Retail versions of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through Windows Store—a namesake distribution platform which offers both apps, and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8. A method to sideload apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a domain; Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps, but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing.

Where can Windows 8 install apps from?

Windows Store

How do devices with Windows 8 Enterprise attain apps outside of the Windows Store?

sideload apps

What other devices can sideload apps?

Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices

Where can't Windows 8 install apps from?

I'm not sure.

Where can Windows 9 install apps from?

I'm not sure.

How do devices with Windows 9 Enterprise attain apps outside of the Windows Store?

I'm not sure.

How do devices with Windows 8 Enterprise attain apps inside of the Windows Store?

I'm not sure.

What other devices can't sideload apps?

I'm not sure.


The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release. Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps", "Windows 8-style apps" and "Windows Store apps" began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps. An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term "Modern design" to refer to the language as a whole.

What does immersive app stand for?

the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8

What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called?

Metro-style apps

Who is Soma Somasegar?

vice president of Microsoft's development software division

When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?

September 12, 2012

What does unimmersive app stand for?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't immersive app stand for?

I'm not sure.

What are apps after the introduction of Windows 9 called?

I'm not sure.

Who is Noma Somasegar?

I'm not sure.

When didn't Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?

I'm not sure.


Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to web browsers. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege "New experience enabled" (formerly "Metro-style enabled").

What code did Windows 8 change to?

API code instead of WinRT

What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?

New experience enabled

What different options did the desktop version have?

able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code

What code did Windows 9 change to?

I'm not sure.

What code didn't Windows 8 change to?

I'm not sure.

What term didn't Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?

I'm not sure.

What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for file browsing?

I'm not sure.

What different options didn't the desktop version have?

I'm not sure.


The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers; while Chrome's "Windows 8 mode" uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface, Firefox's version (which was first made available on the "Aurora" release channel in September 2013) uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox. In October 2013, Chrome's app was changed to mimic the desktop environment used by Chrome OS. Development of the Firefox app for Windows 8 has since been cancelled, citing a lack of user adoption for the beta versions.

Which two browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers?

Chrome and Firefox

What does Chromes version for Windows 8 do?

uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface

What does Firefox's version for Windows 8 do?

uses a touch-optimized interface

When was Firefox's version of Windows 8 made accesible?

September 2013

Which three browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't Chromes version for Windows 8 do?

I'm not sure.

What does Chromes version for Windows 9 do?

I'm not sure.

What does Firefox's version for Windows 9 do?

I'm not sure.

When was Firefox's version of Windows 9 made accesible?

I'm not sure.


Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles". As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen. Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel.

What is found on the Start Screen?

a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs

What do live tiles do?

display constantly updated information and content

What is the primary function of the PC Settings app?

used for basic configuration and user settings

Where can advanced settings options be found?

Control Panel

What is the new System User interface built on?

Microsoft's Metro design language

What is found on the Stop Screen?

I'm not sure.

What is the primary function of the CP Settings app?

I'm not sure.

What do dead tiles do?

I'm not sure.

Where can basic settings options be found?

I'm not sure.

What is the old System User interface built on?

I'm not sure.


A vertical toolbar known as the charms (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen) provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button. The traditional desktop environment for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the Start screen. The Start button on the taskbar from previous versions of Windows has been converted into a hotspot in the lower-left corner of the screen, which displays a large tooltip displaying a thumbnail of the Start screen. Swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen or clicking in the top-left corner of the screen allows one to switch between apps and Desktop. Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down reveals a thumbnail list of active apps. Aside from the removal of the Start button and the replacement of the Aero Glass theme with a flatter and solid-colored design, the desktop interface on Windows 8 is similar to that of Windows 7.

What is charms?

A vertical toolbar

What is the purpose of charms?

provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button

How is an active list of apps accessed?

Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down

What does swiping from the left edge of the screen do?

allows one to switch between apps and Desktop

How is the traditional desktop evironment opened?

via a tile on the Start screen

What aren't charms?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the purpose of charms?

I'm not sure.

How is an inactive list of apps accessed?

I'm not sure.

What does swiping from the right edge of the screen do?

I'm not sure.

How is the traditional desktop evironment closed?

I'm not sure.


Several notable features have been removed in Windows 8, beginning with the traditional Start menu. Support for playing DVD-Video was removed from Windows Media Player due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders (especially for devices which do not include optical disc drives at all) and the prevalence of online streaming services. For the same reasons, Windows Media Center is not included by default on Windows 8, but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support can be purchased in the "Pro Pack" (which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro) or "Media Center Pack" add-on for Windows 8 Pro. As with prior versions, third-party DVD player software can still be used to enable DVD playback.

Why was the ability to play DVD-Video taken off of Windows Media Player?

the cost of licensing the necessary decoders

What does the Pro Pack do?

upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro

Which main feature was removed in Windows 8?

the traditional Start menu

Why was the ability to play BR-Video taken off of Windows Media Player?

I'm not sure.

Why was the ability to play DVD-Video taken off of Windows Picture Player?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't the Pro Pack do?

I'm not sure.

What does the Mod Pack do?

I'm not sure.

Which main feature was removed in Windows 9?

I'm not sure.


Backup and Restore, the backup component of Windows, is deprecated. It still ships with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules, but is pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery".:76 Shadow Copy, a component of Windows Explorer that once saved previous versions of changed files, no longer protects local files and folders. It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer.:74 The subsystem on which these components worked, however, is still available for other software to use.:74

What backup element is still found on Windows 8?

Backup and Restore

How is Backup and Restore opened?

through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery"

What does :76 Shadow Copy do?

access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer

What is :74 used for?

other software

What backup element isn't still found on Windows 8?

I'm not sure.

What backup element is still found on Windows 9?

I'm not sure.

How isn't Backup and Restore opened?

I'm not sure.

How is Backup and Restore closed?

I'm not sure.

What does :67 Shadow Copy do?

I'm not sure.


Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and laplet devices to be "certified" for Windows 8, and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism. On March 12, 2013, Microsoft amended its certification requirements to only require that screens on tablets have a minimum resolution of 1024×768 (down from the previous 1366×768). The amended requirement is intended to allow "greater design flexibility" for future products.

What did Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013?

Why did Microsoft decrease the required resoultion for tablets?

to allow "greater design flexibility" for future products

What is a convertible form factor?

a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis

How does a convertible become a tablet?

attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism

What didn't Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013?

I'm not sure.

What did Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 21, 2013?

I'm not sure.

Why did Microsoft increase the required resoultion for tablets?

I'm not sure.

What is an inconvertible form factor?

