Capital punishment has existed in Tennessee at various times since statehood. Before 1913 the method of execution was hanging. From 1913 to 1915 there was a hiatus on executions but they were reinstated in 1916 when electrocution became the new method. From 1972 to 1978, after the Supreme Court ruled (Furman v. Georgia) capital punishment unconstitutional, there were no further executions. Capital punishment was restarted in 1978, although those prisoners awaiting execution between 1960 and 1978 had their sentences mostly commuted to life in prison. From 1916 to 1960 the state executed 125 inmates. For a variety of reasons there were no further executions until 2000. Since 2000, Tennessee has executed six prisoners and has 73 prisoners on death row (as of April 2015).

What method did Tennessee use for capital punishment before 1913?

hanging

In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution?

How many prisoners did Tennessee execute between 1916 and 1960?

How many inmates has Tennessee executed since 2000?

six

How many death row inmates were awaiting executing in Tennessee in April 2015?


In Knoxville, the Tennessee Volunteers college team has played in the Southeastern Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since 1932. The football team has won 13 SEC championships and 25 bowls, including four Sugar Bowls, three Cotton Bowls, an Orange Bowl and a Fiesta Bowl. Meanwhile, the men's basketball team has won four SEC championships and reached the NCAA Elite Eight in 2010. In addition, the women's basketball team has won a host of SEC regular-season and tournament titles along with 8 national titles.

What is the nickname of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville athletic teams?

Volunteers

In which year did the University of Tennessee begin competing in the Southeastern Conference of the NCAA?

How many college football bowl championships have the Tennessee Volunteers won?

What is the farthest the Tennessee Volunteers have progressed in the NCAA men's basketball tournament?

Elite Eight

How many national titles has the Tennessee Volunteers women's basketball team claimed?


Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s. Drawing inspiration from elements of punk rock while departing from its musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations, post-punk music was marked by varied, experimentalist sensibilities and its "conceptual assault" on rock tradition. Artists embraced electronic music, black dance styles and the avant-garde, as well as novel recording technology and production techniques. The movement also saw the frequent intersection of music with art and politics, as artists liberally drew on sources such as critical theory, cinema, performance art and modernist literature. Accompanying these musical developments were subcultures that produced visual art, multimedia performances, independent record labels and fanzines in conjunction with the music.

When did post-punk arrive on the scene?

in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s

What did post-punk artists use in their music?

critical theory, cinema, performance art and modernist literature

What began to spring up around the post-punk music?

independent record labels and fanzines

How did post-punk take on rock and roll?

conceptual assault

When was the original punk movement?

What is a name for a type of rock music that is extremely varied in sound?

Post-punk

What elements of punk rock did post-punk depart from?

musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations

What subject matter does post-punk commonly mesh its musical sensibilities with?

art and politics

What developed along with the music developments of post-punk?

subcultures

What type of music developed from rock music?

I'm not sure.

What tradition did post-punk embrace?

I'm not sure.

What music conventions did post-punk draw insperation from?

I'm not sure.

What did Punk artist embrace?

I'm not sure.

How did Post-Punk take on Punk music?

I'm not sure.

What elements of punk rock did post-punk have in common?

I'm not sure.

When did the popularity of post-punk end?

I'm not sure.

What did punk music have that wasn't included in post-punk music?

I'm not sure.

What type of rock music has no variation in sound?

I'm not sure.

What subject matter is avoided in post-punk music?

I'm not sure.


The term "post-punk" was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas. Many of these artists, initially inspired by punk's DIY ethic and energy, ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement, feeling that it had fallen into commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody. They repudiated its populist claims to accessibility and raw simplicity, instead seeing an opportunity to break with musical tradition, subvert commonplaces and challenge audiences. Artists moved beyonds punk's focus on the concerns of a largely white, male, working class population and abandoned its continued reliance on established rock and roll tropes, such as three-chord progressions and Chuck Berry-based guitar riffs. These artists instead defined punk as "an imperative to constant change", believing that "radical content demands radical form".

Who coined the term post-punk?

journalists in the late 1970s

What dis the new term, post-punk, cover?

groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas

What inspired early post-punk artists?

punk's DIY ethic and energy

Why did post-punk fall out of love with punk?

commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody

What did the new post-punk artists believe?

"radical content demands radical form"

Who were the first to use the term "post-punk"?

journalists

When was "post-punk" first used to start describing artists?

late 1970s

What were many post-punk artists originally inspired by?

punk's DIY ethic and energy

How many chords did standard punk songs typically use?

three

What did post-punk artists feel there was an imperative to constantly do?

change

Who was falsely rumored to have coined the term post-punk?

I'm not sure.

Why were the artists not initially inspired?

I'm not sure.

How many chords are never used in punk music?

I'm not sure.

What did post-punk artists have difficulty with supporting?

I'm not sure.

When was the term punk first used?

I'm not sure.


Though the music varied widely between regions and artists, the post-punk movement has been characterized by its "conceptual assault" on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist, hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde. While post-punk musicians often avoided or intentionally obscured conventional influences, previous musical styles did serve as touchstones for the movement, including particular brands of glam, art rock and "[the] dark undercurrent of '60s music".[nb 1] According to Reynolds, artists once again approached the studio as an instrument, using new recording methods and pursuing novel sonic territories. Author Matthew Bannister wrote that post-punk artists rejected the high cultural references of 1960s rock artists like the Beatles and Bob Dylan as well as paradigms that defined "rock as progressive, as art, as 'sterile' studio perfectionism ... by adopting an avant-garde aesthetic".

What were the things that post-punk really got into?

experimentation with production techniques

What are non-rock styles that post-punk used as inspiration?

dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde

What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk?

avant-garde

What music did post-punk end to reject?

high cultural references of 1960s rock artists

As a movement, post-punk has been characterized by its conceptual assault on what conventions?

rock

What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist?

aesthetics

What is one of the foundational aspects post-punk is deeply favorable towards?

experimentation

How did post-punk artists once again approach the studio?

as an instrument

What references did post-punk artists specifically reject of the 1960s rock artists?

high cultural

What movement was characterized by its "conceptualassult" on punk conventions?

I'm not sure.

What are rock styles that post-punk used for insperation?

I'm not sure.

What aesthetic did Mathew Bannister associate with punk?

I'm not sure.

What did punk asrtist embrace from 1960's rock?

I'm not sure.

What music styles where rejected by post-punk?

I'm not sure.

What was something nobody in post-punk focused on?

I'm not sure.

What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister not associate with post-punk?

I'm not sure.

What did post-punk artists support most?

I'm not sure.

What type of music did post-punk inspire most?

I'm not sure.


Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as "a fusion of art and music". The era saw the robust appropriation of ideas from literature, art, cinema, philosophy, politics and critical theory into musical and pop cultural contexts. Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture and returned to the art school tradition found in the work of artists such as Captain Beefheart and David Bowie. Among major influences on a variety of post-punk artists were writers such as William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard, avant-garde political scenes such as Situationism and Dada, and intellectual movements such as postmodernism. Many artists viewed their work in explicitly political terms. Additionally, in some locations, the creation of post-punk music was closely linked to the development of efficacious subcultures, which played important roles in the production of art, multimedia performances, fanzines and independent labels related to the music. Many post-punk artists maintained an anti-corporatist approach to recording and instead seized on alternate means of producing and releasing music. Journalists also became an important element of the culture, and popular music magazines and critics became immersed in the movement.

