Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPCAAL (a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union (UEPAL) with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL. Unlike the rest of France, the Local law in Alsace-Moselle still provides for to the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 and the organic articles, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; religion classes in one of these faiths is compulsory in public schools. This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the region having been part of Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for a more comprehensive history, see: Alsace-Lorraine). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition, as well as on the exclusion of other religions from this arrangement.

Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?

Roman Catholic

Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence?

Protestant

What is the name of the Union created by France's second largest Protestant church?

UEPAL

What is the name of the second largest Roman Catholic church?

I'm not sure.

When was the Calvinist EPRAL formed?

I'm not sure.

What religious faith does not get public subsidies?

I'm not sure.

When did Alsace split from Imperial Germany?

I'm not sure.

What did Germany enact in 1905?

I'm not sure.


Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as "local lords" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region of Alsace bossue. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.

What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?

local lords

Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?

Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists

Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?

Amish

When did the Anabaptists split?

I'm not sure.

Who tried to remove Jews from Alsace?

I'm not sure.

What was Napoleon's primary religion?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the Amish reformer?

I'm not sure.

What edict by Louis XIV caused many to move to the US?

I'm not sure.


There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Sélestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was replaced in 1949 by a new "Union jack-like" flag representing the union of the two déprtements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two départements. With the purpose of "Frenchizing" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention - while its origins date back to the XIth century and the Red and White banner of Gérard de Lorraine (aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the departments' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new "super-region" gathering Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.

What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?

Rot-un-Wiss

What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?

Union jack-like" flag

What does the "Union jack-like" flag represent?

the union of the two déprtements

Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?

Paris

Who created the Union-jack-like flag?

I'm not sure.

The Union Jack flag represented the union of what two departments?

I'm not sure.

Who has not recognized the Union-jack-like flag?

I'm not sure.

What flag has French origins?

I'm not sure.

When did protests against the super-region occur?

I'm not sure.


From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870, knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably. With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well. The French language never really managed, however, to win over the masses, the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German (which we would now call "standard German").[citation needed]

Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?

17th century

With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?

middle classes began to speak and write French

What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?

standard German

When did French become the most common language?

I'm not sure.

When did Germany annex Alsace?

I'm not sure.

When did writing French in the middle class fall out of fashion?

I'm not sure.

Standard Germany became policy during what revolution?

I'm not sure.

What helped German literacy in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.


During a reannexation by Germany (1940–1945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946. Following World War II, the French government pursued, in line with its traditional language policy, a campaign to suppress the use of German as part of a wider Francization campaign.

Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?

What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?

names were Germanized.

When did the suspension of German teaching in  schools happen?

When did teaching German cease to be an issue?

I'm not sure.

What did the French government force French family names to become?

I'm not sure.

1927 made what the language of education?

I'm not sure.

What did the French do contrary to their typical language policy?

I'm not sure.

What years did the Francization campaign run?

I'm not sure.


It was not until 9 June 1982, with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace (Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Académie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner.

What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?

Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace

What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?

Circulaire Savary

What did the Circulair Savary introduce?

introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities

When was the Vice-Chancellor elected?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take to introduce the Circulair Savary?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote the Circulaire Savary?

I'm not sure.

What was implemented with strict expectations?

I'm not sure.

What was another name for the Vice-Chancellor of the Academie?

I'm not sure.


Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace-Lorraine is today very French in language and culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related Alemannic German survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in Baden, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary.

Which two dialects were banned from public life?

Alsatian and Standard German

What did the banning of the two dialects  include?

street and city names, official administration, and educational system

Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?

Sundgau region

What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?

Yiddish

Which language is currently banned?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the region where Yiddish is primarily spoken?

I'm not sure.

What area is primarily Standard German in culture?

I'm not sure.

Most young people speak what form of German?

I'm not sure.

What is Yiddish primarily influenced by?

I'm not sure.


The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.

What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?

French alone is the official language

How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?

With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?

one in ten children

What states that Alsatian is the official language?

I'm not sure.

How many adult speakers of Occitan are there?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of adults could not speak Alsatian in 1999?

I'm not sure.

How many children speak French?

I'm not sure.

There are 548,000 child speakers of what language?

I'm not sure.


The gastronomic symbol of the région is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form sûrkrût, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means "sour cabbage" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.

In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?

sour cabbage

What can Sauerkraut be served with?

poultry, pork, sausage or even fish

What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?

Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages

What word does Choucroute come from?

I'm not sure.