I'm not sure.

How does an inconvertible become a tablet?

I'm not sure.


Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which the lowest version, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on. Users of Windows 8 can purchase a "Pro Pack" license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through Add features to Windows. This license also includes Windows Media Center. Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through volume licensing. A port of Windows 8 for ARM architecture, Windows RT, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.

How many Windows 8 editions are there?

three

What extras does Windows 8 Pro have?

BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on

What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have?

features aimed towards business environments

How would one get Windows RT?

as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it

How many Windows 8 editions aren't there?

I'm not sure.

How many Windows 9 editions are there?

I'm not sure.

What extras does Windows 9 Pro have?

I'm not sure.

What extras do Windows 9 Enterprise have?

I'm not sure.

How would one get Windows TR?

I'm not sure.


Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 2013; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99. Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012 and January 31, 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99. Several PC manufacturers offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the promotion on select models, such as Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models), and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models). During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.

During it's launch how much was a Windows 8 upgrade?

$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box

What is the Windows 8 price?

What is the Windows 8 Pro price?

Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 8 Pro uprgrade for $14.99?

PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate

How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 8 promotion?

free

During it's launch how much was a Windows 9 upgrade?

I'm not sure.

What is the Windows 9 price?

I'm not sure.

What is the Windows 9 Pro price?

I'm not sure.

Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 9 Pro uprgrade for $14.99?

I'm not sure.

How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 9 promotion?

I'm not sure.


Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail in "Upgrade" licenses only, which require an existing version of Windows to install. The "full version software" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of full version, a specialized "System Builder" SKU was introduced. The "System Builder" SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale, but added a "Personal Use License" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers.

What restrictions do Windows upgrade licenses have?

require an existing version of Windows to install

What did Windows offer in place of a full version of the software?

specialized "System Builder" SKU

What did the System Builder SKU take the place of?

(OEM) SKU

What does OEM stand for?

original equipment manufacturer

What did the Personal Use License allow?

purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers

What restrictions don't Windows upgrade licenses have?

I'm not sure.

What did Windows offer in place of a preview version of the software?

I'm not sure.

What did the System Builder SUK take the place of?

I'm not sure.

What does OME stand for

I'm not sure.

What did the Personal Use License disallow?

I'm not sure.


Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1. Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as "full version software" at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical. With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1, the "Personal Use License" exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail version in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements. Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine.

What replaced Windows 8?

Windows 8.1

What is the primary difference in Windows 8.1?

8.1 is available as "full version software"

What exemption was removed from Windows 8.1?

Personal Use License

What is Windows 8.1 with Bing?

a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine

What replaced Windows 9?

I'm not sure.

What is the primary difference in Windows 9.1?

I'm not sure.

What is the primary similarity in Windows 8.1?

I'm not sure.

What exemption was removed from Windows 9.1?

I'm not sure.

What is Windows 9.1 with Bing?

I'm not sure.


The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation. The 32-bit version runs on CPUs compatible with x86 architecture 3rd generation (known as IA-32) or newer, and can run 32-bit and 16-bit applications, although 16-bit support must be enabled first. (16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation, first conceived in 1978. Microsoft started moving away from this architecture after Windows 95.)

What architecture types does Windows 8 support?

32-bit and 64-bit

What is 16-bit support intended for?

CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation

When was x86 2nd generation created?

How does the online Windows installer know which version to install?

automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation

What architecture types does Windows 9 support?

I'm not sure.

What architecture types doesn't Windows 8 support?

I'm not sure.

What is 61-bit support intended for?

I'm not sure.

When was x68 2nd generation created?

I'm not sure.

How does the online Windows installer know which version to uninstall?

I'm not sure.


Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of Office 2013), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications. Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or compiled to support a specific architecture.

What Windows version is compatible with ARM processors?

Windows RT

What apps work on Windows RT?

only supports applications included with the system

Why does Windows RT only work with apps included with the system?

to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture

What Windows version is incompatible with ARM processors?

I'm not sure.

What Windows version is compatible with AMR processors?

I'm not sure.

What apps don't work on Windows RT?

I'm not sure.

What apps work on Windows TR?

I'm not sure.

Why does Windows RT only work with apps excluded with the system?

I'm not sure.


Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from free software supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft. Concerns were raised that secure boot could prevent or hinder the use of alternate operating systems such as Linux. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that "At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves." Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. It also revealed that ARM devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it. However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform), but still argued that Microsoft should "keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets." No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs.

Who is Tony Mangefeste?

Microsoft developer

What ideology does Microsoft follow?

to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves

Who condemned Microsoft for requiring devices to have secure boot enabled by default?

free software supporters

What resolution did Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines?

vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot

Who isn't Tony Mangefeste?

I'm not sure.

What ideology doesn't Microsoft follow?

I'm not sure.

What ideology does Apple follow?

I'm not sure.

Who condemned Microsoft for requiring devices to have secure boot disabled by default?

I'm not sure.

What resolution didn't Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines?

I'm not sure.


Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform. Markus "Notch" Persson (creator of the indie game Minecraft), Gabe Newell (co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam), and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store. However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."

Who criticized Microsofts closed platform Windows Store?

video game developers

Who created Minecraft?

Markus "Notch" Persson

Who developed Steam?

Gabe Newell

What company is Rob Pardo associated with?

Activision Blizzard

What was the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?

responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."

Who criticized Microsofts open platform Windows Store?

I'm not sure.

Who hated Minecraft?

I'm not sure.

Who developed Dream?

I'm not sure.

What company is Rob Pardo unassociated with?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?

I'm not sure.


Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed. Tom Warren of The Verge said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, a "tablet PC with Windows 8 makes an iPad feel immediately out of date" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services. David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as "the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012" and praised Microsoft's "no compromise" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a "brilliant innovation for desktop computers" when compared with "folder-littered desktops on every other OS" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information. In contrast, an ExtremeTech article said it was Microsoft "flailing" and a review in PC Magazine condemned the Metro-style user interface. Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes. Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an "extremely ambitious" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating Apple's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.

Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?

David Pierce

Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews?

because it allows users to interact with dynamic information

Which improvements were most well regarded?

File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager

Who else uses a closed distribution platform?

Apple

Who equated windows 9 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?

I'm not sure.

Who equated windows 8 as the last desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?

I'm not sure.

Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such poor reviews?

I'm not sure.

Which improvements were least well regarded?

I'm not sure.

Who else uses an open distribution platform?

I'm not sure.