How did Nicholas Lezard describe post-punk?

fusion of art and music

Which artists were influential in post-punk?

Captain Beefheart and David Bowie

Which writers helped to influence the post-punk movement?

William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard

What was an intellectual focus of post-punk?

postmodernism

How did the post-punk movement feel about big business?

anti-corporatist

What was Nicholas Lezard's description of post-punk?

"a fusion of art and music"

Where did post-punk ram its appropriation of ideas into?

musical and pop cultural contexts

What tradition could be found in works by Captain Beefheart and David Bowie?

art school

What intellectual movement informed and influenced a variety of post-punk artists?

postmodernism

Why did many post-punk artists produce and release their own music?

anti-corporatist

What does L.G Ballard describes post-punk  as?

I'm not sure.

What did artists want to make a distinction between?

I'm not sure.

What disciplines appropriated ideas from post-punk?

I'm not sure.

What writers were influenced by the post-punk movement?

I'm not sure.

What culture did journalists not participate in?

I'm not sure.

How did Nicholas Lezard  refuse to describe post-punk?

I'm not sure.

Which artists did not influence post-punk?

I'm not sure.

What was not an intellectual focus of post-punk?

I'm not sure.

Why did post-punk artists never produce and release their own music?

I'm not sure.

Who was not an important element of the culture?

I'm not sure.


The scope of the term "post-punk" has been subject to controversy. While some critics, such as AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, have employed the term "post-punk" to denote "a more adventurous and arty form of punk", others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style. Music journalist and post-punk scholar Simon Reynolds has advocated that post-punk be conceived as "less a genre of music than a space of possibility", suggesting that "what unites all this activity is a set of open-ended imperatives: innovation; willful oddness; the willful jettisoning of all things precedented or 'rock'n'roll'". Nicholas Lezard, problematizing the categorization of post-punk as a genre, described the movement as "so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible".

Who described post-punk as "a more adventurous and arty form of punk"?

Stephen Thomas Erlewine

Who described post-punk as  "less a genre of music than a space of possibility"?

Simon Reynolds

Who said "so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible" with regards to post-punk?

Nicholas Lezard

Who does music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine work for?

AllMusic

What as the blanket term "post-punk" been the target of?

controversy

What organization is Stephen Thomas Erlewine associated with?

AllMusic

What have some people suggested post-punk doesn't have, instead being more about approaches and sensibilities?

unifying style

Why type of scholar is music journalist Simon Reynolds?

post-punk

Why is only the broadest use of genre possible when trying to categorize what actually defines post-punk?

multifarious

Who described post-punk as "a less adventutous and arty form of punk"

I'm not sure.

What did Nicholas Lezard say post-punk was more of?

I'm not sure.

What did Simon Reynold describe as multifarious?

I'm not sure.

Who does the music critic Nicholas Lezard work for?

I'm not sure.

What is Stephen Thomas Erlwine a scholar of?

I'm not sure.

What has the term "post-punk" never been the focus of?

I'm not sure.

Who never employed the term "post-punk"?

I'm not sure.

Who suggested that post-punk be conceived as "more a genre of music than a space of possibility"?

I'm not sure.

Who never cared about the categorization of post-punk as a genre?

I'm not sure.


Generally, post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s, although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music, only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles. Additionally, the accuracy of the term's chronological prefix "post" has been disputed, as various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement. Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring loosely between 1978 and 1984.

What is post-punk?

music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s

What else was music incorrectly catagorized into before post-punk?

new wave music

Why is the term post-punk sometimes disputed?

various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement

What is the acctepted era of post-punk?

between 1978 and 1984

What previous movement is post-punk often identified as coming after?

punk rock

What were many groups now labeled as post-punk initially categorized as?

punk or new wave music

Why has the prefix 'post' caused a bit of dispute as it relates to various post-punk groups?

predate the punk rock movement

Who has defined a period of when the post-punk era was?

Reynolds

Between what years did Reynolds identify the post-punk era as existing?

1978 and 1984

What do various groups say predated post punk?

I'm not sure.

Between what years did the punk movement occur?

I'm not sure.

What were groups categorized as post-punk later changed to?

I'm not sure.

Who said the post punk era occurred in the 80s?

I'm not sure.

What is post-punk not defined as?

I'm not sure.

What else was music correctly catagorized into before post-punk?

I'm not sure.

Which years was the punk era between?

I'm not sure.

Which prefix was never disputed?

I'm not sure.


During the initial punk era, a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels, including Rough Trade (founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis) and Factory (founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson). By 1977, groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently , an idea disseminated in particular by the Buzzcocks' release of their Spiral Scratch EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of Desperate Bicycles. These DIY imperatives would help form the production and distribution infrastructure of post-punk and the indie music scene that later blossomed in the mid-1980s.

WHich independent music company was founded by Geoff Travis?

Rough Trade

Who founded Factory?

Tony Wilson

When did releasing music indepentently really hit popularity?

Who released Spiral Scratch on their own label?

Buzzcocks

When did the indoe music scene begin to grow?

What did many entrepreneurs interested in their local punk-influenced music scenes found?

independent record labels

Who founded the record label Rough Trade?

Geoff Travis

Where was Tony Wilson's Factory based?

Manchester

When did some groups start looking for methods to release their music themselves?

Whose label did the Buzzcocks release their Spiral Scratch EP on?

their own

What was started by people interested in national punk influenced music?

I'm not sure.

What do group stop doing by 1977?

I'm not sure.

What music scene developed in the 70s as a result of the postpunk DIY imperative?

I'm not sure.

Where was Geoff Travis's Factory based?

I'm not sure.

Who released their Spiral Scratch EP on the Rough Trade label?

I'm not sure.

What year was independent music considered the least popular?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't interested during the initial punk era?

I'm not sure.

When did the post-punk era first begin?

I'm not sure.

Who never released music on their own label?

I'm not sure.

What record label was never independent?

I'm not sure.


In late 1977, music writers for Sounds first used the terms "New Musick" and "post punk" to describe British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire, who began experimenting with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries. Writer Jon Savage described some of these early developments as exploring "harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise" and "massively accented drumming". In January 1978, singer John Lydon (then known as Johnny Rotten) announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the Sex Pistols, citing his disillusionment with punk's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests, as well as his desire to explore more diverse interests.

When did writers for Sounds first mention "post punk"?

late 1977

What did Wire do with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics which different a lot from their peers?

experimenting

What career path did Jon Savage take in life?

Writer

When did the Sex Pistols break up?

January 1978

Who was Siouxsie backed by?

the Banshees

What are examples of British bands termed post-punk?

Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire

Who connsidered post-punk "harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise" and "massively accented drumming"?

Jon Savage

Which band's lead singer was Johnny Rotten?

Sex Pistols

What was Johnny Rotten's real name?

John Lydon

When did the Sex Pistols break up?

What term was first used in 1978 by writers for Sounds?

I'm not sure.

Who used sounds and lyrics similar to their contemporaries in 1977?

I'm not sure.

What did Sounds writers describeearly developments in mew wave music?

I'm not sure.

When did John Lydon anounce the break up of the Wire?

I'm not sure.

When did music writers for Sounds last mention "post punk"?

I'm not sure.

What career did Jon Savage avoid?

I'm not sure.

When did the Sex Pistols form?

I'm not sure.

Which British acts never experimented with sounds?

I'm not sure.

What was seen as one of the least successful punk bands?

