Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common ("big book, big evil" was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry. Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (prostates) of the library of Alexandria, Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre.

Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?

kings

Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?

Callimachus

Who said "Big book, big evil"?

Callimachus

What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?

Pinakes

Who wrote Argonautica?

Apollonius of Rhodes


During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However Athens had now lost her political freedom and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency) and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.

What city remained the center of philosophical thought?

Athens

What does ataraxia mean?

un-disturbedness

What does autarky mean?

self-sufficiency

What does apatheia mean?

freedom from suffering


The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.

Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?

Epicurus

Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?

Diogenes of Sinope

Which group embraced hedonism?

Cyrenaics

Who founded Stoicism?

Zeno of Citium

Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?

Antiochus of Ascalon


Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations.

The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?

Hellenistic

What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?

Alexandria

What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?


Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c. 287 – 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC), and Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem, for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the ﬁve Platonic solids. Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day. Known as the "Father of Geography ", Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era.

When did Archimedes die?

212 BC

When was Euclid born?

Who worked on the five Platonic solids?

Euclid

Who measured the circumference of the Earth?

Eratosthenes

Who was the Father of Geomtery?

Eratosthenes


Astronomers like Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas. Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system.

When was Hipparchus born?

Hipparchus measured the precession of what?

Earth

Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?

Pliny

Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?

Farnese Atlas

Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?

Aristarchos of Samos


The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]

What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?

Antikythera mechanism

Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?

What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?

Al-Biruni

What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?

150–100 BC


Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. Inﬂuenced by Philinus of Cos (ﬂ. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school.

Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?

Praxagoras of Kos

Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?

Herophilos

Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?

Empiric

Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?

Herophilos


Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.

Philip II used a dense military formation called what?

Macedonian Phalanx

Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?

larger

The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?

Thureos

From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?

Mauryan empire

What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?

African elephant


Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.

What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?

Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres

Who invented the Polybolos?

Dionysios of Alexandria

What type of weapon is the Polybolos?

ballista

Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?

160 ton

How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?


Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.

Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?

pathos

Character is called what in Hellenistic art?

ethos

Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?

Zeuxis

The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?

passion

What painting epitomized the female nude?

Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles


People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians, were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laocoön and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?

Peiraikos

Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?

Galatians

All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?

Alexander the Great

Venus de Milo belongs to which period?

Hellenistic


Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis, and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE). The royal palace (basileion) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina.

Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?

Zeuxis

Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?

larger

Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?

Seleucus

What is a Greek royal palace called?

basileion

What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?

villa of Cassander at Vergina


There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars ("then art disappeared"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.

Who said "then art dissapeared"?

Pliny the Elder

The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?

Vergina

Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?

Golden Age of Classical Athens

What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?


The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy:

What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?

How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?

a mirror

The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?

unfair


However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes.

Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?

William Woodthorpe Tarn

Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?

Russian Revolution

Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?

Arnaldo Momigliano

Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?

class

Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?

C. Préaux


Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.

What is the largest private foundation in the world?

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world

Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based?

The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington

What is the largest private foundation in America?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Susan-Desmond Hellmann foundation based?

I'm not sure.

What are the names of the trustees for the foundation based in America?

I'm not sure.

What are the primary goals of the foundation in Seattle?

I'm not sure.

What does the principal officer Melinda Gates control?

I'm not sure.


On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement." The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008

Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)

How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation

pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares

In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much

In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion

What was Warren Buffet's net worth in 2013?

I'm not sure.

How many shares did Bill Gates pledge to donate?

I'm not sure.

What did Melinda Gates set so the contributions work as a matching contribution?

I'm not sure.

What must Bill and Melinda earmark shares to qualify for?

I'm not sure.

In 2013 Buffet donated what amount to Class B?

I'm not sure.


In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

What did the foundation announce in November 2014

In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data

What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?

open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation

What does the OA policy cover ?

As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

In what year did Bill and Melinda Gates adopt open access policy for capacity building and knowledge sharing?

I'm not sure.

What does the new agreement policy cover?

I'm not sure.

What does the OA policy for data sets do?

I'm not sure.

What is the most applauded among similar policies?

I'm not sure.

When is the publication and data policy effective for new agreements?

I'm not sure.


The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.

What two entities was the foundation divided into

trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust

What does the foundation entity focus on

The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty

What does the Trust entity focus on

The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals

What is held in the trust entity

it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett

What two sections was the trust divided into?

I'm not sure.

What is the trust based in Seattle have as its focus?

I'm not sure.

What does the trust do with Warren Buffett's assets?

I'm not sure.

What did Warren Buffett divide the foundation into?

I'm not sure.

How does the foundation manage investment assets and achieve charitable goals?

I'm not sure.


The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.

What does the Trust invest

The foundation trust invests undistributed assets

What is the goal of the Trust investments

exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment

What are some of the negatives of the investments

its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries

What type of company's are  critiscized

These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world

As a result of the critics what did the company announce

the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review

What is the exclusive goal of the developing world trust?

I'm not sure.

What does the company invest?

I'm not sure.

When did the company decide to review its lack of sales in the developing world?

I'm not sure.

What policy did the company cancel after 2007?