The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of mixed reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping "wasn't very obvious" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the RTM release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this "stumbling block", Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the "Metro" and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means. Tom Warren of The Verge wrote that the new interface was "as stunning as it is surprising", contributing to an "incredibly personal" experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse. He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push development of apps for the Windows Store. Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from ZDNet, considered the interface to be "clumsy and impractical" due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it "two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together"), and concluded that "Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction—touch and tablets -- that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad."

What makes the Windows 8 interface difficult to use?

the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface

Who said the Windows 8 interface was clumsy and impractical?

Adrian Kingsley-Hughes

What kind of feedback has Windows 8 received?

mixed

What makes the Windows 9 interface difficult to use?

I'm not sure.

What makes the Windows 8 interface easy to use?

I'm not sure.

Who said the Windows 9 interface was clumsy and impractical?

I'm not sure.

Who said the Windows 8 interface was practical?

I'm not sure.

What kind of feedback has Windows 9 received?

I'm not sure.


However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States have declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011. As the holiday shopping season wrapped up, Windows 8 sales continued to lag, even as Apple reported brisk sales. The market research firm IDC reported an overall drop in PC sales for the quarter, and said the drop may have been partly due to consumer reluctance to embrace the new features of the OS and poor support from OEM for these features. This capped the first year of declining PC sales to the Asia Pacific region, as consumers bought more mobile devices than Windows PCs.

What is IDC?

market research firm

What is the decline in PC sales attributed to?

consumers bought more mobile devices

How much of a decrease in sales have Windows devices experienced?

21 percent

While Windows sales went down, which company experienced an increase in sales?

Apple

What is ICD?

I'm not sure.

What isn't IDC?

I'm not sure.

What is the increase in PC sales attributed to?

I'm not sure.

How much of a increase in sales have Windows devices experienced?

I'm not sure.

While Windows sales went up, which company experienced an decrease in sales?

I'm not sure.


Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications, with usage on a steady upward trajectory. However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista and Windows 7 at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's tablet market share has also been growing steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this is still well below Android and iOS, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8. Strategy Analytics also noted "a shortage of top tier apps" for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to for Windows Phone).

What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2013/

What was Androids market share in 2013?

What was teh iOS market share in 2013?

What does Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking?

top tier apps

When did Windows 8 surpass Windows Vistas market share?

July 2013

What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2012?

I'm not sure.

What was Androids market share in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What was the iOS market share in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking?

I'm not sure.

When did Windows 9 surpass Windows Vistas market share?

I'm not sure.


In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets. Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period. This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.

What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2013?

amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum

Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution minimum?

to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors

How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first six months?

100 million

What controlled the small form tablet market at this time?

Android-based tablets

What changes did Microsoft make to its recertification requirements in March 2013?

I'm not sure.

What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2012?

I'm not sure.

Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution maximum?

I'm not sure.

How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first nine months?

I'm not sure.

What controlled the large form tablet market at this time?

I'm not sure.


In February 2014, Bloomberg reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running Chrome OS. Microsoft had similarly cut the price of Windows XP licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based netbooks. Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, "Windows 8.1 with Bing", was a variant which would be a free or low-cost version of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows. On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches, and officially confirmed the rumored "Windows 8.1 with Bing" OEM SKU on May 23, 2014.

When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 8.1 with Bing OEM SKU official?

May 23, 2014

When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 9 inches?

April 2, 2014

When did Windows 8 decrease the price of Windows 8 for devices that cost less than $250?

February 2014

What was the benefit of Windows 8.1 with Bing?

cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing

When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 9.1 with Bing OEM SKU official?

I'm not sure.

When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 8.1 with Bing OME SKU official?

I'm not sure.

When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 8 inches?

I'm not sure.

When did Windows 9 decrease the price of Windows 8 for devices that cost less than $250?

I'm not sure.

What was the benefit of Windows 9.1 with Bing?

I'm not sure.


In May 2014, the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running OS [sic] without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of internet-based services.

When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products?

May 2014

Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?

in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP

What market share did Windows XP have in Chine?

Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?

Ni Guangnan

When did the Chinese government approve the purchase of Windows 8 products?

I'm not sure.

When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 9 products?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 9 based products?

I'm not sure.

What market share did Windows PX have in China?

I'm not sure.

Who claimed that the Windows 9 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?

I'm not sure.


In June 2014, state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate "sensitive user information" that could be used to "understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society", and alleged that per documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at Fudan University, also stated that "the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security." Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo, which stated that the company had never "assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients" or provided client data to the U.S. government, never "provided any government the authority to directly visit" or placed any backdoors in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data.

What does CCTV stand for?

China Central Television

What is the name of the Chinese social network?

Sina Weibo

Who claimed that the Window 8 OS could gather sensitive user information?

Ni Guangnan

Where did Yang Min practice as a computer scientiest?

Fudan University

What doesn't CCTV stand for?

I'm not sure.

What does CTCV stand for?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the name of the Chinese social network?

I'm not sure.

Who claimed that the Window 9 OS could gather sensitive user information?

I'm not sure.

Where didn't Yang Min practice as a computer scientest?

I'm not sure.


An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013. Following a presentation devoted to the upgrade at Build 2013, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013. Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free download through Windows Store on October 17, 2013. Volume license customers and subscribers to MSDN Plus and TechNet Plus were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs "to ensure a quality experience at general availability." However, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9, 2013.

When was Windows 8.1 introduced?

May 14, 2013

When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1?

June 26, 2013

When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1?

September 9, 2013

When was Windows 9.1 introduced?

I'm not sure.

When was Windows 8.1 scrapped?

I'm not sure.

When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 9.1?

I'm not sure.

When did Microsoft release the alpha version of Windows 8.1?

I'm not sure.

When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 9.1?

I'm not sure.


The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new Bing-based unified search system was added, SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added. Windows 8.1 also added support for 3D printing, Miracast media streaming, NFC printing, and Wi-Fi Direct.

What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?

Bing-based unified search system

How did the Windows 8.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup?

ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen

What main feature was added back to the desktop?

a visible Start button

How many apps did the WIndows 8.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?

up to four

What search engine was added in Windows 9.1?

I'm not sure.

What search engine was taken away in Windows 8.1?

I'm not sure.

How did the Windows 9.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup?

I'm not sure.

What main feature was taken away from the desktop?

I'm not sure.

How many apps did the WIndows 9.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?

I'm not sure.


At no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west, Swaziland is one of the smallest countries in Africa. Despite its size, however, its climate and topography is diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld. The population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is siSwati. They established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881. After the Anglo-Boer War, Swaziland was a British protectorate from 1903 until 1967. It regained its independence on 6 September 1968.

How wide is Swaziland in miles??