I'm not sure.


As the initial punk movement dwindled, vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory in their work. Many of these artists drew on backgrounds in art and viewed their music as invested in particular political or aesthetic agendas. British music publications such as the NME and Sounds developed an influential part in this nascent post-punk culture, with writers like Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman developing a dense (and often playful) style of criticism that drew on critical theory, radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources.

When the punk movement started shrinking, what began to fill the void left by their demise?

vibrant new scenes

What territory did the post-punk bands pursue in their works?

wider conceptual

What nationality's music magazines had an influential part of post-punk culture?

British

What professional is Ian Penman known from?

writers

What kind of background did many of the initial post-punk artists have?

art

Who were well known authors covering the post-punk era?

Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman

What were popular post-punk culture media sources?

NME and Sounds

What were the bands coming in on the heels of post-punk beginning to sound like?

experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory

What was a common background of post-punk musicians?

backgrounds in art

What was a common theme to post-punk music?

political or aesthetic agendas

What happened as the pot-punk movement dwindled?

I'm not sure.

What did American music magazines have an influence on? See later

I'm not sure.

What fueled the many postpunk artists go into?

I'm not sure.

What American writers developed a dense style of criticism?

I'm not sure.

What caused the punk movement to increase in popularity?

I'm not sure.

What career did Paul Morley avoid?

I'm not sure.

What nationality's music magazines did not have an influential part of post-punk culture?

I'm not sure.

What styles of criticism were not used by writers?

I'm not sure.


Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols, Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be "anti music of any kind". Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music, dub production techniques and the avant-garde, while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature. Bands such as Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat incorporated Leftist political philosophy and their own art school studies in their work.

Who was responsible for disbanding the Sex Pistols?

Lydon

What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind?

Public Image Ltd

Where did Joy Division hail from?

Manchester

What type of literature contributed to Joy Division's unique style?

modernist

What end of the political spectrum was the political philosophy of Gang of Four?

Leftist

What band did Johnny Rotten form after the Sex Pistols?

Public Image Ltd

What kind of group was Public Image Ltd?

"anti music of any kind"

Which bands combined way left politics with art school studies?

Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat

What are some British post-punk bands from Manchester?

Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio

Which post-punk bands began to branch off into things like dub and dance music?

Pop Group and the Slits

What group did Lyndon start before the sex pistols?

I'm not sure.

What the public image declare their music to be?

I'm not sure.

What type of literature contributed to the sex pistol style?

I'm not sure.

What end of the political spectrum was Joy division's political philosophy one?

I'm not sure.

Which group supported music the most during this time?

I'm not sure.

Which groups refused to experiment in music?

I'm not sure.

Which groups ignored Leftist political philosophy?

I'm not sure.

What band was formed after Public Image Ltd?

I'm not sure.


The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music, with studio experimentation taking a central role. A variety of groups that predated punk, such as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle, experimented with crude production techniques and electronic instruments in tandem with performance art methods and influence from transgressive literature, ultimately helping to pioneer industrial music. Throbbing Gristle's independent label Industrial Records would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake.

What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop?

innovative

What type of producer was Martin Hannett?

post-punk

What took a central roll for the emerging post-punk music?

studio experimentation

What eventually resulted in the pioneering of industrial music?

crude production techniques

Whose independent label became a hub for the industrial scene?

Throbbing Gristle's

Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture?

Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell

Which bands were on the forefront of industrial music?

Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle

What was the name of Throbbing Gristle's record label?

Industrial Records

Where did industrial music get it's name?

Industrial Records

What was one of the most important ways that post-punk artists created their new sound?

studio experimentation

Who avoided post-punk production?

I'm not sure.

Who did not predate punk?

I'm not sure.

Who did not help to pioneer industrial music?

I'm not sure.

What label avoided this scene?

I'm not sure.


In the mid 1970s, various American groups (some with ties to Downtown Manhattan's punk scene, including Television and Suicide) had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music. Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art techniques, musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years. A variety of subsequent groups, including New York-based Talking Heads and Boston-based Mission of Burma, combined elements of punk with art school sensibilities. In 1978, the former band began a series of collaborations with British ambient pioneer and ex-Roxy Music member Brian Eno, experimenting with Dada-influenced lyrical techniques, dance music, and African polyrhythms. San Francisco's vibrant post-punk scene was centered around such groups as Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon, who incorporated multimedia experimentation, film and ideas from Antonin Artaud's Theater of Cruelty.

What nationality began birthing groups who expanded the vocabulary of punk music?

American

From what region did the group Devo originate?

Midwestern

Where was the band Talking Heads based out of?

New York

Who did the Talking Heads begin a series of collaborations with in 1978?

Brian Eno

What region's post-punk scene incorporated ideas from Theater of Cruelty?

San Francisco's

When did the American groups begin to really get in on the post-punk movement?

mid 1970s

Which American bands had ties to the Manchester punk scene?

Television and Suicide

What were some Midwestern punk bands?

Pere Ubu and Devo

What did Pere and Devo draw inspiration for their music from?

derelict industrial environments

What were groups in San Francisco's post-punk scene?

Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon

What groups were not interested in the punk scene?

I'm not sure.

Which environments were not inspirational to music?

I'm not sure.

What elements were never combined with punk?

I'm not sure.

What year was the least influential for post-punk?

I'm not sure.


Also emerging during this period was New York's no wave movement, a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes and often reflected an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic worldview. No wave musicians such as the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham instead experimented with noise, dissonance and atonality in addition to non-rock styles. The former four groups were included on the Eno-produced No New York compilation, often considered the quintessential testament to the scene. The no wave-affiliated label ZE Records was founded in 1978, and would also produce acclaimed and influential compilations in subsequent years.

What type of worldview did New York's no wave movement tend to have?

nihilistic

The Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks were all musicians part of what movement?

No wave

Who produced the compilation "No New York"?

Eno

What no wave-affiliated label was founded in 1978?

ZE Records

In addition to non-rock styles, what did some of the no-wave groups experiment with sonically?

noise, dissonance and atonality

What was no wave?

a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes

What type of a view did no wave have?

an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic

What types of musicians were the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham?

No wave

When was ZE Records founded?

What was considered the true portrait of the no wave movement?

No New York

What musicians avoided no wave?

I'm not sure.

In what year did ZE Records end production?

I'm not sure.

What states were considered the least influential for the no wave movement?

I'm not sure.

What musicians refused to experiment with their style?

I'm not sure.


British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community—American critic Greil Marcus characterised "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"—as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel, while several groups, such as PiL and Joy Division, achieved some success in the popular charts. The network of supportive record labels that included Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass continued to facilitate a large output of music, by artists such as the Raincoats, Essential Logic, Killing Joke, the Teardrop Explodes, and the Psychedelic Furs.

How did critics respond to British post-punk groups in the 1980s?

support

What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article?

American

What about the sense of paradox in postpunk different in relation to the pop music of the day?

unique

What corporation was John Peel a DJ for?

BBC

What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music?

record labels

When did British post-punk emerge?

Who said that British post-punk was "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"?

Greil Marcus

What popular DJ supported the emergence of British post-punk?

BBC DJ John Peel

What British post-punk bands had success in the popular charts?

PiL and Joy Division

Which record labels really supported the British post-punk movement?

Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass

When did post-punk not get the support it needed?

I'm not sure.

Which groups didn't find success?

I'm not sure.

What record labels were not supportive?

I'm not sure.

What artists never had record labels?

