In markets where a digital transmitter was installed, existing coverage areas were not necessarily maintained. For instance, the CBC implemented a digital transmitter covering Fredericton, New Brunswick in the place of the existing transmitter covering Saint John, New Brunswick and Fredericton, and decided to maintain analogue service to Saint John. According to CBC's application for this transmitter to the CRTC, the population served by the digital transmitter would be 113,930 people versus 303,465 served by the existing analogue transmitter. In Victoria, the replacement of the Vancouver analogue transmitters with digital ones only allowed only some northeastern parts of the metropolitan area (total population 330,000) to receive either CBC or Radio-Canada.

How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters, according to CBC's application?

113,930 people

How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade?

In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available?

only some northeastern parts

The CBC lost customers due to their practice of doing this?

I'm not sure.

The CBC provided false data regarding analog versus digital stating that the coverage would change from what numbers respectively?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC recommended continued analog transmission in what area?

I'm not sure.

CBC was replaced with Radio-Canada in what area of Victoria?

I'm not sure.


CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27. According to the CBC, this would reduce the corporation's yearly costs by $10 million. No plans have been announced to use subchannels to maintain over-the-air signals for both CBC and Radio-Canada in markets where the corporation has one digital transmitter. In fact, in its CRTC application to shut down all of its analogue television transmitters, the CBC communicated its opposition to use of subchannels, citing costs, amongst other reasons.

How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?

When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?

July 31, 2012

How much did CBC say they would save by ceasing analogue operation?

$10 million

The CBC's yearly operating costs were recorded as this amount?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC has limited the CBC to operating how many digital transmitters?

I'm not sure.

Unable to meet the conversion deadline, the CRTC took possession of how many of the CBC's analogue transmitters?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC encouraged the use of there to maintain over-the-air signals?

I'm not sure.

The CBC decided to terminate all digital and analog broadcasts on this date?

I'm not sure.


On August 6, 2010, the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons, the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total, one in each market where there was an originating station (i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market). Further, the CBC stated in the release, that only 15 of the transmitters would be in place by August 31, 2011 due to lack of available funds, and that the remainder would not be on the air until as late as August 31, 2012. Additionally, the CBC stated in the release that it was asking the CRTC for permission to continue broadcasting in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital.

How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011?

For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades?

financial reasons

How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total?

The CBC issued a statement to sell off its assets on what day?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC agreed to help the CBC install how many transmitters by August 31, 2011?

I'm not sure.

How many stations did the CBC have broadcasting in analog in 2012?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC assisted the CBC with the transition due to what reason?

I'm not sure.


On November 30, 2010, CBC's senior director of regulatory affairs issued a letter to the CRTC regarding CBC's plans for transitioning to digital. The letter states, "CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011."  On December 16, 2010, some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets, the CBC revised the documents accompanying its August 6, 2010 news release to state that it had the money for and is striving to transition all 27 transmitters by August 31, 2011.

On which day did CBC release an updated announcement stating they were striving to update all 27 transmitters?

On December 16, 2010

On what date did CBC say it was striving to update its analogue transmitters by?

August 31, 2011

Why did the CTRC send out a bulletin to broadcasters?

reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets

The senior director of the CRTC issued a letter to address what concern in November of 2010?

I'm not sure.

On what day did the CRTC plan to take over the CBC?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC let broadcasters know the channels would continue to air in a news release in December of what year?

I'm not sure.

How many transmitters existed for the CRTC to regulate?

I'm not sure.

When did the CBC decide to request an extension to convert their transmitters?

I'm not sure.


On March 23, 2011, the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredricton, New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick, which would have served only 62.5% of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter. The CBC issued a press release stating "CBC/Radio-Canada intends to re-file its application with the CRTC to provide more detailed cost estimates that will allow the Commission to better understand the unfeasibility of replicating the Corporation’s current analogue coverage." The press release further added that the CBC suggests coverage could be maintained if the CRTC were to "allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today – much in the same way the Commission permitted recently in the case of Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit."

What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter?

Was CBC's application for a digital transitter in Fredricton approved or rejected?

rejected

What did CBC say would allow broadcasting to continue?

if the CRTC were to "allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today

The CRTC required that all conversions serve at least what percent of the population?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC stated that it denied the application due to needing what?

I'm not sure.

The CBC planned to take the CRTC to court citing the superiority of this type of coverage?

I'm not sure.

The extreme wilderness forced the CRTC to make exceptions to the rule in what cities?

I'm not sure.


On August 18, 2011, the CRTC issued a decision that allows CBC's mandatory market rebroadcasting transmitters in analogue to remain on-air until August 31, 2012. Before that deadline, CBC's licence renewal process would take place and CBC's digital transition plans would be examined as part of that process. The requirement remains for all of CBC's full-power transmitters occupying channels 52 to 69 to either relocate to channels 2 to 51 or become low-power transmitters. In some cases, CBC has opted to reduce the power of existing transmitters to low-power transmitters, which will result in signal loss for some viewers.

On what day did the CRTC agree to allow CBCs broadcasting transmitters to remain active for another year?

August 18, 2011

Where could CBC's channels need to be relocated in order to continue operating?

2 to 51

Which of CBC's channels were required to be relocated or reduced in power?

52 to 69

When did the courts hear the case regarding the August 31st deadline?

I'm not sure.

What was agreed upon by the CBC and CRTC as a fair date to extend the deadline to?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC stated that the CBC refused to move their operating channels from what positions?

I'm not sure.

The CRTC stated that the CBC  refused to relocate and reduce in power what channels?

I'm not sure.


On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters, noting that "while the Commission has the discretion to refuse to revoke broadcasting licences, even on application from a licensee, it cannot direct the CBC or any other broadcaster to continue to operate its stations and transmitters." On July 31, 2012, at around 11:59 p.m. in each time zone, the remaining 620 analogue transmitters were shut down, leaving the network with 27 digital television transmitters across the country, and some transmitters operated by some affiliated stations.

On what date did the CTRC approve the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters?

July 17, 2012

On what date were CBC's remaining analogue transmitters shut down?

July 31, 2012

How many analogue transmitters were shut down on July 31, 2012?

When did the CRTC order the shutdown of the analogue transmitters?

I'm not sure.

When did the CRTC shut down the 620 analogue transmitters?

I'm not sure.

How many transmitters did the CRTC think were appropriate to leave operable?

I'm not sure.

What did the director of the CRTC regret not being able to do?

I'm not sure.


The Appalachian Mountains (i/ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻn/ or /ˌæpəˈlætʃᵻn/,[note 1] French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west.

What are the Appalachian mountains called in French?

les Appalaches

What are the Appalachian mountains?

a system of mountains in eastern North America

When did the Appalachian mountains form?

roughly 480 million years ago

In what era did the mountains form?

Ordovician Period

What are often called les Appalaches?

I'm not sure.

When were the Rocky Mountains formed?

I'm not sure.

What language does the name of the Alps come from?

I'm not sure.

What do the Alps form a barrier between?

I'm not sure.

During what period were the Appalachians named?

I'm not sure.


Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack provinces. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.

How many provinces are in the mountain range?

thirteen provinces

What is one of the provinces?

the Atlantic Coast Uplands

Which province is often left out?

the Adirondack provinces

What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history?

the Adirondack Mountains

How many provinces does the Grenville Orogeny have?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the province that is constant throughout various definitions?