81 mi

In terms of size where does Swaziland rank within Africa in terms of country size?

one of the smallest

What is the primary language spoken by the people in Swaziland?

siSwati

When did the ethnic Swazis establish a kingdom?

mid-18th century

Who was the leader of the 18th century Swazi kingdom?

Ngwane III

What country is measures 200 mi north to south?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the smalloest countries in the world?

I'm not sure.

What is the official language of Swaziland?

I'm not sure.

Who established a kingdom in the 1800's

I'm not sure.

Who was the leader of the Swazi kingdom in the 1800's?

I'm not sure.


Swaziland is a developing country with a small economy. Its GDP per capita of $9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa. Swaziland's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Swaziland's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided by its agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.

What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland?

What is the SACU?

Southern African Customs Union

What does the acronym COMESA represent?

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

What is the lilangeni?

Swaziland's currency

What form of currency is the lilangeni fixed to?

South African rand

Who is Swazilands main global trading partner?

I'm not sure.

What is the currency of both Swaziland and South Africa?

I'm not sure.

where is agriculture the top employer?

I'm not sure.

What nation is considered developed despite its small economy?

I'm not sure.


Swaziland derives its name from a later king named Mswati II. KaNgwane, named for Ngwane III, is an alternative name for Swaziland the surname of whose royal house remains Nkhosi Dlamini. Nkhosi literally means "king". Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of Swaziland, and he greatly extended the area of the country to twice its current size. The Emakhandzambili clans were initially incorporated into the kingdom with wide autonomy, often including grants of special ritual and political status. The extent of their autonomy however was drastically curtailed by Mswati, who attacked and subdued some of them in the 1850s.

What is the literal translation of Nkhosi?

king

In terms of the most successful Swaziland kings in battle, who was the best?

Mswati II

What did Mswati II do to the land controlled by Swaziland during his reign?

greatly extended the area of the country

What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century?

Emakhandzambili clans

Where does the name Swaziland originate?

Mswati II. KaNgwane

What country got its name from Ngwane III?

I'm not sure.

What was Ngwane the greatest of?

I'm not sure.

What did Ngwane III do to the land controlled by Swaziland during his reign?

I'm not sure.

Who did Ngwane attack and subdue?

I'm not sure.

Who attacked the Emakhandzambili in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.


In 1903, after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into European and non-European (or native reserves) areas with the former being two-thirds of the total land. Sobhuza's official coronation was in December 1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Privy council in London in 1922 regarding the issue of the land.

In what year did the British take Swaziland on as a protectorate?

What 1903 conflict involving the British caused Swaziland to become a protectorate?

Anglo-Boer war

In what year was Swaziland given self governance?

How much of Swaziland did the European area contain after the portioning?

two-thirds of the total land

When was Sobhuza coronated?

December 1921

Who did Swaziland become a protectorate of in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What war did Swaziland loose in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

Who started carrying out Sazilands administration in 1906?

I'm not sure.

Who was granted self-government in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.


The constitution for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the terms of which legislative and executive councils were established. This development was opposed by the Swazi National Council (liqoqo). Despite such opposition, elections took place and the first Legislative Council of Swaziland was constituted on 9 September 1964. Changes to the original constitution proposed by the Legislative Council were accepted by Britain and a new constitution providing for a House of Assembly and Senate was drawn up. Elections under this constitution were held in 1967.

When did the Swaziland constitution come to be?

November 1963

What is another way to refer to the Swazi National Council?

liqoqo

When was the Legislative Council of Swaziland first created?

9 September 1964

When did elections that provided for a House of Assembly for Swaziland occur?

What constitution did Britian put into effect in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What established a judicial and executive council in Swaziland?

I'm not sure.

Who supported the legislative council?

I'm not sure.

What provided for a House Assembly in 1964?

I'm not sure.


Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for 61 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala. Mswati III, the son of Ntfombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of Swaziland.

In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended?

Who ruled Swaziland in the late 1970s?

King Sobhuza II

When did King Sobhuza II die?

Who was the head of state of Swaziland after King Sobhuza II

Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe

Which monarch of Swaziland was crownd in April 1986?

Mswati III

who suspended Swazilands constitution in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

When was the son ofDzeliwe Shongwe crowned king?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled Swaziland starting in 1973 and ending 1982?

I'm not sure.

What rerent ruled for 61 years in Swaziland?

I'm not sure.


The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla (parliament) with help from an advisory council. The king is allowed by the constitution to appoint some members to parliament for special interests. These special interests are citizens who might have been left out by the electorate during the course of elections or did not enter as candidates. This is done to balance views in parliament. Special interests could be people of gender, race, disability, the business community, civic society, scholars, chiefs and so on.

Who appoints the prime minister of Swaziland?

The king

What is the parliament of Swaziland known as?

the Libandla

What part of the Swaziland parliament is appointed by the King?

a minority

Why is the king allowed to appoint members of parliament?

to balance views in parliament

Who does the prime minister appoint?

I'm not sure.

who appoints the advisory council?

I'm not sure.

Who appoints both chambers of the Libandla?

I'm not sure.

Why are special intrests left out of parliment?

I'm not sure.


The Swazi bicameral Parliament or Libandla consists of the Senate (30 seats; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch; to serve five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (65 seats; 10 members appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote; to serve five-year terms). The elections are held every five years after dissolution of parliament by the king. The last elections were held on 20 September 2013. The balloting is done on a non-party basis in all categories. All election procedures are overseen by the elections and boundaries commission.

How many seats are in the Senate of Swaziland?

30 seats

How many members are there in the Swazi House of Assembly?

How many members of the Swazi House of Assembly are chosen by the king?

When were the most recent elections in Swaziland?

20 September 2013

Which group looks over elections in Swaziland?

the elections and boundaries commission

Who appoints the house of assembly?

I'm not sure.

How often does the king dissolve the constitution?

I'm not sure.

What is done on a party basis?

I'm not sure.

What group decides when elections will be held?

I'm not sure.


In 2005, the constitution was put into effect. There is still much debate in the country about the constitutional reforms. From the early seventies, there was active resistance to the royal hegemony. Despite complaints from progressive formations, support for the monarchy and the current political system remains strong among the majority of the population.[citation needed] Submissions were made by citizens around the country to commissions, including the constitutional draft committee, indicating that they would prefer to maintain the current situation.

When did people begin to disputre royal hegenomy in Swaziland?

the early seventies

What portion of Swaziland is said to support the monarchy of Swaziland?

the majority

What entity took submissions about whether or not Swazi citizens wanted to change support of the monarchy?

the constitutional draft committee

What was reformed in 2005?