I'm not sure.


In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".

What did the foundation announce in March 2006

n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)

What is the International Justice Mission

a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.

What would the grant allow the IJM to do

the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery

What did the office that ijm opened do specifically

conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".

How much was the grant for the IJM for working in the area of training law enforcement?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the undercover investigation organization based in Washington DC?

I'm not sure.

What will the foundation office use the grant for?

I'm not sure.

What does the area of the foundation organization have high rates of?

I'm not sure.

Where is the IJM as a law enforcement organization based?

I'm not sure.


The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

What was the name of the project founded by the IJM

The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern

Where did project lantern open an office

"Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.

What did project lantern announce in 2010

IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases

What services were also increased by project lantern

increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors"

What was project Lantern exploring

the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

What was the name of the project founded in the Philippines?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of service increases has the project IJM led to?

I'm not sure.

What did Project Lantern want to replicate?

I'm not sure.

What was the IJM committed to resolving as a result of Project Lantern?

I'm not sure.

What city was chosen by trafficking survivors to found Project Lantern?

I'm not sure.


The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative," and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.

What was the WSH program launched in 2005

The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005

When did the WSH become a full fledeged program

and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010

What efforts have the WSH taken

since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation

What did the foundation decide in 2009

In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services

WHy did the foundation make the switch

This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments

What year was the Global Development Division program launched?

I'm not sure.

What efforts has the Global Development Division taken in the WASH sector?

I'm not sure.

How did the WASH believe it could make a difference in sanitation?

I'm not sure.

Why is the Global Development Division focused on sanitation for the poor?

I'm not sure.

In 2005 what did the foundation focus its WASH effort on?

I'm not sure.


In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.

What did the foundation announce in 2011

In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview"

What is the purpose of the new overview

funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions

What has been the focus since 2011

Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies")

What models have been delivered

delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications

What did the transformative technologies announce in 2011?

I'm not sure.

What is the purpose of funding the new technology?

I'm not sure.

What advocacy policies have been delivered?

I'm not sure.

Where is communication lowest in the region?

I'm not sure.

What year has the grant making focus been on funding?

I'm not sure.


Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

What is need in the developing world

Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need

What does data collected by unicef and Who show

Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected

How many people have no sanatation facilities

About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies

What country is the worst violator

India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people

India is host to what activity

"Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

What is needed for the WHO?

I'm not sure.

What country has been the focus of the foundation's monitoring activities?

I'm not sure.

What program monitors progress toward improved sanitation?

I'm not sure.

How many people are monitored under the JMP?

I'm not sure.

What fair took place that was hosted by the WHO?

I'm not sure.


In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.

When was reinvent the toilet launched

In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge

What is the aim of reinvent the toilet

to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation

WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet

It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)

What was excluded by the funding schemes

Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts

In 2011 what program was launched by Grand Challenges Exploration?

I'm not sure.

What program generated interest by Grand Challenges Explorations?

I'm not sure.

What did both innovations exclude?

I'm not sure.

What program complimented innovations in toilet design?

I'm not sure.

What was the aim of Grand Challenges Explorations?

I'm not sure.


Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

What countries have received grants

universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions

How much were the grants for

The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase

What did many investigate

many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

What did the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge investigate?

I'm not sure.

What off-site treatment solutions received grants?

I'm not sure.

After receiving 1-3 million for the first phase how much were the grants for the second phase?

I'm not sure.

How many teams received grants to help universities?

I'm not sure.

Since the launch of investigating resource recovery what did the grants develop?

I'm not sure.


The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor") and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.

What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop

The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet

What compliments the challenge

This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying

What does the Omni processor do

The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients

What does Reinvent the Toilet Challenge convert into beneficial products?

I'm not sure.

What does the stand alone toilet do to develop local business and revenue?

I'm not sure.

What compliments the research and development effort to develop a hygenic toilet?

I'm not sure.

What does another investment program use to convert sludge?

I'm not sure.

What is another investment program trying to develop?

I'm not sure.


The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of

The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria

How many children were protected from death

protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases

What are some consequences of the investments

Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa

What has the focus on a few diseases caused

"the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation

Vaccinations programs encouraged what

discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

What has the Los Angeles Times donated billions for?

I'm not sure.

What has the focus on allocation of aid shortchanged in Africa?

I'm not sure.

What have higher-paid clinicians instructed caregivers to ignore?

I'm not sure.

How did discussing ailments add to the doctor shortage?

I'm not sure.

What did the Gates-funded AIDS program want to ignore?

I'm not sure.


Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fund abortion". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she "struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning". Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood, the primary U.S. abortion provider, and affiliated organizations.

What did the foundation decide not to fund

has decided not to fund abortion"

WHy did they decide not to fund abortion

the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning

Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood

Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood

Who decided not to fund basic family planning?

I'm not sure.

In 2013 what debate did Bill Gates say is in the way of family planning?

I'm not sure.

How much did Bill & Melinda Gates donate for family planning up to 2013?

I'm not sure.

What affiliated organization is the primary US abortion provider?

I'm not sure.

