In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.

In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?

videos that infringe copyright

Who was Google's CEO in 2007?

Eric Schmidt

Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary?

resolving lawsuits

What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations?

Content ID

What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?

flags the video

Who is YouTube's CEO?

I'm not sure.

What system did Eric Schmidt come up with?

I'm not sure.

When did Google begin trials of Content ID?

I'm not sure.


An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible. The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use. If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision. YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.

What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test?

surprisingly resilient

As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?

unlimited

How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID?

fill in a form

What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010?

were modified

What did a 2010 independent test find?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the reasons YouTube's rules were modified in December 2009?

I'm not sure.

What company ran the 2009 test of Content ID?

I'm not sure.


YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service. In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content". YouTube responded by stating:

Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos?

users

Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content?

a YouTube employee

The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube's policies with moderating its content?

unimpressed

When did the UK speak out against youtube's copyright policies?

In July 2008

Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube's policies?

the Culture and Media Committee

What do uses rely on YouTube to flag?

I'm not sure.

Who said they were impressed in 2008?

I'm not sure.

What did the Media and Culture Committee of the House of Commons of the UK argue?

I'm not sure.


Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred". The Guardian in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as:

Most videos enable users to do what

leave comments

What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content?

their form

Time in 2006 wrote that youtube harnessed the wisdom and what else of humanity?

stupidity

Which magazine wrote about youtube in a 2009 article on user comments?

The Guardian

Some of the positive aspects of youtube might be that it provides what on a scale we've never seen before?

community and collaboration

What did Time say about YouTube in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What did the Guardian say about the comments on YouTube in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What did Time praise in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What can users leave on all videos?

I'm not sure.


On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a new comment system that requires all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos and making the comment system Google+ oriented. The changes are in large part an attempt to address the frequent criticisms of the quality and tone of YouTube comments. They give creators more power to moderate and block comments, and add new sorting mechanisms to ensure that better, more relevant discussions appear at the top. The new system restored the ability to include URLs in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse. In response, YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question "why the fuck do I need a google+ account to comment on a video?" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion of the change. The official YouTube announcement received 20,097 "thumbs down" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days. Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that "Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and "Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:

When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment?

November 6, 2013

The changes to the google+ additions allowed uploaders to better moderate and what to comments?

block

There were better sorting functions put in place in 2013 to make sure what kind of comments appeared on top?

more relevant discussions

What is youtube co-founder Karim's first name?

Jawed

How many thumbs down votes did youtube's official statement about the new commenting system get within two days?

What did Google implement on November 13, 2006?

I'm not sure.

What did Karim Jawed post on his YouTube Channel in response to the policy change?

I'm not sure.

What did Melvin Chase note about Google+?

I'm not sure.

What did Melvin Chase say about the discussion forums?

I'm not sure.


In some countries, YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to specific videos is blocked. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.

youtube is completely what in some places?

blocked

Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country?

long term standing ban

What might happen in a restrictive state even if you do have access to the youtube site itself?

specific videos is blocked

Why was YouTube completely blocked in all countries?

I'm not sure.

What does YouTube do when a video is banned in all countries?

I'm not sure.

What does YouTube do when the entire is site is blocked in all countries because of one video?

I'm not sure.


In May 2014, prior to the launch of YouTube's subscription-based Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and that YouTube would block all music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that YouTube would block the content of labels who do not negotiate deals to be included in the paid service "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms." Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience." The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.

How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?

What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?

What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with?

block all music content

Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played?

to launch the enhanced music experience

Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube's agreement with the Merlin Network?

The Financial Times

What service launched in May 2014 was a subscription based service?

I'm not sure.

What did Robert Kyncl confirm in May 2014?

I'm not sure.

What reason did Robert Kyncl give in May 2014 for YouTube blocking content labels?

I'm not sure.

What did Kyncl say 100% of the labels had reached?

I'm not sure.


Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: "In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state."

Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation?

Jefferson

What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?

metaphor

When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?

What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment?

authoritative declaration

What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?

a wall of separation between church and state

Who refused a metaphor about a wall of separation?

I'm not sure.

What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly denied?

I'm not sure.

When was the case of Reynolds v. UN?

