The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development. It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights, and provides governments with the know-how to realize them. It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity. It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world.

What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?

The International Development Law Organization

What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?

emerging economies and middle-income

With how many countries does the IDLO work?

more than 170

What organization focuses on studying rule of law?

I'm not sure.

Who focuses on empowering governments to establish laws?

I'm not sure.

What are Third World countries encouraged to do?

I'm not sure.

What is the only terminal organization with a mandate to enforce rule of law?

I'm not sure.


One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law’s impact on economic development. The rule-of-law movement cannot be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question: does the rule of law matter for economic development or not? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.

The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?

economic development

What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?

Constitutional economics

In what branch of government is corruption examined?

executive branch

In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?

the executive

What is the term for corruption by individuals?

corruption by private actors

What type of development is not impacted by rule of law?

I'm not sure.

What doctoring studies rules in your relationships with the government?

I'm not sure.

What is this study of economics and financial decisions regardless of law?

I'm not sure.


The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.

What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?

English

In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?

developing and transitional

In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?

not yet fully clarified

What other countries have successful democracies?

Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?

common language

Where is the rule of law least important?

I'm not sure.

What term is primarily used in non-English speaking countries?

I'm not sure.

What well-established democracies have a clear understanding of role of law?

I'm not sure.

What is a common language not important for?

I'm not sure.


The economist F. A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market. Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated: "under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action. Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires, certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts."

What is F.A. Hayek's profession?

economist

According to Hayek, with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments?

confidence in a successful return on investment

According to Hayek, limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people?

frustrate his efforts

According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?

pursue his personal ends and desires

Who studied how the rule of law might hurt free market?

I'm not sure.

Under rule along whose efforts can government stifle?

I'm not sure.

Hooters rule of law key from pursuing personal ends and desires?

I'm not sure.


Tibet (i/tᵻˈbɛt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ]; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft). The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, earth's highest mountain rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.

What is the highest elevation in Tibet?

Mount Everest

Which continent contains Tibet?

Asia

What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?

How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?

Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?

Tibet

Where is the Asian Plateau?

I'm not sure.

What ethnic groups live on Mount Everest?

I'm not sure.

What has an average elevation of 4,900 feet?

I'm not sure.

What rises 8,848 ft above sea level?

I'm not sure.

What is he Xizang term for Tibet?

I'm not sure.


The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century.

When were the current borders of Tibet established?

18th century

When did the Tibetan empire emerge?

7th century

Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet?

Sichuan and Qinghai

Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?

Battle of Chamdo

What empire emerged in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What central regions maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure?

I'm not sure.

After what battle did Tibet fall under Mongol leadership?

I'm not sure.

What current feature was established in the 7th century?

I'm not sure.


Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.

In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?

In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?

Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?

western and central Tibet

Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?

Battle of Chamdo

What year did the Qing Revolution take place?

I'm not sure.

What region declared independence in 1912?

I'm not sure.

Where did Tibet become incorporated into in 1915?

I'm not sure.

What was abolished in 1599?

I'm not sure.


The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is Bön, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art, music, and festivals of the region. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences. Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea.

What is the economy of Tibet dominated by?

subsistence agriculture

What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet?

tourism

What is the dominant religion in Tibet?

Tibetan Buddhism

What is a staple food in Tibet?

yak meat

Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect?

Chinese and Indian

What is dominated by tourism?

I'm not sure.

What dominant system is Bon?

I'm not sure.

What are staple foods in Chinese areas?

I'm not sure.

What is the primary influence on staple foods in Tibet?

I'm not sure.


The Tibetan name for their land, Bod བོད་, means "Tibet" or "Tibetan Plateau", although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as Ü. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod, [pʰøʔ˨˧˨], is transcribed Bhö in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, Bö in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription and Poi in Tibetan pinyin. Some scholars believe the first written reference to Bod "Tibet" was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian Greek works Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE) and Geographia (Ptolemy, 2nd century CE), itself from the Sanskrit form Bhauṭṭa of the Indian geographical tradition.

What is the Tibetan name for the area?

Bod

Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod "Tibet"?

Bautai

What area did Bod originally refer to?

central region around Lhasa

What is the Egyptian name for Tibetan land?

I'm not sure.

Who made the first reference to Bod "Tibet?"

I'm not sure.

When was the first written reference to Tibet by the Egyptian people made?

I'm not sure.

When was Periplus of the Geographia Sea written?

I'm not sure.


The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, 区 qū, which means "area, district, region, ward". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: 藏; pinyin: Zàng) although the geographical term Xīzàng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820) through the addition of a prefix meaning "west" (西 xī) to Zang.

How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym?

Zangqu

How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?

Zang

During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?

Qing

Which Chinese suffix means "area, district, region, ward"?

qū

What is the Tsang exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region?

I'm not sure.

What does the Chinese suffix uq mean?

I'm not sure.

What does the prefix ix mean?

I'm not sure.

What people, language and culture is the term Jiaqing referring to?

I'm not sure.

How long did the Qing dynasty last for?

I'm not sure.


The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: 吐蕃 also written as 土蕃 or 土番; pinyin: Tǔbō or Tǔfān). This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone).

What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?

Tubo

When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?

7th century

Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?

William H. Baxter

What is the best known Chinese name for Tubo?

I'm not sure.

What book describes the 680-690 emissaries from Namri Songsten?

I'm not sure.

Who else in addition to Emperor Yang Songsten does the Old Book of Tang describe?

I'm not sure.

What did Baxter H. William reconstruct?

I'm not sure.


Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo (Chinese: 烏斯國; pinyin: Wūsīguó; cf. Tibetan dbus, Ü, [wyʔ˨˧˨]), Wusizang (Chinese: 烏斯藏; pinyin: wūsīzàng, cf. Tibetan dbus-gtsang, Ü-Tsang), Tubote (Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè), and Tanggute (Chinese: 唐古忒; pinyin: Tánggǔtè, cf. Tangut). American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote (simplified Chinese: 图伯特; traditional Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè) for modern use in place of Xizang, on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region.[citation needed]

Who is an American Tibetologist?