I'm not sure.

What has a similar geological history to the Appalachians?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the organization that leaves out the Adirondack Mountains?

I'm not sure.

What definition of the mountains remains constant?

I'm not sure.


The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada, forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi (160 to 480 km) wide, running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States.[discuss] The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which comprise an overseas territory of France. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft (910 m). The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River.

What country do the Appalachian mountains extend into?

Canada

How large is the zone in Canada?

100 to 300 mi

Where does it start in Canada?

Newfoundland

Where does it end in the US?

Central Alabama

What island is included in the range?

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

How large is the mountain range in the US?

I'm not sure.

What is the height in feet of the lowest group of mountains?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the highest point in Canada?

I'm not sure.

How long is the range in Saint Pierre and Miquelon?

I'm not sure.

How high is the tallest point in the US?

I'm not sure.


The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio and parts of southern upstate New York.

What does the term Appalachian refer to?

several different regions associated with the mountain range

What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains?

Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina

What does the dissected plateau region refer to?

I'm not sure.

Which southern states are not referred to in the more restrictive understanding of Appalachian?

I'm not sure.

The northern part of South Carolina is considered part of what limited definition?

I'm not sure.

What states are included when the region is extended to the west?

I'm not sure.


While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled "Appalachian," it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US.

What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?

northern coast of Florida

When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?

What did they transcribe Florida's name as?

Apalchen

What was the name eventually used for?

as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north

When was the name altered to Appalachian?

I'm not sure.

What is the oldest surviving European place name in the US?

I'm not sure.

Who named Tallahassee, Florida?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the leader of the Native American village?

I'm not sure.

How was the name of the Narvaez expedition transcribed?

I'm not sure.


In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia. This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Alabama.

What area is usually grouped with the Appalachians?

dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains

What mountains does that region include?

Catskill Mountains

What is the plateau known as in West Virginia?

Cumberland Plateau

Where are the true folded mountains located?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the plateau in southeastern and southwestern New York?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the plateau that is not the Allegheny?

I'm not sure.

What is to the north and west of the plateau?

I'm not sure.


The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.

What does the Great Appalachian Valley do?

divides the mountain system into two unequal portions

What is common among all the mountains in the range?

has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights

What is the climate like on the summits?

None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.

How many portions is the Great Appalachian Valley divided into?

I'm not sure.

What ocean is to the south east of the mountains?

I'm not sure.

What are the names of the interior plains?

I'm not sure.

What divides the mountain range equally?

I'm not sure.

Which group reaches the region of perpetual snow?

I'm not sure.


Mountains of the Long Range in Newfoundland reach heights of nearly 3,000 ft (900 m). In the Chic-Choc and Notre Dame mountain ranges in Quebec, the higher summits rise to about 4,000 ft (1,200 m) elevation. Isolated peaks and small ranges in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft (300 to 800 m). In Maine several peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Mount Katahdin at 5,267 feet (1,605 m). In New Hampshire, many summits rise above 5,000 ft (1,500 m), including Mount Washington in the White Mountains at 6,288 ft (1,917 m), Adams at 5,771 ft (1,759 m), Jefferson at 5,712 ft (1,741 m), Monroe at 5,380 ft (1,640 m), Madison at 5,367 ft (1,636 m), Lafayette at 5,249 feet (1,600 m), and Lincoln at 5,089 ft (1,551 m). In the Green Mountains the highest point, Mt. Mansfield, is 4,393 ft (1,339 m) in elevation; others include Killington Peak at 4,226 ft (1,288 m), Camel's Hump at 4,083 ft (1,244 m), Mt. Abraham at 4,006 ft (1,221 m), and a number of other heights exceeding 3,000 ft (900 m).

How tall are the mountains in Newfoundland?

3,000 ft

How tall are the mountains in Nova Scotia?

vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft

How tall are the mountains in Maine?

exceed 4,000 ft

How tall are the mountains in New Hampshire?

many summits rise above 5,000 ft

How tall are the isolated peaks in Notre Dame?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the 5,267ft peak in Nova Scotia?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest summit in the New Hampshire range?

I'm not sure.

What state are the Green Mountains located in?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the mountain range in Maine?

I'm not sure.


In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft (800 m); the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft (900 m). In Maryland, Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft (878 m) respectively. On the same side of the Great Valley, south of the Potomac, are the Pinnacle 3,007 feet (917 m) and Pidgeon Roost 3,400 ft (1,000 m). In West Virginia, more than 150 peaks rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Spruce Knob 4,863 ft (1,482 m), the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains. A number of other points in the state rise above 4,800 ft (1,500 m). Snowshoe Mountain at Thorny Flat 4,848 ft (1,478 m) and Bald Knob 4,842 ft (1,476 m) are among the more notable peaks in West Virginia.

How many summits in PA are over 2,500 ft?

over sixty summits

How tall are the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob?

over 3,000 ft

How tall are Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain?

3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft

How tall is the Pinnacle?

3,007 feet

How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV?

more than 150 peaks

How many summits are over 2500 ft in Maryland?

I'm not sure.

What mountains are on the opposite side of the Great Valley from Dans Mountain?

I'm not sure.

How many peaks are over 3000ft in West Virginia?

I'm not sure.

Besides Snowshoe, what is the name of the other mountain at Thorny Flat?

I'm not sure.

What is south of the Pinnacle?

I'm not sure.


The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft (600 m) and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man 4,031 ft (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 ft (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 ft (1,288 m) and Peaks of Otter 4,001 and 3,875 ft (1,220 and 1,181 m). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft (1,680 m) and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft (1,746 m), the highest point in the Commonwealth.

Where do the Blue Ridge Mountains begin?

southern Pennsylvania

What are the typical elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains?

2,000 ft

How tall is Quirauk Mountain?

2,145 ft

How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia?

2,000 ft

What is the tallest Appalachian mountain in Virginia?

Mount Rogers

What mountain is just above the Mason-Dixon line?

I'm not sure.

What state is the Potomac River in?

I'm not sure.

What is the highest peak south of the Roanoke River?

I'm not sure.

What is the lowest point in the commonwealth?

I'm not sure.

What is the highest mountain in Pennsylvania?

I'm not sure.


Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains (except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary). Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law, it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians. The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War. Many frontier settlers held that the defeat of the French opened the land west of the mountains to English settlement, only to find settlement barred by the British King's proclamation. The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky.

Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?

on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin

What happened after the French and Indian War?

the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains

What was the general opinion of the law?

it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians

What did the law likely lead to?

the American Revolutionary War

What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?

their settlement of Kentucky

When did the French and Indian war begin?

I'm not sure.

Who were the staunchest supporters of the Proclamation?

I'm not sure.

What law did the Revolutionary War lead to?

I'm not sure.

Where was George Rogers Clark from?

I'm not sure.

Who was the British King?

I'm not sure.


In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley, or Great Valley, was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands, and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community, some of whom even now speak a unique American dialect of German known as the "Pennsylvania German language" or "Pennsylvania Dutch." These latecomers to the New World were forced to the frontier to find cheap land. With their followers of both German, English and Scots-Irish origin, they worked their way southward and soon occupied all of the Shenandoah Valley, ceded by the Iroquois, and the upper reaches of the Great Valley tributaries of the Tennessee River, ceded by the Cherokee.

