From the league's inception through ArenaBowl XVIII, the championship game was played at the home of the highest-seeded remaining team. The AFL then switched to a neutral-site championship, with ArenaBowls XIX and XX in Las Vegas. New Orleans Arena, home of the New Orleans VooDoo, served as the site of ArenaBowl XXI on July 29, 2007. This was the first professional sports championship to be staged in the city since Hurricane Katrina struck in August 2005. The San Jose SaberCats earned their third championship in six years by defeating the Columbus Destroyers 55–33. ArenaBowl XXI in New Orleans was deemed a success, and the city was chosen to host ArenaBowl XXII, in which the Philadelphia Soul defeated the defending champion San Jose Sabercats. In 2010, the location returned to being decided by which of the two participating teams was seeded higher. In ArenaBowl XXIII, the Spokane Shock defeated the Tampa Bay Storm at their home arena, Spokane Arena, in Spokane, Washington. In ArenaBowl XXIV, the Jacksonville Sharks, coming off of a victory in their conference final game four nights earlier, traveled to US Airways Center in Phoenix and defeated the Arizona Rattlers 73–70. ArenaBowl XXV returned to a neutral site and was once again played in New Orleans, where the Rattlers returned and defeated the Philadelphia Soul. Since 2014 the ArenaBowl has been played at the higher-seeded team.

Where did ArenaBowl XX take place?

Las Vegas

What arena was ArenaBowl XXI played in?

New Orleans Arena

On what date was ArenaBowl XXI played?

July 29, 2007

In what month and year did Hurricane Katrina occur?

August 2005

What team won ArenaBowl XXI?

San Jose SaberCats


The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated, and the regular season was extended from 14 games, the length that it had been since 1996, to 16 from 2001 to 2010, and since 2016. From 2011 to 2015, the regular season league expanded to 18 games, with each team having two bye weeks and the option of two preseason games.

A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?

NBC

How many games was the regular season in 1996?

How many games were played in the 2001 regular season?

How many games long was the 2011 regular season?

How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season?


In August 2012, the AFL announced a new project into China, known as the China American Football League. The CAFL project is headed up by ESPN NFL analyst and Philadelphia Soul majority owner president Ron Jaworski. The plans were to establish a six-team league that would play a 10-week schedule that was slated to start in October 2014. The AFL coaches and trainers will travel to China to help teach the rules of the sport to squads made up of Chinese and American players with the goal of starting an official Chinese arena league. Ganlan Media International were given exclusive rights to the new Chinese league.

What league did the AFL found in China?

the China American Football League

When was the AFL's China project announced?

August 2012

Who is leading the China American Football League?

Ron Jaworski

What television network does Ron Jaworski work for?

ESPN

What team is Ron Jaworski the majority owner of?

Philadelphia Soul


AFL Global and Ganlan Media were created in 2012 by businessman Martin E. Judge, founder and owner of the Judge Group. The company, called AFL Global, LLC, looks to introduce and launch professional Arena Football teams and franchises in various locations throughout the world (like NFL Europe). After their successful trip to China to help promote the game, they formally announced plans to further develop AFL China by the fall of 2014 by starting a comprehensive training program in May 2013 with exhibition games planned for the cities of Beijing and Guangzhou in October. This is the first time professional football of any kind will be played in China with the support of the Chinese government and the CRFA (Chinese Rugby Football Association). Key persons involved include founder and CEO. Martin E. Judge, partner Ron Jaworski, CAFL CEO Gary Morris and president David Niu. Ganlan Media has since dropped this name and will carry the league's name as its corporate identity.

Who created Ganlan Media?

Martin E. Judge

What company is Martin Judge the founder of?

the Judge Group

In what year was AFL Global created?

In what month was an exhibition game planned for Guangzhou?

October

Who is the Chief Executive Officer of the China American Football League?

Gary Morris


The 2014 scheduled beginning proved to be too ambitious for the group; its official website now cites an anticipated beginning of professional play in 2016 and shows photos from a six-team collegiate tournament staged in early November, 2015

When does the CAFL plan on start its first season?

When was the abortive first CAFL season supposed to have taken place?

How many teams participated in the 2015 CAFL tournament?

six

In what month did the CAFL tournament occur?

November


Beginning with the 2003 season, the AFL made a deal with NBC to televise league games, which was renewed for another two years in 2005. In conjunction with this, the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February (the week after the NFL's Super Bowl) and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past. In 2006, because of the XX Winter Olympic Games, the Stanley Cup playoffs and the Daytona 500, NBC scaled back from weekly coverage to scattered coverage during the regular season, but committed to a full playoff schedule ending with the 20th ArenaBowl. NBC and the Arena Football League officially severed ties on June 30, 2006, having failed to reach a new broadcast deal. Las Vegas owner Jim Ferraro stated during a radio interview that the reason why a deal failed is because ESPN refused to show highlights or even mention a product being broadcast on NBC.

In what month did the AFL season originally begin?

May

After the TV deal, when was the start of the AFL season moved to?

February

What days were AFL games traditionally played on before the TV deal?

Friday or Saturday

When were most of the AFL's games played after the TV deal?

Sunday

On what date did the business relationship between the AFL and NBC end?

June 30, 2006


On December 19, 2006, ESPN announced the purchase of a minority stake in the AFL. This deal included television rights for the ESPN family of networks. ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games, most on Monday nights, and nine playoff games, including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC. The deal resulted in added exposure on ESPN's SportsCenter. However, after the original AFL filed for bankruptcy, this arrangement did not carry over to the new AFL, which is a separate legal entity.

On what date did ESPN buy a minority share of the AFL?

December 19, 2006

At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?

On what day would most of the games televised on the ESPN networks be played?

Monday

What network broadcast ArenaBowl XXI?

ABC

Under the deal, how many AFL playoff games did ESPN broadcast each year?

nine


The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games.

Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?

Fox Sports

What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?

FSN


After its return in 2010, the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game. All AFL games not on the NFL Network could be seen for free online, provided by Ustream.

After a hiatus, in what year did the AFL begin operations again?

What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?

NFL Network

On what day would AFL games be shown on NFL Network?

Friday

What streaming service broadcast AFL games that were not on NFL Network?