What dialect is the Alsatian word for sauerkraut different from?

I'm not sure.

What meats is sauerkraut not served alongside of?

I'm not sure.

What does choucroute mean?

I'm not sure.

Pork products are left to ferment in what?

I'm not sure.


"Alsatia", the Latin form of Alsace's name, has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of "a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction" - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, "protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons". As of 2007, the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law cannot reach: "In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight," Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007.

What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?

a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction

What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?

ramshackle marketplace

Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace "ramshackle marketplace" as of 2007?

English and Australian

What is Lord Justice Sedley's nationality?

I'm not sure.

Who coined the word "Alsatia"?

I'm not sure.

Alsatia is the English form of what?

I'm not sure.

When did the use of the word Alsatia fall out of practice?

I'm not sure.

What does UMBS stand for?

I'm not sure.


At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.

What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg?

new dual carriageway

What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?

reduce the buildup of traffic in that area

What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?

Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn

The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?

Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest

What plans have been canceled?

I'm not sure.

The dual carriageway would link what interchange to the left of the Rhine?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the new carriageway?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of traffic used the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn?

I'm not sure.

How many vehicles crossed teh Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn per day in 1950?

I'm not sure.


Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms.

What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?

Carnival

When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?

February

Who is the Carnival open to?

public

What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?

social unity

What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?

alcohol


The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?

Catholic

What country no longer celebrates Carnival?

the Philippines

The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?

What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?

Fastelavn

What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?

Maslenitsa


Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.

Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?

food shortage at the end of the winter

What was one limited to during the winter?

the minimum necessary

What does "vastenavond" mean?

the days before fasting)

Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?

it would soon start to rot and decay

When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?

spring


Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?

the returning of the daylight

How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?

on wheels

Why was the winter driven out?

to make sure that fertility could return in spring

What is Nerthus the goddess of?

fertility

How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?

be consummated


Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

Who wrote the Germania?

Tacitus

What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?

walls

Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?

human

When is the car used in the ritual purified?

Afterwards

Where is the divinity herself purified?

a secret lake


Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.

What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?

sexual

All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?

Lent

The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?

Carnival

How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?

six weeks

What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?

meat, dairy, fat and sugar


While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it.  Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.

What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?

corpus christi

Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?

European

How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?

What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?

Christmas

Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?

outlet for their daily frustrations


In the year 743 the synod in Leptines (Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February. Also from the same period dates the phrase: "Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan." Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender.

In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?

In what month did the excesses occur?

February

What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?

Confession

What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?

an animal or old woman

What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?

the opposite gender


While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: "destroying the forces of darkness".

Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?

Christian

What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?

Saturnalia and Bacchanalia

The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?

Dionysia

On which month and day did Saturnalia start?

December 17

What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?

horribly murdered


While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports.

What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?

evidence

What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?

Saturnalia

How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?

with their deaths

What is the gift of King Carnival?

acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life

Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?

Jews


Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: “It is not opportune to make any innovation.”

Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?

Italy

What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?

Venice

What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?

New France

What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?

foolish guise

Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?

Pope Gregory XVI


Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in SãoNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.

What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?

Portuguese

How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?

nine

What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?

a yearly prize

Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance?

a painted float

Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated?

three


In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition, where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo, the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival. The largest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim which was part of Velha Conquista, Goa, but now is celebrate throughout the state. The tradition was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled Goa for over four centuries. On Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, the European Tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated with the partaking of eating of crepes also called as "AleBelle." The crepes are filled with freshly grated coconut and heat condensed coconut sap that sequentially converts it into a brown sweet molasses and additional heat concentration solidifies it to jaggery. The celebrations of Carnival peak for three days and nights and precede Ash Wednesday. When the legendary King Momo takes over the state. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances and floats and grand balls are held in the evenings.

What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?

Goa

What does the Indian word "Intruz" mean?

swindler

The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?

Panjim

What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?

crepes

What legendary king eventually takes over the state?

Momo


The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.

Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê?

Malmedy

Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?

Latin

How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?

Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?

in the street

What do disguised people pass through during the festival?

the crowd


Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.

What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?

Carnivals

What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?

the Carnival de la Laetare

What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?

Blancs-Moussis

What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?

Laetare Sunday

What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade?

Carnival Parade of Maaseik


Many towns in Croatia's Kvarner region (and in other parts of the country) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a "Jure Piškanac", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The Zvončari, or bell-ringers, wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is fritule, a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.

Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?

Kvarner

What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?

a man-like doll

Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?