Elliot Sperling

What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau?

Tubote

What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet?

Wusiguo

Who was Sperling Elliot?

I'm not sure.

Who fought to revive the term Xizang?

I'm not sure.

What word is Xizang the modern version of?

I'm not sure.

What does Tubote include instead of the entire Tibetan plateau?

I'm not sure.


The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?

approximately 6 million

How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?

approximately 150,000

Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?

political reasons

Where have 6 million exiles fled to?

I'm not sure.

What is spoken by 156,000 people?

I'm not sure.

What type of dialects are Dzongkha and Sherpa considered?

I'm not sure.

What reason do the speakers of Kham consider their language to be separate?

I'm not sure.


Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script.

What is written Tibetan base on?

Classical Tibetan

What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?

Tibetan empire

From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?

ancient Indian Brāhmī script

What runs from northern Pakistan to Ladakhi?

I'm not sure.

What is Sichuan derived from?

I'm not sure.

What is the ancient Indian Brahmi script derived from?

I'm not sure.

What languages does the Indian language share script with?

I'm not sure.


The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songtsän Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.

Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?

Amdo region

Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?

western Tibet

What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?

Zhang Zhung

Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?

Drigum Tsenpo

Who was the first factual king of Tibet?

Songtsän Gampo

What region did the Amdo culture migrate from?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to from the region of Guge?

I'm not sure.

What is the Amdo Region considered to be the original home of?

I'm not sure.

Who annexed the Zhuang Zhung in the 1st century BCE?

I'm not sure.

In what valley did a kingdom arise in the 7th century?

I'm not sure.


The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.

Who founded the Tibetan Empire?

Songtsän Gampo

Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?

Princess Wencheng

Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?

Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti

What did Songtsan Gampo unite?

parts of the Yarlung River Valley

Who ruled Tibet from 640-650 CE?

I'm not sure.

What began in the period from 640 to 650 CE?

I'm not sure.

What empire did Gampo Songstan found?

I'm not sure.

Who was Princess Wencheng the first wife of?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Princess of Nepal the second wife of?

I'm not sure.


In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority.

When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?

821/822 CE

Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?

Jokhang temple in Lhasa

When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?

mid-9th century

What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?

Era of Fragmentation

What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?

political control over Tibet

Who signed a peace treaty in 812/822 CE?

I'm not sure.

What stands outside the Lhasa temple in Jokhang?

I'm not sure.

What did a civil war in the mid-8th century lead to?

I'm not sure.

What did the Era of Succession follow?

I'm not sure.


The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.

Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?

Mongol Yuan

What was a dpon-chen?

great administrator

Who confirmed the dpon-chen?

Mongol emperor

Who was the political authority of the region?

Sakya lama

Who held administrative and military power?

dpon-chen

What was one of the Mongol Yuan department's purposes?

I'm not sure.

What is the Yuan term for the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs?

I'm not sure.

What did the Mongol lama retain?

I'm not sure.

What did Mongol rule of China remain separate from?

I'm not sure.

What troops did the Sayka lama have the authority to send?

I'm not sure.


Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a "diarchic structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.

Who managed religious and regional political affairs?

Tibet

Who managed structural and administrative rule?

Mongols

Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?

Mongolian prince Khuden

Who founded the Yuan dynasty?

Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan

What did the Mongols retain nominal power over?

I'm not sure.

What did Tibet manage over the region?

I'm not sure.

When did Emperor Khuden gain temporal power in Tibet?

I'm not sure.

When did Prince Yuan gain temporal power in Tibet?

I'm not sure.

Who gained temporal power in the 1420s?

I'm not sure.


Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family Rinpungpa, based in Tsang (West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.

When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?

Between 1346 and 1354

Who founded the Gelug school?

disciples of Je Tsongkhapa

Who dominated politics after 1435?

minister family Rinpungpa

What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?

Karma Kagyu

Who topped the Sakya between 1436 and 1534?

I'm not sure.

What was founded during 1436 and 1534?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Sakya Dynasty?

I'm not sure.

What was the Tsongkhapa school also known as?

I'm not sure.

Who dominated politics after 1453?

I'm not sure.


The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the Tsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Güshi Khan, the Oirat leader of the Khoshut Khanate. With Güshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the Lhasa state. This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the Ganden Phodrang.

Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland?

5th Dalai Lama

Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama?

Güshi Khan

What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish?

Lhasa state

What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as?

Ganden Phodrang

Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of Kagyu?

I'm not sure.

What was the Gelug prince defeated after?

I'm not sure.

What was Gushi Oirat the leader of?

I'm not sure.

What civil administration did Gushi Khan establish?

I'm not sure.


Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.

When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?

When did Amdo come under Qing control?

When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?

Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?

Qing

What was the governing councel called?

Kashag

What dynasty began their rule in 1702?

I'm not sure.

What came under Qing control in 1742?

I'm not sure.

What happened to eastern Kham in 1782?

I'm not sure.

How were the Ambans living in Lhasa killed in 1705?

I'm not sure.

What did the Qing commander do in 1732 and 1728?

I'm not sure.


For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.

When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?

Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?

push the invading Nepalese out

What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called?

Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet

When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus?

18th century

What happened in 1729?

I'm not sure.

When did the Chinese Emperor send a large army into Tibet?

I'm not sure.

What written plan did the Nepalese produce?

I'm not sure.

What year was the attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province?

I'm not sure.

Who dominated Tibet during the entire 18th century?

I'm not sure.


This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.

When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.

Who came to Tibet from Europe?

Jesuits and Capuchins

When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?

19th century

Who came to Shigatse in 1747?

I'm not sure.

Why did George Bogle go to Shigatse in 1747?