Where did a lot of Germans settle?

between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers

What dialect was created because of this?

Pennsylvania German language

Where did these Germans eventually occupy?

all of the Shenandoah Valley

What is another name for eastern Pennsylvania?

I'm not sure.

What language was created in Shenandoah Valley?

I'm not sure.

Who settled at the beginning of South Mountain?

I'm not sure.

Who did the English cede Shenandoah Valley to?

I'm not sure.

What area did the Cherokee reclaim?

I'm not sure.


Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), common raven (Corvus corax), wood duck (Aix sponsa), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Megascops asio), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), as well as a great variety of "songbirds" (Passeriformes), like the warblers in particular.

What is one typical bird found in the range?

wild turkey

What is the scientific name for warblers?

I'm not sure.

What type of songbird is rarely found in the forests?

I'm not sure.

What type of duck is rarely found in the forests?

I'm not sure.

What is the scientific name of the wild raven?

I'm not sure.


Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus), which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests.

How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range?

five species

What is the most commonly seen species?

gray squirrel

What does the squirrel share its habitat with?

larger fox squirrel

What is found more in the northern portions?

red squirrel

Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests?

Appalachian northern flying squirrel

How many species of animals are in the Appalachian forests?

I'm not sure.

What is the northern flying squirrel smaller than?

I'm not sure.

What is the least commonly seen squirrel in moderate elevation?

I'm not sure.

What trees are the red squirrel confined to?

I'm not sure.

What is the most commonly seen squirrel in higher elevations?

I'm not sure.


Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight (Cryphonectaria parasitica), but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots, which are not killed by the fungus. In present-day forest canopies chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks.

What trees are typically found in the dryer portions?

oak

What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?

The American chestnut

What does the tree live on?

sapling-sized sprouts

What trees replaced chestnut trees?

oaks

What species has had a comeback in the uplands?

I'm not sure.

What were hickories nearly exterminated by?

I'm not sure.

What type of tree are chestnuts replacing?

I'm not sure.

What form of Chestnut is attacked most viciously by the fungus?

I'm not sure.

Where does the fungus originate from?

I'm not sure.


The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in coves and on gentle slopes, have dominantly white and northern red oaks, while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak, or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks. In the northern Appalachians the oaks, except for white and northern red, drop out, while the latter extends farthest north.

What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions?

black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks

What other tree is common there?

hickories

What trees are located in drier portions?

chestnut oak

What is the dominate type of oak in the Appalachians?

I'm not sure.

What are the five primary types of hickories?

I'm not sure.

Where do black oaks primarily thrive?

I'm not sure.

Which two types of oak are rarest in the northern Appalachians?

I'm not sure.

Which form of oak is found furthest south?

I'm not sure.


Chief summits in the southern section of the Blue Ridge are located along two main crests—the Western or Unaka Front along the Tennessee-North Carolina border and the Eastern Front in North Carolina—or one of several "cross ridges" between the two main crests. Major subranges of the Eastern Front include the Black Mountains, Great Craggy Mountains, and Great Balsam Mountains, and its chief summits include Grandfather Mountain 5,964 ft (1,818 m) near the Tennessee-North Carolina border, Mount Mitchell 6,684 ft (2,037 m) in the Blacks, and Black Balsam Knob 6,214 ft (1,894 m) and Cold Mountain 6,030 ft (1,840 m) in the Great Balsams. The Western Blue Ridge Front is subdivided into the Unaka Range, the Bald Mountains, the Great Smoky Mountains, and the Unicoi Mountains, and its major peaks include Roan Mountain 6,285 ft (1,916 m) in the Unakas, Big Bald 5,516 ft (1,681 m) and Max Patch 4,616 ft (1,407 m) in the Bald Mountains, Clingmans Dome 6,643 ft (2,025 m), Mount Le Conte 6,593 feet (2,010 m), and Mount Guyot 6,621 ft (2,018 m) in the Great Smokies, and Big Frog Mountain 4,224 ft (1,287 m) near the Tennessee-Georgia-North Carolina border. Prominent summits in the cross ridges include Waterrock Knob (6,292 ft (1,918 m)) in the Plott Balsams. Across northern Georgia, numerous peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Brasstown Bald, the state's highest, at 4,784 ft (1,458 m) and 4,696 ft (1,431 m) Rabun Bald.

What are the names of the two chief summits?

I'm not sure.

What is the Unaka front divided into?

I'm not sure.

What front is located in northern Georgia?

I'm not sure.

How many peaks in northern Georgia exceed 1,200 ft?

I'm not sure.


There are many geological issues concerning the rivers and streams of the Appalachians. In spite of the existence of the Great Appalachian Valley, many of the main rivers are transverse to the mountain system axis. The drainage divide of the Appalachians follows a tortuous course which crosses the mountainous belt just north of the New River in Virginia. South of the New River, rivers head into the Blue Ridge, cross the higher Unakas, receive important tributaries from the Great Valley, and traversing the Cumberland Plateau in spreading gorges (water gaps), escape by way of the Cumberland River and the Tennessee River rivers to the Ohio River and the Mississippi River, and thence to the Gulf of Mexico. In the central section, north of the New River, the rivers, rising in or just beyond the Valley Ridges, flow through great gorges to the Great Valley, and then across the Blue Ridge to tidal estuaries penetrating the coastal plain via the Roanoke River, James River, Potomac River, and Susquehanna River.

What is the name of the drainage divide?

I'm not sure.

What is north of the Potomac River?

I'm not sure.

What geological feature causes the main rivers t orun transverse?

I'm not sure.

What state is the James River located in?

I'm not sure.


A look at rocks exposed in today's Appalachian mountains reveals elongated belts of folded and thrust faulted marine sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and slivers of ancient ocean floor, which provides strong evidence that these rocks were deformed during plate collision. The birth of the Appalachian ranges, some 480 Ma, marks the first of several mountain-building plate collisions that culminated in the construction of the supercontinent Pangaea with the Appalachians near the center. Because North America and Africa were connected, the Appalachians formed part of the same mountain chain as the Little Atlas in Morocco. This mountain range, known as the Central Pangean Mountains, extended into Scotland, from the North America/Europe collision (See Caledonian orogeny).

What types of rocks were unharmed during plate collision?

I'm not sure.

When was Pangaea?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the Appalachians?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the mountain range now located in Scotland?

I'm not sure.

What country were the Appalachians originally located in?

I'm not sure.


During the middle Ordovician Period (about 496-440 Ma), a change in plate motions set the stage for the first Paleozoic mountain-building event (Taconic orogeny) in North America. The once-quiet Appalachian passive margin changed to a very active plate boundary when a neighboring oceanic plate, the Iapetus, collided with and began sinking beneath the North American craton. With the birth of this new subduction zone, the early Appalachians were born. Along the continental margin, volcanoes grew, coincident with the initiation of subduction. Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down. Streams carried rock debris down slope to be deposited in nearby lowlands. The Taconic Orogeny was just the first of a series of mountain building plate collisions that contributed to the formation of the Appalachians, culminating in the collision of North America and Africa (see Appalachian orogeny).

When did the Appalachian passive margin become quiet?

I'm not sure.

What did Appalachian collide with and sink under?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the first collision of North America and Appalachia?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the Orogeny before Taconic?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the volcanoes?

I'm not sure.


