The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s. Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed. The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry, elements of the 24th Infantry Division, and those United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered. Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks, along with the British Centurion, Churchill, and Cromwell tanks.

What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?

ground attack aircraft

What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?

Soviet T-34-85 tanks

What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?

the North Koreans suffered major tank losses

What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?

the UN forces brought heavier equipment

How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?


Because neither Korea had a significant navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles. A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau, the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica, and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them. USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present. The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship PC-703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon. Three other supply ships were sunk by PC-703 two days later in the Yellow Sea. Thereafter, vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea. The gun ships were used in shore bombardment, while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces.

Why were naval skirmishes not really seen in the Korean War?

neither Korea had a significant navy

Who pretty much gained and maintained control of the sea?

the UN nations

Who dominated any battles that may have taken place at sea?

the UN Command

Where was the last sea battle of the Korean War?

Inchon


During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea, sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines. During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines: two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug. Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships, resulting in slight to moderate damage.

What type of ships did the US spend most of its time sinking?

supply and ammunition ships

What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?

magnetic mines

How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?

Where were the majority of US naval patrols of Korea?

the west and east coasts of North Korea


The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) of North Korea with the MiG-15, one of the world's most advanced jet fighters. The fast, heavily armed MiG outflew first-generation UN jets such as the F-80 (United States Air Force) and Gloster Meteors (Royal Australian Air Force), posing a real threat to B-29 Superfortress bombers even under fighter escort. Fearful of confronting the United States directly, the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked, lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union, and potentially escalate into atomic warfare.

Who denied having anything more than an advisory role in the Korean War?

the Soviet Union

Who ignored the direct participation of the Soviet Union to prevent expanding the Korean War to the Soviet Union?

UN Command

What may have occurred if the war was expanded to the Soviet Union?

atomic warfare

What did the Soviet pilots start doing when accused of playing an integral role in the Korean War?

dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian

Who feared engaging in direct conflict with the United States?

Soviet Union


The USAF countered the MiG-15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter, the F-86 Sabre. These arrived in December 1950. The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor. It had a very high service ceiling—50,000 feet (15,000 m) and carried very heavy weaponry: one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons. They were fast enough to dive past the fighter escort of P-80 Shooting Stars and F9F Panthers and could reach and destroy the U.S. heavy bombers. B-29 losses could not be avoided, and the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing of targets. The MiGs were countered by the F-86 Sabres. They had a ceiling of 42,000 feet (13,000 m) and were armed with six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns, which were range adjusted by radar gunsights. If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG. Once in a level flight dogfight, both swept-wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 660 mph (1,100 km/h). The MiG climbed faster, but the Sabre turned and dived better.

What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15?

F-86 Sabre

To mitigate the loses of the B-29, what did the US Air Force do?

switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing

What was the MiG designed to be?

bomber interceptor


Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.

What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?

right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works

How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?

copyright law

Who is protected by copyright laws?

work's creator

What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?

copyright infringement

You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?

derivative works

How do creators of content not protect their work from infringement?

I'm not sure.

What are the rights of a content creator that has their work unprotected?

I'm not sure.

Who is unprotected by copyright laws?

I'm not sure.

You wrote a song that was based on an unoriginal work, what is this called?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube with the creators permission?

I'm not sure.


Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.

How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?

direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court

Why has copyright infringement increased recently?

Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet

What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?

service providers and software distributors

What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?

expanding copyright law

What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?

prosecuted via the criminal justice system

What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?

service providers and software distributors

How are disputes unresolved for small scale infringement?

I'm not sure.

Why has copyright infringement decreased recently?

I'm not sure.

What are content creation industries focusing on doing to aid infringement?

I'm not sure.

What can't happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?

I'm not sure.

What are two examples of groups that disallow you to make copies of protected works?

I'm not sure.


The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.

What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?

piracy and theft

What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?

piracy

What kind of property is copyright used for?

intellectual property

What is the difference between robbery and piracy?

related only to tangible property

In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?

theft

What terms are often linked to people who legally use or distribute content that is not their own?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't mean the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?