I'm not sure.

What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the Third Amendment?

I'm not sure.

What was the clause against establishment of non-religion by law intended to erect?

I'm not sure.


Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany. They included nonconformists like the Puritans, who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England. Despite a common background, the groups' views on religious toleration were mixed. While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies, others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches. The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship, though enforcement was sparse. Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons: the established Church was responsible for poverty relief, putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage.

What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America?

to worship freely

What were Protestant Christians fleeing from?

religious persecution

Who was persecuting the Puritans?

King of England

What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony?

religious minorities

What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish?

churches

What was one of the reason late immigrant groups came to America?

I'm not sure.

What were Protestant Christians not fleeing from?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't persecuting the Puritans?

I'm not sure.

What did William Penn deny the protection of in his colony?

I'm not sure.

What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both reject?

I'm not sure.


^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: "Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles."

What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?

worshipping God

When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?

What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?

attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment

What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia?

No one religious society

What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?

any civil right

What may every person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?

I'm not sure.

When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article VI, Section 10?

I'm not sure.

What can't a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?

I'm not sure.

What is constitutionally allowed to be established in the state of Georgia?

I'm not sure.

What will every person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?

I'm not sure.


^Note 5: The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.

When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?

What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?

Protestants

What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876?

Christians

What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office?

Article VI, Section 8

When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable?

When did the North Carolina Constitution establish the Anglican church?

I'm not sure.

What religious denomination wasn't the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?

I'm not sure.

What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1935 to 1976?

I'm not sure.

What part of the NC Constitution allows atheists to hold public office?

I'm not sure.

When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses allow people to hold public office based on their religion was unenforceable?

I'm not sure.


The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, so love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage." The document was signed December 27, 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant. Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony, in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic. The signers indicated their "desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged, neither to condemn least we be condemned, but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master." Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted. However, John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home. Bowne was arrested, jailed, and sent to the Netherlands for trial; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne.

What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century?

The Flushing Remonstrance

What were the Remonstrance opposed to?

religious persecution of any sort

When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?

December 27, 1657

Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?

Quakers

What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?

religions

What shows support for the separation of church and state as late as the mid-17th century?

I'm not sure.

What were the Remonstrance not opposed to?

I'm not sure.

When did a group of English citizens reject a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?

I'm not sure.

Who were the rejecters of the document affronted by the persecution of?

I'm not sure.

What had Peter Stuyvesant formally approved all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?

I'm not sure.


There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him?" He also observed that when "church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued." Thomas Jefferson's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786, five years before the Bill of Rights.

What did an established church, even at the state level, have?

opponents

What was Issac Backus' profession?

Baptist minister

What region did Isaac Backus come from?

New England

When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?

When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?

What didn't an established church, even at the state level, have?

I'm not sure.

When was Issac Backus' born?

I'm not sure.

What city did Isaac Backus come from?

I'm not sure.

When did Isaac Backus write supporting a state sanctioned religion?

I'm not sure.

When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom rejected?

I'm not sure.


The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government, in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists (a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut):

Who was Roger Williams?

Baptist theologian

What phrase did Roger Williams first use?

"[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world"

What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?

Rhode Island

When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?

Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?

Thomas Jefferson

Who was a non-Baptist theologian?

I'm not sure.

What phrase did Roger Williams never use?

I'm not sure.

What colony did Roger Williams escape from?

I'm not sure.

When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution burned?

I'm not sure.

Who used William's phrase as a description of the Third Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?

I'm not sure.


Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while President, but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment. On the other hand, both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol. Years before the ratification of the Constitution, Madison contended "Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large, still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body." After retiring from the presidency, Madison wrote of "total separation of the church from the state." " "Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States," Madison wrote, and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States." In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded, "We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts. do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Govt." Madison's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States, as well as the Federal Government, from an establishment of religion, but the House did not pass them.[citation needed]

Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?

Jefferson and James Madison's

What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?

Proclamations of Thanksgiving

How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?

four

Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?

at the Capitol

What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?

practical distinction

Whose conceptions of separation have long been agreed with?

I'm not sure.

What did Jefferson approve to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?

I'm not sure.