What issue did Bill Gates say he struggled with in 2014?

I'm not sure.


In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

what is the US libraries initiative

U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet

How much of the worlds population can reach the internet

Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet

what have the grants provided public libraries

The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide

What has the grant enabled

this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

How much of the world's population has access to libraries?

I'm not sure.

What has the library given to increase access and knowledge?

I'm not sure.

What is the digital age initiative?

I'm not sure.

What has reaching the internet enabled?

I'm not sure.

What has the world's population installed?

I'm not sure.


A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US

A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels

What do these efforts include

including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs

how much did it spend in 2009

It spent $373 million on education in 2009.

It was an early backer of what

The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

How much did teachers' unions spend on education in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What is a key aspect of the Common Core State Standards U.S. efforts?

I'm not sure.

What group has donated to the two largest national charter schools?

I'm not sure.

What did the Gates foundation spend on support for teacher evaluations in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What were teachers' unions the biggest early backer of?

I'm not sure.


One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.

What is 1 foundation goal

One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States

One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is

One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster

how did they work on college financing

Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations

What has the United States tried to do to increase the number of college graduates?

I'm not sure.

What is the goal of think tanks to lower poverty in the United States?

I'm not sure.

What groups will produce grants for changing the financial aid system?

I'm not sure.

What did the foundation fund to change the poverty rate?

I'm not sure.

What does the foundation want to lower by changing financial aid?

I'm not sure.


As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".

What has been funded as part of the education initiatives

As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments

what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do

Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education

Critics don't like the foundations use of media why

critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage

Where does the foundation list grants

the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly

who founded teach plus

Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs

What have journalists accused Teach Plus of?

I'm not sure.

Why have governments feared the foundation?

I'm not sure.

What has been funded as part of the news-related initiatives?

I'm not sure.

Where does the foundation list grantees?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Education Writers Association?

I'm not sure.


The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized

they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences

What are several of the gates backed policies

Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes

Have the policies been criticized

but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm

What does 1 specific study of charter schools show

Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

What do Stanford studies find that policies don't improve?

I'm not sure.

Who has criticized charter school reform programs?

I'm not sure.

Why were the scientific educational reforms criticized?

I'm not sure.

Which scientific studies have been expensive and disruptive?

I'm not sure.

What have predetermined policy preferences shown about charter schools?

I'm not sure.


In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made". Also announced was the decision to "... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".

What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016

the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

When must the trust resources be spent

spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths

What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death

the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years

When must shares be spent for the foundation?

I'm not sure.

When do Bill and Melinda Gates say Berkshire Hathaway shares are to be spent?

I'm not sure.

In 2006 how was Berkshire Hathaway split?

I'm not sure.

How long after the estate has been settled Will the Bill and Melinda gates foundation shares be used for philanthropy?

I'm not sure.

What does Berkshire Hathaway manage as part of the Foundation Trust?

I'm not sure.


It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America and 73rd in the world. Described as a "vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life", and "a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture", Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. By 2014, is also regarded as the fifth most gay-friendly major city in the world, first in Latin America. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port. The city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area, with a population of around 2 million.

What is Montevideo classified as?

a Beta World City

What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?

Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?

Uruguay

Montevideo is the chief port of what area?

Uruguay

What is the population of Montevideo?

around 2 million


A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals "guanches", "guanchos" or "canarios". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.

Who organized the Spanish expedition?

Bruno Mauricio de Zabala

What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?

22 January 1724

Who was one significant early italian resident?

Jorge Burgues


A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions.

What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?

Montevideo

What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?

maritime commerce

The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?

Buenos Aires


On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo (1807), but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental—roughly the same area as modern Uruguay—and of Buenos Aires. After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío opposed the new viceroy Santiago de Liniers, and created a government Junta when the Peninsular War started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros.

When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?

3 February 1807

When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?

2 September

Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental?

John Whitelocke

Who replaced Liniers?

Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros


During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.

After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces?

Rio de la Plata

Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?

Montevideo

Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?

José Gervasio Artigas


The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales ("Thirty-Three Orientals") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.

What year was the Spanish governor expelled?

What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?

What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled?

Treinta y Tres Orientales

What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?


Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851.

Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?

Empire of Brazil

Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?

Lavalleja

Who represented Oribe's Blancos?

National Party

Who represented Rivera's Colorados?

Colorado Party


The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851, during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support. Oribe, with the support of the then conservative Governor of Buenos Aires Province Juan Manuel de Rosas, besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supported by the French Legion, the Italian Legion, the Basque Legion and battalions from Brazil. Finally, in 1851, with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas, the Colorados defeated Oribe. The fighting, however, resumed in 1855, when the Blancos came to power, which they maintained until 1865. Thereafter, the Colorado Party regained power, which they retained until past the middle of the 20th century.

What did Montevideo suffer between 1843 and 1851?

a siege

How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo??

by sea

What year did the Colorados defeat Oribe?


After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Unión and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated.[citation needed] From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Solís was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, on December 1861 the areas of Aguada and Cordón were incorporated to the growing Ciudad Nueva (New City). In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, La Paz, was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867.

