one of two royal duchies in England

What does the Duchy of Lancaster operate as?

a property company

Who are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancater?

High Sheriffs

Who exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster?

The Duchy of Lancaster

In what decade was the County Palatine of Lancaster established?

I'm not sure.

What is the other royal duchy of England beyond the Duchy of Lancaster?

I'm not sure.

When was the Duchy of Lancaster established?

I'm not sure.

What county lies to the east of Lancashire?

I'm not sure.


Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire.

How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire?

four

How many state schools are in Lancashire?

How many independant schools are in Lancashire?

Who has the largest school population?

South Ribble

Who has the smallest school population?

Fylde

How many sixth form colleges are there in Lancashire?

I'm not sure.

How many schools are there in total in the Clitheroe area?

I'm not sure.

What's the size of the South Ribble school population?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Church of England established?

I'm not sure.

How many Catholic faith schools are there in Lancashire?

I'm not sure.


Lancashire produced well known teams in super league such as St Helens, Wigan, and Warrington. The county was once the focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993. Rugby League has also seen a representative fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895. Currently there are several rugby league teams that are based within the ceremonial county which include Blackpool Panthers, East Lancashire Lions, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers, Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Adlington Rangers.

What years did the Lancashire League competition run from?

1895 to 1970

Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions?

Lancashire

Which year was the Lancashire County Cup abandoned?

What year did Rugby League start?

when were the first games played in the St Helens super league?

I'm not sure.

When was the first Lancashire County Cup held?

I'm not sure.

How many rugby teams are there in Lancashire?

I'm not sure.

What super league do the Blackpool Panthers play in?

I'm not sure.

In what super league do the Chorley Panthers play in?

I'm not sure.


Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century. The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s. The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom. The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944. Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.

Where was the first open competition for brass bands held?

Manchester

What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?

Where was David Atherton born?

Blackpool

What did David Atherton co-found?

the London Sinfonietta

Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?

Leslie Stuart

How many local church choirs were there in Lancashire in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

Where was Sir Thomas Beecham born?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the London Sinfonietta with David Atherton?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Salford Cathedral?

I'm not sure.

In what city did Handel primarily perform?

I'm not sure.


Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Manchester and Liverpool grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade and the birth of modern capitalism. The county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire. Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.

What are the biggest cities in Lancashire?

Manchester and Liverpool

By the 1830's, how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire?

Where was a center for tourist for the people of Lancashire's mill towns?

Blackpool

What week was most popular to visit Lancashire's mill towns?

wakes week

When did Lancashire emerge as a major commercialand industrial region?

during the Industrial Revolution

In what decade was Liverpool founded?

I'm not sure.

When did the Industrial Revolution start?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of all global trade went through Liverpool in the 1830's?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the cotton was milled in Oldham?

I'm not sure.

What was the centre of tourism for those living in Bolton?

I'm not sure.


The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974 that removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its original area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same[clarification needed] with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester and Merseyside.

When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?

How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?

What is to the north of Lancashire today?

Cumbria

What is to the east of Lancashire today?

West Yorkshire

Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire?

Duke of Lancaster

How much land did Lancashire gain from West Riding of Yorkshire?

I'm not sure.

How large is the metropolitan county of Merseyside?

I'm not sure.

What county borders Cumbria to the east?

I'm not sure.

When did the current Duke of Lancaster start his reign?

I'm not sure.

How big was the West Riding of Yorkshire prior to 1974?

I'm not sure.


Lancashire is smaller than its historical extent following a major reform of local government. In 1889, the administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historical county except for the county boroughs such as Blackburn, Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool and Manchester. The area served by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a ceremonial county) covered the entirety of the administrative county and the county boroughs, and was expanded whenever boroughs annexed areas in neighbouring counties such as Wythenshawe in Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire, and southern Warrington. It did not cover the western part of Todmorden, where the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town.

When was the administrative county of Lancashire created?

What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now?

ceremonial county

Where is the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire located?

the western part of Todmorden

Why is Lancashire smaller than its historical extent?

reform of local government

What area is covered by the Lord-Lieutenant?

the administrative county and the county boroughs

When was the city of Liverpool established?

I'm not sure.

What county lies north of Lancashire?