How many non-religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?

I'm not sure.


Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity, arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Some have argued that this arrangement was "fully compatible with Jefferson's views on the separation of church and state;" however, others point to Jefferson's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation. Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history

What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity?

destruction

What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?

preachers

How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?

attend religious worship each morning

What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?

one Jeffersonian letter

What did Jefferson's opponents not accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity?

I'm not sure.

What did Jefferson discourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?

I'm not sure.

How was the state allowed to support a Professorship of Divinity?

I'm not sure.

What scheme did Jefferson reject when it came to University students?

I'm not sure.

What does Mark David Hall think people don't focus on enough?

I'm not sure.


Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order." Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.

When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?

What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?

Reynolds v. U.S.

What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?

Mormon polygamy

What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?

legal definition for the word religion

What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?

constitutional

When did Jefferson's letter not enter American jurisprudence?

I'm not sure.

What was the case that denied Jefferson's letter?

I'm not sure.

What was the court seeking, in not using Jefferson's letter?

I'm not sure.

What was the topic of Meynolds v. U.S.?

I'm not sure.

What did the court rule not outlawing polygamy was?

I'm not sure.


Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it. Similarly, the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that "no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience... provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship," (Article II) but also that:

What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?

Jefferson and Madison's

What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?

a bill

Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?

Patrick Henry

What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?

some denomination

What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?

worshipping God

What approach was the only one taken in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in support of?

I'm not sure.

Who was the chief opposition of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?

I'm not sure.

What did Patrick Henry not want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?

I'm not sure.

What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express everyone would be restrained from doing?

I'm not sure.


The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to choose their own church. The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience, and the Duke, as an openly divine-right Catholic, was no friend of Anglicanism. The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698, though Anglicanism was more popular in New York.

What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?

some church

Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?

Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian

What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?

to choose their own church

Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?

openly divine-right Catholic,

When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?

What did the Duke of York never require every community in his lands to support?

I'm not sure.

Instead of Anglican, what were the churches never supported in New York and New Jersey?

I'm not sure.

What were taxpayers not free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?

I'm not sure.

Why was the Duke a friend of Anglicanism?

I'm not sure.

When did the first Anglican minister leave New Jersey?

I'm not sure.


The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799.

What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?

Christians

What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?

fervently Catholic

What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?

Scottish Catholic

What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?

religious test

When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?

What didn't the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?

I'm not sure.

What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as not being?

I'm not sure.

What non-religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?

I'm not sure.

What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would be for those running for an office, in 1681?

I'm not sure.

When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope not replaced?

I'm not sure.


The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church-state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism.

What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"

What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?

"establishment clause"

What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?

"free exercise clause"

What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?

the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine.

What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?

a faith

What does the second amendment to the US Constitution state?

I'm not sure.

What is the second part of the First Amendment know as?

I'm not sure.

What is the first part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?

I'm not sure.

What do the four clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?

I'm not sure.

What are citizens of the United States not free to embrace or reject as they choose?

I'm not sure.


Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists, the very word "national" was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown. During the debate over the establishment clause, Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government (in which the states retained their individual sovereignty), which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate.

What is John Baker of LSU's profession?

legal scholars

Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment?

to appease the Anti-Federalists

Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?

because of the experience under the British crown

Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?

Elbridge Gerry

What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency?

Massachusetts

What is John Baker of LLU's profession?

I'm not sure.

Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the Second Amendment?

I'm not sure.

Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to neither Federalists and Anti-Federalists?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't take issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't Elbridge Gerry's constituency?

I'm not sure.


Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions. However, the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment.

Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?

Connecticut

Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary?

Constitution only gave Congress stated powers

What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?

establishing a national religion

Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?

South Carolina

What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?

religious clauses in the state constitutions

Where was Representative Roger Merman from?

I'm not sure.

Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was necessary?

I'm not sure.

What power was granted to Congress by the Constitution?

I'm not sure.

Where was Representative Thomas Pucker from?

I'm not sure.

What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could not preempt?

I'm not sure.


The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states. While it has not been fully implemented, the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure, through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause, the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states.