I'm not sure.


However, during this period, major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics. In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circulation. Writers like Paul Morley began advocating "overground brightness" instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in early years. Morley's own musical collaboration with engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik, the Art of Noise, would attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream. A variety of more pop-oriented groups, including ABC, the Associates, Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow (the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren) emerged in tandem with the development of the New Romantic subcultural scene. Emphasizing glamour, fashion, and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups, the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement.

Many of the big players in the post-punk scene began leaning away from what as time progressed?

underground aesthetics

What did the magazines catering to post-punk interest do to alienate their readers?

increasingly esoteric writing

Which magazine tied to the post-punk movement lost half of its circulation?

NME

What writer advocated "overground brightness"?

Paul Morley

What did the club-oriented scene emphasize instead of the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups?

glamour, fashion, and escapism

What did authors and artists begin advocating for instead of the underground scene?

overground brightness

What began to alienate the readers from publications such as NME?

increasingly esoteric writing

Who did Paul Morley collaborate with on the Art of Noise?

engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik

What did the Art of Noise hope to accomplish?

attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream

Which new cultural movement began to emphasize glam, escapism and fashion?

New Romantic

Who did Morley not want to collaborate with?

I'm not sure.

What groups were not pop-oriented?

I'm not sure.

What scene did not emphasize fashion or glamour?

I'm not sure.

What scene was not club-oriented?

I'm not sure.

What music genre never had writing publications?

I'm not sure.


Artists such as Gary Numan, the Human League, Soft Cell, John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synthpop style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of MTV. Post-punk artists such as Scritti Politti's Green Gartside and Josef K's Paul Haig, previously engaged in avant-garde practices, turned away from these approaches and pursued mainstream styles and commercial success. These new developments, in which post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream, began to be categorized under the marketing term new pop.

What style of music was Gary Numan associated with?

synthpop

What did the synthpop style of music benefit from the gaining popularity of?

MTV

Synthpop heavily borrowed elements from what type of music?

electronic and synthesizer music

What type of ideas did post-punk artists attempt to sneak into mainstream pop?

subversive

What did some post-punk artists reject their previous avant-garde practices to pursue?

commercial success

What new music style focused on electronic and synthesized sounds?

synthpop

What really helped to launch synthpop?

MTV

What else began to emerge as post-punk groups moved to a more commercial focus?

pop

How did pos-punk give rise to pop?

post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream

What music did not benefit from the rise of MTV?

I'm not sure.

Which artists did not like post-punk?

I'm not sure.

What group avoided subversive ideas?

I'm not sure.

What term was never marketed?

I'm not sure.


In the early 1980s, Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound, with compilations such as ZE's Mutant Disco (1981) highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city's clash of hip hop, disco and punk styles, as well as dub reggae and world music influences. Artists such as Liquid Liquid, the B-52s, Cristina, Arthur Russell, James White and the Blacks and Lizzy Mercier Descloux pursued a formula described by Luc Sante as "anything at all + disco bottom". The decadent parties and art installations of venues such as Club 57 and the Mudd Club became cultural hubs for musicians and visual artists alike, with figures such as Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring and Michael Holman frequenting the scene. Other no wave-indebted groups such as Swans, Glenn Branca, the Lounge Lizards, Bush Tetras and Sonic Youth instead continued exploring the early scene's forays into noise and more abrasive territory.

When did Manhattan's no wave scene start becoming more dance-oriented?

early 1980s

What formula did a lot of the artists emerging from the scene adhere to?

"anything at all + disco bottom"

What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57?

decadent

Who did the venues because cultural hubs for?

musicians and visual artists alike

What movement was the group the Lounge Lizards indebted to?

no wave

What did Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transition into?

dance-oriented sound

What type of sound did no wave have before it began to transition to a more dance oriented sound?

abrasive

When was ZE's Mutant Disco released?

What clubs were frequented by artists in the emerging dance scene?

Club 57 and the Mudd Club

When did the no wave scene decide not to transition?

I'm not sure.

Which venues avoided parties?

I'm not sure.

Who was rarely on the scene?

I'm not sure.

What groups were not influenced by no wave?

I'm not sure.

What groups enjoyed calm territory?

I'm not sure.


In Germany, groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music, utilizing avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects. Members of that group would later go on to collaborate with members of the Birthday Party. In Brazil, the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legião Urbana, Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Satã in São Paulo, with acts like Cabine C, Titãs, Patife Band, Fellini and Mercenárias, as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the Não Wave/Não São Paulo series, released in the UK, Germany and Brazil, respectively.[citation needed]

Where did some groups develop a unique style of industrial music?

Germany

What type of music included noise, homemade instruments, and randomly found objects?

industrial

What country had a post-punk scene after a generation of rock?

Brazil

What type of album was The Sexual Life of the Savages?

compilations

What countries other than Brazil was Brazil's no wave music exported to?

UK, Germany

What type of music was associated with Einstürzende Neubauten?

industrial

Where was Einstürzende Neubauten from?

Germany

Where was Madame Satã?

Brazil

How did Einstürzende Neubauten come up with their new industrial sound?

avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects

Who did members of Einstürzende Neubauten also collaborate with?

the Birthday Party

Which country disliked utilization of avant-garde noise?

I'm not sure.

What groups never collaborated with members of the Birthday Party?

I'm not sure.

Where did the post-punk scene shrink?

I'm not sure.

Where was industrial music never released?

I'm not sure.


The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics, often in favor of more commercial sounds. Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement, with entryism becoming a popular concept. In the United States, driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations, a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of "New Music" there. Some shifted to a more commercial new wave sound (such as Gang of Four), while others were fixtures on American college radio and became early examples of alternative rock. Perhaps the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was U2, who combined elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music.

How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end?

turned away from its aesthetics

What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in?

pop

What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands?

MTV

Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?

American college radio

What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music?

What was the death knell of the post-punk movement?

commercial sounds

What else would the post-punk bands record under?

pop

What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement?

entryism

What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America?

MTV and modern rock radio stations

Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk?

What did bands associated with post-punk never turn away from?

I'm not sure.

Where was post-punk not driven by MTV or modern rock radio stations?

I'm not sure.

Who decided not to shift their sound?

I'm not sure.

Which bands were least successful during post-punk?

I'm not sure.


Until recently, in most critical writing the post-punk era was "often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties". Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary, asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own. Simon Reynolds described the period as "a fair match for the sixties in terms of the sheer amount of great music created, the spirit of adventure and idealism that infused it, and the way that the music seemed inextricably connected to the political and social turbulence of its era". Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period "was avant-garde, open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves, united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song".

How did most critical writing treat the post-punk era, until recently?

dismissed

What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight?

significant innovations and music

What did Simon Reynolds describe the era of post-punk as a match for in terms of great music created?

the sixties

Who wrote that the music of the post-punk era was avant-garde?

Nicholas Lezard

What were the post-punk era artists more interested in doing to their audiences than in entertaining them with pop songs?

disturbing

What era was usually dismissed as merely an awkward phase of music?

post-punk

What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music?

produced significant innovations and music on its own

Who said that the post-punk movement rivaled the Sixties in the shear amount of great music produced?

Simon Reynolds

Which critic said that the post-punk period was open to any possibilities as far as music went?

Nicholas Lezard

What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk?

cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song

What musical period had no innovations?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't like to write about post-punk music?

I'm not sure.

When did post-punk music lose popularity to contemporary scholars?