I'm not sure.

What kind of property is copyright not used for?

I'm not sure.

What is the same about robbery and piracy?

I'm not sure.

In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement equals what?

I'm not sure.


The practice of labelling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as "piracy" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers' Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. The term "piracy" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term "piracy" in relation to copyright infringement, stating "Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection." Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale." Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks, as "piracy."

What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?

monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter

How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?

in relation to copyright infringement

What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?

seized on importation

When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?

Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?

peer-to-peer file sharing networks

What did the Royal Charter not give to the Stationers' Company of London?

I'm not sure.

How does Article 21 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?

I'm not sure.

What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original isn't protected by copyright law?

I'm not sure.

When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights repealed?

I'm not sure.

Piracy has been less recently described online in relation to what?

I'm not sure.


Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, "interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'" The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain exclusive rights – is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.

When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?

authorization

What have courts said there is a difference between?

copyright infringement and theft

In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?

theft, conversion, or fraud

What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?

The Copyright Act

What did the court say was invaded?

certain exclusive rights

When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights with what?

I'm not sure.

What haven't courts said there is a difference between?

I'm not sure.

In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records constitute?

I'm not sure.

What is the separate term of art to define appropriation of copyright?

I'm not sure.

What did the court say was evaded?

I'm not sure.


Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$50 million. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance.

What is a possible cause of copyright infringement?

partial compliance

Who did Texas software company Apptricity write software for?

US Army

How many users were paid for in 2004?

500 users

How much was the lawsuit settled for?

US$50 million

Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization?

the BSA

What is an impossible cause of copyright infringement?

I'm not sure.

Who did Texas software company Apptricity write hardware for?

I'm not sure.

How many users weren't paid for in 2004?

I'm not sure.

How much was the lawsuit rejected for?

I'm not sure.

Who is an example of a minor anti-piracy organization?

I'm not sure.


Cara Cusumano, director of the Tribeca Film Festival, stated in April 2014: "Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy – people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:

What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?

immediacy

What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?

used the Internet to present its content

It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?

work exclusively online

What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?

downloading

What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2013 that people want?

I'm not sure.

What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people don't want?

I'm not sure.

What had the festival not done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?

I'm not sure.

It was the last year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?

I'm not sure.

What behavior is just done by people who want content for free?

I'm not sure.


In response to Cusumano's perspective, Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: "Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process [monetizing through returns] and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema." Deaner further explained the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: "there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release."

Who made clear the motivations of the filmmakers?

Matt Deaner

Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?

Distributors

What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater?

immediate access to online

What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?

tax support that a film can receive

Who made unclear the motivations of the filmmakers?

I'm not sure.

Who discourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?

I'm not sure.

What is restricted to ensure the smallest number of people see a movie at the theater?

I'm not sure.

What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at home?

I'm not sure.

What is unrestricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?

I'm not sure.


In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.

What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?

University of Portsmouth

How many people were part of the study?

What was the age range of people studied?

seven to 84

Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?

artists

What researchers conducted a study in the later part of May 2014?

I'm not sure.

How many people weren't part of the study?

I'm not sure.

What was the age range of dogs studied?

I'm not sure.

Who did uploaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?

I'm not sure.

Who did downloaders want to hurt by avoiding studios and record companies?

I'm not sure.


According to the same study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcements toward digital piracy. In China, the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal, but social – originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods.

Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to developing countries?

main access to media goods

What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?

current neglected law enforcements

In what country is the issue of digital infringement social?

China

What is in high demand in this country?

cheap and affordable goods

What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content?

connections

Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to established countries?

I'm not sure.

What don't the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?

I'm not sure.

In what country is the issue of digital infringement anti-social?

I'm not sure.

What is in low demand in this country?

I'm not sure.

What does the government of this country provide to non-businesses that produce content?

I'm not sure.


There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs. Romanian-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a New York Times article telling the story of Irina Margareta Nistor, a narrator for state TV under Nicolae Ceauşescu's regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of American movies, which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after Ceauşescu, even though no one knew her name until many years later.