When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?

post-Civil War

What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?

secure rights for former slaves

What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?

due process and equal protection clauses

What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?

incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states

What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?

application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states

When was the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution created?

I'm not sure.

What was the intent of the 13th Amendment?

I'm not sure.

What clauses does the 13th Amendment include?

I'm not sure.

What does the 13th Amendment also introduce the concept of?

I'm not sure.

What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to not ensure?

I'm not sure.


The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).

What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?

Everson v. Board of Education

What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?

state law

What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?

state governments

What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?

Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet

When was the case of v. Grumet?

What landmark case hasn't impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?

I'm not sure.

What didn't the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?

I'm not sure.

What didn't the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?

I'm not sure.

What was a past case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?

I'm not sure.

When was the case of v. Prumet?

I'm not sure.


Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted." The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the "separation" paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that, "coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured."

What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?

Establishment Clause

What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?

Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145

What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?

freedom

What word is not defined in the Constitution?

religion

Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?

the Danbury Baptists

Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" didn't become part of what jurisprudence?

I'm not sure.

What case wasn't Jefferson's concept apropos to?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?

I'm not sure.

What word is defined in the Constitution?

I'm not sure.

Who hadn't Jefferson's letter been sent to?

I'm not sure.


The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state, having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature. Citing Jefferson, the court concluded that "The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach."

When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?

What case was the concept relevant?

Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1

What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?

government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools

What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?

court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state

How must the wall separating church and state be kept?

high and impregnable

When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution not made explicit?

I'm not sure.

What case wasn't the concept relevant?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?

I'm not sure.

What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the second instance of?

I'm not sure.

How mustn't the wall separating church and state be kept?

I'm not sure.


While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state" or a "separation of Church from State": their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall. Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: "Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth." Writing separately, Justice Jackson argued that "[T]here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation. In fact, the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters."

What did the decision ultimately uphold?

state law

What was the state allowed to continue to fund?

transportation of students to religious schools

What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?

that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"

What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?

that wall

What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?

the present legislation

What did the decision not uphold?

I'm not sure.

What was the state not allowed to continue to fund?

I'm not sure.

What did neither the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?

I'm not sure.

What was the agreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?

I'm not sure.

What did Justice Jackson agree there were no grounds upon which to support what?

I'm not sure.


In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools, even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation. (The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court's decision consisted of: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country. Amen.") As the Court stated:

When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?

What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer?

Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421

By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?

Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?

unconstitutional

When did the Supreme Court address the issue of unofficially sponsored prayer in public schools?

I'm not sure.

What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of unofficially sponsored school prayer?

I'm not sure.

By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an unofficial school prayer?

I'm not sure.

Even if a prayer is denominational it's still considered what?

I'm not sure.


The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor: "I think that the Court's task, in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication, is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the "wall of separation," a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution."

What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?

governmentally composed prayers for religious services

Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?

Justice Potter Stewart

What did Stewart object to?

the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor

Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?

metaphors

Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was nowhere to be found in what?

the Constitution

What wasn't one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?

I'm not sure.

What did Stewart agree with?

I'm not sure.

Stewart felt the court was responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?

I'm not sure.

Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was everywhere to be found in what?

I'm not sure.


In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university that received public funds. The court's opinion, written by Justice Abe Fortas, ruled that the Arkansas law violated "the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The overriding fact is that Arkansas' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine; that is, with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group." The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion, and that "[T]he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them."

When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?

What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?

that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals

Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?

Justice Abe Fortas

What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?

an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof

What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?

views distasteful to them

When did the case of Ipperson v. Kansas take place?

I'm not sure.

What did an Arkansas law make it legal to teach the theory of?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Kansas?

I'm not sure.

What did the Kansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?

I'm not sure.

What does the State have legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?

I'm not sure.


In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute: "Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense. Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable," the court wrote. "Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation, far from being a "wall," is a blurred, indistinct, and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship."

When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?

What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?

Pennsylvania

Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?

teachers of secular subjects

What did the state's policy violate?

the Establishment Clause

What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?

absolute

When was the case of Lime v. Kurtzman?

I'm not sure.

What state's policy was in question in Lime v. Kurtzman?

I'm not sure.