Jure Piškanac

What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?

their areas of origin

What is the traditional Carnival food?

fritule


Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.

How long has Carnival been celebrated?

centuries

Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?

Venetian

Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition?

Greek

In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?

twentieth

What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?

Limassol


Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the "Carnival King" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate.

How many parades take place during Carnival?

Three

Who rides through the city on a carriage?

the "Carnival King

Which of the festivals is comprised of participants who are mainly children?

The second

What do people walk along the town's longest avenue in?

costume

Who are the last two parades open for participation by?

anyone who wishes to participate


In Norway, students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions "Norsk Kunstnerkarneval" and "Karneval in Paris". The following year, Svendsens Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. Edvard Grieg attended and wrote "aus dem Karneval" (folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization Tårnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens søndag (with cream buns) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.

Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?

Paris

Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?

in the old Freemasons lodge

Who composed the song "Karneval in Paris"?

Johan Svendsens

What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?

Tårnseilerne

When do the processions occur after?

an opera performance


The "Rheinische" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfalz, but also in Hessen [including Oberhessen], Bavaria and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. Köln or Cologne Carnival, as well as Mainz and Düsseldorf are the largest and most famous. Other cities have their own, often less well-known celebrations, parades and parties such as Worms am Rhein, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Augsburg and München [Munich] Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday (called "Old Women Day" or "The Women's Day") in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women, women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any passing man.

Which Carnival is held in Germany's west?

The "Rheinische"

Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what?

famous

What is colloquially known as Old Women Day?

Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday

Who revolted in 1824?

washer-women

What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man?

kiss


In Greece Carnival is also known as the Apokriés (Greek: Αποκριές, "saying goodbye to meat"), or the season of the "Opening of the Triodion", so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until Holy Week. One of the season's high points is Tsiknopempti, when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday. The following week, the last before Lent, is called Tyrinē (Greek: Τυρινή, "cheese [week]") because meat is forbidden, although dairy products are not. Lent begins on "Clean Monday", the day after "Cheese Sunday". Throughout the Carnival season, people disguise themselves as maskarádes ("masqueraders") and engage in pranks and revelry.

What is the Greece Carnival also called?

the Apokriés

What does the Opening of the Triodion derive from?

the liturgical book used by the church

What is one of the festival season's high points?

Tsiknopempti

What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season's high point?

roast beef

What do people engage in after they've disguised themselves?

pranks and revelry


Other regions host festivities of smaller extent, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnevalic customs, such as Tyrnavos (Thessaly), Kozani (West Macedonia), Rethymno (Crete) and in Xanthi (East Macedonia and Thrace). Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional "phallkloric" event in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier maché are paraded, and which women are asked to touch or kiss. Their reward for so doing is a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit. Every year, from 1 to 8 January, mostly in regions of Western Macedonia, Carnival fiestas and festivals erupt. The best known is the Kastorian Carnival or "Ragoutsaria" (Gr. "Ραγκουτσάρια") [tags: Kastoria, Kastorian Carnival, Ragoutsaria, Ραγκουτσαρια, Καστοριά]. It takes place from 6 to 8 January with mass participation serenaded by brass bands, pipises, Macedonian and grand casa drums. It is an ancient celebration of nature's rebirth (fiestas for Dionysus (Dionysia) and Kronos (Saturnalia)), which ends the third day in a dance in the medieval square Ntoltso where the bands play at the same time.

Who holds an annual Phallus festival?

Tyrnavos

What are the giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of?

papier maché

What are women rewarded with for kissing the giant phalluses?

a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit

What is the ancient celebration for?

nature's rebirth

In what square do the bands all play at once?

Ntoltso


Carnival in the Netherlands is called Carnaval, Vastenavond or Vastelaovend(j), and is most celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg. Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday. Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a "prince" plus cortège ("Jester/adjutant and Council of 11"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.

In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?

southern

Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?

Ash

What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?

traditions

What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?

herring

What is dutch for "Peasant Wedding"?

boerenbruiloft


The Strumica Carnival (Macedonian: Струмички Карневал, translated Strumichki Karneval) has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, "I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house–to–house, with laughter, scream and song." The Carnival took an organized form in 1991; in 1994, Strumica became a member of FECC and in 1998 hosted the XVIII International Congress of Carnival Cities. The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday, when masked participants (including groups from abroad) compete in various subjects. As of 2000, the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica's Carnival celebrations.

How long has the Strumica Carnival been going on?

since at least 1670

What nationality was Evlija Chelebija?