What happens when a country bans a movie?

the spread of copied videos and DVDs

Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for?

New York Times

What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Romania?

a narrator for state TV

What did a visitor give to Nistor?

bootlegged copies of American movies

How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania?

What happens when a country accepts a movie?

I'm not sure.

Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu draw a picture for?

I'm not sure.

What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Bulgaria?

I'm not sure.

How many movies did Nistor dub for public viewings in Romania?

I'm not sure.

What did a visitor take from Nistor?

I'm not sure.


In the U.S., copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly, or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The MGM v. Grokster case did not overturn the earlier Sony decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned.

In the U.S., where is copyright infringement contested?

civil court

Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?

Grokster and Streamcast

In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?

MGM

What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?

venues for acquiring copyrighted movies

What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?

Sony

In the U.S., where is copyright infringement uncontested?

I'm not sure.

Who did MGM studios not file a lawsuit against?

I'm not sure.

In 2015, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?

I'm not sure.

What did P2P file sharing services not market themselves as?

I'm not sure.

What studio's case decision was overturned?

I'm not sure.


In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a "copyright troll." Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.

Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?

third party

What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for?

to identify and exact settlements

What do critics usually call these lawyers?

copyright troll

What do these lawsuits have in the U.S.?

mixed results

Who can't be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?

I'm not sure.

Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in all jurisdictions?

I'm not sure.

What do inside lawyers take infringers to court for?

I'm not sure.

What do critics never call these lawyers?

I'm not sure.

What don't these lawsuits have in the U.S.?

I'm not sure.


The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit." Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain." 17 U.S.C. § 506. To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.

When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?

What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?

misdemeanor

What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?

for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain

What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?

that defendant willfully infringed

What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?

very low threshold

When was the last criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?

I'm not sure.

What type of penalty was made for lawful performances that are willful and for profit?

I'm not sure.

What did a criminal infringer not do to be prosecuted?

I'm not sure.

What mustn't a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?

I'm not sure.


United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the "LaMacchia Loophole," wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.

When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?

At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?

non-commercial motives

What loophole did the ruling give rise to?

LaMacchia Loophole

If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?

dismissed

When was United States v. LaMacchia not contested?

I'm not sure.

At the time, what infringement could be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?

I'm not sure.

What loophole didn't the ruling give rise to?

I'm not sure.

What loophole did the ruling kill?

I'm not sure.

If there is profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?

I'm not sure.


The United States No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $250,000 in fines. The NET Act also raised statutory damages by 50%. The court's ruling explicitly drew attention to the shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the Copyright Act.

What federal law did the United States pass in 1997, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?

No Electronic Theft Act

What is the maximum prison time for infringement under the new law?

five years in prison

What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?

How much were statutory damages raised by?

What was the law called that let people be immune to prosecution?

Copyright Act

What federal law did the United States pass in 1999, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?

I'm not sure.

What is the minimum prison time for infringement under the new law?

I'm not sure.

What is the minimum monetary fine under the new law?

I'm not sure.

How much were statutory damages lowered by?

I'm not sure.

What was the law called that let people be immune to persecution?

I'm not sure.


The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommerical use. The Copyright Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of space shifting copyright-protected content from a legally purchased CD (for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on "recording" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law.

What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?

EU Copyright Directive of 2001

What was the directive NOT intended for?

legitimize file-sharing

Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?

a tax on the content itself

What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?

Canada

What are examples of general purpose storage devices?

computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones

What directive in 2010 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?

I'm not sure.

What was the directive intended for?

I'm not sure.

Compensation to the rights-holder is never a levy or what else?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a country that has all levies collected?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of specific purpose storage devices?

I'm not sure.


In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied was obtained legitimately – i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, make no such distinction; the exemption there had been assumed, even by the government, to apply to any such copying, even from file-sharing networks. However, in April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that "national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated." Thus, in the Netherlands, for example, downloading from file-sharing networks is no longer legal.