I'm not sure.

Who never talked about the post-punk period?

I'm not sure.


Post-punk was an eclectic genre which resulted in a wide variety of musical innovations and helped merge white and black musical styles. Out of the post-punk milieu came the beginnings of various subsequent genres, including new wave, dance-rock, New Pop, industrial music, synthpop, post-hardcore, neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music. Bands such as Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and the Cure played in a darker, more morose style of post-punk that lead to the development of the gothic rock genre.

What musical styles did post-punk help merge?

white and black musical styles

What beginnings rose from the dead ashes of post-punk?

various subsequent genres

New wave, industrial music, synthpop and house all share roots in what genre?

post-punk

What style of music did post-punk band the Cure play in?

darker, more morose

What genre of music did Joy Division help in the development of?

gothic rock

Which type of eclectic music had a huge variety, large innovations and an "anything goes" mentality?

Post-punk

Which darker post-punk bands gave rise to gothic rock?

Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and the Cure

Where did systhpop, industrial and neo-psychedelia music derive from?

Post-punk

What type of music was gothic rock?

darker, more morose style

What styles of music did post-punk pave the way for?

new wave, dance-rock, New Pop, industrial music, synthpop, post-hardcore, neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music

What genre was not eclectic?

I'm not sure.

What musical genre had limited variety of musical innovations?

I'm not sure.

Which genres were least influenced by post-punk?

I'm not sure.

Which bands had a lighter style of music?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of rock genre were not influenced by post-punk?

I'm not sure.


At the turn of the 21st century, a post-punk revival developed in British and American alternative and indie rock, which soon started appearing in other countries, as well. The earliest sign of a revival was the emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s. However, the first commercially successful bands – the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors – surfaced in the late 1990s to early 2000s, as did several dance-oriented bands such as the Rapture, Radio 4 and LCD Soundsystem. Additionally, some darker post-punk bands began to appear in the indie music scene in the 2010s, including Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum, who were also affiliated with the darkwave revival, as well as A Place to Bury Strangers, who combined early post-punk and shoegaze. These bands tend to draw a fanbase who are a combination of the indie music subculture, older post-punk fans and the current goth subculture. In the 2010s, Savages played a music reminiscent of early British post-punk bands of the late '70s.

When did a post-punk revival start happening in England and the Colonies?

turn of the 21st century

What early sign heralded the post-punk revival?

emergence of various underground bands

When did some of the darker post-punk bands start to appear in the indie scene?

the 2010s

The post-punk revival bands bring in a fanbase from what subculture?

indie music

What band played music similar to that of the early British post-punk bands of the late '70s as recently as 2010?

Savages

When was the post-punk revival in British and American cultures?

turn of the 21st century

What was the earliest sign of the post-punk revival?

emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s

Who were the most commercially successful bands of the post-punk revival?

the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors

When did the commercially successful post-punk bands begin to hit the scene?

late 1990s to early 2000s

Which dark post-punk bands began to emmerge in the indie scene?

Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum

When did post-punk music lose popularity?

I'm not sure.

Which bands never found commercial success?

I'm not sure.

Which bands disliked dance?

I'm not sure.

Which post-punk bands avoided darker style?

I'm not sure.

What subculture avoided darker post-punk bands the most?

I'm not sure.


In Canada, the term "football" may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are closely related but have significant differences. In particular, Canadian football has 12 players on the field per team rather than 11; the field is roughly 10 yards wider, and 10 yards longer between end-zones that are themselves 10 yards deeper; and a team has only three downs to gain 10 yards, which results in less offensive rushing than in the American game. In the Canadian game all players on the defending team, when a down begins, must be at least 1 yard from the line of scrimmage. (The American game has a similar "neutral zone" but it is only the length of the football.)

Which North American version of football calls for 12 player per side on the field?

Canadian

How many yards wider is a Canadian football field than an American football field?

Which version of North American football has smaller end zones?

American

How many downs does a team have to advance ten yards in Canadian football?

three

How far away from the line of scrimmage must Canadian football defenders be?

1 yard

In America what term is used for both Canadian foobal and Americam football

I'm not sure.

An American football field is how much wider than a Canadian football field?

I'm not sure.

Canadian and American football have the same number of what on the field?

I'm not sure.

American football players have three downs to do what?

I'm not sure.

The American football defenders must be one you are from what?

I'm not sure.

Which version of North American football has a smaller football?

I'm not sure.

What has shared players and is closely related with differences?

I'm not sure.

In American football how many downs are needed to gain 10 yards?

I'm not sure.

When a down begins, how far away must the American defending team be?

I'm not sure.

What causes the American game to have less offensive rushing?

I'm not sure.


Canadian football is also played at the high school, junior, collegiate, and semi-professional levels: the Canadian Junior Football League, formed May 8, 1974, and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18–22, many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup, and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years. Great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.

On which date was the Canadian Junior Football League formed?

May 8, 1974

How old are the players in the Quebec Junior Football League?

What trophy is awarded to the winner of Canadian inter-university football competition?

Vanier Cup

What institution memorializes great Canadian football achievements?

Canadian Football Hall of Fame

The American Junior football league was formed to what day?

I'm not sure.

Players and what leaguer 18 to 24?

I'm not sure.

Many secondary institutions compete what award?

I'm not sure.

Leaks such as what have declined in popularity in recent years?

I'm not sure.

Great achievements in Canadian and American football are enshrined where?

I'm not sure.

Where is Canadian Interuniversity Sport played?

I'm not sure.

When was the Alberta Football League formed?

I'm not sure.

What age are the players in the senior leagues?

I'm not sure.

What are enshrined for the Vanier Cup?

I'm not sure.

What memorializes achievements for players aged 18-22?

I'm not sure.


The first written account of a game played was on October 15, 1862, on the Montreal Cricket Grounds. It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing.[citation needed] In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, and Christopher Gwynn, one of the founders of Milton, Massachusetts, devised rules based on rugby football. The game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3, 1869, (the oldest football club in Canada). Montreal formed a team April 8, 1872, Toronto was formed on October 4, 1873, and the Ottawa FBC on September 20, 1876.

On which date was the first Canadian football game for which a written record has survived?

October 15, 1862

Which team won the first recorded Canadian football game?

First Battalion Grenadier Guards

What was the first final score recorded of a Canadian football game?

3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing

What is the oldest football club in Canada?

Hamilton Football Club

Which founder of Milton, MA also helped develop the rules of Canadian football?

Christopher Gwynn

The first written account of American football game was on what date?

I'm not sure.

The second Battalion Scots won the first ever what?

I'm not sure.

Who devise rules based on American football?

I'm not sure.

What team was formed on April 8, 1827?

I'm not sure.

What game was instantly popular in Canada?

I'm not sure.

When was the First Battalion Grenadier Guards formed?

I'm not sure.

What is the oldest group with devised rules in Canada?

I'm not sure.

Who won the first game with a following in Canada?

I'm not sure.

What was the first recorded set of devised rules of a Canadian football game?

I'm not sure.

Where were the rules based on the Hamilton Football Club created?

I'm not sure.


The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada, organized on March 24, 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU) founded June 12, 1880, which included teams from Ontario and Quebec. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union (ORFU and QRFU) were formed (January 1883), and then the Interprovincial (1907) and Western Interprovincial Football Union (1936) (IRFU and WIFU). The CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, The Canadian Football Council (CFC). And then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become The CFL.

On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed?