Turkish

Who ran from house to house, laughing, screaming, and singing?

masked people

What day is the main Carnival Night observed on?

Tuesday

What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica's Carnival celebrations?


The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent (plural: Kurenti), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant festival is held in Ptuj (see: Kurentovanje). Its special feature are the Kurents themselves, magical creatures from another world, who visit major events throughout the country, trying to banish the winter and announce spring's arrival, fertility, and new life with noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.

What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise?

Slovenian

Kurent is monstrous and demon-like, but also what?

fluffy

Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held?

Ptuj

Who are magical creatures from another world?

the Kurents

What do the Kurents try to banish?

winter


The most famous groups are the chirigotas, choirs and comparsas. The chirigotas are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they prepare for the whole year. The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their signature piece is the "Carnival Tango", alternating comical and serious repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in Cádiz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They have a more elaborated polyphony that is easily recognizable by the typical countertenor voice.

The chirigotas, choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what?

groups

What do the chirigotas sing about?

politics, new times and household topics

How long does it take for a chirigota to prepare their costume?

the whole year

Which group rides around in open carts through the streets?

The Choirs

Who has the most elaborated polyphony?

The comparsas


In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (His Majesty King Carnival), known by various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes (King of the Crackpots), Princep etern de Cornudella (Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry), Duc de ximples i corrumputs (Duke of Fools and the Corrupt), Marquès de la bona mamella (Marquis of the lovely breast), Comte de tots els barruts (Count of the Insolent), Baró de les Calaverades (Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries), and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit (Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed).

Where do people dress in masks and costume?

Catalonia

What are raced as part of the festivities?

bed

What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry?

Princep etern de Cornudella

Who has a lovely breast?

Marquès

Who is upon the bed?

the Artist of Honor


The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el dia de la truita), coques (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) and omelettes are eaten. The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.

When may conventional social rules be broken?

a period of misrule

Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?

The King

What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?

cercavila

Fat Thursday is also known as what day?

omelette day

Who is typically burned on a pyre?

King Carnival


The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltrú has documented history from 1790 and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as "thighs and feathers". It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one other. The women protect their faces with Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls) but eye-patches and slings for broken arms are common the following week. Vilanovins organize an elaborate ritual for the arrival of King Carnival called l'Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue.

What city's carnival has documented history from 1790?

Vilanova i la Geltrú

What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about?

"thighs and feathers"

In what dance do the participants lob more than 75 tons of hard candy at each other?

Les Comparses

What do dancers lampoon in the ritual heralding the coming of King Carnival?

current events or public figures

What's the name of the day-long agenda of eating and fighting with meringue?

Merengada


Adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic Plaça de les Cols. In the mysterious sortida del Moixo Foguer (the outing of Little-Bird-Bonfire) accompanied by the Xerraire (jabberer) who insults the crowd. In the King's precession he and his concubines scandalize the town with their sexual behavior. A correfoc (fire run) or Devil's dance (Ball de diables, features dancing youth amid the sparks and explosions of the ritual crew of devils. Other items includes bed races in the streets, the debauched Nit dels Mascarots, Karaoke sausage roasts, xatonades, the children's party, Vidalet, the last night of revelry, Vidalot, the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats) and the children's King Caramel whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites.

What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight?

meringue

Who throws insults at the crowd?

the Xerraire

What behavior scandalizes the town?

sexual

Who creates sparks and explosions?

ritual crew of devils

Who is the children's King?

Caramel


For the King's funeral, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables. In the funeral house, the body of the King is surrounded by an honor guard and weeping concubines, crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death. The King's body is carried to the Plaça de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine, suggesting the symbolic cannibalism of the communion ritual. Finally, amid rockets and explosions, the King's body is burned in a massive pyre.

What do people dress in for the King's funeral?

elaborate mourning costume

Who carries floral arrangements of penis-like veggies?

cross-dressing men

Who weeps around the body of the King?

concubines

What type of eulogy is provided for the King?

satiric

What ritual suggests symbolic cannibalism?

communion


Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona, Lleida. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets, and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell − because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower. To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that "pisses" above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called "matarrucs" ("donkey killers").

What is one of the longest free events in the streets?

Carnaval de Solsona

How long can the nightly concerts run for?

more than a week

What was a donkey hung from according to local legend?

the tower bell

How does the donkey piss on the crowd below?

water pump

What does "matarrucs" mean?

donkey killers


Tarragona has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music and percussion bands, and groups with fireworks (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.

Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas?

Tarragona

What do the events of Tarragona start with?

building of a huge barrel

On what day does the main parade take place?

Saturday

What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?

elegance

About how many people are members of the various parade groups?


Carnival means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of festive "jump-ups" (street parades), spectacular parades and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass band, steel drum and roadmarch tunes. On the evening before Lent, Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo.

What contagiously throbs during the week of events?

music

How long does Aruba's biggest celebration last?

a month

What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?

flamboyant

What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival?

Street parades

When is King Mom symbolically burnt?

On the evening before Lent


Carnival is known as Crop Over and is Barbados's biggest festival. Its early beginnings were on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. Crop over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by shak-shak, banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, bottles filled with water and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.

What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?

Crop Over

Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?

sugar cane plantations

What year did Crop Over begin?

What activity is done using a greased pole?

climbing

What is the finale of Crop Over called?

The Grand Kadooment


A major feature is the calypso competition. Calypso music, originating in Trinidad, uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics. It offers a medium in which to satirise local politics, amidst the general bacchanal. Calypso tents, also originating in Trinidad, feature cadres of musicians who perform biting social commentaries, political exposés or rousing exhortations to "wuk dah waistline" and "roll dat bumper". The groups compete for the Calypso Monarch Award, while the air is redolent with the smells of Bajan cooking during the Bridgetown Market Street Fair. The Cohobblopot Festival blends dance, drama and music with the crowning of the King and Queen of costume bands. Every evening the "Pic-o-de-Crop" Show is performed after the King of Calypso is finally crowned. The climax of the festival is Kadooment Day celebrated with a national holiday when costume bands fill the streets with pulsating Barbadian rhythms and fireworks.

What type of competition is a major feature of the festival?

calypso

Where did Calypso music originate?

Trinidad

Who perform biting social commentaries?

musicians

What do the musical groups compete for?

the Calypso Monarch Award

What is the climax of the festival called?

Kadooment Day


Comparsas are held throughout the week, consisting of large groups "of dancers dancing and traveling on the streets, followed by a Carrosa (carriage) where the musicians play. The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration". One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the male group comparsa, usually composed of notable men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or cross-dress and dance to compete for money and prizes. Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting. "On the last day of Carnival painters flood the street to paint each other. This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal being to paint as many people as you can".

What's the name of the vehicle where the musicians play?

a Carrosa

What do devotees follow during a particular religious celebration?

a given saint or deity

Who are usually included the group comparsa?

notable men from the community

What is used in some of the festive fights?

flour

What is the goal of the Carnival painters?

to paint as many people as you can


Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the Creole language. It starts in January, known as "Pre-Kanaval", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, Rara parades, masks, foods, and popular rasin music (like Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, etc.) and kompa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, Kreyòl La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of Champ-de-Mars. An annual song competition takes place.

What year did the Carnival start in Haiti?

What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?

declaration of independence

What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language?

Kanaval

What type of bands play for dancers in the streets?

kompa

What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel?

song


J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means ""opening of the day". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.

When does  Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?

before dawn

What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?

current affairs,

What is "Clean Mud"?

clay

What are "jab-jabs"?

devils

How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?

based on their witty political/social messages


Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events. Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment. Usually "Mas Boots" that complement the costumes are worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. The street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on "The Stage" for judging. The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen earning prize money and usually a vehicle.

On what day is full costume worn?

Carnival Tuesday

What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes?

"Mas Boots"

What does each band base their costume presentation on?

theme

What do the mas bands eventually converge on?

the Queen's Park Savannah

Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen?

The singer of the most played song


In Mexico, Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest is in Mazatlán and the city of Veracruz with others in Baja California and Yucatán. The larger city Carnivals employ costumes, elected queens and parades with floats, but Carnival celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these is in Huejotzingo, Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the Battle of Puebla. Other important states with local traditions include Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas.

About how many cities and towns in Mexico is Carnival celebrated in?

What contributes to the variations of the celebrations in the rural areas?

level of European influence

Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles?

Huejotzingo, Puebla

What is the mock combat roughly based on?

the Battle of Puebla

Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas are important states which also have their own what?

local traditions


Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; and Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, and Orlando in Florida.

What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?

Fat Tuesday

Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated?

Gulf Coast area

What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals?

Customs

What has been part of the celebrations for many years?

street parades and masked balls

Washington, D.C. and Galveston, Texas are some major American cities which have what?

celebrations


Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in the UK, the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September. It is called the Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.

Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in?

Brooklyn

What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on?

Labor Day

What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals?

Trinidad

Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?

one million

What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities?

Crown Heights


In Argentina, the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called Murga, although other famous Carnivals, more like Brazil's, are held in Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East. Gualeguaychú in the east of Entre Ríos province is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a musical background similar to Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival. Corrientes is another city with a Carnival tradition. Chamame is a popular musical style. In all major cities and many towns throughout the country, Carnival is celebrated.

Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival?

Murga

What city in the east of Entre Rios province is considered the most important one for the Carnival?

Gualeguaychú

What kind of tradition does the city of Corrientes have?

Carnival

What is Chamame?

popular musical style.

Where is Carnival celebrated?

In all major cities and many towns throughout the country


La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, Vírgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 "Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" for UNESCO. Throughout the country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.

Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?

La Diablada

Who is the miners' patron saint?

Vírgen de Socavon

Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities?

How many hours a day does the parade run?

What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?

a Brazilian-type Carnival


Samba Schools are large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year. In Rio Carnival, samba schoolsparade in the Sambadrome ("sambódromo" in Portuguese). Some of the most famous include GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira, GRES Portela, GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense, GRES Beija-Flor de Nilópolis, GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, and recently, Unidos da Tijuca and GRES União da Ilha do Governador. Local tourists pay $500–950, depending on the costume, to buy a Samba costume and dance in the parade. Blocos are small informal groups with a definite theme in their samba, usually satirizing the political situation. About 30 schools in Rio gather hundreds of thousands of participants. More than 440 blocos operate in Rio. Bandas are samba musical bands, also called "street carnival bands", usually formed within a single neighborhood or musical back-ground. The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.

How many members do Samba Schools have?

thousands

How much does a Samba costume typically run an average tourist to buy?

What's the name for small, somewhat random groups of people with a definite theme in their samba?

Blocos

About how many Samba schools are in Rio?

How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012?

1 billion


The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla's Carnival) now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto, Nariño (see Blacks and Whites' Carnival) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogotá were rejected by the government. The Bogotá Carnival was renewed in the 21st century.

Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules?

in small/unimportant towns

The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what?

one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

How many days does the non-stop festival go?

six

Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogotá?

the government


The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (Cañar Province). In Azogues and the Southern Andes in general, Taita Carnival is always an indigenous Cañari. Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music.

Where are the most famed Carnival festivities?

Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province

What are the festivities known as in Ambato?

Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas

Where has a celebration recently gained acclaim?

Imbabura

What is there a large population of in the Chota Valley?

afro-Ecuadorian

What music is the Carnival celebrated with in the Chota Valley?

bomba del chota


A uniquely Creole tradition is the touloulous. These women wear decorative gowns, gloves, masks and headdresses that cover them completely, making them unrecognisable, even to the colour of their skin. On Friday and Saturday nights of Carnival, touloulou balls are held in so-called universities; in reality, large dance halls that open only at Carnival time. Touloulous get in free, and are even given condoms in the interest of the sexual health of the community. Men attend the balls, but they pay admittance and are not disguised. The touloulous pick their dance partners, who may not refuse. The setup is designed to make it easy for a woman to create a temporary liaison with a man in total anonymity. Undisguised women are not welcomed. By tradition, if such a woman gets up to dance, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at bars – the disguised women whisper to the men "touloulou thirsty", at which a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk through a straw protect their anonymity.

What is a tradition unique to the Creole people?

touloulous

Why are Touloulous given free condoms?

in the interest of the sexual health

What do men have to do to be allowed into the balls?

pay admittance

What are the touloulous' dance partners not allowed to do?

refuse

Why do the women drink through a straw?

protect their anonymity


Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government limited the practice. During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued. It was banned, first from the streets in 1958 and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government. It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way,[clarification needed] while in later years it included playing with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women. It has become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to celebrate. As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).

What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?

violence

Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?

because it is the rainy season

When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?

second half of the 20th century

What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?

sexual assaults on women

How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?

eight


The Carnival in Uruguay covers more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in Montevideo are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Calls Parade, a candombe-summoning parade).

How many days does the Carnival in Uruguay last for?

more than 40

What parade style does Uruguay's festival ape?