What does the personal copying exemption explicitly need?

was obtained legitimately

What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed?

Netherlands

When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?

April 2014

In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?

Netherlands

What does the personal copying exemption explicitly not need?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a country that the exemption wasn't assumed?

I'm not sure.

When didn't the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?

I'm not sure.

In which country is uploading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?

I'm not sure.

In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network always legal?

I'm not sure.


Title I of the U.S. DMCA, the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from "circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, dongle or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a copy protection scheme may be actionable – though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA – anticircumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers.

What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?

DMCA

What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?

"circumvent[ing] a technological measure

Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what?

inefficient

What are child safety and public library software used to filter?

website

What is the U.S. law that doesn't use the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?

I'm not sure.

What is the U.N. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when someone unintentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?

I'm not sure.

Anticircumvention exemptions are generally not seen to be what?

I'm not sure.

What are adult safety and public library software used to filter?

I'm not sure.


In addition, intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals, software and games providers, those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a moderation system, aggregators of various kinds, such as news aggregators, universities, libraries and archives, web search engines, chat rooms, web blogs, mailing lists, and any website which provides access to third party content through, for example, hyperlinks, a crucial element of the World Wide Web.

What includes Internet portals, software and games?

intermediaries

What examples provide virtual information?

interactive forums and comment facilities

News, universities and libraries and archives are examples of what?

aggregators

What is an important element of the World Wide Web?

hyperlinks

What excludes Internet portals, software and games?

I'm not sure.

What includes Internet portals, hardware and games?

I'm not sure.

What examples provide actual information?

I'm not sure.

News, universities and libraries and archives aren't examples of what?

I'm not sure.

What is an unimportant element of the World Wide Web?

I'm not sure.


Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel, defamation, or pornography. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs," "bulletin boards" or "online publishers," early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country. The first laws on online intermediaries' liability were passed from the mid-1990s onwards.[citation needed]

Who did early court cases focus on?

Internet service providers

What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?

libel, defamation, or pornography

What was the result of early law on online liability?

varied widely from country to country

When were the first laws of liability passed?

Who didn't early court cases focus on?

I'm not sure.

Who did late court cases focus on?

I'm not sure.

What couldn't be sued for under civil or criminal law?

I'm not sure.

What was the result of early law on offline liability?

I'm not sure.

When were the last laws of liability passed?

I'm not sure.


The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) and the European E-Commerce Directive (2000) provide online intermediaries with limited statutory immunity from liability for copyright infringement. Online intermediaries hosting content that infringes copyright are not liable, so long as they do not know about it and take actions once the infringing content is brought to their attention. In U.S. law this is characterized as "safe harbor" provisions. Under European law, the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are "mere conduit", meaning that they are neutral 'pipes' with no knowledge of what they are carrying; and 'no obligation to monitor' meaning that they cannot be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content. These two principles are a barrier for certain forms of online copyright enforcement and they were the reason behind an attempt to amend the European Telecoms Package in 2009 to support new measures against copyright infringement.

What law enacted in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

How is this law characterized in the U.S.?

safe harbor

In the E.U., what are the governing principles for ISP's?

mere conduit

What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to monitor what happens on their services?

no obligation to monitor

What was attempted to be amended in 2009 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?

European Telecoms Package

What law rejected in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?

I'm not sure.

How is this law characterized in the U.N.?

I'm not sure.

In the E.U., what aren't the governing principles for ISP's?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to ignore what happens on their services?

I'm not sure.

What was attempted to be amended in 2007 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?

I'm not sure.


These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers and marketers of peer-to-peer networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the torrent tracker and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to torrent files. Torrent files don't contain copyrighted content, but they may make reference to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of magnet links, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website.

What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?

host or transmit infringing content

What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?

BitTorrent

What do Torrent files NOT contain?

copyrighted content

What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?

The Pirate Bay

What do certain type of intermediaries do?

I'm not sure.

What protocol do intermediaries not use that include a torrent tracker?

I'm not sure.

What protocol do intermediaries use that exclude a torrent tracker?

I'm not sure.

What do Torrent files contain?