Ustream

What was the cost to watch AFL games on Ustream?

free


The NFL Network ceased airing Arena Football League games partway through the 2012 season as a result of ongoing labor problems within the league. Briefly, the games were broadcast on a tape delay to prevent the embarrassment that would result should the players stage a work stoppage immediately prior to a scheduled broadcast. (In at least once incidence this actually happened, resulting in a non-competitive game being played with replacement players, and further such incidents were threatened.) Once the labor issues were resolved, the NFL Network resumed the practice of broadcasting a live Friday night game. NFL Network dropped the league at the end of the 2012 season.

In what year did AFL games temporarily cease to be broadcast on NFL Network?

Why did the temporary cessation of game broadcasts occur?

ongoing labor problems

Why did the NFL Network begin to broadcast games again?

the labor issues were resolved

On what day was an AFL game broadcast live on NFL Network?

Friday

At what time of day was an AFL game shown on Fridays on NFL Network?

night


For the 2013 season, the league's new national broadcast partner was the CBS Sports Network. CBSSN would air 19 regular season games and two playoff games. CBS would also air the ArenaBowl, marking the first time since 2008 that the league's finale aired on network television. Regular season CBSSN broadcast games are usually on Saturday nights. As the games are being shown live, the start times are not uniform as with most football broadcast packages, but vary with the time zone in which the home team is located. This means that the AFL may appear either prior to or following the CBSSN's featured Major League Lacrosse game.

Who was the AFL's 2013 national broadcast partner?

CBS Sports Network

How many regular season games were shown by CBS Sports Network in 2013?

How many 2013 playoff games did CBSSN broadcast?

two

On what channel was the 2013 ArenaBowl broadcast?

CBS

In 2013, on what day were Arena Football League games usually broadcast on CBS Sports Network?

Saturday


Starting in 2014, ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners, with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN. ArenaBowl XXVII was also broadcast on ESPN. Most teams also have a local TV station broadcast their games locally and all games are available on local radio.

Who was the Arena Football League's 2014 broadcast partner?

ESPN

What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?

WatchESPN

Along with the ESPN networks, on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast?

CBS Sports Network

On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live?

ESPN


The first video game based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988. On May 18, 2000, Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed was released by Midway Games for the PlayStation game console. On February 7, 2006 EA Sports released Arena Football for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. EA Sports released another AFL video game, titled Arena Football: Road to Glory, on February 21, 2007, for the PlayStation 2.

What was the first Arena Football League video game?

Arena Football

For what system was the first Arena Football League video game released?

the C-64

In what year was the first Arena Football League video game released?

On what date was Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed released?

May 18, 2000

Who made Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed?

Midway Games


In 2001, Jeff Foley published War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It. The book details a journalist's two preseasons (1999 and 2000) as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds. The 5-foot-6 (170 cm), self-described "unathletic writer" played in three preseason games and had one catch for −2 yards.

Who wrote War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It?

Jeff Foley

In what year was War on the Floor released?

What team did Jeff Foley play for?

Albany Firebirds

How many games did Jeff Foley play in?

three

Along with 1999, in what preseason did Foley play for the Firebirds?


The AFL currently runs as under the single-entity model, with the league owning the rights to the teams, players, and coaches. The single-entity model was adopted in 2010 when the league emerged from bankruptcy. Prior to that, the league followed the franchise model more common in North American professional sports leagues; each team essentially operated as its own business and the league itself was a separate entity which in exchange for franchise fees paid by the team owners provided rules, officials, scheduling and the other elements of organizational structure. A pool of money is allotted to teams to aid in travel costs.

In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model?

Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model?

the league

What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports?

franchise model


Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000–11,000 per game in the 1990s, though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11, 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years. From the start of the 2004 season until the final season of the original league in 2008, average attendance was above 12,000, with 12,392 in 2007. Eleven of the seventeen teams in operation in 2007 had average attendance figures over 13,000. In 2008, the overall attendance average increased to 12,957, with eight teams exceeding 13,000 per game.

What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?

Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?

the September 11, 2001 attacks

What was the average per-game attendance in 2007?

In 2008, what was the average attendance for an AFL game?

During the 2008 season, how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game?

eight


In 2010, the first year of the reconstituted league following bankruptcy, the overall attendance average decreased to 8,135, with only one team (Tampa Bay) exceeding 13,000 per game.

What was the AFL's average per-game attendance in 2010?

In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game?

one

What team drew more than 13,000 fans per game in 2010?

Tampa Bay


The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos, "discourse", from διά diá, "through" and λέγω legō, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

What language is the word dialectus from?

Latin

From what language does the word diálektos come?

Greek

What does diálektos mean in English?

discourse

How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe?

two

How many distinct ways is the term dialect used?

two

In how many ways is the word linguistic used to refer to different phenomena?

I'm not sure.

What language does the word phenomena come from?

I'm not sure.

From which language does the word distinct originate?

I'm not sure.

Which term is used in three distinct ways?

I'm not sure.


One usage—the more common among linguists—refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect. According to this definition, any variety of a language constitutes "a dialect", including any standard varieties.

What is the common definition of dialect?

a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers

What is the term dialect most often applied to?

regional speech patterns

Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect?

social class

What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class?

sociolect

What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity?

ethnolect

What can a region that is associated with a particular social class be called?

I'm not sure.

What can a region that is associated with a particular ethnic group be called?

I'm not sure.

What can a ethnolect that is associated with a particular regional dialect be called?

I'm not sure.

What does any variety of a linguist constitute?

I'm not sure.

Which use is least common among linguists?

I'm not sure.


The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the "dialects" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian "dialects," are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly "dialects" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called "dialects" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of "dialect," as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian.

What is the other definition of the term dialect?

a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language

How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?

subordinate to the standard language

The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?

Italy

What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?

regional Italian

From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?

Latin

Which variation of Italian are known as national Italian?

I'm not sure.

Which language spread throughout Italy during the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What are 19th century variations of standard Italian known as?

I'm not sure.

What are 20th century variations of standard English known as?

I'm not sure.

Which languages of the 19th century evolved from Vulgar Latin?

I'm not sure.


A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation (including prosody, or just prosody itself), the term accent may be preferred over dialect. Other types of speech varieties include jargons, which are characterized by differences in lexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins; and argots.

Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?

vocabulary

If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?

accent

What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary?

jargons

Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety?

argots

In which ways do dialects remain undistinguished?

I'm not sure.