What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo?

Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed?

1854 to 1861

What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated?

What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires?


In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Colón, Nuevo París and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in Cordón in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Novísima Ciudad (Most New City).

What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?

What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated?

What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated?

What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed?


The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Peñarol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated.

When were the first telephone lines installed?

When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?

When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?

When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated?


In the early 20th century, many Europeans (particularly Spaniards and Italians but also thousands from Central Europe) immigrated to the city. In 1908, 30% of the city's population of 300,000 was foreign-born. In that decade the city expanded quickly: new neighbourhoods were created and many separate settlements were annexed to the city, among which were the Villa del Cerro, Pocitos, the Prado and Villa Colón. The Rodó Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central were also established, which served as poles of urban development.

What century did many Europeans immigrate to the city of Montevideo?

early 20th century

In 1908 what percent of the city's population was foreign-born?

The Rodo Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central serves as poles of what?

urban development


During World War II, a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este, 200 kilometers (120 mi) from Montevideo. After the Battle of the River Plate with the Royal Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy on 13 December 1939, the Graf Spee retreated to Montevideo's port, which was considered neutral at the time. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be a losing battle, Captain Hans Langsdorff scuttled the ship on 17 December. Langsdorff committed suicide two days later.[citation needed] The eagle figurehead of the Graf Spee was salvaged on 10 February 2006; to protect the feelings of those still sensitive to Nazi Germany, the swastika on the figurehead was covered as it was pulled from the water.

Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship?

Admiral Graf Spee

Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in?

Punta del Este

When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place?

13 December 1939


Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the Río de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometres (140 mi) west on the Argentine side. The Santa Lucía River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San José Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department, with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour, the nation's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone, and the finest natural port in the region, functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade. Various streams criss-cross the town and empty into the Bay of Montevideo. The coastline and rivers are heavily polluted and of high salinity.

Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?

the Río de la Plata

What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?

Santa Lucía River

What does the Bay of Montevideo form?

a natural harbour


The city has an average elevation of 43 metres (141 ft). Its highest elevations are two hills: the Cerro de Montevideo and the Cerro de la Victoria, with the highest point, the peak of Cerro de Montevideo, crowned by a fortress, the Fortaleza del Cerro at a height of 134 metres (440 ft). Closest cities by road are Las Piedras to the north and the so-called Ciudad de la Costa (a conglomeration of coastal towns) to the east, both in the range of 20 to 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city center. The approximate distances to the neighbouring department capitals by road are, 90 kilometres (56 mi) to San Jose de Mayo (San Jose Department) and 46 kilometres (29 mi) to Canelones (Canelones Department).

The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what?

43 metres

How far is to the neighboring capitol of San Jose de Mayo?

90 kilometres

How far is to the neighboring capitol of Canelones?

46 kilometres


The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908. The municipality's first mayor (1909–1911) was Daniel Muñoz. Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918, effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra, and formally restored by the 1934 Constitution. The 1952 Constitution again decided to abolish the municipalities; it came into effect in February 1955. Municipalities were replaced by departmental councils, which consisted of a collegiate executive board with 7 members from Montevideo and 5 from the interior region. However, municipalities were revived under the 1967 Constitution and have operated continuously since that time.

The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of what?

18 December 1908

Who was the municipality's first mayor?

Daniel Muñoz

Municipalities were abolished by what?

Uruguayan Constitution of 1918


As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, "aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance." The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa.

How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010?

What is the head of each Municipio called?

an alcalde

Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities?

the citizens registered in the constituency


Of much greater importance is the division of the city into 62 barrios: neighbourhoods or wards. Many of the city's barrios—such as Sayago, Ituzaingó and Pocitos—were previously geographically separate settlements, later absorbed by the growth of the city. Others grew up around certain industrial sites, including the salt-curing works of Villa del Cerro and the tanneries in Nuevo París. Each barrio has its own identity, geographic location and socio-cultural activities. A neighbourhood of great significance is Ciudad Vieja, that was surrounded by a protective wall until 1829. This area contains most important buildings of the colonial era and early decades of independence.

What had many of the city's barrios previously been?

geographically separate settlements

What is a neighborhood of great significance?

Ciudad Vieja

What surrounded the neighborhood of Ciudad Vieja?

a protective wall


In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955.

How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?

What happened to the population by the year 1880?

had quadrupled

The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?

the great European immigration

What had the population grown to in 1908?

309,331 inhabitants


According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, Montevideo had a population of 1,325,968 persons, compared to Uruguay's total population of 3,241,003. The female population was 707,697 (53.4%) while the male population accounted for 618,271 (46.6%). The population had declined since the previous census carried out in 1996, with an average annual growth rate of −1.5 per thousand. Continual decline has been documented since the census period of 1975–1985, which showed a rate of −5.6 per thousand. The decrease is due in large part to lowered fertility, partly offset by mortality, and to a smaller degree in migration. The birth rate declined by 19% from 1996 (17 per thousand) to 2004 (13.8 per thousand). Similarly, the total fertility rate (TFR) declined from 2.24 in 1996 to 1.79 in 2004. However, mortality continued to fall with life expectancy at birth for both sexes increasing by 1.73 years.