I'm not sure.

What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to block peer-to-peer?

I'm not sure.


Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of peer-to-peer networks, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws.

What is the legal status of secondary liability?

subject of ongoing litigation

What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?

decentralised structure

What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?

distribute large files effectively

What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?

to avoid liability as intermediaries

What is the legal status of primary liability?

I'm not sure.

What makes peer-to-peer networks the same as other online providers?

I'm not sure.

What was the final purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?

I'm not sure.

What are the reasons for more simple network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?

I'm not sure.


Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice," including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech.

What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?

fair practice

Where are minimal quotations commonly used?

journalism and education

What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?

fair use or fair dealing

What do these statutes represent?

principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents

What are these statutes essential to?

freedom of speech

What does Article 11 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?

I'm not sure.

What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention not call certain uses that limit copyright?

I'm not sure.

Where are maximum quotations commonly used?

I'm not sure.

What categories do work that wouldn't normally be considered infringing fall into?

I'm not sure.

What don't these statutes represent?

I'm not sure.


Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.

What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?

compulsory licensing

What are two examples of this licensing?

compilations and live performances of music

What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?

no infringement occurs

What country has fair dealing laws?

Canada

What is it called when a law allows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from accepting a license for certain uses?

I'm not sure.

What aren't two examples of this licensing?

I'm not sure.

What happens if a royalty isn't paid to the copyright owner or representative?

I'm not sure.

What country has no fair dealing laws?

I'm not sure.


In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.

Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?

Europe

Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?

news generators

When was the second part of the case decided?

June 2014

What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?

temporary web cache of consumers

Where was the Private Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case not contested?

I'm not sure.

Whose copyright weren't news aggregators infringing on?

I'm not sure.

When was the second part of the case undecided?

I'm not sure.

What did the courts rule was infringement?

I'm not sure.


In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?

in a fixed medium

What is NOT protected?

The idea itself

What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?

it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea

What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?

what qualifies as original

If a work must exclude a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?

I'm not sure.

If a work must include a degree of originality, what else mustn't it contain to be protected?

I'm not sure.

What is protected?

I'm not sure.

What makes a copy of an unoriginal idea infringing?

I'm not sure.

What limitation is only embodied in case law, and also in statues?

I'm not sure.


In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?

U.S.

What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?

Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test

What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?

doesn't affect copyright protection

Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work wasn't copied?

I'm not sure.

Which country doesn't need a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?

I'm not sure.

What test might courts require hardware to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?

I'm not sure.

What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it isn't protected or infringing?

I'm not sure.

What has hardware case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?

I'm not sure.


Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.

Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?

Corporations and legislatures

What is the major focus of these steps?

preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement

What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?

civil & criminal

What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?

limit the amount of control consumers have

Who takes different steps to allow infringement?

I'm not sure.

Who never takes different steps to prevent infringement?

I'm not sure.

What is the minor focus of these steps?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of legislation aren't a strategy for preventing infringement?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?

I'm not sure.


Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.

How have governments lowered infringement rates?

narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing

Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?

enacted compulsory licensing laws

What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?

DMCA

What else does this law provide to service providers?

safe harbor

Who does this law target?

providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement

How have governments increased infringement rates?

I'm not sure.

Besides upholding international treaty, what else haven't countries done specifically to digital works and uses?

I'm not sure.

What law in the UN considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?

I'm not sure.

What else doesn't this law provide to service providers?

I'm not sure.

Who doesn't this law target?

I'm not sure.


Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.

What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?

employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing

What must a user do under a prepared license?

adhere to certain conditions

Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?

reducing infringement

What is an example of a free software license?

GNU General Public License

What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?

visual and literary works

What do some copyright owners do by increasing the scope of infringement?

I'm not sure.

What mustn't a user do under a prepared license?

I'm not sure.

Besides heightening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a paid software license?

I'm not sure.

What works do Creative Commons licenses generally not apply to?

I'm not sure.


To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.

How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?

approximately 16 and a half weeks

During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?

by couriers

What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?

encrypted

What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?

Anti-Piracy marks can be added

What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?

"cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens

How long is a movie atypically released in theaters for?

I'm not sure.

During this time, how aren't digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?

I'm not sure.

What can't be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?

I'm not sure.

What can be coded to films to find the source of legal copies?

I'm not sure.

What superior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?

I'm not sure.


The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."

What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?

U.S. GAO

How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?

three

What did the FBI use as a source?

estimate

What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?

GAO report

What 2010 body found how easy it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?

I'm not sure.

What 2010 body found how difficult it is to inaccurately report the financial impact of infringement?

I'm not sure.

How many uncommonly cited estimates did the body report on?

I'm not sure.

What didn't the FBI use as a source?

I'm not sure.

What report said the data could be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?

I'm not sure.


According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.

Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?

BSA and International Data Corporation

Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?

U.S.

Which region had the highest loss?

Asia-Pacific

How much did the EU lose?

Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?

Middle East/Africa region

Who did a study in 2000 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?

I'm not sure.

Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five cities with the highest rates of software piracy?

I'm not sure.

Which country had the highest rate of hardware piracy?

I'm not sure.

Which region had the highest gain?

I'm not sure.

How much did the EU gain?

I'm not sure.


In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?

IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs

What percentage of people admit to pirating software?

57 percent

What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?

US$63.4 billion

What nation had the higest piracy rate?

Zimbabwe

What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?

Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2001 with?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people admit to pirating hardware?

I'm not sure.

What was the commercial value of pirated hardware in 2011?

I'm not sure.

What nation had the lowest nonpiracy rate?

I'm not sure.

What was the U.N.'s piracy rate?

I'm not sure.


In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.

Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?

Institute for Policy Innovation

How much money have retailers lost?

over a billion dollars

How many production-level jobs were lost?

Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?

U.S. government

Who reported that piracy gained $12.5 billion for the U.S. economy?

I'm not sure.

How much money have retailers made?

I'm not sure.

How many production-level jobs were gained?

I'm not sure.

How many production-level jobs weren't lost?

I'm not sure.

Which government made $422 million in potential tax money?

I'm not sure.


Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?

The Piracy Crusade

What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?

tenuous

What was the industry going through?

artificial expansion

What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?

perfect bubble

What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich read?

I'm not sure.

What book didn't Professor Aram Sinnreich write?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the industry going through?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?

I'm not sure.


The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?

$59 billion

Who accounted for over half the total?

emerging markets

What did the established markets receive for the first time?

less PC shipments than emerging economies

What country has the highest retail value of software?

China

What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?

83 percent

What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2000?

I'm not sure.

What was the known total value of pirated software in 2010?

I'm not sure.

Who accounted for less than half the total?

I'm not sure.

What did the established markets receive for the last time?

I'm not sure.

What country has the lowest retail value of software?

I'm not sure.


Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).

On what peninsula is Greece located?

Balkan peninsula

How many geographic regions make up Greece?

nine

How long is the coastline of Greece?

8,498 mi

How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?

What is the tallest mountain in Greece?

Mount Olympus


Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.

Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?

Philip of Macedon

Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?

Alexander the Great

Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?

Rome

When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?

first century AD

What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?


Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO,[a] OECD, OIF, OSCE and the WTO. Greece, which is one of the world's largest shipping powers, middle powers and top tourist destinations, has the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.

Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?

United Nations

Which political philosophy does Greece follow?

democratic

When did Greece join the Eurozone?

Greece has the biggest economic power where?

Balkans


The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name Γραικός. However, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English as well.

What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?

Hellas

What is the official name of Greece?

Hellenic Republic

From what word is Greece derived?

Graecia

What does the work Graecia mean?

the land of the Greeks

Who called Greece Graecia?

Romans


The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.

Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?

270,000 BC

Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?

Petralona cave

The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?

Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic

Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?

7th millennium BC

What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?

farming


Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.

Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?

Western civilization

What was the last civilization to rule Greece?

Mycenaean

The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period?

1200 BC

Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?

Bronze Age collapse

What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.

Greek Dark Ages


The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.