Whose salaries were being reimbursed in public religious schools?

I'm not sure.

What did the state's policy not violate?

I'm not sure.

What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could always be?

I'm not sure.


Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute or policy must not result in an "excessive entanglement" of government with religion. (The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools, and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church's religious mission, thus the policy involved the state in an "excessive entanglement" with religion.) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause.

How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?

three

What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?

"Lemon Test"

To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?

non-religious

What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?

religion

Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?

government with religion

How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports without the Establishment Clause?

I'm not sure.

What is the four-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?

I'm not sure.

To violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?

I'm not sure.

What much the primary effect of a law both advance and inhibit?

I'm not sure.

Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a distant relationship of what?

I'm not sure.


In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge, and condemning the panel's ruling. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004, solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue. Rather, a five-justice majority held that Newdow, a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter, lacked standing to sue.

How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?

three

When did the three judge panel make their ruling?

What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?

the Pledge of Allegiance

Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?

procedural grounds

What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?

standing to sue

How many judges weren't on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?

I'm not sure.

When did the three judge panel fail to make their ruling?

I'm not sure.

What did neither house of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?

I'm not sure.

Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow not overturned?

I'm not sure.

What did the six-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?

I'm not sure.


On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the public on American legal traditions) was secular in nature. In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3, 2006, however, a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed.

When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?

December 20, 2005

What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?

the Ten Commandments

Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?

secular in nature

When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?

May 3, 2006

What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?

the cross

When did the US Court of Appeals not rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?

I'm not sure.

What was not displayed in Kentucky courthouses?

I'm not sure.

Why were the displays of the ten Commandments disallowed?

I'm not sure.

When was a ruling not handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?

I'm not sure.

What did a federal judge rule must be removed from private property?

I'm not sure.


In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings, but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers.

What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?

Town of Greece v. Galloway

When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?

May 5, 2014

What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?

Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?

Town of Greece

What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?

sectarian prayers

What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must not allow various faiths?

I'm not sure.

When did the Supreme Court not rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Supreme Court not rule in favor of?

I'm not sure.

What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution disallowed for?

I'm not sure.


Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified. These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers. Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts, and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence, which references the idea of a "Creator" and "Nature's God", though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a "Creator" or "Nature's God."

What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?

separation of church and state

What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?

constitutional limitation on religious establishment

What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?

the textual requirements of the Constitution

What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?

many aspects of church and state

What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?

prevalent degree of separation of church and state

What do some organizations agree with the notion of?

I'm not sure.

What do scholars also agree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?

I'm not sure.

What don't the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?

I'm not sure.

What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was not ratified?

I'm not sure.

What do these critics argue could have been intended by the framers of the constitution?

I'm not sure.


These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed] The issue is complex, however, as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, at which point the first amendment's application to the state government was recognized. Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern, progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution. Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause, but also by legal precedence, making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era, and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution.

Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?

religion

When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?

What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?

first amendment's application to the state government

What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?

progressivist

What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?

legal precedence

Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was unofficial establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?

I'm not sure.

When was the passage of the 15th Amendment?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?

I'm not sure.

What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Dead Constitution?

I'm not sure.

What do some debates center on the law of the land being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?

I'm not sure.


The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution. Seven states, however, have language included in their Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights, or in the body of their constitutions that require state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs, though some of these have been successfully challenged in court. These states are Texas, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee.

What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?

religious test

What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?

Religious

How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?

Seven

What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?

particular religious beliefs

What clause are neither elected officials and appointed ones covered by?

I'm not sure.

What type of beliefs are an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?

I'm not sure.

How many states violate the religious test clause without language somewhere in their official policies?

I'm not sure.

What don't states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?

I'm not sure.


The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (or oaths) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court. At one time, such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states' rights; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment, as applied to the states via the 14th amendment, and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable.

What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?

a Supreme Being

What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?

Article IX, Section 2

What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?

so help me God

Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?

federal First Amendment

Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?

unconstitutional and unenforceable

What do the permissible clauses require a belief in?

I'm not sure.

What's not one example in Tennessee's constitution?

I'm not sure.

What language do some of the different states specify the oath of office include?