I'm not sure.

What's the main river in Todmorden?

I'm not sure.

What county lies north of the River Mersey?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Cheshire made a county?

I'm not sure.


During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs – Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire.

When did the county become more urbanised?

20th century

Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?

the southern part

When was Warrington added to Lancashire?

When was Southport added?

When was Blackpool added to the county?

When was the county borough of Liverpool created?

I'm not sure.

What was the county borough of St Helens created?

I'm not sure.

What a county bureau that lies in the southern part of Lancashire?

I'm not sure.

Where does Bootle lie in Lancashire?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Oldham made part of Lancashire?

I'm not sure.


To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland. The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap to the west of the Pennines, overlooked by Pendle Hill. Most of the larger Lancashire towns are in these valleys South of the Ribble are the West Pennine Moors and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys. The Lancashire Coalfield, largely in modern-day Greater Manchester, extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley and Colne in Lancashire.

What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?

dairy farming and cheesemaking

What is the higer ground in the county devoted to?

sheep

What is in the highest ground?

uncultivated moorland

Where is the Lancashire Coalfield located?

modern-day Greater Manchester

where is Beacon Fell County Park located?

North of the Ribble

What does AONB stand for?

I'm not sure.

What are the valleys of the River Ribble used for?

I'm not sure.

What is the area around Ormskirk used for?

I'm not sure.

What's to the west of the county?

I'm not sure.

What is cultivated in the Forest of Rossendale?

I'm not sure.


The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago – but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of The Loyal Toast, 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster' is in regular use in the county palatine. Lancaster serves as the county town of the county palatine.

What does the Duchy administer within the County Palatine?

bona vacantia

What serves as the county town of the county palatine?

Lancaster

When did the title of Duke of Lancaster merge into the Crown?

many centuries ago

Who is the Duchy administered by?

the Queen

In what year did the title of Duke of Lancaster get merged into the Crown?

I'm not sure.

When was the Loyal Toast first used?

I'm not sure.

What's the term for when legal ownership can be ascertained?

I'm not sure.

Where does the Queen primarily live?

I'm not sure.

How long has there been a Queen in the UK?

I'm not sure.


The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester] and the trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.

What does the Lancashire economy rely on?

the M6 motorway

Which direction does the M6 motorway run?

north to south

What road connects Preston to Blackpool?

The M55

Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south?

How many miles is it from Lancaster to Preston?

I'm not sure.

How far is it in miles from Blackburn to Preston?

I'm not sure.

In what geographic region of Lancashire does Blackpool lay?

I'm not sure.

How far is Chorley away from the nearest county boundary?

I'm not sure.

What is the length of the M6 motorway?

I'm not sure.


The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the towns of Lancaster and Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people. Lancashire is home to a significant Asian population, numbering over 70,000 and 6% of the county's population, and concentrated largely in the former cotton mill towns in the south east.

Where are the major settlements in the ceremonial county located?

Fylde coast

Where is the Fylde coast?

Blackpool Urban Area

Which part of the county is rural and sparsely populated?

north

How many people live in Lancaster and Morecambe?

What percentage of Lancashire is Asian?

In what year was the Blackpool Urban Area established?

I'm not sure.

How many people lived in Preston as of 1970?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the population lives in north Lancashire?

I'm not sure.

What cities are north of Preston?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Asians start emigrating to Lancashire?

I'm not sure.


Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful popular singers in the 1950s, including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza, and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy Fury. Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle scenes in the late 1950s, out of which by the early 1960s a flourishing culture of beat groups began to emerge, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been estimated that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs, among them the Beatles. After their national success from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the Searchers and Cilla Black. The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool, or managed by Brian Epstein, were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester, as were Herman's Hermits and the Hollies. Led by the Beatles, beat groups from the region spearheaded the British Invasion of the US, which made a major contribution to the development of rock music. After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s the centre of rock culture shifted to London and there were relatively few local bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco funk scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid and late 1970s.

Where was pop star Frankie Vaughan from?

Liverpool

How many bands were active in the Liverpool area in the 1960s?

What was the first act to break through in the UK, not from Liverpool or managed by Brian Epstein?

Freddie and the Dreamers

Where were Freddie and the Dreamers based?