I'm not sure.

Which empire encroached from northern India in 1774?

I'm not sure.

Which empire was expanding into Asia in 1774?

I'm not sure.


In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.

When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?

With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?

13th Dalai Lama

How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?

How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?

Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?

Francis Younghusband

Who invaded Tibet in 1940?

I'm not sure.

Who did the 12th Dalai Lama negotiate with?

I'm not sure.

What took place on December 13, 1903?

I'm not sure.

What resulted in 600 British fatalities?

I'm not sure.

What resulted in 12 Tibetan fatalities?

I'm not sure.


After the Xinhai Revolution (1911–12) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal.

When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?

Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?

Dalai Lama

When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?

When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?

Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?

illegal

What revolution took place in 1913?

I'm not sure.

What dynasty did the 1913 Xinhai Revolution topple?

I'm not sure.

Who governed Tibet for 63 years?

I'm not sure.

What did the Tibetan government sign in 1913?

I'm not sure.

Who did Tibet sign the Simla Accord with in 1913?

I'm not sure.


After the Dalai Lama's government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the Great Leap Forward, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died, and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet to India.

Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?

Dharamsala

How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?

between 200,000 and 1,000,000

How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?

When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?

To where did Chinese troops withdraw?

north of the McMahon Line

Where in Beijing did the Dalai Lama's government flee?

I'm not sure.

What rebellion took place in 1962?

I'm not sure.

When did 6,000 Tibetans die?

I'm not sure.

Who fought in a 1959 war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions?

I'm not sure.

What were 200,000 monasteries destroyed during?

I'm not sure.


In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.

When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?

When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?

What did the government do when it halted reforms?

started an anti-separatist campaign

When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?

For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?

human rights

Who visited Tibet in 1989?

I'm not sure.

Who started protesting for independence in 1980?

I'm not sure.

What organisations have been critical of Tibet and Beijing's governments?

I'm not sure.

What protests are the 1980 independence protests compared to?

I'm not sure.


Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?

Nepal

How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?

Where is the source of the Yangtze river?

Tibetan Plateau

What is 8,848 ft tall?

I'm not sure.

What rivers have their source in the Yangtze Plateau?

I'm not sure.

What is the deepest and longest canyon in the world?

I'm not sure.

What river is the Tsangpo Yarlung Grand Canyon located along?

I'm not sure.

What does Nepal have that make a top ten list?

I'm not sure.


The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.

Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?

Mount Kailash

Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?

Lord Shiva

What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?

Khang Rinpoche

Which lake is the largest in China?

Qinghai Lake

What mountain is a holy site for Hindus and Indus?

I'm not sure.

Who do the Tibetans consider Mount Kailash to be the abode of?

I'm not sure.

What is the Hindu name for Mt. Kailash?

I'm not sure.

What are the Hindu words for high-altitude lakes?

I'm not sure.


The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?

18 inches

What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?

Indian monsoon

What are winters like in Tibet?

intense cold

What has an annual average of only 9 inches?

I'm not sure.

What effect does the shadow rain have on Tibet?

I'm not sure.

What influences the weather in northern Tibet?

I'm not sure.


The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, and assorted fruits and vegetables. Tibet is ranked the lowest among China’s 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data. In recent years, due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is actively promoted by the authorities. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, Tibetan rugs and carpets. The Central People's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditures. However most of this investment goes to pay migrant workers who do not settle in Tibet and send much of their income home to other provinces.

Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?

lowest

What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?

increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism

What is Tibet exempt from?

all taxation

From which area does tourism bring the most income?

sale of handicrafts

What are the main crops grown in China?

I'm not sure.

Where is Tibet ranked out of China's 13 provinces on the Human Development Index?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Tibet's tourism comes from the sale of handicrafts?

I'm not sure.


From January 18–20, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, all members of CPC Politburo Standing Committee signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas. The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. "Tibet's GDP was expected to reach 43.7 billion yuan in 2009, up 170 percent from that in 2000 and posting an annual growth of 12.3 percent over the past nine years."

In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?

Members of which committee attended the conference?

CPC Politburo Standing Committee

By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?

What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?

education

How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?

about 45.6 billion

Who attended the 2018 conference on Tibet?

I'm not sure.

Where was the 2018 conference on Tibet held?

I'm not sure.

During what year was Tibet's GDP expected to reach 47.3 billion yuan?

I'm not sure.

Who has invested 310 billion U.S. dollars in Tibet?

I'm not sure.

How much money did China invest in 2001?

I'm not sure.


Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?

six red bands in the Tibetan flag

What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?

ethnic Tibetans

Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?

India

What groups represented by the red bands in the flag of India are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people?

I'm not sure.

What other ethnic groups live throughout all of Tibet?

I'm not sure.

What does the population of Tibet consist of?

I'm not sure.


Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. Bön is the ancient religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism is practiced not only in Tibet but also in Mongolia, parts of northern India, the Buryat Republic, the Tuva Republic, and in the Republic of Kalmykia and some other parts of China. During China's Cultural Revolution, nearly all Tibet's monasteries were ransacked and destroyed by the Red Guards. A few monasteries have begun to rebuild since the 1980s (with limited support from the Chinese government) and greater religious freedom has been granted – although it is still limited. Monks returned to monasteries across Tibet and monastic education resumed even though the number of monks imposed is strictly limited. Before the 1950s, between 10 and 20% of males in Tibet were monks.

What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?

Religion

What is the ancient religion of Tibet?

Bön

When were nearly all of Tibet's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard?

During China's Cultural Revolution

When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?

Before the 1950s

What has Tibetan Buddhism been almost eclipsed by?

I'm not sure.

What country introduced Bon into Tibet?

I'm not sure.

Where is Mongolian Buddhism practiced besides Tibet?

I'm not sure.

How many males in Tibet were monks in 1950?

I'm not sure.


Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of Muslims, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: Kashmir (Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include Hui, Salar, Dongxiang and Bonan. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China.

What are Tibetan Muslims known as?

Kachee

Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?

Persia

In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?

What is the Chinese Muslim community called?

gya kachee

What group of people has been living in Tibet since 1959?

I'm not sure.

What is an Indian term for Muslims?

I'm not sure.

What is an Indian term for Chinese Muslims?

I'm not sure.


Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.

When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?

17th and 18th centuries

When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?

When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?

Who arrived in Western Tibet in 1642?

I'm not sure.

Where did Father Antonio de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reach in 1642?

I'm not sure.

How many converts were there by 1672?

I'm not sure.

What was established in 1662?

I'm not sure.


In 1661 another Jesuit, Johann Grueber, crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716–1721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707–1711, 1716–1733 and 1741–1745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.

When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?

When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?

How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?

counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect

Who crossed Nepal before heading to Tibet in 1661?

I'm not sure.

Who remained in Tibet after building a church in Sining from 1716-1721?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1754?

I'm not sure.

Who expelled the missionaries in 1754?

I'm not sure.


In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and "brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people." Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.

When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?

When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?

Beginning in the 20th century

How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?

Famous earlier missionaries

Where did Cameron James walk in 1877?

I'm not sure.

Where was Cameron James from?

I'm not sure.

Who came to Tibet in 1787?

I'm not sure.

Who was James O. Broomhall and Alfred James Fraser?

I'm not sure.


Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures. The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site, as is Norbulingka, the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama.

Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?

the Dalai Lama

How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?

thirteen

How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?

What is Norbulingka?

former summer residence of the Dalai Lama

What is 117 metres tall and 1180 metres wide?

I'm not sure.

What is 117 feet in height?

I'm not sure.

Where does the Dalai Lama live?

I'm not sure.

Where does the Dalai Lama live in the summer?

I'm not sure.

Where are there 10,000 chapels?

I'm not sure.


Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.

In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?

Tibetan or Sanskrit

What do the chants often contain?

recitations of sacred texts

What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?

Yang

What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?

classical

What does Sanskrit music often involve?

I'm not sure.

What does Yang chanting involve reciting?

I'm not sure.

What other schools are romantic music associated with in addition to Gelugpa school?

I'm not sure.


Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha[citation needed] throughout the year. Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat Guthuk (barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.

What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?

Buddha

What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?

Losar

What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?

Guthuk

When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?

between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month

Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?

Tsong Khapa

What prayer festival precedes Losar?

I'm not sure.

What event was established in 1094?

I'm not sure.

What event was established by Khapa Tsong?

I'm not sure.

What event follows the Monlam Prayer Festival?

I'm not sure.


The most important crop in Tibet is barley, and dough made from barley flour—called tsampa—is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat, or mutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item. Butter tea is very popular to drink.

What is the most important crop in Tibet?

barley

What is dough made from barley flour called?

tsampa

What are steamed dumplings called?

momos

What is a popular drink in Tibet?

Butter tea

What seed is cultivated in Tibet?

Mustard

What are meat dumplings called?

I'm not sure.

What are barley doughs called?

I'm not sure.

Where is potato seed heavily cultivated?

I'm not sure.


An exhibition game (also known as a friendly, a scrimmage, a demonstration, a preseason game, a warmup match, or a preparation match, depending at least in part on the sport) is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player's or the team's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are often used to help coaches and managers select players for the competitive matches of a league season or tournament. If the players usually play in different teams in other leagues, exhibition games offer an opportunity for the players to learn to work with each other. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team.

What is 'a friendly' another term for?

exhibition game

What is 'a scrimmage' another term for?

exhibition game

What is 'a demonstration' another term for?

exhibition game

What is 'a preseason game' another term for?

exhibition game

What is 'a warmup match' another term for?

exhibition game

What is another name for a postseason game?

I'm not sure.

What type of game that the players rank or standing depend on?

I'm not sure.

Who does this type of game help players choose?

I'm not sure.

What type of game is always between parts of the same team?

I'm not sure.

What do these types of games help coaches do an individual sports?

I'm not sure.


An exhibition game may also be used to settle a challenge, to provide professional entertainment, to promote the sport, or to raise money for charities. Several sports leagues hold all-star games to showcase their best players against each other, while other exhibitions games may pit participants from two different leagues or countries to unofficially determine who would be the best in the world. International competitions like the Olympic Games may also hold exhibition games as part of a demonstration sport.

What type of exhibition game showcases the best players?

all-star games

What are exhibition games in the Olympics?

a demonstration sport

What can an exhibition game raise money for?

charities

What can an exhibition game settle?

a challenge

What type of exhibition game showcases average players?

I'm not sure.

What type of game do national competitions to demonstrate a sport?

I'm not sure.

How is the official determination of who is the best in the world made?

I'm not sure.

What type of game is used to provide immature entertainment?

I'm not sure.


In the early days of association football, known simply as football or soccer, friendly matches (or "friendlies") were the most common type of match. However, since the development of The Football League in England in 1888, league tournaments became established, in addition to lengthy derby and cup tournaments. By the year 2000, national leagues were established in almost every country throughout the world, as well as local or regional leagues for lower level teams, thus the significance of friendlies has seriously declined since the 19th century.

What were the most common type of matches in the early days of soccer?

friendly matches (or "friendlies")

When did the Football League begin in England?

By what year had national football leagues been formed in nearly every country?

What did the growth of national leagues cause a serious decline in?

the significance of friendlies

During the early days of what sport were unfriendly matches the most common matches?

I'm not sure.

When did the football league beginning your?

I'm not sure.

What was established in addition to brief derby in cup tournaments?

I'm not sure.

By what year were regional leagues establish in almost every country?

I'm not sure.

What increase the significance of Friendly's since the nineteenth century?

I'm not sure.