By the end of the Mesozoic era, the Appalachian Mountains had been eroded to an almost flat plain. It was not until the region was uplifted during the Cenozoic Era that the distinctive topography of the present formed. Uplift rejuvenated the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock. Some streams flowed along weak layers that define the folds and faults created many millions of years earlier. Other streams downcut so rapidly that they cut right across the resistant folded rocks of the mountain core, carving canyons across rock layers and geologic structures.

During what era did the Appalachian Mountains begin to erode?

I'm not sure.

What did erosion create in the Cenozoic era?

I'm not sure.

What rejuvenated the bedrock?

I'm not sure.

What defined the folds and faults?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take to carve canyons?

I'm not sure.


The Appalachian Mountains contain major deposits of anthracite coal as well as bituminous coal. In the folded mountains the coal is in metamorphosed form as anthracite, represented by the Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania. The bituminous coal fields of western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, and West Virginia contain the sedimentary form of coal. The mountain top removal method of coal mining, in which entire mountain tops are removed, is currently threatening vast areas and ecosystems of the Appalachian Mountain region.

What is another name for anthracite coal?

I'm not sure.

What helps to preserve ecosystems in the Appalachians?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of fields are in southwestern Kentucky?

I'm not sure.

Which part of Ohio has the metamorphosed form of coal?

I'm not sure.


The dominant northern and high elevation conifer is the red spruce (Picea rubens), which grows from near sea level to above 4,000 ft (1,200 m) above sea level (asl) in northern New England and southeastern Canada. It also grows southward along the Appalachian crest to the highest elevations of the southern Appalachians, as in North Carolina and Tennessee. In the central Appalachians it is usually confined above 3,000 ft (900 m) asl, except for a few cold valleys in which it reaches lower elevations. In the southern Appalachians it is restricted to higher elevations. Another species is the black spruce (Picea mariana), which extends farthest north of any conifer in North America, is found at high elevations in the northern Appalachians, and in bogs as far south as Pennsylvania.

What is the asl height of the red spruce in the cold valleys?

I'm not sure.

How high does the black spruce grow?

I'm not sure.

Where does the red spruce grow in Pennsylvania?

I'm not sure.

How far south can red spruces be found?

I'm not sure.

Which part of Canada are black spruces found in?

I'm not sure.


The Appalachians are also home to two species of fir, the boreal balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and the southern high elevation endemic, Fraser fir (Abies fraseri). Fraser fir is confined to the highest parts of the southern Appalachian Mountains, where along with red spruce it forms a fragile ecosystem known as the Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Fraser fir rarely occurs below 5,500 ft (1,700 m), and becomes the dominant tree type at 6,200 ft (1,900 m). By contrast, balsam fir is found from near sea level to the tree line in the northern Appalachians, but ranges only as far south as Virginia and West Virginia in the central Appalachians, where it is usually confined above 3,900 ft (1,200 m) asl, except in cold valleys. Curiously, it is associated with oaks in Virginia. The balsam fir of Virginia and West Virginia is thought by some to be a natural hybrid between the more northern variety and Fraser fir. While red spruce is common in both upland and bog habitats, balsam fir, as well as black spruce and tamarack, are more characteristic of the latter. However balsam fir also does well in soils with a pH as high as 6.

How many species of oaks are found in the Appalachians?

I'm not sure.

What type of tree is found most often below 5,500 ft?

I'm not sure.

What is the scientific name of the oak tree?

I'm not sure.

What is the lowest asl oaks are usually found at?

I'm not sure.

In what state are Fraser firs associated with oaks?

I'm not sure.


Eastern or Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is another important evergreen needle-leaf conifer that grows along the Appalachian chain from north to south, but is confined to lower elevations than red spruce and the firs. It generally occupies richer and less acidic soils than the spruce and firs and is characteristic of deep, shaded and moist mountain valleys and coves. It is, unfortunately, subject to the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an introduced insect, that is rapidly extirpating it as a forest tree. Less abundant, and restricted to the southern Appalachians, is Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). Like Canada hemlock, this tree suffers severely from the hemlock woolly adelgid.

What insect is extirpating spruces?

I'm not sure.

Carolina hemlock requires what kind of soil compared to firs?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of trees are at a lower elevation than Canada hemlocks?

I'm not sure.

Where are Carolina Hemlocks traditionally found?

I'm not sure.

What tree contrasted with the Canada hemlock is not affected by the adelgid?

I'm not sure.


Several species of pines characteristic of the Appalachians are eastern white pine (Pinus strobus ), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), pitch pine (Pinus rigida ), Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). Red pine (Pinus resinosa) is a boreal species that forms a few high elevation outliers as far south as West Virginia. All of these species except white pine tend to occupy sandy, rocky, poor soil sites, which are mostly acidic in character. White pine, a large species valued for its timber, tends to do best in rich, moist soil, either acidic or alkaline in character. Pitch pine is also at home in acidic, boggy soil, and Table Mountain pine may occasionally be found in this habitat as well. Shortleaf pine is generally found in warmer habitats and at lower elevations than the other species. All the species listed do best in open or lightly shaded habitats, although white pine also thrives in shady coves, valleys, and on floodplains.

What type of species is the pitch pine?

I'm not sure.

What is the only species that occupies sandy sites?

I'm not sure.

What is red pine valued for?

I'm not sure.

What other species besides the white pine enjoys moist soil?

I'm not sure.

What types of habitat are difficult for the white pine to do well in?

I'm not sure.


The Appalachians are characterized by a wealth of large, beautiful deciduous broadleaf (hardwood) trees. Their occurrences are best summarized and described in E. Lucy Braun's 1950 classic, Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America (Macmillan, New York). The most diverse and richest forests are the mixed mesophytic or medium moisture types, which are largely confined to rich, moist montane soils of the southern and central Appalachians, particularly in the Cumberland and Allegheny Mountains, but also thrive in the southern Appalachian coves. Characteristic canopy species are white basswood (Tilia heterophylla), yellow buckeye (Aesculus octandra), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash (Fraxinus americana ) and yellow birch (Betula alleganiensis). Other common trees are red maple (Acer rubrum), shagbark and bitternut hickories (Carya ovata and C. cordiformis) and black or sweet birch (Betula lenta ). Small understory trees and shrubs include flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin). There are also hundreds of perennial and annual herbs, among them such herbal and medicinal plants as American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa).

What type of trees are lacking in the appalachian?

I'm not sure.

Where was E. Lucy Braun from?

I'm not sure.

When were the hardwood trees discovered?

I'm not sure.

Where are the perennial herbs primarily located?

I'm not sure.


The foregoing trees, shrubs and herbs are also more widely distributed in less rich mesic forests that generally occupy coves, stream valleys and flood plains throughout the southern and central Appalachians at low and intermediate elevations. In the northern Appalachians and at higher elevations of the central and southern Appalachians these diverse mesic forests give way to less diverse "northern hardwoods" with canopies dominated only by American beech, sugar maple, American basswood (Tilia americana) and yellow birch and with far fewer species of shrubs and herbs.

What are examples of foregoing trees?

I'm not sure.

Where are the northern hardwoods the most diverse?

I'm not sure.

What is the scientific name for the American beech?

I'm not sure.

Which part of the appalachians have a significant number of shrubs at high elevations?

I'm not sure.

What are found more frequently in the rich mesic forests?

I'm not sure.