March 24, 1873

Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12, 1880?

Canadian Rugby Football Union

In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded?

Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891?

Canadian Rugby Football Union

Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League?

Canadian Football Council

The Canadian Rugby football Union was the first attempt at what?

I'm not sure.

The football Association of Canada was formed on June 12 of what year?

I'm not sure.

The Canadian rugby union reorganized into what in 1891?

I'm not sure.

What organization founded in 1880 included teams from Ontario Montréal and Québec?

I'm not sure.

What organization founded in 1956 evolved from the Canadian football league?

I'm not sure.

When was the governing body for the CRFU founded?

I'm not sure.

What umbrella organization was formed on June 12 1880?

I'm not sure.

When did the Football Association of Canada reorganize to form CRU?

I'm not sure.

Which organization founded in 1873 became the Canadian Football League?

I'm not sure.

When were the ORFU and the CRU formed?

I'm not sure.


The Burnside rules closely resembling American Football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game. The Burnside Rules had teams reduced to 12 men per side, introduced the Snap-Back system, required the offensive team to gain 10 yards on three downs, eliminated the Throw-In from the sidelines, allowed only six men on the line, stated that all goals by kicking were to be worth two points and the opposition was to line up 10 yards from the defenders on all kicks. The rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first. Forward passes were not allowed in the Canadian game until 1929, and touchdowns, which had been five points, were increased to six points in 1956, in both cases several decades after the Americans had adopted the same changes. The primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not (originally, both sides had three downs, goal posts on the goal lines and unlimited forward motion, but the American side modified these rules and the Canadians did not). The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game played in wider fields and stadiums that were not as narrow as the American stadiums.

Which Canadian football rules did the ORFU adopt in 1903?

Burnside

Which three Canadian football unions resisted the Burnside Rules?

CIRFU, QRFU and CRU

In which year did forward passes become acceptable in Canadian football?

Which style of North American football changed the rules of their game the most from their earliest versions?

American

When were the American rules incorporated?

I'm not sure.

Why did the CIRFU create Burnside rules?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the American game allow forward passes?

I'm not sure.

What did the Canadian side reduce teams to per side?

I'm not sure.

What difference did the Canadian side adopt before the American side?

I'm not sure.


The Grey Cup was established in 1909 after being donated by Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, The Governor General of Canada as the championship of teams under the CRU for the Rugby Football Championship of Canada. Initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, withdrew from competition in 1954. The move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football.

Who donated a championship trophy for Canadian football teams in 1909?

Albert Grey

When did professional teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship?

1940s and early 1950s

Which trophy was awarded to a Canadian football champion beginning in 1909?

Grey Cup

Which was the last amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?

Ontario Rugby Football Union

What government position was held by the man who donated the Grey Cup to Canadian football?

The Governor General of Canada

Who donated the Grey cup in 2009

I'm not sure.

When did amateur teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship

I'm not sure.

What was the first amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?

I'm not sure.

What did the Gov. Gen. of Ottawa to donate?

I'm not sure.

What amateur team won a championship in 1954?

I'm not sure.

When was the Ontario Rugby Football Union established?

I'm not sure.

Who donated a championship trophy for the Governor General of Canada?

I'm not sure.

What position was held by the Ontario Rugby Football Union?

I'm not sure.

What was the last professional team to compete for the trophy?

I'm not sure.

When did amateur teams dominate the Canadian football championship?

I'm not sure.


Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the only other country to have hosted a high-level Canadian football game. The CFL's controversial "South Division" as it would come to be officially known attempted to put CFL teams in the United States playing under Canadian rules between 1992 and 1995. The move was aborted after three years; the Baltimore Stallions were the most successful of the numerous Americans teams to play in the CFL, winning the 83rd Grey Cup. Continuing financial losses, a lack of proper Canadian football venues, a pervasive belief that the American teams were simply pawns to provide the struggling Canadian teams with expansion fee revenue, and the return of the NFL to Baltimore prompted the end of Canadian football on the American side of the border.

Which one country besides Canada has hosted a professional Canadian football game?

United States

In which year did the CFL first attempt an expansion into the United States?

Which American CFL team won the Grey Cup?

Baltimore Stallions

The return of an NFL team to which city contributed to the demise of the CFL's American expansion?

Baltimore

How many years did the CFL South Division last?

three

Canadian football has never been played in what country?

I'm not sure.

The East division tried to put CFL teams in what other country?

I'm not sure.

I what was the name of the American team that played in Canada?

I'm not sure.

Which championship game to the Baltimore stallions lose?

I'm not sure.

The return of what organization to Boston prompted the end of Canadian football in America?

I'm not sure.

Where has the CFL been kept?

I'm not sure.

Who put NFL teams in the United States playing under Canadian Rules?

I'm not sure.

When was the Grey Cup aborted?

I'm not sure.

What did the South Division win while successfully playing in the CFL?

I'm not sure.

How was it believed that the CFL was used to help struggling Canadian teams?

I'm not sure.


Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams in three divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl. The Quebec Junior Football League includes teams from Ontario and Quebec who battle for the Manson Cup.

Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football?

Football Canada

How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport?

Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?

Vanier Cup

What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams?

Canadian Bowl

Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League?

Ontario and Quebec

What organization oversees professional Canadian football?

I'm not sure.

Twenty-eight teams play and how many conferences the Canadian inter-university sport

I'm not sure.

The Grey cup goes to what championship? Will your

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the championship game for the Canadian football league?

I'm not sure.

What Québec league compete for the veneer cup?

I'm not sure.

What are university ranks governed by?

I'm not sure.

At college level, how many teams compete in the Quebec Junior Football League?

I'm not sure.

Which division goes to the CIS champion?

I'm not sure.

What do  Canadian Bowl teams battle for?

I'm not sure.

Which provinces have teams in the Canadian Interuniversity Sport?

I'm not sure.


The Canadian football field is 150 yards (137 m) long and 65 yards (59 m) wide with end zones 20 yards (18 m) deep, and goal lines 110 yards (101 m) apart. At each goal line is a set of 40-foot-high (12 m) goalposts, which consist of two uprights joined by an 18 1⁄2-foot-long (5.6 m) crossbar which is 10 feet (3 m) above the goal line. The goalposts may be H-shaped (both posts fixed in the ground) although in the higher-calibre competitions the tuning-fork design (supported by a single curved post behind the goal line, so that each post starts 10 feet (3 m) above the ground) is preferred. The sides of the field are marked by white sidelines, the goal line is marked in white, and white lines are drawn laterally across the field every 5 yards (4.6 m) from the goal line. These lateral lines are called "yard lines" and often marked with the distance in yards from and an arrow pointed toward the nearest goal line. In previous decades, arrows were not used and every yard line was usually marked with the distance to the goal line, including the goal line itself which was marked with a "0"; in most stadiums today, the 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-yard lines are marked with numbers, with the goal line sometimes being marked with a "G". The centre (55-yard) line usually is marked with a "C". "Hash marks" are painted in white, parallel to the yardage lines, at 1 yard (0.9 m) intervals, 24 yards (21.9 m) from the sidelines. On fields that have a surrounding running track, such as Commonwealth Stadium, Molson Stadium, and many universities, the end zones are often cut off in the corners to accommodate the track. In 2014, Edmonton placed turf over the track to create full end zones. This was particularly common among U.S.-based teams during the CFL's American expansion, where few American stadiums were able to accommodate the much longer and noticeably wider CFL field.