According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's population?

1,325,968 persons

According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Uruguay's population?

According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's female population?

According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's male population?


As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is the economic and political centre of the country. Most of the largest and wealthiest businesses in Uruguay have their headquarters in the city. Since the 1990s the city has undergone rapid economic development and modernization, including two of Uruguay's most important buildings—the World Trade Center Montevideo (1998), and Telecommunications Tower (2000), the headquarters of Uruguay's government-owned telecommunications company ANTEL, increasing the city's integration into the global marketplace.

What is the economic and political centre of the country?

Montevideo

What year was the World Trade Center Montevideo constructed?

What year was the Telecommunications Tower constructed?


The most important state-owned companies headquartered in Montevideo are: AFE (railways), ANCAP (Energy), Administracion Nacional de Puertos (Ports), ANTEL (telecommunications), BHU (savings and loan), BROU (bank), BSE (insurance), OSE (water & sewage), UTE (electricity). These companies operate under public law, using a legal entity defined in the Uruguayan Constitution called Ente Autonomo ("autonomous entity"). The government also owns part of other companies operating under private law, such as those owned wholly or partially by the CND (National Development Corporation).

What kind of company does ANCAP run?

Energy

What kind of company does ANTEL run?

telecommunications


Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay: the country was once dubbed "the Switzerland of America", mainly for its banking sector and stability, although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate. The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica (BROU), based in Montevideo. Almost 20 private banks, most of them branches of international banks, operate in the country (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, Lloyds TSB, among others). There are also a myriad of brokers and financial-services bureaus, among them Ficus Capital, Galfin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Darío Cukier, GBU, Hordeñana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, etc.

What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?

Banking

Uruguay was once dubbed as what?

the Switzerland of America

What is the largest bank in Uruguay?

Banco Republica

Where is Banco Republica based in?

Montevideo


Tourism accounts for much of Uruguay's economy. Tourism in Montevideo is centered in the Ciudad Vieja area, which includes the city's oldest buildings, several museums, art galleries, and nightclubs, with Sarandí Street and the Mercado del Puerto being the most frequented venues of the old city. On the edge of Ciudad Vieja, Plaza Independencia is surrounded by many sights, including the Solís Theatre and the Palacio Salvo; the plaza also constitutes one end of 18 de Julio Avenue, the city's most important tourist destination outside of Ciudad Vieja. Apart from being a shopping street, the avenue is noted for its Art Deco buildings, three important public squares, the Gaucho Museum, the Palacio Municipal and many other sights. The avenue leads to the Obelisk of Montevideo; beyond that is Parque Batlle, which along with the Parque Prado is another important tourist destination. Along the coast, the Fortaleza del Cerro, the Rambla (the coastal avenue), 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) of sandy beaches, and Punta Gorda attract many tourists, as do the Barrio Sur and Palermo barrios.

What accounts for much of Uruguay's economy?

Tourism

Where is tourism in Montevideo centered in?

Ciudad Vieja area

Plaza Independencia constitutes one end of what?

18 de Julio Avenue


Montevideo has over 50 hotels, mostly located within the downtown area or along the beachfront of the Rambla de Montevideo. Many of the hotels are in the modern, western style, such as the Sheraton Montevideo, the Radisson Montevideo Victoria Plaza Hotel located on the central Plaza Independencia, and the Plaza Fuerte Hotel on the waterfront. The Sheraton has 207 guest rooms and 10 suites and is luxuriously furnished with imported furniture. The Radisson Montevideo has 232 rooms and contains a casino and is served by the Restaurante Arcadia.

How many guest rooms does the Sheraton have?

How many suites does the Sheraton have?

How many rooms does The Radisson Montevideo have?


Montevideo is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay. The city has become the principal centre of business and real estate, including many expensive buildings and modern towers for residences and offices, surrounded by extensive green spaces. In 1985, the first shopping centre in Rio de la Plata, Montevideo Shopping was built. In 1994, with building of three more shopping complexes such as the Shopping Tres Cruces, Portones Shopping, and Punta Carretas Shopping, the business map of the city changed dramatically. The creation of shopping complexes brought a major change in the habits of the people of Montevideo. Global firms such as McDonald's and Burger King etc. are firmly established in Montevideo.

What is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay?

Montevideo

What city has become the centre of business and real estate?

Montevideo

What year was Montevideo Shopping  built?


The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre (518 ft) ANTEL Telecommunication Tower, the tallest skyscraper in the country. The Along with the Telecommunications Tower, the Palacio Salvo dominates the skyline of the Bay of Montevideo. The building façades in the Old Town reflect the city's extensive European immigration, displaying the influence of old European architecture. Notable government buildings include the Legislative Palace, the City Hall, Estévez Palace and the Executive Tower. The most notable sports stadium is the Estadio Centenario within Parque Batlle. Parque Batlle, Parque Rodó and Parque Prado are Montevideo's three great parks.

What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral?

Neoclassical

What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo?

Postmodern

What is the tallest skyscraper in the country?