The oak forests generally lack the diverse small tree, shrub and herb layers of mesic forests. Shrubs are generally ericaceous, and include the evergreen mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), various species of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), a number of deciduous rhododendrons (azaleas), and smaller heaths such as teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens) and trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens ). The evergreen great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) is characteristic of moist stream valleys. These occurrences are in line with the prevailing acidic character of most oak forest soils. In contrast, the much rarer chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) demands alkaline soils and generally grows where limestone rock is near the surface. Hence no ericaceous shrubs are associated with it.

What type of layers do oak forests have plenty of?

I'm not sure.

What type of soils do most mesic forests have?

I'm not sure.

What type of rock do rhododendrons grow near?

I'm not sure.

What is rarely found near moist areas?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the shrub associated with the chinquapin oak?

I'm not sure.


Eastern deciduous forests are subject to a number of serious insect and disease outbreaks. Among the most conspicuous is that of the introduced gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), which infests primarily oaks, causing severe defoliation and tree mortality. But it also has the benefit of eliminating weak individuals, and thus improving the genetic stock, as well as creating rich habitat of a type through accumulation of dead wood. Because hardwoods sprout so readily, this moth is not as harmful as the hemlock woolly adelgid. Perhaps more serious is the introduced beech bark disease complex, which includes both a scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and fungal components.

What is worse than the hemlock woolly adelgid?

I'm not sure.

What type of sprouts have a hard time growing?

I'm not sure.

What is considered more serious than beech bark disease complex?

I'm not sure.

What is the scientific name for the adelgid?

I'm not sure.

What does the hemlock woolly adelgid help improve?

I'm not sure.


As familiar as squirrels are the eastern cottontail rabbit (Silvilagus floridanus) and the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The latter in particular has greatly increased in abundance as a result of the extirpation of the eastern wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) and the North American cougar. This has led to the overgrazing and browsing of many plants of the Appalachian forests, as well as destruction of agricultural crops. Other deer include the moose (Alces alces ), found only in the north, and the elk (Cervus canadensis), which, although once extirpated, is now making a comeback, through transplantation, in the southern and central Appalachians. In Quebec, the Chic-Chocs host the only population of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) south of the St. Lawrence River. An additional species that is common in the north but extends its range southward at high elevations to Virginia and West Virginia is the varying or snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). However, these central Appalachian populations are scattered and very small.

Why has the rabbit increased in numbers as of late?

I'm not sure.

What is the scientific name for the North American cougar?

I'm not sure.

What kind of crops was the eastern wolf responsible for destroying?

I'm not sure.

Where is the elk found?

I'm not sure.

What has the only population of snowshoe hares south of the St. Lawrence River?

I'm not sure.


Of great importance are the many species of salamanders and, in particular, the lungless species (Family Plethodontidae) that live in great abundance concealed by leaves and debris, on the forest floor. Most frequently seen, however, is the eastern or red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), whose terrestrial eft form is often encountered on the open, dry forest floor. It has been estimated that salamanders represent the largest class of animal biomass in the Appalachian forests. Frogs and toads are of lesser diversity and abundance, but the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is, like the eft, commonly encountered on the dry forest floor, while a number of species of small frogs, such as spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), enliven the forest with their calls. Salamanders and other amphibians contribute greatly to nutrient cycling through their consumption of small life forms on the forest floor and in aquatic habitats.

What is the name of the most commonly seen salamander?

I'm not sure.

What are the frogs and toads the largest class of?

I'm not sure.

What tends to detract from the nutrient cycle of the forest?

I'm not sure.

What consumes the salamanders and amphibians?

I'm not sure.

What are species of salamanders called as a group?

I'm not sure.


Although reptiles are less abundant and diverse than amphibians, a number of snakes are conspicuous members of the fauna. One of the largest is the non-venomous black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta), while the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is among the smallest but most abundant. The American copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and the timber rattler (Crotalus horridus) are venomous pit vipers. There are few lizards, but the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps), at up to 13 in (33 cm) in length, and an excellent climber and swimmer, is one of the largest and most spectacular in appearance and action. The most common turtle is the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), which is found in both upland and lowland forests in the central and southern Appalachians. Prominent among aquatic species is the large common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), which occurs throughout the Appalachians.

What are found more often than amphibians?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest venomous snake in the Appalachians?

I'm not sure.

How large can the black rat snake grow?

I'm not sure.

Which kind of turtle is only found in the eastern Appalachians?

I'm not sure.

What kind of snake is a good climber?

I'm not sure.


For a century, the Appalachians were a barrier to the westward expansion of the British colonies. The continuity of the mountain system, the bewildering multiplicity of its succeeding ridges, the tortuous courses and roughness of its transverse passes, a heavy forest, and dense undergrowth all conspired to hold the settlers on the seaward-sloping plateaus and coastal plains. Only by way of the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys, Cumberland Gap, the Wachesa Trail,[undue weight? – discuss] and round about the southern termination of the system were there easy routes to the interior of the country, and these were long closed by powerful Native American tribes such as the Iroquois, Creek, and Cherokee, among others. Expansion was also blocked by the alliances the British Empire had forged with Native American tribes, the proximity of the Spanish colonies in the south and French activity throughout the interior.

What prevented the Appalachian expansion?

I'm not sure.

What prevented the settlers from going to the coastal plains?

I'm not sure.

What were the names of the valleys that were impossible to pass?

I'm not sure.

Who had the Spanish colonies allied with?

I'm not sure.

What were the name of the French tribes?

I'm not sure.


By 1755, the obstacle to westward expansion had been thus reduced by half; outposts of the English colonists had penetrated the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus, threatening French monopoly in the transmontane region, and a conflict became inevitable. Making common cause against the French to determine the control of the Ohio valley, the unsuspected strength of the colonists was revealed, and the successful ending of the French and Indian War extended England's territory to the Mississippi. To this strength the geographic isolation enforced by the Appalachian mountains had been a prime contributor. The confinement of the colonies between an ocean and a mountain wall led to the fullest occupation of the coastal border of the continent, which was possible under existing conditions of agriculture, conducting to a community of purpose, a political and commercial solidarity, which would not otherwise have been developed. As early as 1700 it was possible to ride from Portland, Maine, to southern Virginia, sleeping each night at some considerable village. In contrast to this complete industrial occupation, the French territory was held by a small and very scattered population, its extent and openness adding materially to the difficulties of a disputed tenure. Bearing the brunt of this contest as they did, the colonies were undergoing preparation for the subsequent struggle with the home government. Unsupported by shipping, the American armies fought toward the sea with the mountains at their back protecting them against British leagued with the Native Americans. The few settlements beyond the Great Valley were free for self-defense, debarred from general participation in the conflict by reason of their position.

When did French colonists breach Allegheny?

I'm not sure.

Who did the French take the transmontane region from?

I'm not sure.

Who did the English ally with in the war?

I'm not sure.

What were the American armies supported by?

I'm not sure.

Who was America in league with in the Great Valley?

I'm not sure.


The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo.

In what year did the company that was to become IBM form?

What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM?

Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)

In what year did IBM get its name?

What nickname was given to IBM?

Big Blue

What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company?

Computing Scale Company

What was the original name of the Bundy Manufacturing Company?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Bundy Manufacturing Company created?

I'm not sure.

What was the nickname that was used for the Bundy Manufacturing Company?

I'm not sure.

Who first used the name Bundy Manufacturing Company?