I'm not sure.

Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to not be in violation of what?

I'm not sure.

Because such oaths are in violation of the Second Amendment, they're what?

I'm not sure.


Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. The national motto "In God We Trust" has been challenged as a violation, but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature. A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible, "With God, all things are possible", because it displayed no preference for a particular religion.

Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?

beneficial arrangements for the society

What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as?

ceremonial deism

What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?

not religious in nature

What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?

Ohio

Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?

because it displayed no preference for a particular religion

Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches?

I'm not sure.

What is the national motto "In God We Trust" unofficially known as?

I'm not sure.

What has the Supreme Court not ruled about ceremonial deism?

I'm not sure.

What state doesn't use a passage from the Bible?

I'm not sure.

Why was Ohio disallowed from using a biblical passage as its motto?

I'm not sure.


Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions—that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious—make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause.

When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?

mid-twentieth century

What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?

constitutional ban against aid to religious schools

What was later banned in public education?

religious observance

How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?

two

When don't Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?

I'm not sure.

What was the non-central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?

I'm not sure.

What was later not banned in public education?

I'm not sure.

How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Non-Establishment Clause?

I'm not sure.


Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants (and most Jews), who opposed aid to religious schools, which were mostly Catholic at the time. After 1980, however, anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants, and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed. While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state, much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position. As a consequence, strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths, even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics.[citation needed]

What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?

no-aid

What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?

pervasive

Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?

most Protestants (and most Jews)

What diminished after 1980?

anti-Catholic sentiment

What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?

strict separationism

What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue wasn't the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?

I'm not sure.

What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life?

I'm not sure.

Who supported the unban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?

I'm not sure.

What diminished after 1981?

I'm not sure.

What is opposed today by members of no Protestant faiths?

I'm not sure.


Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept, maintains that the modern concept, which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence, is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism.[citation needed] Briefs before the Supreme Court, including by the U.S. government, have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state (Blaine Amendments) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism.

What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?

anything in the text of the constitution

What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?

professor

What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?

Columbia Law school

What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?

American anti-Catholicism

What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?

Blaine Amendments

What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's tethered to?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the profession of Philip Hamburger?

I'm not sure.

What school is Philip Hamburger disassociated with?

I'm not sure.

What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is not rooted in?

I'm not sure.

What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state never known as?

I'm not sure.


J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture. Of course, separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on-campus released time in the public schools. But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry"

Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?

J. Brent Walker

What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?

supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent

Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?

Champions of religious liberty

Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?

tap into the public till to support its parochial schools

What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?

religious bigotry

Who is the former Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?

I'm not sure.

What does Walker feel does impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?

I'm not sure.

Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having everything to do with a desire for a secular culture?

I'm not sure.

Separationists agreed with the Catholic church when it sought to do what?

I'm not sure.

What does a principled debate on the issues support a charge of?

I'm not sure.


Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. "New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state."

What did evangelicals want to keep apart?

the spiritual and secular worlds

What did religious freedom result from?

an alliance of unlikely partners

What profession does Frank Lambert have?

historian

What is the name of Lambert's book?

The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America

What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?

a complete separation of church and state

What didn't evangelicals want to keep apart?

I'm not sure.

What didn't religious freedom result from?

I'm not sure.

What profession doesn't Frank Lambert have?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of Mambert's book?

I'm not sure.

What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight against?

I'm not sure.


Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: "Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension."

What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?

constitution of the United States

What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe?

the specific relation between politics and religion

Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?

John F. Kennedy

What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?

God

What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?

a religious dimension

What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is not grounded firmly in?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe?

I'm not sure.

Whose speech does Bellah's 1977 article analyze?

I'm not sure.

What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to not use?

I'm not sure.

What has the separation of church and state failed to approve the political realm of?

I'm not sure.


Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a "remarkable religiosity" in the United States that isn't present in other industrialized nations. Wood believes that the U.S. operates on "a sort of civic religion," which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who "expects better of us." Beyond that, individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience. He calls this approach the "genius of religious sentiment in the United States."

Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?

Robert S. Wood

What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?

flourish

Where is the Center for New Religions located?