Since the introduction of league football, most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season (called pre-season friendlies). Friendly football matches are considered to be non-competitive and are only used to "warm up" players for a new season/competitive match. There is generally nothing competitive at stake and some rules may be changed or experimented with (such as unlimited substitutions, which allow teams to play younger, less experienced, players, and no cards). Although most friendlies are simply one-off matches arranged by the clubs themselves, in which a certain amount is paid by the challenger club to the incumbent club, some teams do compete in short tournaments, such as the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament. Although these events may involve sponsorship deals and the awarding of a trophy and may even be broadcast on television, there is little prestige attached to them.

When do football clubs still play friendlies?

before the start of each season

What type of football matches are non-competitive?

friendlies

What do some friendlies change the rules to make unlimited?

substitutions

What are some examples of friendly short football tournaments?

the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament

What do friendly short football tournaments have little of?

prestige

It when went to football clubs not play Friendly's?

I'm not sure.

What type of football matches are considered to be competitive?

I'm not sure.

What allows teams to play older more experienced players?

I'm not sure.

What are rarely one-off matches?

I'm not sure.

What type of games have trophies and prestige attached to them?

I'm not sure.


International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments. This is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons, not between them. This has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly.

What do friendlies help international teams prepare for?

the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments

Which type of team lacks time to prepare for tournaments?

national squads

What do international leagues' friendlies happen in the middle of?

club league seasons

What concern has caused national associations and clubs to disagree about friendlies?

availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued

When do international teams not qualify for Friendly's?

I'm not sure.

Why are Friendly's nonessential for major tournaments?

I'm not sure.

Internationals and what other Friendly's mostly take place during club league season

I'm not sure.

Which type of team has the most time to prepare for tournaments?

I'm not sure.

What do national associations and clubs agree on when it comes to tournaments?

I'm not sure.


International friendlies give team managers the opportunity to experiment with team selection and tactics before the tournament proper, and also allow them to assess the abilities of players they may potentially select for the tournament squad. Players can be booked in international friendlies, and can be suspended from future international matches based on red cards or accumulated yellows in a specified period. Caps and goals scored also count towards a player's career records. In 2004, FIFA ruled that substitutions by a team be limited to six per match in international friendlies, in response to criticism that such matches were becoming increasingly farcical with managers making as many as 11 substitutions per match.

What do friendlies allow managers to experiment with?

team selection and tactics

What can happen to players who get red or yellow cards in friendlies?

suspended from future international matches

What kind of record do players' goals in friendlies count for?

career

When did FIFA decide to limit substitutions in international friendlies?

What absurd number of substitutions had some international teams been making in friendlies before 2004?

What do club Friendly's give team managers a chance to experiment with?

I'm not sure.

Who can use Friendly's to assess the ability of different teams and clubs?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled that unlimited substitutions were allowed in international Friendly's?

I'm not sure.

Who was making as many as eleven substitutions per tournament?

I'm not sure.

What color cards determine whether players can participate in league games?

I'm not sure.


In the UK and Ireland, "exhibition match" and "friendly match" refer to two different types of matches. The types described above as friendlies are not termed exhibition matches, while annual all-star matches such as those held in the US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League are called exhibition matches rather than friendly matches. A one-off match for charitable fundraising, usually involving one or two all-star teams, or a match held in honor of a player for contribution to his/her club, may also be described as exhibition matches but they are normally referred to as charity matches and testimonial matches respectively.

Where are "exhibition match" and "friendly match" not synonymous?

the UK and Ireland

What are two examples of leagues holding all-star exhibition matches?

US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League

What are 'friendlies' for charity usually called in the UK?

charity matches

What are 'friendlies' to honor a player usually called in the UK?

testimonial matches

In what two countries does exhibition match and friendly match refer to the same type of game?

I'm not sure.

Who calls annual All-Star matches Friendly's?

I'm not sure.

What type of one-off match may be called a friendly?

I'm not sure.

What kind of friendly matches are held by the US major league soccer or Japan Japanese league?

I'm not sure.


Under the 1995–2004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games. From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training. Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner.

When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?

What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?

Soviet Union

In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?

Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?

Charlotte

What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?

Citizens Business Bank Arena

What agreement limits teams to nine postseason games?

I'm not sure.

During what years did AHL teams plate exhibition games against the Soviet Union?

I'm not sure.

Who did NHL teams play against in postseason training?

I'm not sure.

Where did the AHL sometimes schedule exhibition games

I'm not sure.

What Canadian city got of protein in 1995?

I'm not sure.


The Flying Fathers, a Canadian group of Catholic priests, regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity. One of the organization's founders, Les Costello, was a onetime NHL player who was ordained as a priest after retiring from professional hockey. Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team, which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players, the majority of whom (as the name suggests) played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres.

What nationality is the Flying Fathers team?

Canadian

What religion is the Flying Fathers team?

Catholic

Who founded the Flying Fathers?

Les Costello

What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from?

NHL

Where are the Saores based?

Buffalo

What is what is the name of the team of North American priests?

I'm not sure.

What nationality with the Protestant priests of the flying fathers?

I'm not sure.

Which founder of the flying fathers was once an AHL player?

I'm not sure.

What exhibition team is made up of almost all NHL players?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the NHL team from Buffalo?

I'm not sure.


The Major League Baseball's preseason is also known as spring training. All MLB teams maintain a spring-training base in Arizona or Florida. The teams in Arizona make up the Cactus League, while the teams in Florida play in the Grapefruit League. Each team plays about 30 preseason games against other MLB teams. They may also play exhibitions against a local college team or a minor-league team from their farm system. Some days feature the team playing two games with two different rosters evenly divided up, which are known as "split-squad" games.

Which states do MLB teams do spring training in?

Arizona or Florida

What is the MLB preseason league in Arizona called?

Cactus League

What is the MLB preseason league in Florida called?