European

What were the stylistic elements of the parade imported with in colonial times?

slaves

What are the main attractions of the Uruguayan Carnival?

two colorful parades

What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade?

candombe


During the celebration, theaters called tablados are built in many places throughout the cities, especially in Montevideo. Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women, the different Carnival groups (Murgas, Lubolos or Parodistas) perform a kind of popular opera at the tablados, singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation. The 'Calls' groups, basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril, perform candombe rhythmic figures. Revelers wear their festival clothing. Each group has its own theme. Women wearing elegant, bright dresses are called vedettes and provide a sensual touch to parades.

What are built in many places through the cities?

tablados

What do the different Carnival groups perform together?

opera

What do the topics of the shows put on at the tablados typically relate to?

the social and political situation

What type of rhythmic figures are performed by the drummers playing the tamboril?

candombe

What sort of touch do the vedettes provide to the parades?

sensual


Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?

Baptists

Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?

tenets of Baptist churches

What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?

elders and deacons

Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?

Protestant churches

What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for non-believers?

I'm not sure.

What two ministerial offices do Baptists no longer recognize?

I'm not sure.

Baptist churches are rarely considered to be what?

I'm not sure.

Which group never visits Protestant churches?

I'm not sure.

What church includes salvation through faith and reason?

I'm not sure.


Historians trace the earliest church labeled "Baptist" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

When was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?

Where was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?

Amsterdam

Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Baptist"?

John Smyth

Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?

Particular Baptists

When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?

When was the earliest church labeled "Christian" traced to?

I'm not sure.

Where was the earliest church labeled "Christian" traced to?

I'm not sure.

Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Christian"?

I'm not sure.

Who believed Christ's atonement extended to all of life?

I'm not sure.

When did Roger Williams establish the first Baptist congregation in South America?

I'm not sure.


Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?

Bruce Gourley

Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?

Anabaptist traditions

What does the perpetuity view assume?

that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ

What does the successionist view assume?

that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Who outlined the three main views of Baptist origins?

I'm not sure.

Baptist origins were viewed as an extension of what?

I'm not sure.

What view argues that Baptist churches existed in a broken chain since the time of Christ?

I'm not sure.

What movement traces its origin to the 16th century via the English Separatists?

I'm not sure.


Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[page needed]

Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?

English Separatist movement

Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?

minimal

Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?

original Protestant denominations

Modern Christian churches trace their history to what movement?

I'm not sure.

The view of what origins has little historical support?

I'm not sure.

Who was never willing to give up their theological roots?

I'm not sure.

Who was convinced there was no biblical "truth"?

I'm not sure.


During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "Puritans" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.

When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?

During the Protestant Reformation

Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

the Church of England

During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?

the Roman Catholic Church

Puritans are described by Gourley as what?

cousins of the English Separatists

Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?

Separatists

When did the Church of England merge with the Roman Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

Who merged with the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

I'm not sure.

Who was described by Gourley as brothers of the English Separatists?

I'm not sure.

Which group was never disappointed in the Church of England?

I'm not sure.


Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became "Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist," and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of "great danger." The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.

Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?

Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?

Amsterdam

Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?

John Smyth

John Smyth broke his ties with what church?

Church of England

Where did John Smyth go into exile?

Amsterdam

Who was the pastor of the earliest Christian church?

I'm not sure.

Where was the first Christian church with John Smyth as the pastor located?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Smyth baptize himself for the second time?

I'm not sure.

Where did John Smyth retire?

I'm not sure.

Historians trace the oldest Protestant church to where?

I'm not sure.


In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church." In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized; and second, "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism." Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism (paedobaptism). Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group, and layman Thomas Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611. Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.

Smyth wrote a tract titled what?

"The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church."

What was his first proposition?

infants are not to be baptized

What was his second proposition?

Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism

Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?

baptized on a personal confession of faith

What is paedobaptism?

infant baptism

Smyth read a tract titled what?

I'm not sure.

Who proposed all infants to be baptized?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Smyth join the chuch with Thomas Helwys?

I'm not sure.

Which movement think infants should never be baptized?

I'm not sure.


Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists."

Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?

Smyth

Smyth applied for membership with who?

the Mennonites

What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?

The modern Baptist denomination

What name did Baptists reject?

Anabaptist

Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists?"

McBeth

Who thought their self-baptism was valid?

I'm not sure.

Smyth was denied membership with who?

I'm not sure.

What name did Baptist change to?

I'm not sure.

Who died after becoming a member of the Mennonites?

I'm not sure.

Who lost their Baptist commitments?

I'm not sure.


Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury, a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion. According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists."

When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?

Who promoted strict immersion baptism?

John Spilsbury

Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?

Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

What was Tom Nettles a professor of?

historical theology

When did John Spilsbury create the strict practice of immersion?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed strict immersion baptism?

I'm not sure.

Tom Nettles was a student at what seminary?

I'm not sure.

What was Tom Nettles a student of?

I'm not sure.


A minority view is that early seventeenth-century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists. According to this view, the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, religious liberty, separation of church and state, and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin. Representative writers including A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley wrote that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.

Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists?

early seventeenth-century Baptists

Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?

continental Anabaptists

General Baptists shared similarities with who?

Dutch Waterlander Mennonites

Who are two representative writers?

A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley

What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites?

one of many Anabaptist groups

Who was thought to be controlled by continental Anabaptists?

I'm not sure.

Early sixteenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?

I'm not sure.

Anabaptists shared similarities with who?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites avoid?

I'm not sure.

What theory lost credibility?

I'm not sure.


Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."

Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?

Roger Williams and John Clarke

When was the first American Baptist church established?

Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?

Providence, Rhode Island

Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?

Newport, Rhode Island

Clarke was what to Williams?

his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom

Who founded the earliest Baptist church in South America?

I'm not sure.

Where did Roger Williams lose a Baptist church?

I'm not sure.

Where did John Clarke establish an Anabaptist church?

I'm not sure.

When was the last American Anabaptist church established?

I'm not sure.


Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.

Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?

Nova Scotia

When did missionary work begin in Canada?

What was the first Baptist church in Canada?

Horton Baptist Church

Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?

Wolfville, Nova Scotia

When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?

29 October 1778

Missionary work began in what American colony?

I'm not sure.

When did missionary work begin in America?

I'm not sure.

What was the first church of any kind in Canada?

I'm not sure.

Where was the first Anabaptist church located in Canada?

I'm not sure.

When was the first American Baptist church established?

I'm not sure.


In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries. The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). The Methodist Episcopal Church, South had recently separated over the issue of slavery, and southern Presbyterians would do so shortly thereafter.

When did Baptist congregations split over slavery?

May 1845

Why did American Baptist congregations split?

over slavery and missions

Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what?

missionaries

Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?

Home Mission Society

Northern congregations formed what organization?

American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)

When did Baptist congregations combine efforts over slavery?

I'm not sure.

Why did American Baptist congregations work together?

I'm not sure.

Slaveholders were typically appointed as what?

I'm not sure.

Who encouraged slaveholders to be appointed missionaries?

I'm not sure.

Southern congregations formed what organization?

I'm not sure.


Many Baptist churches choose to affiliate with organizational groups that provide fellowship without control. The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention. There also are a substantial number of smaller cooperative groups. Finally, there are Baptist churches that choose to remain autonomous and independent of any denomination, organization, or association. It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing, and if so the term 'Baptist denomination' may be considered somewhat incongruous.

What is the largest fellowship without control?

Southern Baptist Convention

It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what?

independent and self-governing

What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church?

Baptist denomination

What is the smallest fellowship without control?

I'm not sure.

What churches never become autonomous?

I'm not sure.

What has never been suggested as a primary Baptist principle?

I'm not sure.

What term is not considered to be incongruous?

I'm not sure.


Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Baptists are defined by what?

doctrine

Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?

confessions of faith

Most Baptists are what in doctrine?

evangelical

Baptists have played a key role in what?

encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Which group of Christians are not defined by doctrine?

I'm not sure.

Baptists have issued what while considering them to be creeds?

I'm not sure.

Most Baptists exclude what doctrine?

I'm not sure.

Baptists have played a small role in what?

I'm not sure.


Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus; the Trinity; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, his death and resurrection, and confession of Christ as Lord); grace; the Kingdom of God; last things (eschatology) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth, the dead will be raised, and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message, and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs.

Beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what?

Shared doctrines

When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?

When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created?

When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created?

When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith removed?

I'm not sure.

When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession removed?

I'm not sure.

What belief was not shared by doctrines?

I'm not sure.

Who was seen as the father of God?

I'm not sure.


Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word "crisis" comes from the Greek word meaning "to decide." Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis".

"Crisis" comes from a Greek word meaning what?

to decide

Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive?"

Walter Shurden

What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?

controversies that have shaped Baptists

What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?

"missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"

"Crisis" comes from a Latin word meaning what?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "negative and least productive?"

I'm not sure.

Which group has faced many controversies in their 300-year history?

I'm not sure.

What has never helped shape Baptists?

I'm not sure.