When did the Olympic Game begin?

776 BC

The literary work "The Odyssey:, was written by whom?

Homer

What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?

776 BC

Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?

Greater Greece

In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?

508 BC


By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization.

In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?

Persian Empire

What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?

Battle of Marathon

The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?

Thermopylae

The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?

Greco-Persian Wars

After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?

Golden Age of Athens


Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.

The war from 431-404 BC is known as what?

Peloponnesian War

What often caused strife between Greek states?

Lack of political unity

Who won the Peloponnesian war?

Sparta

Who eventually brought the Greeks together?

Macedon

Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?

Phillip II


After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC. From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon. Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece. In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.

Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?

the Antigonid dynasty

The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?

200 BC

Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?

Battle of Pydna

In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?

146 BC

The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?

168 BC


The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens.

What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?

Augustus

What saying by Horace became famous?

"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"

What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?

Nero

What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?

Homer

What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?

Scipio Africanus


Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?

Greek

What religion did early Greece practice?

paganism

The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year?

Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?

Theodosius I

Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?

Justinian


From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.

When did the Slavs invade Greece?

7th century

What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.

Barbarian

After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?

islands and coastal areas


The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated. During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.

The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?

The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?

Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?

Asia Minor

A stable Greece allowed it to have what?

strong economic growth


Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the "Latins" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.

Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?

Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?

The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?

Genoese and Venetian

In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?

Byzantine


In the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance.

A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?

Byzantine Empire

At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?

Thessaloniki

Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?

the Ottomans

The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?

Who had a large impact on the Renaissance?

Byzantine Greek scholars


While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]

The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?

Aegean islands

The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?

Cyprus and Crete

The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?

Cyprus and Crete

In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?

Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?

United Kingdom


The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many "crypto-Christians" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]

Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?

Islam

What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?

Greek Orthodox Church

Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?

Ottoman Empire


When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.

The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?

The Morean War took place during which years?

The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?

The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?

Russian

During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?

Ottoman Empire


The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a "dark age" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]

Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?

16th and 17th centuries

Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?

Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?

Rigas Feraios

Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year?


In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.

In which year did the Society of Friends begin?

The Society of Friends goal was what?

liberating Greece

The Society of Friends was also known by what name?

Filiki Eteria

The first of several revolutions began when?

6 March 1821

War was started with the Ottomans when?

17 March 1821


By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]

In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?

Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?

Theodoros Kolokotronis

The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?

Aegean Sea

Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?

1822 and 1824


Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.

How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?

two

Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?

Ibrahim Pasha

Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?

February 1825

In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?

Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?

Mani


After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.

What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?

Russia, the United Kingdom and France

Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?

Ottoman–Egyptian

Which navy won the battle of Hydra?

the allied fleet

The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?

What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?

London Protocol


Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek.

In 1893 Greece announced what?

public insolvency

To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?

International Financial Control authority

The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?

Demotic

A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?

language


All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.

War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?

A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?

Crete

In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?


At the end of the Balkan Wars, the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

What divided Greece into two political groups?

the country's foreign policy

How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?

two

When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?

the Triple Entente

Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?


In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war.

What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?

After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?

Asia Minor

An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?

Treaty of Lausanne

In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?

Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?

Ottoman and Turkish officials


The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term "Greeks" in the exchange was based on religion Cappadocian Greeks, Pontian Greeks, and non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to.

How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?

1.5 million

Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?

Macedonian mountains

Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?

Greek Isles and cities


Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.

The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?

In 1924, what was established?

Second Hellenic Republic

Who became the Greek leader in 1935?

Premier Georgios Kondylis

The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?

Premier Georgios Kondylis

In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?


Greece was eventually occupied by the Nazis who proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941–1942, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators, the country's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The Greek Resistance, one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000 and the Italians 9,000.

How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation?

Over 100,000

In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?

What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?

The Greek Resistance

How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?

almost 1,000,000


Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.

Who founded the PASOK?

Andreas Papandreou

What does PASOK stand for?

Panhellenic Socialist Movement

In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?

Greece joined what later became the European Union when?

1 January 1981

Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?