I'm not sure.

What has been debated since the 1970's?

I'm not sure.

What do progressive formations support besides the current political system?

I'm not sure.

What do the majority of citizens complain about?

I'm not sure.


Nominations take place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate whether he or she accepts the nomination. If he or she accepts it, he or she must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna) and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten.

How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided?

a show of hand

What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland?

at least ten

What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland?

Constituency Headman

In the Swazi Parliament, what is the Bucopho?

Constituency Executive Committee

What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament?

four

Where are ballots cast members of parliment?

I'm not sure.

Who elects parliment?

I'm not sure.

What has a minimum of 10?

I'm not sure.


As noted above, there are 55 tinkhundla in Swaziland and each elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Swaziland. Each inkhundla has a development committee (bucopho) elected from the various constituency chiefdoms in its area for a five-year term. Bucopho bring to the inkhundla all matters of interest and concern to their various chiefdoms, and take back to the chiefdoms the decisions of the inkhundla. The chairman of the bucopho is elected at the inkhundla and is called indvuna ye nkhundla.

How many representatives does each tinkhundla elect to the Swazi House of Assembly?

one

What is a single term of a Swazi development committee?

a five-year term

To whom do Bucopho take the decisions and concerns?

the chiefdoms

Where is the Bucopho chairman elected?

at the inkhundla

What is the chairman of the bucopho also called?

indvuna ye nkhundla

How many members are there of the House Assembly?

I'm not sure.

What do the tinkhundla bring to the House Assembly?

I'm not sure.

What do the inkhundla give to the chiefdoms?

I'm not sure.


A small, landlocked kingdom, Swaziland is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2. Swaziland has four separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined by altitude. Swaziland is located at approximately 26°30'S, 31°30'E. Swaziland has a wide variety of landscapes, from the mountains along the Mozambican border to savannas in the east and rain forest in the northwest. Several rivers flow through the country, such as the Great Usutu River.

What nation is to the east of Swaziland?

Mozambique

What nation is on the north, east, and western borders of Swaziland?

Republic of South Africa

How large in square kilometers is Swaziland?

17,364 km2

How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?

four

In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland?

the northwest

What country completely surrounds Swaziland?

I'm not sure.

What country is east of Mozambique?

I'm not sure.

What country has a land area of 17,364 square miles?

I'm not sure.

How many seperate privinces does Swaziland have?

I'm not sure.

What kind of forest does Swaziland have in the east?

I'm not sure.


About 75% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land (SNL). In contrast with the commercial farms, Swazi Nation Land suffers from low productivity and investment. This dual nature of the Swazi economy, with high productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialised agricultural TDLs on the one hand, and declining productivity subsistence agriculture (on SNL) on the other, may well explain the country's overall low growth, high inequality and unemployment.

What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers?

About 75%

In terms of Swaziland, what does SNL refer to?

Swazi Nation Land

Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy?

textile manufacturing

What are the problems with Swazi Nation Land?

low productivity and investment

Where does the population get 75% of its income?

I'm not sure.

What has low productivity compared to Swazi Nation Land?

I'm not sure.

What other industries have low productivity besides agriculture?

I'm not sure.

Where is commercial farming productivity declining?

I'm not sure.


Economic growth in Swaziland has lagged behind that of its neighbours. Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8%, nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union (SACU) member countries. Low agricultural productivity in the SNLs, repeated droughts, the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS and an overly large and inefficient government sector are likely contributing factors. Swaziland's public finances deteriorated in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier. A combination of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget deficits.

What has the Real growth in GDP since 2001 in Swaziland in percentage?

How much lower is the Swazi Real GDP growth in comparison to other Southern African Customs Union members is Swaziland?

nearly 2 percentage points

When did the public finances in Swaziland decline?

the late 1990s

What led to Swazi budget cuts?

declining revenues and increased spending

What have Swaziland's neighbors lagged behind in?

I'm not sure.

What is the average GDP of SACU member countries?

I'm not sure.

How much higher is the Swazi GDP growth compared to the rest of the SACU?

I'm not sure.

What did Swaziland have a surplus of in the 1990's?

I'm not sure.


The considerable spending did not lead to more growth and did not benefit the poor. Much of the increased spending has gone to current expenditures related to wages, transfers, and subsidies. The wage bill today constitutes over 15% of GDP and 55% of total public spending; these are some of the highest levels on the African continent. The recent rapid growth in SACU revenues has, however, reversed the fiscal situation, and a sizeable surplus was recorded since 2006. SACU revenues today account for over 60% of total government revenues. On the positive side, the external debt burden has declined markedly over the last 20 years, and domestic debt is almost negligible; external debt as a percent of GDP was less than 20% in 2006.

What amount of total public spending in Swaziland is going to wages?

What amount of government revenue in Swaziland is from the SACU?

60% of total government revenues

What has happened to debt external onus  in Swaziland in the past two decades?

declined markedly

What percentage of the GDP was represented by outside debt in Swaziland in 2006?

less than 20%

Who did the spending benefit?

I'm not sure.

What led to considerable growth?

I'm not sure.

What makes up 15% of total public spending?

I'm not sure.

What has a decline in SACU revenues done?

I'm not sure.


The Swazi economy is very closely linked to the economy of South Africa, from which it receives over 90% of its imports and to which it sends about 70% of its exports. Swaziland's other key trading partners are the United States and the EU, from whom the country has received trade preferences for apparel exports (under the African Growth and Opportunity Act – AGOA – to the US) and for sugar (to the EU). Under these agreements, both apparel and sugar exports did well, with rapid growth and a strong inflow of foreign direct investment. Textile exports grew by over 200% between 2000 and 2005 and sugar exports increasing by more than 50% over the same period.

Which nations economy is Swaziland most linked with?

South Africa

What quantity of imports does Swaziland get from South Africa?

over 90%

What percentage of exported goods from Swaziland end up in South Africa?

What happened to Swazi exports of textiles from 2000 to 2005?

exports grew by over 200%

Between 2000 and 2005 what percentage did Swazi sugar exports increase by?

more than 50%

Where does South africa recieve 90% of its imorts from?

I'm not sure.

Who sends Swaziland 70% of their exports?

I'm not sure.

What act gives the US and EU trade preference with Swaziland?

I'm not sure.

During what period did Swazi sugar imports increase 200%?

I'm not sure.


Swaziland's currency is pegged to the South African Rand, subsuming Swaziland's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. Swaziland is not poor enough to merit an IMF program; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs at public enterprises. The government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign direct investment.

What currency is Swaziland bound to?

South African Rand

Which nation does Swazi defer to when it comes to monetary policy?

South Africa

Duties from customs represent what amount of Swaziland government revenue?

as much as 70%

From where does Swaziland get customs revenue?

Southern African Customs Union

What is the currency in Swaziland and South Africa?

I'm not sure.

What country defers to Swaziland when it comes to monetary policy?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of SACU income is from customs duties?

I'm not sure.

Who does Swaziland pay duties to?

I'm not sure.


83% of the total population adheres to Christianity, making it the most common religion in Swaziland. Anglican, Protestant and indigenous African churches, including African Zionist, constitute the majority of the Christians (40%), followed by Roman Catholicism at 20% of the population. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya, was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland, becoming the first woman to be a bishop in Africa. 15% of the population follows traditional religions; other non-Christian religions practised in the country include Islam (1%), the Bahá'í Faith (0.5%), and Hinduism (0.2%). There are 14 Jewish families.

What percentage of the Swazi population are Christian?

Which religious belief is most prevelant in Swaziland?

Christianity

What amount of Swazi Christians are Roman Catholic?

Who is the Anglican Bishop of Swaziland?

Ellinah Wamukoya

How many Jewish families are there in Swaziland?

What country makes up 83% of Africa's Christians?

I'm not sure.

What protestant denominations make up 20% of the population?

I'm not sure.

What Catholic Rite  makes up 40% of the population?

I'm not sure.

How many Hindu families are there?

I'm not sure.


In 2004, the Swaziland government acknowledged for the first time that it suffered an AIDS crisis, with 38.8% of tested pregnant women infected with HIV (see AIDS in Africa). The then Prime Minister Themba Dlamini declared a humanitarian crisis due to the combined effect of drought, land degradation, increased poverty, and HIV/AIDS. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, Swaziland is close to achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, defined as 80% coverage or greater. Estimates of treatment coverage range from 70% to 80% of those infected. Life expectancy had fallen from 61 years in 2000 to 32 years in 2009. Tuberculosis is also a significant problem, with an 18% mortality rate. Many patients have a multi-drug resistant strain, and 83% are co-infected with HIV.

Of pregnant women, how many are believed to be infected with HIV?

Who was the prime minister of Swaziland in 2004?

Themba Dlamini

What does UNAIDS consider universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment?

80% coverage or greater

What percentage of HIV/AIDS infected in Swaziland are believed to be treated?

70% to 80%

What is the rate of mortality for those with tuberculosis in Swaziland?

What crisis began in 2004?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of women have HIV?

I'm not sure.

Who declared a humanitarian crisis in Africa?

I'm not sure.

What has the life expectancy risen to since 2000?

I'm not sure.


Education in Swaziland begins with pre-school education for infants, primary, secondary and high school education for general education and training (GET), and universities and colleges at tertiary level. Pre-school education is usually for children 5-year or younger after that the students can enroll in a primary school anywhere in the country. In Swaziland early childhood care and education (ECCE) centres are in the form of preschools or neighbourhood care points (NCPs). In the country 21.6% of preschool age children have access to early childhood education.

What age attends pre-school in Swaziland?

5-year or younger

What percentage of children of age for preschool have access to education in Swaziland?

In reference to education in Swaziland, hat is an NCP otherwise known as?

neighbourhood care points

What is does ECCE refer to in the Swazi educational system?

early childhood care and education

Where do 5 year-olds attend primary school at?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of preschool children do not have acess to early education?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of children have acess to primary school at NCPs?

I'm not sure.


The secondary and high school education system in Swaziland is a five-year programme divided into three years junior secondary and two years senior secondary. There is an external public examination (Junior Certificate) at the end of the junior secondary that learners have to pass to progress to the senior secondary level. The Examination Council of Swaziland (ECOS) administers this examination. At the end of the senior secondary level, learners sit for a public examination, the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education (SGCSE) and International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) which is accredited by the Cambridge International Examination (CIE). A few schools offer the Advanced Studies (AS) programme in their curriculum.

How many years does a student spend in secondary and high school in Swaziland?

five

For how many years is a Swazi student in junior secondary school?

three

What is the ECOS within the Swazi education system?

Examination Council of Swaziland

What do students finishing senior secondary school get?

Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education

What institution does the accreditation for the IGCSE in Swaziland?

Cambridge International Examination

What education system is divided into 3 years?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the private axamination taken at the end of junior secondary?

I'm not sure.

Who determines if students can go to senior secondary?

I'm not sure.

What private examination do students sit for at the end of senior secondary?

I'm not sure.


The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants.

The University of Swaziland, Southern Nazarene University, offer higher learning in Swaziland, what is one other University?

Swaziland Christian University

Where can one find the Limkoking University of Creative Technology?

Sidvwashini

What is the capital of Swaziland?

Mbabane

Where in Swaziland is The Good shepherd Hospital?

Siteki

What nursing school does The Good Shepherd Hospital contain?

College for Nursing Assistants

What are the 3 schools that offer a university education on the continent?

I'm not sure.

What campus can be found in the capital?

I'm not sure.

What is the nursing and teaching college?

I'm not sure.

What is Siteki the capital of?

I'm not sure.


The main centre for technical training in Swaziland is the Swaziland College of Technology which is slated to become a full university. It aims to provide and facilitating high quality training and learning in technology and business studies in collaboration with the Commercial, Industrial and Public Sectors. Other technical and vocational institutions are the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute located in Matsapha and the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre (MITC) in Manzini. Other vocational institutions include Nhlangano Agricultural Skills Training Center and Siteki Industrial Training Centre.

Which school is the main location for technical education in Swaziland?

Swaziland College of Technology

What types of education does the Swaziland College of Technology offer?

technology and business studies

What is the location of the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute?

Matsapha

There is an educational facility in Manzini within Swaziland known by the acronym MITC, what does it stand for?

Manzini Industrial and Training Centre

What university offers technical training?

I'm not sure.

What types of education will the Swaziland College of of Technology when it becomes a university?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the commercial trainning institute in Manzini?

I'm not sure.

What training center is located in Siteki?

I'm not sure.


In addition to these institutions, Swaziland also has the Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration (SIMPA) and Institute of Development Management (IDM). SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland that provides training, consultancy, and research in management. The Mananga management centre was established as Mananga Agricultural Management Centre in 1972 as an International Management Development Centre catering for middle and senior managers, it is located at Ezulwini.

In terms of education in Swaziland what does the acronym SIMPA represent?

Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration

In Swaziland, what is SIMPA?

a government owned management and development institute

In which locations is the Institute of Development Management?

Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland

What service does the IDM provide?

training, consultancy, and research in management

In what year was the Mananga Management Centre founded?

When was the SIMPA established?

I'm not sure.

What development and management istitute is privatly owned?

I'm not sure.


The Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called "kwetfwasa". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various reasons, such the cause of sickness or even death. His diagnosis is based on "kubhula", a process of communication, through trance, with the natural superpowers. The Inyanga (a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone throwing skill ("kushaya ematsambo") used to determine the cause of the sickness.

In Swaziland, what is kwetfwasa?

training of the Sangoma

What is a Sangoma in Swaziland?

a traditional diviner

Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland?

the cause of sickness or even death

How does a sangoma in Swaziland communicate?

kubhula

What is kushaya ematsambo used for?

to determine the cause of the sickness

Who is chosen by their chiefdom?

I'm not sure.

What ceremony involves the whole village?

I'm not sure.

Who puts their patients in a trance?

I'm not sure.

What is thrown to cure the sick?

I'm not sure.


Swaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. The aims of the ceremony are to preserve girls' chastity, provide tribute labour for the Queen mother, and to encourage solidarity by working together. The royal family appoints a commoner maiden to be "induna" (captain) of the girls and she announces over the radio the dates of the ceremony. She will be an expert dancer and knowledgeable on royal protocol. One of the King's daughters will be her counterpart.

What is the most widely known event in Swazi culture?

Umhlanga Reed Dance.

How long is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?

eight

During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?

late August or early September

What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance?

childless, unmarried girls

As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?

to preserve girls' chastity

What is Swazilands oldest cultural event?

I'm not sure.

Who cuts reeds and then dances for their mothers?

I'm not sure.

Who's daughter becomes the Induna?

I'm not sure.

What fosters loyalty to the Queen Mother?

I'm not sure.


The Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old "umchwasho" custom. In "umchwasho", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, when the girls had reached a marriageable age, they would perform labour service for the Queen Mother, ending with dancing and feasting. The country was under the chastity rite of "umchwasho" until 19 August 2005.

Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho?

19 August 2005

What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland?

If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine

Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland?

all young girls

From where did the Reed Dance originate?

the old "umchwasho" custom

What would the end of umchwasho be marked with?

dancing and feasting

What is an ancient ceremony?

I'm not sure.

Who pays a fine to a girls parents if she becomes pregnant?

I'm not sure.

What was first practiced in 2005?

I'm not sure.

Who preformed labour for the chieften?

I'm not sure.


The English word "translation" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning "a carrying across" or "a bringing across"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that are derived from that same Latin source or from the alternative Latin traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across"). The Slavic and Germanic languages (except in the case of the Dutch equivalent, "vertaling"—a "re-language-ing") likewise use calques of these Latin sources.

What Latin word does the English word translation come from?

translatio

What languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that come from the same Latin source?

Romance

What does Latin's traducere mean in English?

"to lead across"

Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?

Latin

What does the Dutch word "vertaling" roughly translate to?

"re-language-ing"

What French word does the English word translation come from?

I'm not sure.

What languages use equivalents of the German term "translation" that come from the same Latin source?

I'm not sure.

What does Russia's traducere mean in English?

I'm not sure.

What does the American word "vertaling" roughly translate to?

I'm not sure.

What language is always derived from Latin?

I'm not sure.


Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents — "literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary — for the original meaning and other crucial "values" (e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from context.

How much has translation changed since antiquity?

hardly

What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had?

theoretical

When were there some extreme metaphrasers?

early Christian period and the Middle Ages

What have general been prudent about?

seeking equivalents

For crucial values, what type of values do translators use where possible?

literal

How much has translation stayed the same since antiquity?

I'm not sure.

What kind of segregation has the practice of translation had?

I'm not sure.

When were there some minor metaphrasers?

I'm not sure.

What have translators generally been awful at doing?

I'm not sure.

What type of values do translators avoid where possible?

I'm not sure.


In general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences between "fixed-word-order" languages (e.g. English, French, German) and "free-word-order" languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian) have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax (sentence-structure) characteristics of a text's source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language.

What have translators tried to preserve?

context itself

How do translators preserve context?

reproducing the original order of sememes

What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?

grammatical structure

What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?

passive

What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?

syntactic requirements

What have translators tried to get rid of?

I'm not sure.

How do translators obfuscate context?

I'm not sure.

What is it sometimes unnecessary to reinterpret when translating?

I'm not sure.

What is the active voice never shifted to when needed?

I'm not sure.


Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel ("present", "current"), the Polish aktualny ("present", "current," "topical," "timely," "feasible"), the Swedish aktuell ("topical", "presently of importance"), the Russian актуальный ("urgent", "topical") or the Dutch actueel.

A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages?

contact and exchange

What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as?

guide to current meaning

What does the French "actuel" mean in English?

present

How would you convey that something is "presently of importance" in Swedish?

aktuell

To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used?

aktualny

What is a common etymology sometimes clarified as?

I'm not sure.

What does the German "actuel" mean in English?

I'm not sure.

How would you convey that something is "presently of importance" in Hebrew?

I'm not sure.

What word can't be used to indicate something is impossible in Polish?

I'm not sure.

What never exists between two different languages?

I'm not sure.


The translator's role as a bridge for "carrying across" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an artist. The main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero. Dryden observed that "Translation is a type of drawing after life..." Comparison of the translator with a musician or actor goes back at least to Samuel Johnson’s remark about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet, while Homer himself used a bassoon.

How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed?

at least since Terence

What did Terence adapt from the Greek's?

comedies

A translator's role is less like a robot and more like a what?

artist

Where was the concept of parallel creation found?

Cicero

Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet?

Samuel Johnson

How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been avoided?

I'm not sure.

What did Terence destroy from the Greek's?

I'm not sure.

What is a translator's role never like?

I'm not sure.

Where was the concept of parallel creation lost?

I'm not sure.

Who remained silent about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet?

I'm not sure.


Though earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by Western traditions and practiced by translators taught in Western-style educational systems, Chinese and related translation traditions retain some theories and philosophies unique to the Chinese tradition.

When it comes to translation, what is less commonly used today?

earlier approaches

When do earlier approaches to translation still have relevance for historians?

when historians view ancient or medieval records

What do historians try to piece together from pre-Western environments?

events

What do Chinese and related translations retain unique to their tradition?

theories and philosophies

When it comes to translation what is illegally used today?

I'm not sure.

When do earlier approaches to translation lose relevance for historians?

I'm not sure.

What do historians try to take apart from pre-Western environments?

I'm not sure.

What do Chinese and related translations have none of for their tradition?

I'm not sure.


Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the Al-Karaouine (Fes, Morocco), Al-Azhar (Cairo, Egypt), and the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.

When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?

5th century

What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?

creation of Arabic script

What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?

politics

What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?

Greek and Persian

What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?

Arabic

When did translation of material into Arabic begin to stop?

I'm not sure.

What allowed the reduction of Arabic translations during the 5th century?

I'm not sure.

What material was initial Arab translations rarely focused on?

I'm not sure.

What cultures' classical works were never translated into Arabic?

I'm not sure.

What type of translation had no influence from earlier Near Eastern traditions?

I'm not sure.


Arabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosophical works of Arab and oriental origins. Arabic and, to a lesser degree, Persian became important sources of material and perhaps of techniques for revitalized Western traditions, which in time would overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions.

Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions?

centuries of close contacts and exchanges

When did Europeans begin more intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works?

after the Renaissance

What did Arabic, and to a less extent Persian, become to Europeans?

important sources of material

What helped revitalize Western translation traditions from Arabic?

techniques

What would Western traditions eventually do?

overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions

Why are Arabic translation efforts pointless to Western translation traditions?

I'm not sure.

When did Europeans begin less intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works?

I'm not sure.

Who never studied Arabic and Persian translations?

I'm not sure.

What helped ruin Western translation traditions from Arabic?

I'm not sure.

What would Western traditions eventually avoid?

I'm not sure.


The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism, writes Christopher de Bellaigue, "with a freedom that is rarely witnessed today.... No longer was legitimate knowledge defined by texts in the religious schools, interpreted for the most part with stultifying literalness. It had come to include virtually any intellectual production anywhere in the world." One of the neologisms that, in a way, came to characterize the infusion of new ideas via translation was "darwiniya", or "Darwinism".

What transformed Arabic languages?

movement to translate English and European texts

What came to be valued over previous convolutions?

new words, simplified syntax, and directness

Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic?

Educated Arabs and Turks

What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by?

texts in the religious schools

What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation?

Darwinism

What kept Arabic languages the same?

I'm not sure.

What came to be hated over previous convolutions?

I'm not sure.

Who expressed hostility regarding the transformation of Arabic?

I'm not sure.

What was fake knowledge no longer defined by?

I'm not sure.

What was not considered a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation?

I'm not sure.


After World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the House of Saud took over the Hijaz, and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey. "[B]oth illiberal currents of the modern Middle East," writes de Bellaigne, "Islamism and militarism, received a major impetus from Western empire-builders." As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis, the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators and modernizers, such as Muhammad Abduh, largely had to yield to retrograde currents.

What two countries divvied up the Middle East's countries after WWI?

Britain and France

What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of?

solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy

A reaction to Britain and France's actions was the emergence of what group in Egypt?

Muslim Brotherhood

de Bellaigne attributed the growth of Islamism and militarism to what Western catalyst?

empire-builders

What did the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators find themselves yielding to?

retrograde currents

What two countries abandoned Middle East's countries after WWI?

I'm not sure.

What was the merging of Middle Eastern countries in violation of?

I'm not sure.

What group's emergence in Egypt was a punishment to Britain and Korea's actions?

I'm not sure.

What did the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators find themselves immune to?

I'm not sure.

Who was not interested in being a translator?

I'm not sure.


Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move "the writer toward [the reader]", i.e., transparency, and those that move the "reader toward [the author]", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote German literature.

Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?

German Romanticism

What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?

German

When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation"?

Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method?

transparency

What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor?

extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text

Where do no non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?

I'm not sure.

What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher afraid of?

I'm not sure.

When did Schleiermacher erase his lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation"?

I'm not sure.

What type of translation method would moving the writer away from the reader be an example of?

I'm not sure.

What method of translation did Schleiermacher dislike?

I'm not sure.


Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as approximate checks, are not always precisely reliable. Back-translation must in general be less accurate than back-calculation because linguistic symbols (words) are often ambiguous, whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal.

What is sometimes used to check the accuracy of a translation?

Comparison of a back-translation with the original text

How are mathematical operations checked?

by reversing the operation

What operations are results from not always completely reliable?

reverse-translation operations

What symbol set has a defining property of ambiguity?

linguistic

What symbol set has the property of being intentionally unequivocal?

mathematical

What is no longer used to check the accuracy of a translation?

I'm not sure.

How are mathematical operations ignored?

I'm not sure.

What operations are always reliable?

I'm not sure.

What symbol set has no defining property of ambiguity?

I'm not sure.

What symbol set has the property of being unintentionally unequivocal?

I'm not sure.


Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French translation, and a "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story". The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick’s Greek Prose Composition (p. 116) under the title, "The Athenian and the Frog"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's "Jumping Frog" story.

Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation?

Mark Twain

For what language did Twain create a back-translation?

French

When was Twain's back-translation published?

What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?

"Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story"

What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?

"The Athenian and the Frog"

Who provided a boring example of the unreliability of back-translation?

I'm not sure.

What language did Twain remove a back-translation?

I'm not sure.

When was Twain's back-translation rejected?

I'm not sure.

What lacked a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?

I'm not sure.

What had been thought for a while to be a dependent ancient Roman precursor to Twain's story?

I'm not sure.


When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version.

What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?

the original text

Who was Jan Potocki?

Polish aristocrat

What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?

French

When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?

What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?

French-language

What do researchers use back-translation to try to destroy when a document survives only in translation?

I'm not sure.

Who was Jan Potocki related to?

I'm not sure.

When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from Japanese?

I'm not sure.


Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.

What has served as a school of writing for many authors?

Translation

Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?

monks

What did translators shape in the course of their work?

languages

What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?

bridges

Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?

source languages

What has served as an enemy of writing for many authors?

I'm not sure.

Who spread Buddhist texts in South America?

I'm not sure.

What did translators lose in the course of their work?

I'm not sure.

What have translators acted as by conveying ignorance between cultures?

I'm not sure.

Where were idioms and vocabulary hidden from?

I'm not sure.


Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards, she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés.

What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history?

crucial

What region did La Malinche hail from?

Mexican Gulf Coast

Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?

Xicalango

What was La Malinche essential to?

Spanish conquest of Mexico

In addition to being an interpreter and adviser, what function did La Malinche serve for Hernán Cortés?

lover

What roles have interpreters occasionally lied about in history?

I'm not sure.

What region did La Malinche refuse to visit?

I'm not sure.

Where were the slave-traders La Malinche stole?

I'm not sure.

What was La Malinche not involved with?

I'm not sure.