Grapefruit League

How many preseason games does each MLB team play?

about 30

What is it called when an MLB team plays two preseason games in one day with different rosters?

"split-squad" games

What is the minor league baseball preseason known as?

I'm not sure.

Which MLB teams do spring training in Arkansas in Florida?

I'm not sure.

How many preseason games are played against minor league teams?

I'm not sure.

What is it called when a team placed two games in the same day with the same roster?

I'm not sure.

What type of games are sometimes played against high school or local college teams?

I'm not sure.


Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season. Similarly, the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983.

What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?

regular-season interleague play

What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?

American League

What league are the Montreal Expos in?

National League

What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos?

the Pearson Cup

When did the Mayor's Trophy Game end?

What has eight regular-season interleague play unnecessary

I'm not sure.

What other Canadian team did the National League Toronto Blue Jays play?

I'm not sure.

Which Canadian teams played in the Mayor's Trophy Game

I'm not sure.

What major league New York team played for the piercing cup?

I'm not sure.


It also used to be commonplace to have a team play an exhibition against Minor League affiliates during the regular season, but worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues, have made this very rare. Exhibitions between inter-city teams in different leagues, like Chicago's Crosstown Classic and New York's Subway Series which used to be played solely as exhibitions for bragging rights are now blended into interleague play. The annual MLB All-Star Game, played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams, was long considered an exhibition match, but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series.

What concerns have reduced Minor League exhibition games?

worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues

What inter-city exhibition game did Chicago have?

Crosstown Classic

What inter-city exhibition game did New York have?

Subway Series

In what month is the MLB All-Star Game held?

July

What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series?

home field advantage

What kind of exhibition game is still popular between major and minor league teams?

I'm not sure.

What made these type of exhibition games more popular?

I'm not sure.

What kind of play is now for bragging rights only

I'm not sure.

What does the loser of the All-Star game get the following year

I'm not sure.

What game between two AL teams is considered an exhibition gave

I'm not sure.


National Basketball Association teams play eight preseason games per year. Today, NBA teams almost always play each other in the preseason, but mainly at neutral sites within their market areas in order to allow those who can't usually make a trip to a home team's arena during the regular season to see a game close to home; for instance the Minnesota Timberwolves will play games in arenas in North Dakota and South Dakota, while the Phoenix Suns schedule one exhibition game outdoors at Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells, California yearly, the only such instance an NBA game takes place in an outdoor venue.

How many preseason games do NBA teams play?

eight

Where are the TImberwolves based?

Minnesota

Where are the Suns based?

Phoenix

The Suns' exhibition game in Indian Wells, CA is the only time an NBA game is played in what setting?

an outdoor venue

What venue do the Suns play at in Indian Wells?

Indian Wells Tennis Garden

What basketball Association placed eight postseason games

I'm not sure.

Who almost always plays each other in the postseason?

I'm not sure.

What lead has teams play each other outside of their market areas?

I'm not sure.

What is the only NBA game that's played in an indoor venue?

I'm not sure.


However, from 1971 to 1975, NBA teams played preseason exhibitions against American Basketball Association teams. In the early days of the NBA, league clubs sometimes challenged the legendary barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters, with mixed success. The NBA has played preseason games in Europe and Asia. In the 2006 and 2007 seasons, the NBA and the primary European club competition, the Euroleague, conducted a preseason tournament featuring two NBA teams and the finalists from that year's Euroleague.[citation needed] In the 1998-99 and 2011-12 seasons, teams were limited to only two preseason games due to lockouts.

When did the NBA play preseason games against the ABA?

1971 to 1975

What legendary team did the NBA sometimes formerly play against?

Harlem Globetrotters

On what continents have NBA teams played preseason games outside the US?

Europe and Asia

How many preseason games were NBA teams limited to in the 2011-12 season?

two

What is the main European basketball club?

the Euroleague

When did the NBA play postseason games against the ABA?

I'm not sure.

What legendary team does the NBA still play against?

I'm not sure.

What two continents has the NBA never played a preseason gaming?

I'm not sure.

In what two seasons the teams have unlimited preseason games due to lockouts?

I'm not sure.

What two seasons in the NBA not playing Europe and Asia?

I'm not sure.


Traditionally, major college basketball teams began their seasons with a few exhibition games. They played travelling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Oil. On occasion before 1992, when FIBA allowed professional players on foreign national teams, colleges played those teams in exhibitions. However, in 2003, the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned games with non-college teams. Some teams have begun scheduling exhibition games against teams in NCAA Division II and NCAA Division III, or even against colleges and universities located in Canada. Major college basketball teams still travel to other countries during the summer to play in exhibition games, although a college team is allowed one foreign tour every four years, and a maximum of ten games in each tour.

What is an example of a corporate sponsor of a basketball team?

Marathon Oil

What is an example of a team of former college players?

Athletes in Action

When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams?

When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams?

How often does the NCAA allow college teams to go overseas?

one foreign tour every four years

How did minor college basketball teams begin their season?

I'm not sure.

What kind of teams were made up of college players?

I'm not sure.

What did the FIBA allow?

I'm not sure.

Who allowed games between non-college teams in 2003?

I'm not sure.

Where do minor basketball teams still travel to.

I'm not sure.