Manchester

Where were Herman's Hermints and the Hollies from?

Manchester

When was Billy Furry born?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Freddie and the Dreamers get their first hit?

I'm not sure.

How many active bands did Manchester have in the 1960's?

I'm not sure.

How many local bands were still in Liverpool in the late 1960s?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of one of the band members in the Beatles?

I'm not sure.


Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale. The county was also a common location for folk songs, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including "The Leaving of Liverpool" and "Maggie May", beside several local Wassailing songs. In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work. These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most famously clog dancing.

Who was "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" composed by?

Richard Sheale

Where was Richard Sheale from?

Lancashire

What is Lancashire's long and productive tradition?

music making

What did the county share with it's national traditions?

balladry

What is the finest border ballad?

The Ballad of Chevy Chase

Besides "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" what was another composition written by Richard Sheale?

I'm not sure.

Who composed "Warrington Ale"?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the local Wassailing songs called?

I'm not sure.

What was "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" about?

I'm not sure.

What type of dancing is associated with "The Leaving of Liverpool"?

I'm not sure.


The county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and Castleshaw grew around Roman forts. In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which became a part of England in the 10th century.

When was Lancashire established?

When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?

Roman times

In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?

What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?

a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe

When was the area incorporated into Northumbria?

mid-8th century

When did the Romans enter the area of Manchester?

I'm not sure.

When was Lancaster established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Brigantes tribe become the Brythonic Kingdom of Rheged?

I'm not sure.

In what century were Roman forts first established?

I'm not sure.

When was the town of Castleshaw founded?

I'm not sure.


By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two metropolitan counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The new county of Cumbria incorporates the Furness exclave.

How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?

What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?

Lancashire

When was the administrative county abolished?

1 April 1974

What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?

Merseyside and Greater Manchester

What incorporated the Furness exclave?

Cumbria

How many people like in the UK?

I'm not sure.

In what geographic region of Lancashire is Cumbria county?

I'm not sure.

How many people lived in Merseyside according to the 1971 census?

I'm not sure.

How many people lived in Lancashire in 1961?

I'm not sure.

How many people lived in Cumbria after it was made into a county in 1974?

I'm not sure.


A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell, but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention. The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in Ewan MacColl, but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county. Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners, and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy Harper and musician, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding. The region is home to numerous folk clubs, many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music. Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at Fleetwood.

Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection?

James Orchard Halliwell

Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county?

Harry Boardman

Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century?

The Spinners

Who do the many folk clubs today cater to?

Irish and Scottish folk music

What is one of the regular folk festivals called?

Fylde Folk Festival

In what year was James Orchard Halliwell born?

I'm not sure.

In what year did The Spinners release their first folk music album?

I'm not sure.

When was the first Fylde Folke Festival at Fleetwood held?

I'm not sure.

What city was Harry Boardman from?

I'm not sure.

Where was James Orchard Halliwell from?

I'm not sure.


The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse "In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field, was not officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland, several hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. Lancashire's official flag is registered as a red rose on a gold field.

What is the county flower of Lancaster?

The Red Rose of Lancaster

Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?

on the county's heraldic badge and flag

What is on the traditional Lancashire flag?

a red rose on a white field

What is on the official Lancashire flag?

red rose on a gold field

Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field?

Montrose in Scotland

In what century was the traditional Lancashire Flag established?

I'm not sure.

In what century was the Flag Institute founded?

I'm not sure.

In what century did Montrose register the Lancaster Flag?

I'm not sure.

What was Montrose's heraldic flag?

I'm not sure.


More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, Liverpool), Simon Holt (1958-, Bolton) and Philip Cashian (1963-, Manchester). The Royal Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.

In what year was Hugh Wood born?

Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?

Salford

When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded?

When was the Royal Northern College of Music formed?

What did the Royal Manchester College of Music merge with?

the Northern College of Music

Who founded the Royal Manchester College of Music?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Northern College of Music?

I'm not sure.

Who was the first head of the Royal Northern College of Music?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Harrison Birtwistle receive the Sir title?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Peter Maxwell Davies attain the title of Sir?

I'm not sure.


The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying. Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic.

What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?

Early Triassic

What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?

deserts

What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?

Pangaea

What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened??

What species had evolved after  the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?

Temnospondyli

What geologic climate was not found in the Early Triassic?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of species growth had recently happened?

I'm not sure.

What landmass broke in the Earl Triassic?

I'm not sure.

What species had evolved before the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?

I'm not sure.

What was the most rare life on earth?

I'm not sure.


The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation. The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity, and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared. Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous, first in the tropics, but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period. By the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas, although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

What event produced further adaptations during  the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?

climatic changes

When was the top of archosaur diversity?

Jurassic

What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?

Angiosperms

What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?

angiosperms

What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?

cycad and ferns

What event stunted adaptions during the Jurassic?

I'm not sure.

When was the bottom of archosaur diversity?

I'm not sure.

The temperature gradient prevented what land species growth?

I'm not sure.

What prevented the spread of angiosperms towards the poles?

I'm not sure.

What types of species are thought to have died before the extinction?

I'm not sure.


The lower (Triassic) boundary is set by the Permian–Triassic extinction event, during which approximately 90% to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. It is also known as the "Great Dying" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history. The upper (Cretaceous) boundary is set at the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) extinction event (now more accurately called the Cretaceous–Paleogene (or K–Pg) extinction event), which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula. Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are also believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Approximately 50% of all genera became extinct, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs.

What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?

Permian–Triassic extinction

What percentage of marine life died during the extinction?

90% to 96%

How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?

What is the largest extinction of species in Earth's history known as?

Great Dying

What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?

K–Pg) extinction

What percentage of marine life growth happened during the Permian–Triassic era?

I'm not sure.

How many terrestrial species were created during the Permian–Triassic era?

I'm not sure.

Large volcanic eruptions contributed to the expansion of what period?

I'm not sure.

What percent of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct on the Yucatán Peninsula?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of all genera thrived during the Cretaceous–Paleogene era?

I'm not sure.


The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web. In the oceans, Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the Ichthyosaurs, and huge plesiosaurs, such as Elasmosaurus, evolved. Also, the first flowering plants evolved. At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere. As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. Everything over 10 kilograms went extinct. The age of the dinosaurs was over.

What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?

100 million to 65 million years

What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?

cooling

What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?

tropics

What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?

extreme seasonal changes

What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?

K-T Extinction

What weather trend didn't ocur in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?

I'm not sure.

Which dinosaur species saw its demise during the Late Cretaceous?

I'm not sure.

Which water borne species brought about the extinction of the Mosasaurs?

I'm not sure.

Flowering plants died out during which period?

I'm not sure.

Which dinosaurs help pollute the atmosphere?

I'm not sure.


The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale".

What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?

climate

What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?

carbon dioxide

What was about equal across the planet?

temperatures

During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?

deserts

What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?

black shale

What is most volatile aspect about the Cretaceous?

I'm not sure.

Lower levels of carbon dioxide caused what?

I'm not sure.

The circulation of oxygen in the deep ocean may have increased during what period?

I'm not sure.

Black shale was destroyed by what during the Cretaceous period?

I'm not sure.

Why were equatorial ocean waters too cold?

I'm not sure.


The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable.

What was the span of the Late Triassic?

237 million to 200 million years

Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?

heat spells

When did the first dinosaurs evolve?

Triassic

According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?

Triassic-Jurassic extinction

What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?

crocodiles

Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic not have?

I'm not sure.

What lead to the demise of a certain segment of reptilian evolution?

I'm not sure.

What resulted in a relatively small die-out known as the Triassic Jurassic extinction event?

I'm not sure.

What survived the Triassic Jurassic extinction event?

I'm not sure.

34% of marine life survived what extinction event?

I'm not sure.


The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas. Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like Eustreptospondylus, evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus. Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura which inhabited the polar forests year-round, and many dinosaurs migrated there during summer like Muttaburrasaurus. Since it was too cold for crocodiles, it was the last stronghold for large amphibians, like Koolasuchus. Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved.

What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?

145 million to 100 million years

What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?

expansion of seaways

What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?

Ichthyosaurs

What species dominated the seas?

Mosasaurs

What dinosaur spread to every continent?

Iguanodon

What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the proliferation of several species?

I'm not sure.

What dinosaur was particularly confined to one continent?

I'm not sure.

What caused Ichthyosaurs to thrive?

I'm not sure.

Which species avoided the polar areas?

I'm not sure.

What species was most similar to crocodiles?

I'm not sure.


Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?

increase in seafloor

Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?

flooded coastal areas

Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?

Tethys Sea

What weather condition increased?

Temperatures

As humidity increased what land area decreased?

deserts

What caused the sea to fall during the Jurassic?

I'm not sure.

Rising seas and displaced waters destroyed what element along the coasts?

I'm not sure.

What weather condition became much more stable?

I'm not sure.

Why did humidity decrease during the Jurassic?

I'm not sure.

By how much did oceans increase in size compared to today?

I'm not sure.


The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land, with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top. The first true crocodiles evolved, pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction. All-in-all, reptiles rise to rule the world. Meanwhile, the first true mammals evolve, but remained relatively small sized.

What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?

200 million years to 175 million

What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?

more humid

Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?

Plesiosaurs

What was the highest order of species n land?

Dilophosaurus

What other order evolved during the Jurassic?

true mammals

What feature of the climate hindered a more tropical world

I'm not sure.

Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs were mostly hunted by with competitive species?

I'm not sure.

What species saw itself at the bottom of the race hierarchy?

I'm not sure.

Reptiles were a submissive species during what time period?

I'm not sure.

Crocodiles were threatened by what species?

I'm not sure.


Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today.

At what time was tectonic formation mild?

Mesozoic

Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?

Arctic

What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?

Pangaea

What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?

Laurasia

What was Pangaea's southern continent called?

Gondwana

At what time was tectonic formation especially active?

I'm not sure.

What was the northern continent that combined into Pangaea?

I'm not sure.

What continent split to destroy the passive continental margin near the Atlantic?

I'm not sure.

What destroyed the Innuitian orogeny?

I'm not sure.


Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.

What type of animals took longer to reestablish?

specialized animals

When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?

mid-Triassic

How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?

30M years

What dominated animal life in the Triassic?

reptiles

How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?

4M to 6M

What type of animals were especially quick to reestablish?

I'm not sure.

The recovery of many species failed during what period of the Triassic?

I'm not sure.

What animal life was most at risk in the Triassic?

I'm not sure.

How many years of recovery did the extinction interrupt?

I'm not sure.


The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small—less than 15 kg (33 lb)—until the Cenozoic.

At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?

Permian–Triassic extinction

When did the Mesozoic end?

Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction

What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?

tectonic

Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?

evolutionary

When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?

Cenozoic

At what point did the Mesozoic era end?

I'm not sure.

The Mesozoic was a time devoid of what activity?

I'm not sure.

What quickly split the supercontinent Pangea into landmasses?

I'm not sure.

Non-avian dinosaurs disappeared in what period?

I'm not sure.

Birds devolved from what branch of dinosaurs?

I'm not sure.


The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.

What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?

247 million to 237 million

What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?

breakup of Pangaea

During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?

Tethys Sea

From what had the ecosystem had to recover?

the Great Dying

What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?

reptiles

What continuing event ended in the Middle Triassic?

I'm not sure.

In what period did pine forests mostly die out?

I'm not sure.

During the formation of Pangaea, what sea was created?

I'm not sure.

Pine forests brought about the demise of what insects?

I'm not sure.


The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?

163 million to 145 million

What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?

sauropods and Ichthyosaurs

What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?

Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction

What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?

Sea levels rose

What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways?

Atlantic sea

In the Late Jurassic what species survived?

I'm not sure.

The separation of Pangaea allowed what species to thrive above others?

I'm not sure.

Sea levels fell during what time period that spanned from 163 million to 145 million years ago?

I'm not sure.

The increase in sea levels closed up which sea?

I'm not sure.


The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water—especially the oceans—experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.

What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?

dry

What could have made temperatures more extreme?

Low sea levels

Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?

desert

What were there periods of during the Triassic?

increased rainfall

What was the Carnian Pluvial event?

increased rainfall

In what period was it consistently rainy?

I'm not sure.

What caused the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event?

I'm not sure.

Why was the Carnian Pluvial event especially dry?

I'm not sure.