Along with jargon and pronunciation, how is a dialect distinguished?

I'm not sure.

Along with slang and grammar, how is a dialect distinguished?

I'm not sure.

What are a few examples of varieties in prosody?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for differences in slang?

I'm not sure.


A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard American English, Standard British English, Standard Canadian English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English, and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language.

What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?

standard language

The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?

institutions

Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?

textbooks

Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?

English

Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?

government

What is the term for a dialect that remains unsupported by institutions?

I'm not sure.

There may be only one what associated with multiple languages?

I'm not sure.

Standard British Canadian is an example of a dialect of which language?

I'm not sure.

Australian Standard English  is an example of a dialect of which language?

I'm not sure.

Standard British Philippines is an example of a dialect of which language?

I'm not sure.


A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English, Western Australian English, Scouse and Tyke. The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wright to compare different English dialects with each other.

What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?

institutional support

What language is Scouse a dialect of?

English

What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects?

The Dialect Test

Who came up with the Dialect Test?

Joseph Wright

Along with a syntax and grammar, what attribute does a dialect possess?

vocabulary

Unlike a standard dialect, what does a nonstandard dialect have?

I'm not sure.

Unlike a nonstandard dialect, what does a standard dialect have?

I'm not sure.

A nonstandard dialect usually receives what type of support?

I'm not sure.

What are some examples of standard American English?

I'm not sure.

Which test was designed by Tyke to compare different English dialects?

I'm not sure.


There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user's frame of reference. For example, there is discussion about if the Limón Creole English must be considered as "a kind" of English or a different language. This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendant of Jamaican people. The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends on the University they belong.

In what country is Limón Creole English spoken?

Costa Rica

On what coast of Costa Rica is Limón Creole English spoken?

Caribbean

Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from people of what nationality?

Jamaican

How many universally accepted criterion for distinguishing between two languages from two dialects are there?

I'm not sure.

Where is Jamaican Creole spoken?

I'm not sure.

Who speaks Costa Rican Creole?

I'm not sure.

What does the position which Costa Rican linguists oppose depend on?

I'm not sure.

What does the position which Jamaican linguists support depend on?

I'm not sure.


The most common, and most purely linguistic, criterion is that of mutual intelligibility: two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other; otherwise, they are said to be different languages. However, this definition becomes problematic in the case of dialect continua, in which it may be the case that dialect B is mutually intelligible with both dialect A and dialect C but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible with each other. In this case the criterion of mutual intelligibility makes it impossible to decide whether A and C are dialects of the same language or not. Cases may also arise in which a speaker of dialect X can understand a speaker of dialect Y, but not vice versa; the mutual intelligibility criterion flounders here as well.

What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects?

mutual intelligibility

What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible?

dialect continua

What is the definition of mutual intelligibility?

if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other

Which is the most uncommon and purely linguistic criterion?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for two dialects of different languages that are intertwined?

I'm not sure.

What occurs when dialect A B and C are all mutual intelligible with another?

I'm not sure.

Which is the most uncommon criterion for being a dialect of the same language?

I'm not sure.


Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is that of linguistic authority, a more sociolinguistic notion. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of Bavarian German and East Franconian German might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. By way of contrast, although Yiddish is classified by linguists as a language in the "Middle High German" group of languages, a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary to determine the word to use in such a case.

What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?

linguistic authority

Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?

East Franconian German

Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member?

Middle High German

Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German?

a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary

A less sociolinguistic notion, what is the term for another criterion for distinguishing dialects?

I'm not sure.

A more sociolinguistic notion, what is the term for another criterion for distinguishing German dictionarys?

I'm not sure.

Under what authority would two varieties be considered dialects of different languages if they would refer to the same body with questions about their languages?

I'm not sure.

In which dictionary would a Yiddish speaker look for questions regarding word usage?

I'm not sure.

Which language is classified by linguists as being in the Lower High German group?

I'm not sure.


By the definition most commonly used by linguists, any linguistic variety can be considered a "dialect" of some language—"everybody speaks a dialect". According to that interpretation, the criteria above merely serve to distinguish whether two varieties are dialects of the same language or dialects of different languages.

According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect?

everybody

What do only a few linguists believe people speak?

I'm not sure.

According to the least used definition, what does everyone speak?

I'm not sure.

What are used to distinguish between two varieties of different languages only?

I'm not sure.

What does the criteria believe everybody speaks?

I'm not sure.


A framework was developed in 1967 by Heinz Kloss, abstand and ausbau languages, to describe speech communities, that while unified politically and/or culturally, include multiple dialects which though closely related genetically may be divergent to the point of inter-dialect unintelligibility.

Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?

Heinz Kloss

In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?

What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss?

politically and/or culturally

In which year did abstand and ausbau develop their framework?

I'm not sure.

By who was a framework developed in 1960 for describing speech communities?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Heinz Kloss develop a framework for describing dialects genetically?

I'm not sure.

Who developed a framework for describing dialects genetically?

I'm not sure.

What did Heinz Kloss develop a framework for in 1927?

I'm not sure.


The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive: There is nothing contradictory in the statement "the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German".

The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?

German

Which terms are always mutually exclusive?

I'm not sure.

What type of relationship do the terms Pennsylvania and Dutch have?

I'm not sure.

Which dialect is the language of Germany?

I'm not sure.

What type of relationship do the terms dialect and Dutch have?

I'm not sure.


There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is "variety"; "lect" is another. A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not.

What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?

languoid

What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?

variety

Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?

lect

Which term distinguishes between dialects and languages?

I'm not sure.

Which term distinguishes between dialects and languages but not variety?

I'm not sure.

Which is the most uncommon term linguists use to avoid taking a position on the speech of a community?

I'm not sure.

Which term distinguishes between dialects and languages but not position?

I'm not sure.

Which term distinguishes between dialects and groups of languages?

I'm not sure.


In many societies, however, a particular dialect, often the sociolect of the elite class, comes to be identified as the "standard" or "proper" version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction, and is contrasted with other varieties. As a result of this, in some contexts the term "dialect" refers specifically to varieties with low social status. In this secondary sense of "dialect", language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages:

With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?

the elite class

What social status is the term "dialect" sometimes associated with?

low

What is another term for language varieties?

dialects

In certain context, which term refers to varieties with high social status?

I'm not sure.

The term proper refers to varieties with what type of social status?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for secondary sense?