Compared to other team sports, the National Football League preseason is very structured. Every NFL team plays exactly four pre-season exhibition games a year, two at home and two away, with the exception of two teams each year who play a fifth game, the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. These exhibition games, most of which are held in the month of August, are played for the purpose of helping coaches narrow down the roster from the offseason limit of 90 players to the regular-season limit of 53 players. While the scheduling formula is not as rigid for preseason games as they are for the regular season, there are numerous restrictions and traditions that limit the choices of preseason opponents; teams are also restricted on what days and times they can play these games. Split-squad games, a practice common in baseball and hockey, where a team that is scheduled to play two games on the same day splits their team into two squads, are prohibited. The NFL has played exhibition games in Europe, Japan, Canada, Australia (including the American Bowl in 1999) and Mexico to spread the league's popularity (a game of this type was proposed for China but, due to financial and logistical problems, was eventually canceled). The league has tacitly forbidden the playing of non-league opponents, with the last interleague game having come in 1972 and the last game against a team other than an NFL team (the all-NFL rookie College All-Stars) was held in 1976. Exhibition games are quite unpopular with many fans, who resent having to pay regular-season prices for two home exhibition games as part of a season-ticket package. Numerous lawsuits have been brought by fans and classes of fans against the NFL or its member teams regarding this practice, but none have been successful in halting it.[citation needed] The Pro Bowl, traditionally played after the end of the NFL season (since 2011 is played the week prior to the Super Bowl), is also considered an exhibition game.

How many preseason exhibition games does an NFL team play?

four

What is the one exception to the NFL's 4-preseason-game limit?

the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

What month are most NFL preseason games in?

August

How many players can an NFL team have in the off-season?

How many players can an NFL team have in the regular season?

How many postseason exhibition games doesn't NFL team play

I'm not sure.

What team sport has very unstructured preseason's?

I'm not sure.

What games are played to help coaches expand the roster?

I'm not sure.

What bowl game is traditionally played the beginning of the NFL season

I'm not sure.

What was the last year that NFL teams were only allowed to play other NFL teams?

I'm not sure.


The Arena Football League briefly had a two-game exhibition season in the early 2000s, a practice that ended in 2003 with a new television contract. Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play, it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league, about to join the league as a probational franchise, or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule.

How many exhibition games did the Arena Football League have per year in the early 2000s?

two

What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games?

indoor American football leagues

What is a team called that is in the process of joining a league?

a probational franchise

Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team?

semi-pro

Who had two-game exhibition seasons in the late 2000's

I'm not sure.

What started this practice in 2003?

I'm not sure.

What is relatively uncommon among indoor American football leagues?

I'm not sure.

What is it uncommon for small leagues to join other leagues as?

I'm not sure.

At what level do teams not switch leagues frequently occur in a walk

I'm not sure.


True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football, even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled. Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments, and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes.

What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?

opinion polling

What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?

Intramural

Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?

Football Bowl Subdivision

What kind of games exist between opposing colleges at the highest level?

I'm not sure.

What kind of polling is not important in college football?

I'm not sure.

What is a game called in which a team plays against another team?

I'm not sure.

How are championships decided at levels above football bowl subdivision?

I'm not sure.


However, most of the major FBS teams annually schedule early season non-conference preseason home games against lesser opponents that are lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools, which often result in lopsided victories in favor of the FBS teams and act as exhibition games in all but name, though they additionally provide a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance for the smaller school. These games also receive the same criticism as NFL exhibition games, but instead it is targeted to schools scheduling low-quality opponents and the simplicity for a team to run up the score against a weak opponent. However, these games are susceptible to backfiring, resulting in damage in poll position and public perception, especially if the higher ranked team loses, although the mere act of scheduling a weak opponent is harmful to a team's overall strength of schedule itself. Games an FBS team schedules against lower division opponents do not count toward the minimum seven wins required for bowl eligibility, and only one game against an FCS team can be counted. With the start of the College Football Playoff system for the 2014 season, major teams are now discouraged from scheduling weaker opponents for their non-conference schedule because of a much higher emphasis on strength of schedule than in the Bowl Championship Series era.

Major FBS teams can have lopsided victories against what kinds of lesser opponents?

lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools

Why do smaller schools want to play against major FBS teams?

a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance

How many wins are required for an FBS team to be eligible for the bowl?

seven

How many games between FBS and FCS teams count towards the FBS's bowl eligibility?

one

When did the College Football Playoff System begin?

Who schedules early-season conference home games?

I'm not sure.

I what provides a small appearance fee and a guaranteed television appearance for small schools?

I'm not sure.

How many losses before FBS team is ineligible for the ball

I'm not sure.

When did the college football playoff system and?

I'm not sure.

Why are major teams now encouraged to schedule weaker opponents further nonconference schedule?

I'm not sure.


High school football teams frequently participate in controlled scrimmages with other teams during preseason practice, but exhibition games are rare because of league rules and concerns about finances, travel and player injuries, along with enrollments not being registered until the early part of August in most school districts under the traditional September–June academic term. A more common exhibition is the high school football all-star game, which brings together top players from a region. These games are typically played by graduating seniors during the summer or at the end of the season. Many of these games, which include the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game, are used as showcases for players to be seen by colleges.

When is the usual high school academic term?

September–June

What is the most common type of high school football exhibition game?

all-star

What year of players are in high school football all-star games?

graduating seniors

What are two examples of high school football all-star games?

U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game

What do high school all-star players hope to be seen by?

colleges

Who frequently participate in controlled scrimmages?

I'm not sure.

What is the least common type of high school football exhibition game?

I'm not sure.

What makes exhibition games common?

I'm not sure.

What access showcases for players to be seen by pro teams?

I'm not sure.

What type of exhibition game do freshmen normally playing?

I'm not sure.


Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season. Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $1,000,000. NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia.

How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have?

two

Where is the Sprint Unlimited held?

Daytona International Speedway

Where is the Sprint All-Star Race held?

Charlotte Motor Speedway

What does the winner of the Sprint Unlimited get?

over USD $1,000,000

Where is Calder Park Thunderdome?

Australia

What organizations don't offer prize money but do offer championship points for exhibition games?

I'm not sure.

What to exhibition races don't offer a large purse

I'm not sure.

What race is held at Charlottesville

I'm not sure.

Where is the Sprint Limited held?

I'm not sure.

What Australian venue is a Suzuki circuit held at?

I'm not sure.


Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication.