How many yards wide is a Canadian football field?

How long in meters is the crossbar of a Canadian football goal?

What part of a Canadian football field was sometimes marked with a "G"?

goal line

What distance from the sidelines are hash marks painted on a CFL field?

24 yards (21.9 m)

Whose football fields are hundred 50 yards wide and 65 yards long?

I'm not sure.

What are marked with yellow sidelines?

I'm not sure.

What fields have expanded in zones?

I'm not sure.

Where was it uncommon to put her over the track?

I'm not sure.

In most running tracks today, what are marked?

I'm not sure.

In higher calibre stadiums what is preferred?

I'm not sure.

What single-curved post lines drawn every 5 yards from the goal line called?

I'm not sure.

How far from the goalposts are hashmarks painted?

I'm not sure.

What is cut off to accommodate the yard lines at Commonwealth Stadium?

I'm not sure.


At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kick off or receive the kick and the beginning of the half, or b) which direction of the field to play in. The remaining choice is given to the opposing captain. Before the resumption of play in the second half, the captain that did not have first choice in the first half is given first choice. Teams usually choose to defer, so it is typical for the team that wins the coin toss to kick to begin the first half and receive to begin the second.

Which team calls heads or tails in the coin flip before a CFL game?

visiting

Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip?

captain

What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball?

which direction of the field to play in

Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision?

the opposing captain

What does the official call at the beginning of a game?

I'm not sure.

What option does the official have after winning the coin toss?

I'm not sure.

What's typical for the team that recieves the kick?

I'm not sure.

After the kickoff in the second half who is given first choice?

I'm not sure.

What is one option the opposing captain is given  if they choose first choice after winning the coin toss?

I'm not sure.


Play stops when the ball carrier's knee, elbow, or any other body part aside from the feet and hands, is forced to the ground (a tackle); when a forward pass is not caught on the fly (during a scrimmage); when a touchdown (see below) or a field goal is scored; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means (being carried, thrown, or fumbled out of bounds); or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move forwards (called forward progress). If no score has been made, the next play starts from scrimmage.

What is the term for play stopped because the ball carrier, although not fully tackled, can no longer advance the ball?

forward progress

Where does the next play start unless a team has just scored?

scrimmage

Which parts of the ball carrier's body do not cause play to stop when they touch the ground?

feet and hands

Which direction of pass causes play to stop when it is not caught?

forward

If a player's knee is forced to the ground, what starts from scrimmage?

I'm not sure.

What parts of the ball carriers forward progress won't stop play when touching the ground?

I'm not sure.

Which touchdown causes play to stop when not caught?

I'm not sure.

Where does the next field goal start unless a team has scored?

I'm not sure.

What means play stopped because the ball carrier can move forward?

I'm not sure.


Before scrimmage, an official places the ball at the spot it was at the stop of clock, but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goal line. The line parallel to the goal line passing through the ball (line from sideline to sideline for the length of the ball) is referred to as the line of scrimmage. This line is similar to "no-man's land"; players must stay on their respective sides of this line until the play has begun again. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, excluding the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team must stay a yard or more back from the line of scrimmage.

What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?

24 yards

What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?

line of scrimmage

How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?

seven

How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?

one yard

What is the minimum distance from the defending team does the official place the ball before play?

I'm not sure.

How many yards must the possessing team place near the line of scrimmage?

I'm not sure.

How close to the length of the ball can defensive players be before a play?

I'm not sure.

Where must an official stay until a play has begun again?

I'm not sure.

What makes a goal line valid?

I'm not sure.


On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 (unlike 11 in American football). The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs (the snap) by a member of the offensive team, to another member of the offensive team. This is usually the quarterback or punter, but a "direct snap" to a running back is also not uncommon. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:

How many players does each side field in an American football game?

What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball?

offence

What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called?

the snap

Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play?

quarterback or punter

What is the term for a team with control of the quarterback?

I'm not sure.

What is the defence of the ball in play called?

I'm not sure.

Name a player that commonly receives the first possession of the ball?

I'm not sure.

How many possessions does each team have in an American game?

I'm not sure.

What is the running back in possession of the ball called?

I'm not sure.


Each play constitutes a down. The offence must advance the ball at least ten yards towards the opponents' goal line within three downs or forfeit the ball to their opponents. Once ten yards have been gained the offence gains a new set of three downs (rather than the four downs given in American football). Downs do not accumulate. If the offensive team completes 10 yards on their first play, they lose the other two downs and are granted another set of three. If a team fails to gain ten yards in two downs they usually punt the ball on third down or try to kick a field goal (see below), depending on their position on the field. The team may, however use its third down in an attempt to advance the ball and gain a cumulative 10 yards.

What is another term for a completed play?

down

How many plays can the offence run without gaining ten yards?

three

How many downs does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?

three

What does a team do when they have not advance the ball enough to score or likely gain a new set of downs?

punt

What is a forfeit play called?

I'm not sure.

What must the offence do within 10 yards or forfeit the ball?

I'm not sure.

What can a team use its 10 yards to gain?

I'm not sure.

How many field goals does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?

I'm not sure.

What does a team do in their position on the field when they haven't advanced the ball enough to score?

I'm not sure.


There are many rules to contact in this type of football. First, the only player on the field who may be legally tackled is the player currently in possession of the football (the ball carrier). Second, a receiver, that is to say, an offensive player sent down the field to receive a pass, may not be interfered with (have his motion impeded, be blocked, etc.) unless he is within one yard of the line of scrimmage (instead of 5 yards (4.6 m) in American football). Any player may block another player's passage, so long as he does not hold or trip the player he intends to block. The kicker may not be contacted after the kick but before his kicking leg returns to the ground (this rule is not enforced upon a player who has blocked a kick), and the quarterback, having already thrown the ball, may not be hit or tackled.

What is the term for the player that is currently handing the football when play is underway?

ball carrier

Within what distance from the line of scrimmage can offensive players who do not have the ball be legally contacted by defensive players?

one yard

What are two illegal ways to block an opposing player's progress near the line of scrimmage?

hold or trip

Which player may not be tackled immediately after they have thrown a pass?

quarterback

What player can be legally tackeled when tripping the player he intends to block?

I'm not sure.

What player can't be interfered with unless he is within one yard of any player?

I'm not sure.

Which player may not be contacted after the kick after throwing a pass?

I'm not sure.

What are two illegal ways to currently be in possession of the ball near the line of scrimmage?

I'm not sure.

When is the rule applied where the offensive player may not be contacted?

I'm not sure.


Infractions of the rules are punished with penalties, typically a loss of yardage of 5, 10 or 15 yards against the penalized team. Minor violations such as offside (a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts) are penalized five yards, more serious penalties (such as holding) are penalized 10 yards, and severe violations of the rules (such as face-masking) are typically penalized 15 yards. Depending on the penalty, the penalty yardage may be assessed from the original line of scrimmage, from where the violation occurred (for example, for a pass interference infraction), or from where the ball ended after the play. Penalties on the offence may, or may not, result in a loss of down; penalties on the defence may result in a first down being automatically awarded to the offence. For particularly severe conduct, the game official(s) may eject players (ejected players may be substituted for), or in exceptional cases, declare the game over and award victory to one side or the other. Penalties do not affect the yard line which the offence must reach to gain a first down (unless the penalty results in a first down being awarded); if a penalty against the defence results in the first down yardage being attained, then the offence is awarded a first down.

What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated?

loss of yardage

How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty?

five

How many yards does a team lose for face-masking?