I'm not sure.

Why did  Thomas J. Watson first use the name Bundy Maufacturing Company?

I'm not sure.


In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include №1 company for leaders (Fortune), №1 green company in the United States (Newsweek), №2 best global brand (Interbrand), №2 most respected company (Barron's), №5 most admired company (Fortune), and №18 most innovative company (Fast Company).

How many employees did IBM have in 2012?

435,000 worldwide

What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?

fourth largest

In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at what rank globally?

31st largest

At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand?

№2

In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?

second largest

How many employees did Forbes have in 2012?

I'm not sure.

How was Forbes ranked as far as number of employees in 2012?

I'm not sure.

How profitable was Forbes considered in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What rank did Forbes have in terms of revenue in 2012?

I'm not sure.

How was Forbes ranked globally for revenue in 2011?

I'm not sure.


IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science. Notable company inventions or developments include the automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), copper wiring in semiconductors, the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, and Watson artificial intelligence.

Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under?

IBM Research

How many research labs does IBM have world wide?

12 research laboratories worldwide

In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?

22 consecutive years

How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees?

five Nobel Prizes

This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC, what is the full name?

Universal Product Code

How many labs work for the Watson company?

I'm not sure.

How long has Watson held the record for holding the most patents by a business?

I'm not sure.

How many Nobel Prizes has Watson been awarded?

I'm not sure.

What is one invention made by the Watson company that is used by people everyday?

I'm not sure.

What code was developed by Watson that's used in grocery stores?

I'm not sure.


IBM has constantly evolved since its inception. Over the past decade, it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets such as PCs, hard disk drives and DRAMs and focusing on higher-value, more profitable markets such as business intelligence, data analytics, business continuity, security, cloud computing, virtualization and green solutions, resulting in a higher quality revenue stream and higher profit margins. IBM's operating margin expanded from 16.8% in 2004 to 24.3% in 2013, and net profit margins expanded from 9.0% in 2004 to 16.5% in 2013.

What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?

What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?

IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?

IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?

IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?

exiting commoditizing markets

What has happened to DRAM's since they were created?

I'm not sure.

How did IBM's profitability get better when it got out of the data analytics market?

I'm not sure.

What was the average operating margin for hard disk drive producers in 2004?

I'm not sure.

What did the operating margin for hard disk drive producers expand to in 2013?

I'm not sure.

How much net profit did the average hard disk drive producer make in 2004?

I'm not sure.


IBM acquired Kenexa (2012) and SPSS (2009) and PwC's consulting business (2002), spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark (1991), and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo (2005, 2014). In 2014, IBM announced that it would go "fabless" by offloading IBM Micro Electronics semiconductor manufacturing to GlobalFoundries, a leader in advanced technology manufacturing, citing that semiconductor manufacturing is a capital-intensive business which is challenging to operate without scale. This transition had progressed as of early 2015[update].

In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa?

IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it.

SPSS

IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?

Lexmark

IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo, name them.

personal computer and x86 server

What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?

GlobalFoundries

In what year did Lexmark acquire Kenexa?

I'm not sure.

What company was created by Kenexa in 2012 to manufacture printers?

I'm not sure.

What product lines were produced by Kenexa in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What company did Kenexa sell Lexmark to?

I'm not sure.

What manufacturing area was PwC a leader in?

I'm not sure.


On June 16, 1911, their four companies were consolidated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). CTR's business office was in Endicott. The individual companies owned by CTR continued to operate using their established names until the businesses were integrated in 1933 and the holding company eliminated. The four companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington, D.C.; and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards.

On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated?

June 16, 1911

Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.

Charles Ranlett Flint

In what year did the companies owned by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company finally integrate?

Where was the CTR Business office?

Endicott

In 1933 the four companies owned by CTR had how many employees?

1,300 employees

Where was Charles Ranlett Flint originally from?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Endicott created by Charles Ranlett Flint?

I'm not sure.

In what state was Endicott consolidated into one company?

I'm not sure.

How many employees worked at the holding company in 1911?

I'm not sure.

What was the original name of the Endicott company?

I'm not sure.


Thomas J. Watson, Sr., fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered CTR. Watson joined CTR as General Manager then, 11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies. He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker". His favorite slogan, "THINK", became a mantra for each company's employees. During Watson's first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. "Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR" and chose to replace it with the more expansive title "International Business Machines". First as a name for a 1917 Canadian subsidiary, then as a line in advertisements. For example, the McClures magazine, v53, May 1921, has a full page ad with, at the bottom:

In what year did Thomas J. Watson, Sr. join CTR?

Thomas J. Watson Sr. was fired from what company?

National Cash Register Company

What was the favorite slogan of Thomas J. Watson Sr.?

THINK

The revenues did what under the first 4 years of Watson being president?

more than doubled to $9 million

The name International Business Machines was first used in what year?

In what year did CTR first use THINK as its slogan?

I'm not sure.

Who did Thomas J. Watson, Sr fire from the CTR company?

I'm not sure.

When did Patterson join the National Cash Register Company?

I'm not sure.

What happened to the revenue of the National Cash Register Company when Patterson became president?

I'm not sure.

What kind of benefits were given to employees of the National Cash Register Company?

I'm not sure.


In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U.S. Government, during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act, and the Third Reich, largely through the German subsidiary Dehomag. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort (M1 Carbine, and Browning Automatic Rifle). IBM provided translation services for the Nuremberg Trials. In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain, as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).

What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?

Dehomag

Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?

26 million

What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?

translation services

What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?

What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?

Saudi Business Machines

What did Bahrain's tabulating equipment help organizations process?

I'm not sure.

How many people were employed by the Third Reich?

I'm not sure.

What two types of weapons were used by the Third Reich in 1937?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Nuremburg Trials begin?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the German subsidiary Dehomag open for business?

I'm not sure.


In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.

Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?

In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?

artificial intelligence

What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?

an IBM 704

In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?

FORmula TRANslation

In 1961 who became the president of IBM?

Albert L. Williams

In what year did Albert L. Williams step down from the company?

I'm not sure.

What did Albert L. Willaims program to learn from its experience when playing checkers?

I'm not sure.

What machine was created by FORTRAN in 1952?

I'm not sure.

What system was developed for FORTRAN in 1952 to help it play checkers?

I'm not sure.

In what year did IBM open its first office in Poughkeepsie?

I'm not sure.


In 2002, IBM acquired PwC consulting. In 2003 it initiated a project to redefine company values. Using its Jam technology, it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key business issues with 50,000 employees. Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) for common themes. Three emerged, expressed as: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters—for our company and for the world", and "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships". Another three-day Jam took place in 2004, with 52,000 employees discussing ways to implement company values in practice.

One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is?

PwC consulting

In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?

50,000 employees

What technology did IBM use for its 2003 internet-based discussion?

Jam technology

What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion?

eClassifier

How many employees took part in the subsequent online discussion in 2004?

52,000 employees

What company did PwC consulting acquire in 2003?

I'm not sure.

What did employees introduce to change company values?

I'm not sure.

How many employees worked at PwC consulting in 2002?

I'm not sure.

What did employees discuss at the  second Jam event put on by PwC consulting in 2002?

I'm not sure.

Where did the first discussion take place hosted by PwC consulting in 2002?

I'm not sure.


In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo, and in the same year it agreed to acquire Micromuse. A year later IBM launched Secure Blue, a low-cost hardware design for data encryption that can be built into a microprocessor. In 2009 it acquired software company SPSS Inc. Later in 2009, IBM's Blue Gene supercomputing program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by U.S. President Barack Obama. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program Watson, which was exhibited on Jeopardy! where it won against game-show champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. As of 2012[update], IBM had been the top annual recipient of U.S. patents for 20 consecutive years.

IBM sold its personal computer business to what company?

Lenovo

In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business?

What was the design for low cost data encryption named?

Secure Blue

SPSS Inc. was acquired in what year?

This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.

Blue Gene

Who did Micromuse sell its personal computer business to?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Micromuse sell its business to Lenovo?

I'm not sure.

What design did Micromuse launch that is low-cost and can be built into a microprocessor?

I'm not sure.

What award was given to Micromuse in 2009 for its Blue Gene supercomputing program?

I'm not sure.

What president awarded Micromuse for the Blue Gene program?

I'm not sure.


On October 28, 2015, IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company—a holding company of Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel, including its weather data platforms (such as Weather Services International), websites (Weather.com and Weather Underground) and mobile apps. The acquisition seeks to use Watson for weather analytics and predictions. The acquisition does not include The Weather Channel itself, which will enter into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its data. The sale closed on January 29, 2016

IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28, 2015.

The Weather Company

What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions?

Watson

When did the sale of Weather Company assets close?

January 29, 2016

The Weather Channel entered into what with IBM?

long-term licensing agreement

Bain Capital is a holding company of which company?

The Weather Company

What did Bain Capital acquire from The Weather Company in 2015?

I'm not sure.

What will Bain Capital seek to use Watson for in this acquisition?

I'm not sure.

Why will The Weather Channel enter into a long-term agreement with NBCUniversal?

I'm not sure.

When did the sale of The Blackstone Group assets close?

I'm not sure.

When did Bain Capital become incorporated?

I'm not sure.


The company's 14 member Board of Directors is responsible for overall corporate management. As of Cathie Black's resignation in November 2010 its membership (by affiliation and year of joining) included: Alain J. P. Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University), Kenneth Chenault '98 (American Express), Michael L. Eskew '05 (UPS), Shirley Ann Jackson '05 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Andrew N. Liveris '10 (Dow Chemical), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 (Boeing), James W. Owens '06 (Caterpillar), Samuel J. Palmisano '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 (Doris Duke Charitable Foundation), Sidney Taurel '01 (Eli Lilly), and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 (Cemex).

IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors?

What board member resigned in November 2010?

Cathie Black's

What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?

Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company?

American Express

Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors?

Andrew N. Liveris

In what year did Alain J. P. Belda resign?

I'm not sure.

How many corporate offices are there at IBM?

I'm not sure.

What is Alain J. P. Belda's main responsibility as a board member?

I'm not sure.

What chemical company is Cathie Black affiliated with?

I'm not sure.

What credit card company is Doris Duke connected with?

I'm not sure.


On January 21, 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013. The move came as the firm reported a 5% drop in sales and 1% decline in net profit over 2012. It also committed to a $1.2bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business, including the development of 15 new data centers. After ten successive quarters of flat or sliding sales under Chief Executive Virginia Rometty IBM is being forced to look at new approaches. Said Rometty, “We’ve got to reinvent ourselves like we’ve done in prior generations.”

How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013?

5% drop

What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013?

January 21, 2014

IBM committed to an expansion totaling this dollar amount in 2014?

How many new data centers did IBM commit to building?

Who is the chief executive of IBM?

Virginia Rometty

What did CE Virginia Rometty want to do with IBM's cloud storage business in 2014?

I'm not sure.

How much profit did the cloud storage business net in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What benefit was Rometty the only one willing to forego in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What is one type of storage that has been more popular with youger generations?

I'm not sure.

How many times did IBM have to reinvent itself in the past?

I'm not sure.


Other major campus installations include towers in Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta; software labs in Raleigh-Durham, Rome, Cracow and Toronto; Johannesburg, Seattle; and facilities in Hakozaki and Yamato. The company also operates the IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, and the Somers Office Complex. The company's contributions to architecture and design, which include works by Eero Saarinen, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and I.M. Pei, have been recognized. Van der Rohe's 330 North Wabash building in Chicago, the original center of the company's research division post-World War II, was recognized with the 1990 Honor Award from the National Building Museum.

What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM?

330 North Wabash building in Chicago

The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?

center of the company's research division

The 330 North Wabash Building was recognized with what award?

1990 Honor Award

IBM has towers in which cities?

Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta

IBM has worked with architects and designers such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M. Pei, and Van der Rohe, name one  more.

Eero Saarinen

What building did Eero Saarinen create for IBM?

I'm not sure.

What was the Somers Office Complex used for after WWII?

I'm not sure.

What award was given to recognize the Somers Office Complex?

I'm not sure.

What group gave the award to the Somers Office Complex?

I'm not sure.

In what three cities does Eero Saarinen also have his works on display?

I'm not sure.


IBM's employee management practices can be traced back to its roots. In 1914, CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a company band. IBM sports teams still continue in the present day; the IBM Big Blue continue to exist as semi-professional company rugby and American football teams. In 1924 the Quarter Century Club, which recognizes employees with 25 years of service, was organized and the first issue of Business Machines, IBM's internal publication, was published. In 1925, the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Who was the CEO in 1914?

Thomas J. Watson

The Quarter Century Club began in this year.

What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?

Business Machines

In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.

Hundred Percent Club

What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?

IBM salesmen who meet their quotas

What employee management practices were first introduced in New Jersey in 1924?

I'm not sure.

When was the first Atlantic City publication made?

I'm not sure.

What was the Hundred Percent Club created to boost in 1914?

I'm not sure.

Starting in 1914, for how many years was the IBM internal publication made?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the first IBM sports team play in Atlantic City?

I'm not sure.


IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think was created. Also that year, IBM held its first training class for female systems service professionals. In 1942, IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka, Kansas. The next year classes began in New York City, and soon the company was asked to join the President's Committee for Employment of the Handicapped. In 1946, the company hired its first black salesman, 18 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1947, IBM announced a Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan for employees. A vested rights pension was added to the IBM retirement plan. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s revisions were made to these pension plans to reduce IBM's pension liabilities.

In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?

IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?

IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott

IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?

Think

What program did IBM launch in 1942?

program to train and employ disabled people

What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?

In what year did Endicott provide group life insurance?

I'm not sure.

What was created by Endicott in 1932 for overseeing employee training?

I'm not sure.

What was held for female system service professionals in 1937?

I'm not sure.

Who did Endicott create a program to train and hire in 1942?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the employee magazine in 1935 featuring the first black salesman?

I'm not sure.


In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.

Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?

Thomas J. Watson, Jr

In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?

In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?

sex, national origin, and age

How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?

Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.

IBM Fellows

What was published by the Board of Education in 1952?

I'm not sure.

What did the judgement in Brown vs. Board of Education cause to be added to IBM hiring policy in 1952?

I'm not sure.

How many people were involved in the Brown vs. Board of Education case?

I'm not sure.

What act was adopted in 1952?

I'm not sure.

What was hosted by the Board of Education for the first time in 1962?

I'm not sure.


On September 21, 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South, he could be clear that IBM would not build "separate-but-equal" workplaces. In 1984, IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy. The company stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down.