What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?

to serve the Northwest Territory

When did instruction begin at Northwestern?

When were women first admitted to Northwestern?

How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?

What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?

journalism and communication

Which great lake is Northwestern located along?

Lake Michigan

What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?

Chicago

Who rejected Northwestern University?

I'm not sure.

What year was Northwestern destroyed?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Northwestern University stop teaching?

I'm not sure.

Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What year were men allowed to attend Northwestern University?

I'm not sure.


The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31, 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen, Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory. On January 28, 1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The school's nine founders, all of whom were Methodists (three of them ministers), knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting. Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church, they were committed to non-sectarian admissions, believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory.

In what environment was the foundation for Northwestern University planned on May 31, 1850?

a meeting

Who granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University in January of 1851?

the Illinois General Assembly

What was the religious affiliation of all 9 founding members of Northwestern?

Methodists

How many of Northwestern's 9 founders were ministers?

three

Which church did the 9 founders of Northwestern affiliate the university with?

Methodist Episcopal

How many sellers did Northwestern University have?

I'm not sure.

What type of church is Northwestern University unassociated with?

I'm not sure.

What was the date that lay down the foundation for Southwestern University?

I'm not sure.

How many ministers founded Southwestern University?

I'm not sure.

What denomination did the all of the founders disassociate with?

I'm not sure.


John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855. To raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 "perpetual scholarships" entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Another building, University Hall, was built in 1869 of the same Joliet limestone as the Chicago Water Tower, also built in 1869, one of the few buildings in the heart of Chicago to survive the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, and Frances Willard, who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), became the school's first dean of women. Willard Residential College (1938) is named in her honor. Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874.

What was the name of the first building opened in 1855?

Old College

What did Northwestern sell to raise funds for it's first building?

$100 "perpetual scholarships"

Who received free tuition after buying the $100 perpetual scholarships?

the purchaser and his heirs

Who did Northwestern merge with in 1873?

Evanston College for Ladies

Who was Northwestern's first dean of women?

Frances Willard

What was the name of the first building opened in 1955?

I'm not sure.

What did Southwestern sell to raise funds for it's first building?

I'm not sure.

Who received free tuition after buying the $5600 perpetual scholarships?

I'm not sure.

Who did Northwestern merge with in 1973?

I'm not sure.

Who was Northwestern's first dean of men?

I'm not sure.


Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917.

What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1882?

intercollegiate football

Which already existing schools did Northwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870's and 1880's?

schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago

What is the oldest law school in Chicago?

Northwestern University School of Law

What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917?

The Association of American Universities

What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Ten Conference?

a founding member

What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1982?

I'm not sure.

Which already existing schools did Southwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870's and 1880's?

I'm not sure.

What is the youngest law school in Chicago?

I'm not sure.

What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Eight Conference?

I'm not sure.


Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute.

What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?

integrated

What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?

Dyche Stadium

What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?

Northwestern with the University of Chicago

What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?

a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)

What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?

NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship

What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's vice-presidency?

I'm not sure.

What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Bryan Field?

I'm not sure.

What merger was proposed and rejected in 1973?

I'm not sure.

What was Northwestern one of the first seven universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?

I'm not sure.

What second-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?

I'm not sure.


Like other American research universities, Northwestern was transformed by World War II. Franklyn B. Snyder led the university from 1939 to 1949, when nearly 50,000 military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses. After the war, surging enrollments under the G.I. Bill drove drastic expansion of both campuses. In 1948 prominent anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits founded the Program of African Studies at Northwestern, the first center of its kind at an American academic institution. J. Roscoe Miller's tenure as president from 1949 to 1970 was responsible for the expansion of the Evanston campus, with the construction of the lakefill on Lake Michigan, growth of the faculty and new academic programs, as well as polarizing Vietnam-era student protests. In 1978, the first and second Unabomber attacks occurred at Northwestern University. Relations between Evanston and Northwestern were strained throughout much of the post-war era because of episodes of disruptive student activism, disputes over municipal zoning, building codes, and law enforcement, as well as restrictions on the sale of alcohol near campus until 1972. Northwestern's exemption from state and municipal property tax obligations under its original charter has historically been a source of town and gown tension.

Which war transformed many colleges, including Northwestern?

World War II

Between 1939 and 1949, how many military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses?

nearly 50,000

Under what Bill did enrollments surge after the war?

G.I. Bill

What center was founded by Melville J. Herskovits in 1948?

Program of African Studies at Northwestern

In 1978, what famous attacks occured at Northwestern?

first and second Unabomber

Which war transformed many high schools, including Northwestern?

I'm not sure.

Between 1939 and 1949, how many military officers and personnel weren't trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses?

I'm not sure.

Under what Bill did nonenrollments surge after the war?

I'm not sure.

What center was founded by Melville J. Herskovits in 1978?

I'm not sure.

In 1938, what famous attacks occured at Northwestern?

I'm not sure.


Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates.

In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death?

Northwestern student journalists

What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men?

the Innocence Project

In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?

Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall

What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities declined in the 70's and 80's?

stabilize

In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 4 days before his scheduled death?

I'm not sure.

What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 15 men?

I'm not sure.

In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of less than 10 death row inmates would be commuted?

I'm not sure.

What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities rose in the 70's and 80's?

I'm not sure.


The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας (The Word full of grace and truth). Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892, replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) ("Hail to purple, hail to white") and in many university guidelines.

What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?

Purple

Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?

too many other universities had used these colors

What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?

Whatsoever things are true

What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?

The Word full of grace and truth

What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?

white

What has been Northwestern's official color since 1822?

I'm not sure.

Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of yellow and gold?

I'm not sure.

What is the meaning of the French phrase on Northwestern's seal?

I'm not sure.

What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an closed book on the seal mean?

I'm not sure.

What color besides blue is often considered an official color of Northwestern?

I'm not sure.