ANTEL Telecommunication Tower


The Pocitos district, near the beach of the same name, has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940, with a mixture of styles. Other landmarks in Pocitos are the "Edificio Panamericano" designed by Raul Sichero, and the "Positano" and "El Pilar" designed by Adolfo Sommer Smith and Luis García Pardo in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the construction boom of the 1970s and 1980s transformed the face of this neighbourhood, with a cluster of modern apartment buildings for upper and upper middle class residents.[citation needed]

What district has many homes built by Bello and reboratti?

Pocitos

Between what years did Bello and Reboratti built most of the homes in the Pocitos district?

1920 and 1940

Who designed the Edificio Panamericano?

Raul Sichero

What types of apartment buildings were constructed during the boom of the 1970's and 1980's?

modern apartment buildings


World Trade Center Montevideo officially opened in 1998, although work is still ongoing as of 2010[update]. The complex is composed of three towers, two three-story buildings called World Trade Center Plaza and World Trade Center Avenue and a large central square called Towers Square. World Trade Center 1 was the first building to be inaugurated, in 1998.[citation needed] It has 22 floors and 17,100 square metres of space. That same year the avenue and the auditorium were raised. World Trade Center 2 was inaugurated in 2002, a twin tower of World Trade Center 1. Finally, in 2009, World Trade Center 3 and the World Trade Center Plaza and the Towers Square were inaugurated. It is located between the avenues Luis Alberto de Herrera and 26 de Marzo and has 19 floors and 27,000 square metres (290,000 sq ft) of space. The 6,300-square-metre (68,000 sq ft)[citation needed] World Trade Center Plaza is designed to be a centre of gastronomy opposite Towers Square and Bonavita St. Among the establishments on the plaza are Burger King, Walrus, Bamboo, Asia de Cuba, Gardenia Mvd, and La Claraboya Cafe.

When did World Trade Center Montevideo officially open?

What was the first building to be inaugurated?

World Trade Center 1

When was World Trade Center 2 inaugurated?

When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated?


The Towers Square, is an area of remarkable aesthetic design, intended to be a platform for the development of business activities, art exhibitions, dance and music performances and social place. This square connects the different buildings and towers which comprise the WTC Complex and it is the main access to the complex. The square contains various works of art, notably a sculpture by renowned Uruguayan sculptor Pablo Atchugarry. World Trade Center 4, with 40 floors and 53,500 square metres (576,000 sq ft) of space is under construction as of 2010[update].[citation needed]

What was intended to be a platform for the development of business activities?

The Towers Square

The square contains a sculpture by what renowned Uruguayan sculptor?

Pablo Atchugarry

How much space is World Trade Center 4 projected to have?

53,500 square metres


The Solís Theatre is Uruguay's oldest theatre. It was built in 1856 and is currently owned by the government of Montevideo. In 1998, the government of Montevideo started a major reconstruction of the theatre, which included two US$110,000 columns designed by Philippe Starck. The reconstruction was completed in 2004, and the theatre reopened in August of that year. The plaza is also the site of the offices of the President of Uruguay (both the Estévez Palace and the Executive Tower). The Artigas Mausoleum is located at the centre of the plaza. Statues include that of José Gervasio Artigas, hero of Uruguay's independence movement; an honour guard keeps vigil at the Mausoleum.

What is Uruguay's oldest theater?

The Solís Theatre

When was The Solis Theater built?

Who owns The Solis Theater?

the government of Montevideo

What year did the government of Montevideo start a major reconstruction of the Solis  Theater?

What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed?


Palacio Salvo, at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia, was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925. Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres (330 ft) high, including its antenna. It is built on the former site of the Confitería La Giralda, renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodríguez wrote his tango "La Cumparsita" (1917.) Palacio Salvo was originally intended to function as a hotel but is now a mixture of offices and private residences.

Who designed the Palacio Salvo?

Mario Palanti

What year was the Palacio Salvo completed?

How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?

100 metres (330 ft) high


Also of major note in Ciudad Vieja is the Plaza de la Constitución (or Plaza Matriz). During the first decades of Uruguayan independence this square was the main hub of city life. On the square are the Cabildo—the seat of colonial government—and the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral. The cathedral is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera, Juan Antonio Lavalleja and Venancio Flores. Another notable square is Plaza Zabala with the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On its south side, Palacio Taranco, once residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers, is now the Museum of Decorative Arts. A few blocks northwest of Plaza Zabala is the Mercado del Puerto, another major tourist destination.

What is also a major note in Ciudad Vieja?

Plaza de la Constitución

What is the Cabildo?

the seat of colonial government

What is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera?

Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral

Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located?

Plaza Zabala


Parque Batlle (formerly: Parque de los Aliados, translation: "Park of the Allies") is a major public central park, located south of Avenida Italia and north of Avenue Rivera. Along with Parque Prado and Parque Rodó it is one of three large parks that dominate Montevideo. The park and surrounding area constitute one of the 62 neighbourhoods (barrios) of the city. The barrio of Parque Batlle is one of seven coastal barrios, the others being Buceo, Carrasco, Malvin, Pocitos, Punta Carretas, and Punta Gorda. The current barrio of Parque Battle includes four former districts: Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores and Batlle Park itself and borders the neighbourhoods of La Blanqueada, Tres Cruces, Pocitos and Buceo. It has a high population density and most of its households are of medium-high- or high-income. Villa Dolores, a subdistrict of Parque Batlle, took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Doña Dolores Pereira de Rossel. On their grounds, they started a private collection of animals that became a zoological garden and was passed to the city in 1919; in 1955 the Planetarium of Montevideo was built within its premises.