I'm not sure.

The term variety refers to varieties with what type of social status?

I'm not sure.

Which term refers to varieties with high social status?

I'm not sure.


The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility.

What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?

historical and political

What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?

Lombardic alpine

What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?

Chinese

Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?

mutual unintelligibility

What is the status of language solely determined by?

I'm not sure.

Along with alpine dialects, what else is the status of language determined by?

I'm not sure.

What types of development help to determine the status of Mandarin?

I'm not sure.

Lombardic is recognized as a language despite being close to which alpine dialect?

I'm not sure.

Which variations of the Chinese language have mutual intelligibility?

I'm not sure.


Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of great political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group speaking a "dialect" tends to be seen not as "a people" in its own right, but as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.[citation needed] The distinction between language and dialect is thus inevitably made at least as much on a political basis as on a linguistic one, and can lead to great political controversy, or even armed conflict.

What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?

the French Revolution

If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?

its own independent state

What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?

regional autonomy

Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?

armed conflict

Since which revolution has Ancient Nationalism especially been developed?

I'm not sure.

What has failed to make a distinction between the terms language and dialect?

I'm not sure.

On which basis is the distinction between language and dialect more often made?

I'm not sure.

What can the distinction between regional autonomy and dialect lead to?

I'm not sure.

What can the distinction between regional autonomy and the French Revolution lead to?

I'm not sure.


The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot ("אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the question "what is a language?" is great enough to cast doubt on whether any strictly linguistic definition, without a socio-cultural approach, is possible. This is illustrated by the frequency with which the army-navy aphorism is cited.

Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?

Yiddish

What does "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot" mean in English?

A language is a dialect with an army and navy

When did Max Weinrich write "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"?

In what did the army-navy publish the phrase  "A language is a dialect with an army and navy"?

I'm not sure.

What is illustrated by the frequency by Max Weinreich published his expression?

I'm not sure.

Which language is YIVO Bleter a linguist of?

I'm not sure.

Max Weinreich is what in relation to the YIVO Bleter language?

I'm not sure.


When talking about the German language, the term German dialects is only used for the traditional regional varieties. That allows them to be distinguished from the regional varieties of modern standard German.

When is the term 'German dialects' used in regard to the German language?

traditional regional varieties

What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from?

the regional varieties of modern standard German

Which term is only used for nontraditional varieties?

I'm not sure.

Which term is only used for national varieties?

I'm not sure.

In reference to modern varieties, what term is only used for traditional regional languages?

I'm not sure.

What does this allow the to remain undistinguished from?

I'm not sure.

Because of this, what is ancient standard German distinguished from?

I'm not sure.


The German dialects show a wide spectrum of variation. Most of them are not mutually intelligible. German dialectology traditionally names the major dialect groups after Germanic tribes from which they were assumed to have descended.[citation needed]

After what entities are German dialects traditionally named?

Germanic tribes

What do the German dialects show on a narrow spectrum?

I'm not sure.

What type of relationship do most German dialects have?

I'm not sure.

After who does German dialectology name minor dialect groups after?

I'm not sure.

It is assumed Germanic tribes descended from what?

I'm not sure.

What type of dialects show have a narrow range of variation?

I'm not sure.


The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than on the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment.

In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common?

South

In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?

Northern Germany

Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers?

cities

In what environment are dialects less common?

public

In what environment are dialects more frequently heard?

familiar

Where in Southern Germany are dialects less common?

I'm not sure.

What is more common in Northern German than in the South?

I'm not sure.

What are more common in Southern German than in the North?

I'm not sure.


The situation in Switzerland and Liechtenstein is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The Swiss German dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is seldom spoken. Some Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language.

What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland?

Swiss German

What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?

standard German

Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German?

Liechtenstein

In which country is there a situation identical to the rest of the German speaking countries?

I'm not sure.

What is seldom spoken where German is used as a default everyday language?

I'm not sure.

Which language do some standard German speakers perceive to be foreign?

I'm not sure.

The Swiss German dialect is rarely spoken in which two countries?

I'm not sure.

In which two countries is standard German used everyday?

I'm not sure.


The Low German varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are roofed by standard German. This is different from the situation in the Middle Ages when Low German had strong tendencies towards an ausbau language.

What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?

an ausbau language

Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?

they are roofed by standard German

What is often not included when counting German dialects?

I'm not sure.

In which country are the Middle Age varieties spoken?

I'm not sure.

When did High German have a strong tendency towards being an ausbau language?

I'm not sure.

When did Low German have a weak tendency towards being an ausbau language?

I'm not sure.

What are High German varieties often included with?

I'm not sure.


Italy is home to a vast array of native regional minority languages, most of which are Romance-based and have their own local variants. These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian "dialects," or dialetti (standard Italian for "dialects"). However, the majority of the regional languages in Italy are in fact not actually "dialects" of standard Italian in the strict linguistic sense, as they are not derived from modern standard Italian but instead evolved locally from Vulgar Latin independent of standard Italian, with little to no influence from what is now known as "standard Italian." They are therefore better classified as individual languages rather than "dialects."

What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language?

dialetti

What language are many Italian dialects derived from?

Vulgar Latin

What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?

dialects

Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian?

they are not derived from modern standard Italian

Which country is home to lots of native regional majority languages?

I'm not sure.

Most of Italy's languages have what kind of base along with shared variants?

I'm not sure.

What is another German term for dialects?

I'm not sure.

According to linguistics, most national languages in Italy are not dialects but what?

I'm not sure.

Rather than an individual languages, what are most regional languages in Italy better referred to as?

I'm not sure.


In addition to having evolved, for the most part, separately from one another and with distinct individual histories, the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy are also better classified as separate languages rather than true "dialects" due to the often high degree in which they lack mutual intelligibility. Though mostly mutually unintelligible, the exact degree to which the regional Italian languages are mutual unintelligible varies, often correlating with geographical distance or geographical barriers between the languages, with some regional Italian languages that are closer in geographical proximity to each other or closer to each other on the dialect continuum being more or less mutually intelligible. For instance, a speaker of purely Eastern Lombard, a language in Northern Italy's Lombardy region that includes the Bergamasque dialect, would have severely limited mutual intelligibility with a purely standard Italian speaker and would be nearly completely unintelligible to a speaker of a pure Sicilian language variant. Due to Eastern Lombard's status as a Gallo-Italic language, an Eastern Lombard speaker may, in fact, have more mutual intelligibility with a Occitan, Catalan, or French speaker than a standard Italian or Sicilian language speaker. Meanwhile, a Sicilian language speaker would have an greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language, but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic, a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language.

What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other?

they lack mutual intelligibility

From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail?

Lombardy

What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to?

Gallo-Italic

What type of language is Sicilian?

Neapolitan

What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily?

Sicilian Gallo-Italic

Rather than separate languages, what are the Romance languages better classified as?

I'm not sure.

Where is Western Lombard spoken?

I'm not sure.

With who would a Sicilian speaker have a lesser degree of mutual intelligibility?

I'm not sure.

With who would a Sicilian speaker have a lesser degree of mutual unintelligibility?

I'm not sure.

Which language developed in popular Lombard communities in the same place as the Sicilian language?

I'm not sure.


Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Petrarch. Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people.

What language is modern standard Italian derived from?

Florentine Tuscan

What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?

Latin

During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?

What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?

upper class

From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?

Tuscany

What is Florentine Tuscan language based on?

I'm not sure.

Since when has Giovanni Boccaccio been used in poetry and literature?

I'm not sure.

Since when has Dadnte Alighieri been used in poetry and literature?

I'm not sure.

Since when has Niccolo Machiavelli been used in poetry and literature?

I'm not sure.

Since when has Petrarch been used in poetry and literature?

I'm not sure.


During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian.

What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?

Alessandro Manzoni

During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?

the Risorgimento

In what decade was Italy unified?

What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?

When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?

standard Italian

During what period were proponents of Italian Unification stressing the importance of establishing a uniform national language?

I'm not sure.

When did Alessandro Manzoni stress the importance of creating an Italian state?

I'm not sure.

During which decade was Italy de-unified?

I'm not sure.

When did Risorgimento become the official language of the new Italian state?

I'm not sure.


In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of standard Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to standard Italian, while literacy rates among all social classes improved. Today, the majority of Italians are able to speak standard Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. However, to some Italians, speaking a regional language, especially in a formal setting or outside of one's region, may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class, uneducated, boorish, or overly informal.

During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?

World War I

Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?

television

In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?

lower

Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language?

outside of one's region

Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language?

at home with family

What language do many Italians speak today as opposed to their regional language?

I'm not sure.

What is never associated with being lower class?

I'm not sure.

What is never associated with being uneducated?

I'm not sure.

What is never associated with being boorish?

I'm not sure.

What is never associated with being overly informal?

I'm not sure.


Italians in different regions today may also speak regional varieties of standard Italian, or regional Italian dialects, which, unlike the majority of languages of Italy, are actually dialects of standard Italian rather than separate languages. A regional Italian dialect is generally standard Italian that has been heavily influenced or mixed with local or regional native languages and accents.

Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?

standard Italian

What do Italians in different regions never speak?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for national Italian dialects?

I'm not sure.

What dialect is regional Italian heavily influenced by native languages?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for varieties of standard Italian?

I'm not sure.

The majority of Italian languages are dialects of what?

I'm not sure.


The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This wide category includes:

What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?

Italo-Dalmatian

What language are most languages of Italy derived from?

Latin

Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to?

Romance

Which family do the least widely spoken languages fall into?

I'm not sure.

What type of languages are the languages of Italo-Dalmation?

I'm not sure.

Which languages are primarily Dalmation languages?

I'm not sure.

Romance languages are the primary language of which family?

I'm not sure.


The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia.

Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?

The Sardinian language

What language is Sassarese closely related to?

Italian Tuscan

What language family does Gallurese belong to?

Italo-Dalmatian

What language family does Ligurian belong to?

Gallo-Romance

Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?

Sardinian

Which language is considered to be it's only Sardinian language family?

I'm not sure.

Which language does the Campidanese Sardinian variant include?

I'm not sure.

Where are Romance, Gallurese and Sassarese also spoken?

I'm not sure.

Which languages are not considered to be related to the Italian Tuscon language?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Romance Algherese dialect spoken?

I'm not sure.


The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as "languages" or "dialects" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.)

Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?

American English

What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?

Serbian and Croatian

Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?

dialects of a single language

Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?

distinct languages

Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?

the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies

What is can be controversial with consistent verdicts?

I'm not sure.

Which languages are not spoken by political allies?

I'm not sure.

Which languages are not spoken by military allies?

I'm not sure.

Serbian and American English are the major variants of which language?

I'm not sure.

British English and Croatian American are the major variants of which language?

I'm not sure.


Similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects.

Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?

Bulgarian

What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?

South Slavic

What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as?

a Bulgarian dialect

In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established?

In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken?

Republic of Macedonia

With which language is Macedonian mutually unintelligible?

I'm not sure.

In what year was there a literary standard of Bulgarian developed?

I'm not sure.

When was a standard of Serbian developed in Macedonia?

I'm not sure.

In what year was there a literary standard of Slavic developed?

I'm not sure.


In Lebanon, a part of the Christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic.

Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?

Christian

In what language are Lebanese laws written?

Arabic

During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?

Lebanese Arabic

What language is Lebanese closely related to?

Arabic

What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?

Latin

Where is Lebanese considered a dialect and not a distinct language?

I'm not sure.

During which war did Christians us Latin exclusively?

I'm not sure.

In which form are all Christian laws written?

I'm not sure.

In which form may Latin script be conducted?

I'm not sure.

In which form is Lebanese script written?

I'm not sure.


In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names.

Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?

Algeria

What is the liturgical language of Islam?

Literary Arabic

In what language is the Qur'an written?

Literary Arabic

What does the term Dariajs refer to?

spoken North African languages

What is the dominant religion of North Africa?

Islam

Where are the Darijas considered the same as other Arabic dialects?

I'm not sure.

Which countries tend to give preference to the Darijas?

I'm not sure.

In which language is the Darijas written?

I'm not sure.

What is the language of folk-tale books?

I'm not sure.

Which language is the liturgical language of social media?

I'm not sure.


In the 19th century, the Tsarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own. The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the dialects in Ukraine eventually differed substantially from the dialects in Russia.

During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?

What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?

the Tsarist Government

The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine?

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

When did the Russian Empire claim the Tsarist language was a language on its own?

I'm not sure.

During which century did the Ukraine claim that Tsarist was simply a dialect of Russian?

I'm not sure.

By who was the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth conquered?

I'm not sure.

To which dialects were Ukrainian dialects substantially similar?

I'm not sure.


The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow.

What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?

The German Empire

What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?

the Entente

What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?

Bolsheviks

Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?

Whites

During which war did the Ukraine conquer the German Empire?

I'm not sure.

When was the Ukraine planning on installing a puppet king?

I'm not sure.

Who defeated the Entente during World War I?

I'm not sure.

By who was the Entente conquered during World War I?

I'm not sure.

Who conquered the Ukraine during World War II?

I'm not sure.


After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language.

After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?

World War II

Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?

Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers

Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis?

to gain independence

What happened to Moscow policy after World War I?

I'm not sure.

When did the Ukraine change its policy towards repression of the Moscow language?

I'm not sure.

When did collaboration between Moscow and the Axis powers cause the Ukraine to change policies?

I'm not sure.

Whose collaboration caused Moscow to change its policy regarding independence?

I'm not sure.

Who was in collaboration with Moscow?

I'm not sure.


Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine.

In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?

Ukraine

Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?

Russian

The boundaries between which languages are clearly known?

I'm not sure.

What is the name for the intermediate dialect formed between Surzhyk and the Russian language?

I'm not sure.

What is the name for the intermediate dialect formed between Surzhyk and the Ukranian language?

I'm not sure.

What is the name for the intermediate dialect developing in Russia?

I'm not sure.


There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Moldovan–Romanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion Bărbuţă, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity".

Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?

Mircea Snegur

In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?

Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?

Romanian expansionism

Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?

Ion Bărbuţă

Political purposes have been reclassified to deliberately do what?

I'm not sure.

When did the Moldovan parliament approve a proposal from President Snegur?

I'm not sure.

When was President Moldovan's proposal rejected by parliament?

I'm not sure.

What did the Academy of Science declare regarding Moldovan words?

I'm not sure.

When was the Romanian-Academy dictionary published?

I'm not sure.


Unlike most languages that use alphabets to indicate the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin.

From what did Chinese characters derive?

logograms

What is another name for the Yue language?

Cantonese

Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?

the south

From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?

Beijing

At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?

Standard Mandarin

What do Chinese characters use to give hints to pronunciation?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the Xiang language?

I'm not sure.

Where is Macau the most commonly used language?

I'm not sure.

Which language is the most commonly used in Cantonese?

I'm not sure.

What do most languages use to indicate varieties?

I'm not sure.


Many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the "dialects" of a "language" (which itself may be a "dialect" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several "dialects" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some "branches" of the tree changing more rapidly than others.

From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?

Latin

What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?

Ancient Greek

From what language is North Germanic derived?

Old Norse

Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language?

English

What do few historical linguists view any speech form as?

I'm not sure.

According to this few, what language is Latin a dialect of?

I'm not sure.

According to this few, what language is Ancient Greek a dialect of?

I'm not sure.

According to this few, what language is Old Norse a dialect of?

I'm not sure.

According to this few, what language is English a dialect of?

I'm not sure.


This can give rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish.

Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?

Spanish

With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?

French

What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?

French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change

This pattern is particularly lacking among which modern languages?

I'm not sure.

Which languages have a low degree of  mutual comprehensibility?

I'm not sure.

What do both the Italian and Spanish languages share with the French language?

I'm not sure.

What is French-Spanish and Spanish-Italian mutual incomprehensibility due to?

I'm not sure.

Which two languages share numerous root words that aren't even in the Romance language?

I'm not sure.


For example, the Italian and French words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to French "avoir" and "être". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed]

What Italian word is similar to the French word "avoir"?

avere

What French word is similar to the Italian word "essere"?

être

What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?

Italian and Spanish

Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian?

body parts

When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used?

sere

In Italian and French which words are very different while the same words are similar in Spanish?

I'm not sure.

Which two languages have undergone more change than French regarding phonological structures?

I'm not sure.

What Spanish word is similar to the Italian word avere?

I'm not sure.

Which Spanish word is similar to the Italian word essere?

I'm not sure.

Which Italian term is similar to avoir?

I'm not sure.


One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of Western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern Western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the Western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the Western language families.

What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?

Interlingua

Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?

International Auxiliary Language Association

What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?

Swedish

Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?

Portuguese

Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?

the international scientific vocabulary

Which language was developed to aid Eastern civilization languages in acting as dialects?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the language that was created to help Western languages act as English?

I'm not sure.

What has Interlingua been found to be a detriment to?

I'm not sure.

According to one study, students learning Spanish were able to translate passages from which languages that other students could not?

I'm not sure.

Which languages' vocabulary does not reach beyond the Western family of languages?

I'm not sure.


The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [bɛrn] ( listen); French: Berne [bɛʁn]; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna  [ˈbɛrnɐ] (help·info); Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or "federal city".[note 1] With a population of 140,634 (November 2015), Bern is the fifth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000. Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.

Where is Bern located?

Switzerland

How many municiplaities are in Bern?

Bern is the capitol of which canton?

Canton of Bern

Where does Bern rank in population in Switzerland?

second


The official language of Bern is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the Alemannic Swiss German dialect called Bernese German.

What is the official language of Bern?

German


In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Bern is ranked among the world’s top ten cities for the best quality of life (2010).

Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site?

centre of Bern

Where does Bern rank for top cities for the best quality of life?

top ten

When did the centre of Bern become the UNESCO World Heritage Site?


The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft". The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s.

What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern?

bear

What live animals did they keep in the Bärengraben?

bears

What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the Bärengraben?


No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of today′s city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far. In antiquity, a Celtic oppidum stood on the Engehalbinsel (peninsula) north of Bern, fortified since the 2nd century BC (late La Tène period), thought to be one of the twelve oppida of the Helvetii mentioned by Caesar. During the Roman era, there was a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site. The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor ("dwelling of Breno"). In the Early Middle Ages, there was a settlement in Bümpliz, now a city district of Bern, some 4 km (2 mi) from the medieval city.

When was the earliest evidnce of settlement in the city centre?

12th century

What era was there a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site?

Roman era

What is the name of the Bern zinc tablet?

Brenodor

When was the settlement in Bumpliz close to the medieval city?

Early Middle Ages


The medieval city is a foundation of the Zähringer ruling family, which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century. According to 14th century historiography (Cronica de Berno, 1309), Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen.

The medieval city is a foundation of what family?

Zähringer

When did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?

12th century

Where did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?

Upper Burgundy

What year was Bern founded?

Who founded Bern?

Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen


In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.

what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy?

How many cantons were there between 1353 to 1481?

What year did Bern invade Aargau?

What is the largest city-state north of the Alps?

Bern


The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the River Aare. The Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, when the Käfigturm took over this role until 1345. It was, in turn, succeeded by the Christoffelturm (formerly located close to the site of the modern-day railway station) until 1622. During the time of the Thirty Years' War, two new fortifications – the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchment) – were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula.

What river was the city near?

River Aare

What was the name of the tower that was the western boundary?

Zytglogge

What tower took over after Zytglogge?

Käfigturm

What did the big and small Schanze protect?

the whole area of the peninsula


After a major blaze in 1405, the city's original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half-timbered houses and subsequently the sandstone buildings which came to be characteristic for the Old Town. Despite the waves of pestilence that hit Europe in the 14th century, the city continued to grow: mainly due to immigration from the surrounding countryside.

What year was there a huge fire?

What was destroyed in the fire?

the city's original wooden buildings


Bern was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, when it was stripped of parts of its territories. It regained control of the Bernese Oberland in 1802, and following the Congress of Vienna of 1814, it newly acquired the Bernese Jura. At this time, it once again became the largest canton of the confederacy as it stood during the Restoration and until the secession of the canton of Jura in 1979. Bern was made the Federal City (seat of the Federal Assembly) within the new Swiss federal state in 1848.

What year was Bern occupied by French troops?

Why were French troops in Bern?

French Revolutionary Wars

When did Bern regain control of Bernese Oberland?

What new territory was aquired in 1814?

Bernese Jura.

When did the canton of Jura seceed?


A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International.

What congresses were held in Bern?

First and Second Internationals

In World War I, what side was Switzerland on?

Switzerland was neutral


The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s. Population peaked during the 1960s at 165,000, and has since decreased slightly, to below 130,000 by 2000. As of October 2015, the resident population stood at 140,634, of which 100,634 were Swiss citizens and 40,000 (30%) resident foreigners. A further estimated 350,000 people live in the immediate urban agglomeration.

What percent of the populatin of Bern resident foreigners?


Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern, slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20 km (12 mi) north of the Bernese Alps. The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent Ice Age. The two mountains closest to Bern are Gurten with a height of 864 m (2,835 ft) and Bantiger with a height of 947 m (3,107 ft). The site of the old observatory in Bern is the point of origin of the CH1903 coordinate system at 46°57′08.66″N 7°26′22.50″E / 46.9524056°N 7.4395833°E / 46.9524056; 7.4395833.

Where is Bern located?

the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern

What helped form the Bern countryside?

glaciers

What is the tallest mountain closests to Bern?

Bantiger


The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the River Aare, but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century. A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare.

What peninsula is Bern located on?

Aare

What was built to help Bern grow bigger than the peninula?

bridges

What century did Bern outgrow the peninsula?

19th century


Bern is built on very uneven ground. There is an elevation difference of several metres between the inner city districts on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) and the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, Länggasse).

What type of ground was Bern built on?

uneven ground.

What is the elevation difference between the inner cities and the other cities?

several metres

Which city is higher, Matte or Langgasse?

Länggasse


Bern has an area, as of 2009[update], of 51.62 square kilometers (19.93 sq mi). Of this area, 9.79 square kilometers (3.78 sq mi) or 19.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.33 square kilometers (6.69 sq mi) or 33.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 23.25 square kilometers (8.98 sq mi) or 45.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.06 square kilometers (0.41 sq mi) or 2.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.16 square kilometers (0.062 sq mi) or 0.3% is unproductive land.

What is 33.6% of the land in Bern?

forested

When was the last time the area of Bern was measured?


The City Council (Gemeinderat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Gemeinderat/-rätin), each presiding over a directorate (Direktion) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpräsident). In the mandate period 2013–2016 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Alexander Tschäppät. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Parliament are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof, built by architect Albrecht Stürler after 1747.

How does the government of Bern operate?

as a collegiate authority.

How many councilors are there?

five

Who is Bern's mayor, or Stadtprasident?

Alexander Tschäppät

How after are the elections?

every four years.

Where is the executive body held?

in the Erlacherhof


As of 2015, Bern's City Council is made up of two representatives of the SP (Social Democratic Party, of whom one is also the mayor), and one each of CVP (Christian Democratic Party), GB (Green Alliance of Berne), and FDP (FDP.The Liberals), giving the left parties a majority of three out of five seats. The last election was held on 25 November 2012.

Who has the majority of the seats in Bern's City Council?

left parties

What party also had the mayor as of 2015?

Social Democratic Party

What is the Christian Democratic Party also known as?

CVP


The City Parliament (de: Stadtrat, fr: Conseil de ville) holds legislative power. It is made up of 80 members, with elections held every four years. The City Parliament decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.

Who holds the legislative power?

The City Parliament

How many members are part of the City Parliament?

How often are elections held for the City Parliament?

every four years.


The sessions of the City Parliament are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the City Parliament are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Parliament. The parliament holds its meetings in the Stadthaus (Town Hall).

Are the sessions of City Parliament private or public?

public


The last regular election of the City Parliament was held on 25 November 2012 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur, French: la législature) from 2013 to 2016. Currently the City Parliament consist of 23 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), 11 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 8 Green Alliance of Berne (GB), 8 Grüne Freie Liste (GFL) (Green Free List), 7 The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 7 Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), 7 Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL), 2 Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), 2 Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PEV), 1 Junge Alternative (JA!) (or Young Alternatives), 1 Grüne Partei Bern - Demokratische Alternative (GPB-DA) (or Green Party Bern - Democratic Alternative), 1 Swiss Party of Labour (PdA), 1 Alternative Linke Bern (AL) and finally one independent. The following parties combine their parliamentary power in parliamentary groups (German: Fraktion(en)): Independent and AL and GPB-DA and PdA (4), SP (23), GB and JA! (9), GFL and EVP (10), GLP (7), BDP and CVP (9), FDP (7), and SVP (11). This gives the left parties an absolute majority of 46 seats.

Which party has the absolute majority of the seats?

left parties

How many seats are there?

Which specific party has the most members in the City Parliament?

Social Democratic Party


Bern has a population of 140,634 people and 34% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the 10 years between 2000 and 2010, the population changed at a rate of 0.6%. Migration accounted for 1.3%, while births and deaths accounted for −2.1%.

What is the population of Bern?

What percent of the population are resident foreign nationals?

What was the population change from 2000 and 2010?

What counted for more of the population change?

births and deaths


Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who speak Romansh.

What is the main lanuage of Bern?

German

What is the second most common language?

Italian

What percent of the population speaks German?


The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg

What did the city decide again?

having twinned cities

When did they have a temporary twinned city?

during the UEFA Euro 2008

What was the twinning city with Bern in 2008?

Salzburg

What country is Salzburg in?

Austrian


As of 2008[update], the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 39,008 or about 30.3% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 27,573 or 21.4% who were born in the same canton, while 25,818 or 20.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 27,812 or 21.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

How many Swiss men live in Bern?

What percent of the population is born somewhere else in Switzerland?

What percent were born outside of Switzerland?


As of 2000[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.

What percent of the population are 19 years old and under?

What percent of the population are between 20-64?

What percent of the population are over 64 years old?

What age group has most of the population included?

adults


As of 2000[update], there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 49,873 married individuals, 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced.

How many people were single in Bern in 2000?

How many people were married in Bern in 2000?

How many people were widows or widowers in Bern in 2000?

Where there more married or single people in Bern in 2000?

single


As of 2000[update], there were 67,115 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household. There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 65,538 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5,352 apartments (7.4%) were seasonally occupied and 1,444 apartments (2.0%) were empty. As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 1.2 new units per 1000 residents.

What is the average of people per household in Bern?

1.8 persons

How many households have 5 or more people living in them?

What percentage of the apartment homes in Bern were occupied in 2000?

What percent of apartments are seasonal apartments?


As of 2003[update] the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern was 1108.92 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$890, £500, €710 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 619.82 CHF (US$500, £280, €400), a two-room apartment was about 879.36 CHF (US$700, £400, €560), a three-room apartment was about 1040.54 CHF (US$830, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2094.80 CHF (US$1680, £940, €1340). The average apartment price in Bern was 99.4% of the national average of 1116 CHF. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 0.45%.

What was the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern?

1108.92 Swiss francs

What was the vacancy rate for Bern in 2010?


From the 2000 census[update], 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 31,510 or 24.5% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 1,874 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.46% of the population), there were 229 persons (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 5,531 persons (or about 4.30% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 324 persons (or about 0.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4,907 (or about 3.81% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 629 persons who were Buddhist, 1,430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another church. 16,363 (or about 12.72% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7,855 persons (or about 6.11% of the population) did not answer the question. On 14 December 2014 the Haus der Religionen was inaugurated.

What percent of the population were Roman Catholic?

How much of the population is Jewish in Bern?

How many muslims were there in Bern in 2000?

How much of the population had no religion?


The structure of Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for "Time Bell"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th-century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometres (4 miles) of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.

The structure of Bern's city centre is mainly what type of buildings?

medieval

What does UNESCO recognised Bern's city center to be?

a Cultural World Heritage Site

What is Berns most famous site?

Zytglogge

What is the name of the 15th century cathedral?

Münster

What type of cathedral is Muster?

Gothic


Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit, the Bärengraben, at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals. The currently four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby, and two other young bears, a present by the Russian president, are kept in Dählhölzli zoo.

What is the Barengraben?

a bear pit

Where is the Barengraben located?

the far end of the Nydeggbrücke

What are held at the Barengraben?

heraldic animals

Who gave Bern their bears?

the Russian president

What zoo are the bears of Bern kept?

Dählhölzli zoo


The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.

Where is the national parliment housed?

The Federal Palace

What is the Federal Palace called?

Bundeshaus


Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published.

Where is Albert Einstein live?

the Kramgasse 49

What was published the same years?

Annus Mirabilis Papers

What is the flat that Einstein called?

Einsteinhaus


The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.

What is the Rose Garden also known as?

Rosengarten

What can you see from the Rose Garden?

view of the medieval town centre

What was the Rosarium converted into?

a park

What year was the Rosarium converted?


There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town. Nearly all the 16th century fountains, except the Zähringer fountain which was created by Hans Hiltbrand, are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng. One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen (Bernese German: Child Eater Fountain but often translated Ogre Fountain) which is claimed to represent a Jew, the Greek god Chronos or a Fastnacht figure that scares disobedient children.

Where are the statues at in the Old Town?

public fountains

Who does the Kindlifresserbrunnen scare?

disobedient children.

Who created all the statues except the Zahringer fountain?

Hans Hiltbrand


It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list.

What does the UNESCO consider the entre Old Town?

a UNESCO World Heritage Site

When was the biggest cathedral in Switzerland built?

What is the largest Swiss Reformed church in Switzerland?

Holy Ghost Church

Who is attributed to the 11 fountains in Old Town?

Hans Gieng


Bern has several dozen cinemas. As is customary in Switzerland, films are generally shown in their original language (e.g., English) with German and French subtitles. Only a small number of screenings are dubbed in German.

What subtitles are included in the movies?

German and French subtitles


Bern was the site of the 1954 Football (Soccer) World Cup Final, a huge upset for the Hungarian Golden Team, who were beaten 3–2 by West Germany. The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also was one of the venues for the European football championship 2008 in which it hosted 3 matches.

What year was the Football World Cup Final in Bern?

Who won the game?

West Germany

What football team is based in Bern?

BSC Young Boys


SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern who plays at the PostFinance Arena. The team has ranked highest in attendance for a European hockey team for more than a decade. The PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, including the opening game and the final of the tournament.

What is the major hockey league team of Bern?

SC Bern

Where do they play?

PostFinance Arena

What year was the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship held in Bern?


Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, Canada.

What year did Bern want to host the Winter Olympics?

What year did they withdraw their bid?

Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held?

Vancouver, Canada


As of 2010[update], Bern had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. As of 2008[update], there were 259 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 16,413 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 950 businesses in this sector. 135,973 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 7,654 businesses in this sector.

What was Berns unemployment rate in 2010?

How many businesses are there in the primary sector?

How many businesses are there in the secondary sector?

How many businesses are there in the tertiary sector?