Toronto

What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?

a sort of civic religion

What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?

genius of religious sentiment in the United States

Who hasn't argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?

I'm not sure.

What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of non-religions to do?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Center for New Religions leave?

I'm not sure.

What does Wood believe the U.K. operates on?

I'm not sure.

What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they don't want to believe?

I'm not sure.


Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.

What type of faith is Protestantism?

Christian

Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?

Martin Luther

Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?

Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?

Lutheran princes

What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?

the Protestant Reformation


All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The "Five solae" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day.

What do all Protestantism denominations reject?

the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal

What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?

transubstantiation,

What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?

sola fide

What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?

the Bible

What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?

Five solae


Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions,[l] Hungary,[m] the Netherlands,[n] Scotland,[o] Switzerland,[p] and France[q] by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. Arminianism[r] gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England[s] after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; this opened the door to reformational ideas, notably during the following reign of Edward VI, through Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Matthew Parker and other theologians. There were also reformational efforts throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation—a response to perceived corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Reformation led by Luther and various other reformers—which gave rise to Anabaptist, Moravian, and other Pietistic movements. In later centuries, Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and other fields.

Where did Lutheranism begin?

Germany

Name three early Protestant reformers.

John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox

Where did Arminianism take hold?

the Netherlands and parts of Germany

Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?

King Henry VIII

Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?

Protestants


Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and central human authority. Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership (notably, the Anglican Communion), while others are confined to a single country, or even are solitary church bodies or congregations (such as the former Prussian Union of churches). Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.

What percentage of Christians are Protestant?

nearly forty percent

Which continents have some form of Protestantism?

all populated continents

What types of Protestantism are increasing?

Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches

What Protestant church has members around the world?

the Anglican Communion

How many people are considered Protestant?

more than 900 million


During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.

From what language does the term evangelical originate?

German

What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?

evangelisch

What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?

evangelical

Name two contributors to Reformed churches.

John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli

Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?

the Puritans


The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).

What is the term for teaching by only scripture?

sola scriptura

How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?

four

What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?

inerrancy

What power can help someone overcome sin?

the Holy Spirit

What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?

necessity


The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.

Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?

necessity and inerrancy

What is the term for how the church as a whole works?

ecclesiology

What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?

Catholics

At what period was inerrancy debated?

the Enlightenment

What item could be learned to gain salvation?

the Bible


The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.

What is the second principle of Protestantism?

sola fide (by faith alone)

What was Luther's main principle?

sola fide (by faith alone)

What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?

sola scriptura

What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?

Christocentric

Faith can bring what eternal benefit?

salvation


The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

When did Protestantism begin to split?

the mid-to-late 16th century

What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?

controversy over the Eucharist

What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?

transubstantiation

What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?

bread and wine

Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?

Christ


In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.

Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?

Arnold of Brescia

When were the Waldensians created?

the early 1170s

In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?

Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?

Italy

What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?

apostolic poverty


Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.

Who started the Hussite movement?

Jan Hus

Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?

John Wycliffe

How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?

five

Who called the crusades against the Hussites?

the Pope

How did Jan Hus die?

burned at the stake


On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.

When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?

31 October 1517

What did the theses argue against selling?

indulgences

What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/

Virgin Mary

Where was All Saints' Church?

Wittenberg

Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?

the Church and the papacy


Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.

Who condemned the Reformation?

the Pope

Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?

John Calvin

What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?

Geneva

What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva?

Calvinist

When did John Calvin die?


Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.

What was the nickname for French Protestants?

Huguenots

What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?

the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment

When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?

the 1550s

Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?

Henry II

When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?

August 1572


Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.

Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?

Huldrych Zwingli

Which two areas had a long history of resentment?

the German states and the Swiss Confederation

What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?

the Colloquy of Marburg

What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?

Prince Philip of Hesse

What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?

its failure


The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.

Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?

Henry VIII

When was the Act of Supremacy passed?

Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?

King Henry

What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?

The Elizabethan Religious Settlement

In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?

Between 1535 and 1540


The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.

The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?

the Elizabethan Age

The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?

the Church of England

What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?

the Protestant churches of Europe

What was another name for the later Puritan movement?

dissenters and nonconformists

What did the later Puritan movement create?

various Reformed denominations