What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia?

Parque Batlle

How many former districts does the current barrio of Parque Battle include?

four

What sub district of Parque Batlle took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell Y Rius?

Villa Dolores


Parque Batlle is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez, President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915. The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907, which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. French landscape architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911. In 1918, the park was named Parque de los Aliados, following the victory of the Allies of World War I. On 5 May 1930, after significant expansion, it was again renamed as Parque Batlle y Ordóñez, in memory of the prominent politician and president, who had died in 1929. The park was designated a National Historic Monument Park in 1975. As of 2010[update], the park covers an area of 60 hectares (150 acres) and is considered the "lung" of the Montevideo city due to the large variety of trees planted here.

Parque Batlle is named in honor of who?

José Batlle y Ordóñez

Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where?

Uruguay

Between what years was Jose batlle y Ordonez president of Uruguay?

1911 to 1915

Parque Batlle was originally proposed by what?

an Act of March 1907


Parque Rodó is both a barrio (neighbourhood) of Montevideo and a park which lies mostly outside the limits of the neighbourhood itself and belongs to Punta Carretas. The name "Rodó" commemorates José Enrique Rodó, an important Uruguayan writer whose monument is in the southern side of the main park. The park was conceived as a French-style city park. Apart from the main park area which is delimited by Sarmiento Avenue to the south, Parque Rodó includes an amusement park; the Estadio Luis Franzini, belonging to Defensor Sporting; the front lawn of the Faculty of Engineering and a strip west of the Club de Golf de Punta Carretas that includes the Canteras ("quarry") del Parque Rodó, the Teatro de Verano ("summer theatre") and the Lago ("lake") del Parque Rodó.

Parque Rodo belongs to who?

Punta Carretas

What does the name "Rodo" commemorate?

José Enrique Rodó

Who was an important Uruguayan writer that is commemorated by Parque Rodo?

José Enrique Rodó

Parque Rodo was originally conceived as what?

a French-style city park


On the east side of the main park area is the National Museum of Visual Arts. On this side, a very popular street market takes place every Sunday. On the north side is an artificial lake with a little castle housing a municipal library for children. An area to its west is used as an open-air exhibition of photography. West of the park, across the coastal avenue Rambla Presidente Wilson, stretches Ramirez Beach. Directly west of the main park are, and belonging to Parque Rodó barrio, is the former Parque Hotel, now called Edifício Mercosur, seat of the parliament of the members countries of the Mercosur. During the guerilla war the Tupamaros frequently attacked buildings in this area, including the old hotel.

What is on the east side of the park?

the National Museum of Visual Arts

What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday?

a very popular street market

What side has an artificial lake with a little castle?

north side

What does the little castle on the north side of the park house?

a municipal library


The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires. These fortifications were planned within the River Plate estuary at Colonia del Sacramento. However, this plan came to fruition only in November 1723, when Captain Manuel Henriques de Noronha reached the shores of Montevideo with soldiers, guns and colonists on his warship Nossa Senhora de Oliveara. They built a small square fortification. However, under siege from forces from Buenos Aires, the Portuguese withdrew from Montevideo Bay in January 1724, after signing an agreement with the Spaniards.

Who planned the first set of subsidiary forts?

Portuguese

When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned?

the subsidiary forts were established to stop what?

frequent insurrections by the Spaniards

Where were the Spaniards emanating from?

Buenos Aires


Fortaleza del Cerro overlooks the bay of Montevideo. An observation post at this location was first built by the Spanish in the late 18th century. In 1802, a beacon replaced the observation post; construction of the fortress began in 1809 and was completed in 1839. It has been involved in many historical developments and has been repeatedly taken over by various sides. In 1907, the old beacon was replaced with a stronger electric one. It has been a National Monument since 1931 and has housed a military museum since 1916. Today it is one of the tourist attractions of Montevideo.

What overlooks the bay of Montevideo?

Fortaleza del Cerro

What replaced the observation post in 1802?

a beacon

When did construction of the fortress begin?

When did construction of the fortress finish?


The Rambla is an avenue that goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo. The literal meaning of the Spanish word rambla is "avenue" or "watercourse", but in the Americas it is mostly used as "coastal avenue", and since all the southern departments of Uruguay border either the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean, they all have ramblas as well. As an integral part of Montevidean identity, the Rambla has been included by Uruguay in the Indicative List of World Heritage sites, though it has not received this status. Previously, the entire Rambla was called Rambla Naciones Unidas ("United Nations"), but in recent times different names have been given to specific parts of it.

What avenue goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo?

The Rambla

Avenue or Watercourse is the literal meaning of what Spanish word?

rambla

In the Americas rambla is mostly used to refer to what?

"coastal avenue"


The largest cemetery is the Cementerio del Norte, located in the northern-central part of the city. The Central Cemetery (Spanish: Cementerio central), located in Barrio Sur in the southern area of the city, is one of Uruguay's main cemeteries. It was one of the first cemeteries (in contrast to church graveyards) in the country, founded in 1835 in a time where burials were still carried out by the Catholic Church. It is the burial place of many of the most famous Uruguayans, such as Eduardo Acevedo, Delmira Agustini, Luis Batlle Berres, José Batlle y Ordóñez, Juan Manuel Blanes, François Ducasse, father of Comte de Lautréamont (Isidore Ducasse), Luis Alberto de Herrera, Benito Nardone, José Enrique Rodó, and Juan Zorrilla de San Martín.

What is the largest cemetery?

Cementerio del Norte

Where is the Central Cemetery located?

Barrio Sur

What year was the Central Cemetery founded?


The other large cemeteries are the Cementerio del Buceo, Cementerio del Cerro, and Cementerio Paso Molino. The British Cemetery Montevideo (Cementerio Británico) is another of the oldest cemeteries in Uruguay, located in the Buceo neighborhood. Many noblemen and eminent persons are buried there. The cemetery originated when the Englishman Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents in 1828. However, in 1884 the government compensated the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo to accommodate city growth. A section of the cemetery, known as British Cemetery Montevideo Soldiers and Sailors, contains the graves of quite a number of sailors of different nationalities, although the majority are of British descent. One United States Marine, Henry de Costa, is buried here.

Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located?

Buceo neighborhood

Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents?

Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood

When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo?

When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo?


Montevideo has a very rich architectural heritage and an impressive number of writers, artists, and musicians. Uruguayan tango is a unique form of dance that originated in the neighbourhoods of Montevideo towards the end of the 1800s. Tango, candombe and murga are the three main styles of music in this city. The city is also the centre of the cinema of Uruguay, which includes commercial, documentary and experimental films. There are two movie theatre companies running seven cinemas, around ten independent ones and four art film cinemas in the city. The theatre of Uruguay is admired inside and outside Uruguayan borders. The Solís Theatre is the most prominent theatre in Uruguay and the oldest in South America. There are several notable theatrical companies and thousands of professional actors and amateurs. Montevideo playwrights produce dozens of works each year; of major note are Mauricio Rosencof, Ana Magnabosco and Ricardo Prieto.

What unique form of dance originated in the neighbourhods of Montevideo?

Uruguayan tango

Tango, candombe and murga are three main styles of what?

music

How many movie theater companies are there in Montevideo?

two

What is the most prominent theater in Uruguay?

The Solís Theatre


The first public library in Montevideo was formed by the initial donation of the private library of Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano, who died in 1815. Its promoter, director and organizer was Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga, who also made a considerable donation along with donations from José Raimundo Guerra, as well as others from the Convent of San Francisco in Salta. In 1816 its stock was 5,000 volumes.[citation needed] The current building of the National Library of Uruguay (Biblioteca Pública de Uruguay) was designed by Luis Crespi in the Neoclassical style and occupies an area of 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft). Construction began in 1926 and it was finally inaugurated in 1964. Its current collection amounts to roughly 900,000 volumes.

Who gave the initial donation of the private library?

Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano

When did Father Jose Manuel Perez Castellano die?

Who was the promoter, director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo?

Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga


In Montevideo, as throughout the Rio de Plata region, the most popular forms of music are tango, milonga and vals criollo. Many notable songs originated in Montevideo including "El Tango supremo", La Cumparsita", La Milonga", "La Puñalada" and "Desde el Alma", composed by notable Montevideo musicians such as Gerardo Matos Rodríguez, Pintín Castellanos and Rosita Melo. Tango is deeply ingrained in the cultural life of the city and is the theme for many of the bars and restaurants in the city. Fun Fun' Bar, established in 1935, is one of the most important places for tango in Uruguay as is El Farolito, located in the old part of the city and Joventango, Café Las Musas, Garufa and Vieja Viola. The city is also home to the Montevideo Jazz Festival and has the Bancaria Jazz Club bar catering for jazz enthusiasts.

Tango, milonga and vals criollo are the most popular forms of music in what region?

Rio de Plata region

When was Fun Fun Bar established?

Where is El Farolito located?

the old part of the city


In the early 1970s (1973, to be particular) when the military junta took over power in Uruguay, art suffered in Montevideo. The art studios went into protest mode, with Rimer Cardillo, one of the country's leading artists, making the National Institute of Fine Arts, Montevideo a "hotbed of resistance". This resulted in the military junta coming down heavily on artists by closing the Fine Art Institute and carting away all the presses and other studio equipment. Consequently, the learning of fine arts was only in private studios run by people who had been let out of jail, in works of printing and on paper and also painting and sculpture. It resumed much later.

What suffered when the military junta took over power in Uruguay?

art

Rimer Cardillo was one of the country's leading what?

artists

Who made the National Institute of Fine Arts?

Rimer Cardillo