What date did Thomas Watson, Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race, gender, or origin?

September 21, 1953

IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S.?

the U.S. South

What kind of workplaces did IBM commit to not building?

separate-but-equal

IBM expanded their nondiscrimination policy in 1984 to include what?

sexual orientation

In what year did IBM add sexual orientation to their nondiscrimination policy?

What was sent out by governors in the south in 1953?

I'm not sure.

What did the letter sent in 1984 state to employees?

I'm not sure.

What is one type of workplace that governors of two states would not build?

I'm not sure.

What would a separate but equal workplace give to IBM so it would get ahead?

I'm not sure.

Who would negotiating with employees about hiring practices help IBM hire in the future?

I'm not sure.


IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. IBM has also released code under different open source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation), the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM).

IBM began supporting this in 1998.

Linux

300 Linux kernel developers work here.

the IBM Linux Technology Center

IBM created the software framework known as?

Eclipse

What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM?

SCO v. IBM

What does RDBMS refer to?

relational database management system

What company was Java supporting in 1998?

I'm not sure.

What initiative was created by IBM in 1998?

I'm not sure.

How much was Linux worth in 1998?

I'm not sure.

How does Java usually release code its developed?

I'm not sure.

Where do 300 Open Source Initiative developers work?

I'm not sure.


DeveloperWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. It contains how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like Java, Linux, SOA and web services, web development, Ajax, PHP, and XML to IBM's products (WebSphere, Rational, Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management). In 2007, developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame.

IBM runs what website for software developers?

DeveloperWorks

In 2007 what happened to developerWorks?

was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame

DeveloperWorks has content about open industry standard technologies like Java and SOA, what is one other industry standard technology it has resources for?

Linux

IBM products such as WebSphere and Rational are covered on DeveloperWorks, what other three IBM products are covered?

Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management

The Jolt Hall of Fame inducted DeveloperWorks in what year?

Where was Java inducted in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What site is run by Ajax for IT professionals?

I'm not sure.

What Java products are a part of the Ajax site?

I'm not sure.

In what year was IBM inducted into the technical professionals hall of fame?

I'm not sure.

What three open industry-standard technologies are covered on the Ajax site?

I'm not sure.


Virtually all console gaming systems of the previous generation used microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of Nintendo's new Wii U system, which debuted in 2012. The new Power Architecture-based microprocessor includes IBM's latest technology in an energy-saving silicon package. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube utilizes the Gekko processor, also designed by IBM.

What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?

PowerPC tri-core processor

How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?

less than 24 months

Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?

Cell BE microprocessor

Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?

Toshiba, and Sony

What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?

What did Nintendo develop for all console gaming systems of the previous generation?

I'm not sure.

How long did it take for Nintendo to develop the PowerPC tri-core processor?

I'm not sure.

What technology did IBM, Toshiba and Sony design jointly for the Xbox 360?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Xbox 360 first produced?

I'm not sure.

What was the codename for the Xbox 360 when it was first being developed?

I'm not sure.


IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor – the Mozilla Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms.

What will Open Client Offering run on?

Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X

What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?

Open Document Format software

What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?

Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?

Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux

What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?

Mozilla Firefox

What does using Apple's Mac OS X help to cut according to Microsoft?

I'm not sure.

What do you need to pay Microsoft if you use Open Client Offering software?

I'm not sure.

What is an alternative to using Linux document formats?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of its PC's does IBM want to install Firefox on?

I'm not sure.

What two platforms is Microsoft offering the Linux client for Smart Work on?

I'm not sure.


In 2006, IBM launched Secure Blue, encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors. A year later, IBM unveiled Project Big Green, a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. On November 2008, IBM’s CEO, Sam Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, outlined a new agenda for building a Smarter Planet. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet. On Aug 18, 2011, as part of its effort in cognitive computing, IBM has produced chips that imitate neurons and synapses. These microprocessors do not use von Neumann architecture, and they consume less memory and power.

What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency?

Project Big Green

Secure Blue was launched in what year?

What type of hardware is Secure Blue?

encryption hardware

Who was the IBM ceo in November 2008?

Sam Palmisano

What framework did IBM announce on March 1, 2011?

Smarter Computing framework

How much did it cost for IBM to produce Secure Blue?

I'm not sure.

Where did Sam Palmisano make a speech in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What agenda was presented by von Neumann in 2006 at the Council on Foreign Relations?

I'm not sure.

What kind of chips were created by Smarter Computing in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What kind of framework was announced by von Neumann in 2006?

I'm not sure.


IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally. The program searches for fresh start-up companies that IBM can partner with to solve world problems. IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world. Since July 2011, IBM has partnered with Pennies, the electronic charity box, and produced a software solution for IBM retail customers that provides an easy way to donate money when paying in-store by credit or debit card. Customers donate just a few pence (1p-99p) a time and every donation goes to UK charities.

What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?

SmartCamp

How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?

Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?

Pennies

Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies?

UK

What company is known for the electronic charity box?

Pennies

What global program is run by Pennies so that they can find companies to partner with?

I'm not sure.

What kind of companies does Pennies search for to partner with?

I'm not sure.

What did Pennies go into business to solve in the UK?

I'm not sure.

How many companies partner with Pennies in their retail stores in the UK?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Pennies begin as a start-up?

I'm not sure.


The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Traces of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Remediation and testing are ongoing, however according to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.

What location is the birthplace of IBM?

Endicott

How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?

4,100 gallons

How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?

more than two decades

Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?

78,000 gallons

IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?

Department of Environmental Conservation

What has drinking water been contaminated with for decades, making it unsafe in Endicott?

I'm not sure.

When did freon leak from an underground tank in Endicott?

I'm not sure.

How many gallons of freon leaked into the town's soil in 1979?

I'm not sure.

How many people were diagnosed with cancer in 1980 near Endicott?

I'm not sure.

What was a local dry cleaner found to be the main source of in 1979?

I'm not sure.


In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.

What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?

energy

In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?

joules

Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?

the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton

What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms in biology?

I'm not sure.

In SI units, what is measured in watts?

I'm not sure.

electronuclear is a definition of what?

I'm not sure.

How many meters of chemical work is required?

I'm not sure.

What definitions are there for types of energy, regardless of context?

I'm not sure.


Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature. All of the many forms of energy are convertible to other kinds of energy. In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.

Common energy forms include what?

kinetic energy of a moving object

In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?

destroyed

What law states, in part, that energy can change from one form to another?

Newtonian physics

What does uncommon energy forms include?

I'm not sure.

gravitational energy is stored by stretching what?

I'm not sure.

physical energy is released when what burns?

I'm not sure.

thermal energy gets carried by what?

I'm not sure.

What does the universal law say in Plutonium physics?

I'm not sure.


For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat. This creates a limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process, a limit called the available energy. Mechanical and other forms of energy can be transformed in the other direction into thermal energy without such limitations. The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system.

How can the total energy of a system be calculated?

by adding up all forms of energy in the system

The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?

available energy

What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?

heat

What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat?

second law of thermodynamics

How can the partial energy of a system be calculated?

I'm not sure.

The limit to the amount of cold energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?

I'm not sure.

What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal contraction of an ideal gas?

I'm not sure.

What states that the system doing work always gains some energy as waste heat?

I'm not sure.

What states for "open systems" with no external source or sink of energy,that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat

I'm not sure.