What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty?

first down

What is the usual penalty when first downs are violated?

I'm not sure.

How many loss of downs does a team have when they have a more serious penalty?

I'm not sure.

How many downs are automatically awarded to the offense when a team commits a minor penalty?

I'm not sure.

What happens when a team commits minor penalty such as face masking?

I'm not sure.

What other than yardage can be awarded to the offence on the line of scrimmage?

I'm not sure.


Penalties never result in a score for the offence. For example, a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown, but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down. For a distance penalty, if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line, then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line, though only up to the one-yard line (unlike American football, in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line). If the original penalty yardage would have resulted in a first down or moving the ball past the goal line, a first down is awarded.

Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?

one-yard line

In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?

Canadian

A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?

Penalties

How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?

half the distance to the goal line

Who do touchdowns never result in a score for?

I'm not sure.

When the defense commits penalty yardage in their end zone what happens?

I'm not sure.

How many penalty yards are given when the ball is nearer the first down than the usual penalty yardage?

I'm not sure.

What infraction  in the end zone advances the ball half the distance to the goal with an automatic first down?

I'm not sure.

In American football what can't start inside either one yard line?

I'm not sure.


In most cases, the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called. One notable exception to this rule is if the kicking team on a 3rd down punt play is penalized before the kick occurs: the receiving team may not decline the penalty and take over on downs. After the kick is made, change of possession occurs and subsequent penalties are assessed against either the spot where the ball is caught, or the runback.

Who can decline a penalty?

the non-penalized team

A team receiving a punt cannot decline a penalty on which down?

3rd down

The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?

the previous play

What can a team do when they prefer the original outcome of a play to the situation they would have with a penalty assessed on the other team for that play?

decline the penalty

Who can decline a previous play?

I'm not sure.

What will stand as if the 3rd down punt play had not been called?

I'm not sure.

After the runback is made what happens?

I'm not sure.

What is an exception to the change of possession for the non-penalized team?

I'm not sure.

After change of possession, what are assessed against the kicking team or the receiving team?

I'm not sure.


During the last three minutes of a half, the penalty for failure to place the ball in play within the 20-second play clock, known as "time count" (this foul is known as "delay of game" in American football), is dramatically different from during the first 27 minutes. Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down repeated, the base penalty (except during convert attempts) becomes loss of down on first or second down, and 10 yards on third down with the down repeated. In addition, as noted previously, the referee can give possession to the defence for repeated deliberate time count violations on third down.

At which point in a game is the time the offence takes to put the ball in play measured?

last three minutes of a half

How many seconds elapse before a time count penalty is assessed?

What is the penalty for a time count on the first two downs?

loss of down

Who can turn the ball over to the other side if an offensive team incurs too many time count violations?

referee

How many yards does the offense lose for a time count on third down?

What is the penalty in American football for not having the down repeated within 20 seconds?

I'm not sure.

What is the penalty for convert attempts on the first two downs?

I'm not sure.

For what violation can the referee give the base penalty to the defense?

I'm not sure.

How many yards does the loss of down lose on third down?

I'm not sure.

On what down can the 20 second play clock give possession to the defense?

I'm not sure.


The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end while a penalty is pending: after the penalty yardage is applied, the quarter is extended one scrimmage. Note that the non-penalized team has the option to decline any penalty it considers disadvantageous, so a losing team cannot indefinitely prolong a game by repeatedly committing infractions.

What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?

extended

What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?

penalty

How long is a quarter in minutes?

Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?

convert attempts

When does the clock not run when a penalty is pending?

I'm not sure.

If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended?

I'm not sure.

When can't a scrimmage end?

I'm not sure.

What does the losing team have the option to do?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the plays where the clock doesn't run near the end of a half?

I'm not sure.


In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it scores or loses possession. If the team scores a touchdown, starting with the 2010 season, it is required to attempt a 2-point conversion. The other team then scrimmages the ball at the same 35-yard line and has the same opportunity to score. After the teams have completed their possessions, if one team is ahead, then it is declared the winner; otherwise, the two teams each get another chance to score, scrimmaging from the other 35-yard line. After this second round, if there is still no winner, during the regular season the game ends as a tie. In a playoff or championship game, the teams continue to attempt to score from alternating 35-yard lines, until one team is leading after both have had an equal number of possessions.

What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?

coin toss

At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?

In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?

Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?

second

Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?

playoff or championship

After teams have completed their 2 point conversions, who is declared the winner?

I'm not sure.

If a game is tied at the end of a touchdown, what determines who takes possession?

I'm not sure.

After the coin toss if there is no winner during regular season what happens?

I'm not sure.

What is a team required to do after having a possession in the 2010 season?

I'm not sure.

In the 2010 season if a game is tied what can each team do?

I'm not sure.


The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century, it once again split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.

What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?

two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France

When was the Seven Year' War fought?

The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764

What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?

It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire

What country emerged as the world's predominate power?

Britain rose as the world's predominant power

What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?

Considered a prelude to the two world wars


Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched an utterly unsuccessful invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

Who made the first strike of the Seven Years' War?

Prussia preemptively struck

What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years' War

Saxony

What country allied with Prussia?

Prussia's alliance with Britain

What was the initial country to ally with France?

Austria formed an alliance with France

The smaller German states joined which side?

Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states


Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

With whom did the Dutch Republic align?

The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact

Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?

Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

How did the war impact the Russian population?

The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship

What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?

being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759

What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?

Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.


The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. Although Austria failed to retrieve the territory of Silesia from Prussia (its original goal) its military prowess was also noted by the other powers. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.

What did Britain gain in North America from the war?

Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida

What did Great Britain gain in the West Indies from the war?

some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies,

What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war?

the colony of Senegal on the West African coast

What happened to the scope of France's colonies as a result of the war?

France was deprived of many of its colonies

How did the war impact France financially?

had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle


The war has been described as the first "world war", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century.

What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the  Seven Years' War?

The war has been described as the first "world war"

What does the term "Second Hundred Years' War" describe?

The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,

What is the precedent for the "Second Hundred Year's War?

reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century

What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War?

to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars


Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

What was Sweden's motivation to join the war?

Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,

What country did Spain invade?

Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal

When did Spain invade?

Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762

What was the result of the invasion by Spain?

Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion

What region did Austria hope to recapture?

Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war


Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?

The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe

What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?

the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace.

Why did Naples remain neutral?

Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?

Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party


The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers will soon avenge their defeat in 1778 when American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.

What did Great Britain gain with respect to the French trading outposts on the subcontinent of India?

superiority over the French trading outposts

What was the result for the Native American tribes?

The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement

What did the Native American tribes accomplish in the later Pontiac's War?

; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status.

What were two factors that redeemed the outcome for the Prussians?

good luck and successful strategy

Who was the leader of Prussia?

King Frederick the Great


The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France’s traditional enemies, Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. Prussia, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership: British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British, while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria. Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria in disregard of French interests. Even so, France had concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia in 1747, and the maintenance of the Anglo-Austrian alignment after 1748 was deemed essential by the Duke of Newcastle, British secretary of state in the ministry of his brother Henry Pelham. The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution” or the “reversal of alliances.”

Who was the traditional partner with Great Britain at the beginning of the conflict?

Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced

What was the major gain by Great Britain by having Austria as it ally?

British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British

What was gained or lost by Austria?

British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria

Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia?

. Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria

What alliances were formed in the "diplomatic reversal"?

The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution”