The "photoelectrons" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material), no photoelectrons are emitted at all, unless a plurality of photons, whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons, acts virtually simultaneously (multiphoton effect)  Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect, a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy, rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy.

What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?

photoelectrons

What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?

the frequency

What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?

no photoelectrons are emitted at all

What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?

multiphoton effect

What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?

kinetic

What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?

frequency

When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?

no photoelectrons are emitted at all

If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?

more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy

What is infused as a result of the photoneutral effect?

I'm not sure.

What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron lose?

I'm not sure.

What happens if the photoelectron's frequency stays the same?

I'm not sure.

What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoneutral effect have?

I'm not sure.


Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a nucleus, the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus. Bohr solved this paradox with explicit reference to Planck's work: an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies En

Who introduced the first quantized model of the atom?

Niels Bohr

When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?

Why was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?

to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model

In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should do what?

radiate electromagnetic radiation

Who modeled the atom in 1913, challenging Rutherford's model?

Niels Bohr

What was predicted to happen to a nucleus-orbiting electron under Rutherford's model?

the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus

What statement did Bohr make about the electron of an atom, citing Planck's work?

an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies

Who introduced the last quantized model of the atom?

I'm not sure.

When was the last quantized model of the molecule introduced?

I'm not sure.

Why was the first quantized model of the atom destroyed?

I'm not sure.

Who modeled the molecule in 1918, challenging Rutherford's model?

I'm not sure.

What statement did Bohr make about the nucleus of an atom?

I'm not sure.


Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angular momentum proved beyond the Bohr model. The correct quantization rules for electrons – in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom – were given by Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926: the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum. In modern terms, if J is the total angular momentum of a system with rotational invariance, and Jz the angular momentum measured along any given direction, these quantities can only take on the values

Who introduced the reduced Planck constant?

Bohr

What is the reduced Planck constant also known as?

the quantity

Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925?

Heisenberg

Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926?

Schrödinger

According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?

the fundamental quantum of angular momentum

Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum?

the reduced Planck constant

What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant?

Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom

What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model?

Heisenberg

When was the Schrödinger wave equation proposed?

Who reduced the increased Planck constant?

I'm not sure.

What is the extended Planck constant also known as?

I'm not sure.

Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1945?

I'm not sure.

Who helped to give the incorrect quantization rules for electrons in 1946?

I'm not sure.

What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring wave behavior against the Bohr model?

I'm not sure.


where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs, and given that they are quanta, the trade offs often take the form of either-or (as in Fourier analysis), rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis.

 What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?

time vs. energy

What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?

either-or nature of uncertainty

What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of?

either-or (as in Fourier analysis)

How is uncertainly measured in this experience?

the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value

What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?

Fourier analysis

What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?

time vs. energy

What measurable value avoids a similar rule of angular momentum?

I'm not sure.

What forces measurement never chooses between trade-offs, in quanta?

I'm not sure.

What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta avoid?

I'm not sure.

What type of analysis fits the either-and nature of certainty?

I'm not sure.

What example is given as another paired relationship of certainty related to deviation?

I'm not sure.


The Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton are units which are used to describe the magnetic properties of the electron and atomic nuclei respectively. The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment which would be expected for an electron if it behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics. It is defined in terms of the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass, all of which depend on the Planck constant: the final dependence on h1/2 (r2 > 0.995) can be found by expanding the variables.

What is the unit of magentic properties of the electron?

Bohr magneton

What is the unit of magentic properties of atomic nuclei?

nuclear magneton

The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment of an electron under what restriction?

behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics

What three terms define the Bohr magneton value?

the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass

What is the unit of magnetic properties of the neutron?

I'm not sure.

What is the unit of magnetic properties of nuclear molecules?

I'm not sure.

What three terms define the Bohr nucleus value?

I'm not sure.

What is never defined in terms of the reduced Planck constant?

I'm not sure.


In principle, the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons, and this is how its value was first calculated in the early twentieth century. In practice, these are no longer the most accurate methods. The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon, but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Five other measurements by three different methods were initially considered, but not included in the final refinement as they were too imprecise to affect the result.

How was the Planck constant calculated in the early 20th century?

the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons

The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year?

Where was this measurement made?

the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

What method was was used to obtain the measurement?

watt-balance measurement

One other measure involved the molar volume of what element?

silicon

What year was the measurement for the Planck constant value avoided?

I'm not sure.

Where was this measurement disregarded?

I'm not sure.

What could be determined by examining the spectrum of a white-body radiator or the nuclear energy of photoelectrons?

I'm not sure.

What can never be measured with molar volume?

I'm not sure.


There are both practical and theoretical difficulties in determining h. The practical difficulties can be illustrated by the fact that the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another. The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty for one (or both) of the methods has been estimated too low – it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed – but for the time being there is no indication which method is at fault.

What is a main practical difficulty in determining n?

the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another

Why does this difficulty occur?

it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed

Which method is at fault or the discrepancy?

there is no indication which method is at fault

What is a main practical difficulty in determining x?

I'm not sure.

Why is there no difficulty?

I'm not sure.

Which method is required for the discrepancy?

I'm not sure.

What difficulties are not involved with determining h?

I'm not sure.


The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect. If these theories are slightly inaccurate – though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are – the methods would not give accurate values for the Planck constant. More importantly, the values of the Planck constant obtained in this way cannot be used as tests of the theories without falling into a circular argument. Fortunately, there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.

Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?

the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect

Why does relying on these effects create concern?

If these theories are slightly inaccurate

Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?

a circular argument

What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?

there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.

Why is there no saving grace of relying on these theories?

I'm not sure.

What logical issue would using Planck constant values from these effects never lead to?

I'm not sure.

What theories have always been refuted?

I'm not sure.

What effects are never relied on?

I'm not sure.


A watt balance is an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units. From the definition of the conventional watt W90, this gives a measure of the product KJ2RK in SI units, where RK is the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect. If the theoretical treatments of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect are valid, and in particular assuming that RK = h/e2, the measurement of KJ2RK is a direct determination of the Planck constant.

What is a watt balance?

an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units

What value does RK represent?

the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect

If the effects are valid, for RK = n/e2, what is the measurement of KJ2RK equal to?

the Planck constant

What does a watt balance avoid?

I'm not sure.

What value does RM represent?

I'm not sure.

What is the measurement of KJ2RR equal to?

I'm not sure.

What gives gives a measure of the product KJ2RR in SI units?

I'm not sure.


The gyromagnetic ratio γ is the constant of proportionality between the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance (or electron paramagnetic resonance for electrons) and the applied magnetic field B: ν = γB. It is difficult to measure gyromagnetic ratios precisely because of the difficulties in precisely measuring B, but the value for protons in water at 7002298150000000000♠25 °C is known to better than one part per million. The protons are said to be "shielded" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule, the same effect that gives rise to chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy, and this is indicated by a prime on the symbol for the gyromagnetic ratio, γ′p. The gyromagnetic ratio is related to the shielded proton magnetic moment μ′p, the spin number I (I = 1⁄2 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant.

The gyromagnetic ratio is the constant proportion between the magentic field and what?

the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance

How does the water molecule impact the effect of magnetic fields on protons?

The protons are said to be "shielded" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule

What three factors impact the gyromagnetic ratio?

related to the shielded proton magnetic moment μ′p, the spin number I (I = 1⁄2 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant.

The gyromagnetic ratio is often difficult to determine due to difficulty accurately determining the value of what?

the applied magnetic field B

What ratio is the difference of proportionality between the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance (or electron paramagnetic resonance for electrons) and the applied magnetic field?

I'm not sure.

What three factors impact the gyroelectric ratio?

I'm not sure.

What is never related to the shielded proton magnetic moment?

I'm not sure.

What effect is a the same effect that gives rise to chemical shift in KMR spectroscopy?

I'm not sure.


A further complication is that the measurement of γ′p involves the measurement of an electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes, so a conversion factor is required. The symbol Γ′p-90 is used for the measured gyromagnetic ratio using conventional electrical units. In addition, there are two methods of measuring the value, a "low-field" method and a "high-field" method, and the conversion factors are different in the two cases. Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant.

How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?

there are two methods of measuring the value

How do conversion factors compare in "low-field" and "high-field" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio?

the conversion factors are different in the two cases

Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant?

Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant

Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?

electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes

How many methods of measuring the gyroelectric ratio are there?

I'm not sure.

How do conversion factors compare in "low-field" and "high-field" methods of measuring the gyroelectric ratio?

I'm not sure.

Which method is of interest in determining the Planck difference?

I'm not sure.

Why is the measurement of gyroelectric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?

I'm not sure.


The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. In practice, it is measured in conventional electrical units, and so given the symbol F90. Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

What is the Faraday constant?

the charge of one mole of electrons

How is the Faraday constant determined?

by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.

How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?

Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?

the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e

What is the Faraday difference?

I'm not sure.

How is the Faraday difference determined?

I'm not sure.

How does the Faraday difference relate to the Planck difference?

I'm not sure.

How is the Farday difference value slowly calculated?

I'm not sure.


The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by

What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?

The X-ray crystal density method

The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?

the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance

What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?

Crystals of silicon

How is unit cell volume calculated?

from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220

Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?

the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used

What is the secondary method for determining the Avogadro equilibrium?

I'm not sure.

What element is typically used to establish Avogadro's formula?

I'm not sure.

How is unit nucleus volume calculated?

I'm not sure.

What two factors of knowledge are required to calculate solar volume?

I'm not sure.

What is not available in high quality and purity for the semiconductor industry?

I'm not sure.


There are a number of proposals to redefine certain of the SI base units in terms of fundamental physical constants. This has already been done for the metre, which is defined in terms of a fixed value of the speed of light. The most urgent unit on the list for redefinition is the kilogram, whose value has been fixed for all science (since 1889) by the mass of a small cylinder of platinum–iridium alloy kept in a vault just outside Paris. While nobody knows if the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram has changed since 1889 – the value 1 kg of its mass expressed in kilograms is by definition unchanged and therein lies one of the problems – it is known that over such a timescale the many similar Pt–Ir alloy cylinders kept in national laboratories around the world, have changed their relative mass by several tens of parts per million, however carefully they are stored, and the more so the more they have been taken out and used as mass standards. A change of several tens of micrograms in one kilogram is equivalent to the current uncertainty in the value of the Planck constant in SI units.

What measurement is deemed most important to redefine in terms of physical constants?

the kilogram

What is the shape of the object that establishes the base unit of the kilogram?

cylinder

What alloy is the base unit of the kilogram made from?

platinum–iridium

Where is the base unit for the kilogram kept?

in a vault just outside Paris

What measurement is deemed least important to redefine in terms of physical constants?

I'm not sure.

What is the shape of the object that establishes the base unit of the kilometer?

I'm not sure.

What value has consistently changed since 1889?

I'm not sure.

Where is the top unit for the kilometer kept?

I'm not sure.

What kind of alloy is never used to measure a kilogram?

I'm not sure.


The legal process to change the definition of the kilogram is already underway, but it had been decided that no final decision would be made before the next meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011. (For more detailed information, see kilogram definitions.) The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one. Possible new definitions include "the mass of a body at rest whose equivalent energy equals the energy of photons whose frequencies sum to 7050135639273999999♠135639274×1042 Hz", or simply "the kilogram is defined so that the Planck constant equals 6966662606895999999♠6.62606896×10−34 J⋅s".

Where would the decision to change the definition of the kilogram have occured at the earliest?

the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011

Was the Planck constant the only option for redefining the kilogram?

The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one

The mass of a resting body with what energy would be equal to a kilogram?

7050135639273999999♠135639274×1042 Hz

A kilogram could be definined as having a Planck constant of what value?

6966662606895999999♠6.62606896×10−34 J⋅s

Where would the decision to change the definition of the kilometer have occured latest?

I'm not sure.

What is the only thing that can form the basis of the new definition?

I'm not sure.

When did the legal process to change the definition of the kilogram end?

I'm not sure.

What definition has never had anyone attempt to change it?

I'm not sure.


Public policy and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the "Energiewende" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets.

What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?

Public policy and political leadership

Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year?

How many countries now have renewable energy policies?

What drives the smaller acceptance of renewable energy technologies?

I'm not sure.

Denmark has a committment to 50 percent renewable energy by what year?

I'm not sure.

How many countries don't have renewable energy policies?

I'm not sure.

What will Denmark do in 2055?

I'm not sure.


Total investment in renewable energy (including small hydro-electric projects) was $244 billion in 2012, down 12% from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets. As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012. The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. Renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas and Yingli.

How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2012?

$244 billion

Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2012?

dramatically lower solar prices

What  six were the top countries for investment in recent years?

China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil

How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2013?

I'm not sure.

Why did the total investment in renewable energy go up in 2012?

I'm not sure.

Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2002?

I'm not sure.

What eight were the top countries for investment in recent years?

I'm not sure.

What six were the bottom countries for investment in recent years?

I'm not sure.


EU member countries have shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals. In 2010, Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target "to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020". Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for it to go further. Across the EU, 57 percent thought the proposed goal was "about right" and 16 percent thought it was "too modest." In comparison, 19 percent said it was "too ambitious".

Who has shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals?

EU member countries

What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2010?

Eurobarometer

The goal was to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year?

Who has never shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals?

I'm not sure.

What group polled the 25 EU member states in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2000?

I'm not sure.

The goal was to decrease the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year?

I'm not sure.


By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.

By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?

1,360 GW

Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?

19 percent

Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?

22 percent

By the end of 2012, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?

I'm not sure.

Renewables did not contribute what percentage to our energy consumption?

I'm not sure.

Renewables cdid not ontributed what percentage to our electricity generation?

I'm not sure.

By the beginning of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?

I'm not sure.


During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach." He added: "Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity".

Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?

Achim Steiner

Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?

2004 through 2009

Who is Achim Steiner?

UN under-secretary general

Who was the US under-secretary in 2011?

I'm not sure.

Who was the UN under-secretary in 2012?

I'm not sure.

Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity drop at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?

I'm not sure.

Who is not the secretary general?

I'm not sure.


According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 – and half of all energy needs – with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation". "Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity".

Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years?

International Energy Agency

Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?

Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2060?

half

Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 40 years?

I'm not sure.

What does the IAE stand for?

I'm not sure.

Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants will never meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?

I'm not sure.

Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2006?

I'm not sure.


In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy as all of France and Germany's power plants combined. China's renewable energy sector is growing faster than its fossil fuels and nuclear power capacity. Since 2005, production of solar cells in China has expanded 100-fold. As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped. Innovation has helped, but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion.

Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013?

China

Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold?

What is the main driver of reduced costs?

market expansion

Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2014?

I'm not sure.

Who did not lead the world in renewable energy production in 2013?

I'm not sure.

Since what year has production of solar cells in Japan expanded 100-fold?

I'm not sure.

What is not the main driver of reduced costs?

I'm not sure.


Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support," and added that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue." As of 2011[update], there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:

What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?

Renewable energy technologies

As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?

What group stated that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?"

IEA

What is getting more expensive as a result of technological change?

I'm not sure.

What is getting cheaper as a result of technological expenses?

I'm not sure.

As of what year when have there not been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?

I'm not sure.

What group stated that "cost hikes in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?"

I'm not sure.


Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today". As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41 gigawatt (GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power.

What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?

Renewable energy

What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?

the cost of renewable power falls

What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?

Renewable technologies

What is the most economic solution for old grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?

I'm not sure.

What happens as the scope of economically viable applications decreases?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't happen as the scope of economically viable applications increases?

I'm not sure.

What are now often the most economic solution for old generating capacity?

I'm not sure.

What are not often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?

I'm not sure.


Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing countries. One of the problems of biomass is that material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences, although improved cook stove programmes are alleviating some of these effects. First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues.

What is one problem with biomass?

material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants

What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?

First-generation biomass technologies

What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm?

Biomass for heat and power

What is one good thing about biomass?

I'm not sure.

What can be economically competetive but not still require deployment support?

I'm not sure.

What is a fully maturing technology which dont' offer a ready disposal mechanismm?

I'm not sure.

What can not be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?

I'm not sure.


Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydroelectric plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years.

What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?

Hydroelectricity

What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?

Hydroelectricity

Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years?

What is the term not referring to electricity generated by hydropower?

I'm not sure.

What is the term referring to electricity generated by non-hydropower?

I'm not sure.

What is the least widely used form of renewable energy?

I'm not sure.

Non-hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?

I'm not sure.

Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 15 years?

I'm not sure.


Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.

Hydropower is produced in how many countries?

Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?

China

How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?

three

What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?

3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour

Hydropower is not produced in how many countries?

I'm not sure.

Which country is the smallest hydroelectricity producer?

I'm not sure.

How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 20 GW?

I'm not sure.

What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant smaller than 10 megawatts?

I'm not sure.


Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Japan (0.5 GW), and New Zealand (0.5 GW). In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008.

What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?

1 GW

What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?

10 GW

In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?

17 percent

What was the geothermal capacity in 1985?

I'm not sure.

What was the geothermal capacity in 2009?

I'm not sure.

In the Phillipines, geothermal did not represent what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?

I'm not sure.


Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97 MW), Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark (Germany 91 MW), Solarpark Finow Tower (Germany 84.7 MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Eggebek Solar Park (Germany 83.6 MW), Senftenberg Solarpark (Germany 82 MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 MW), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Russia, 80 MW), Lopburi Solar Farm (Thailand 73.16 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 72 MW), and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 71.8 MW).

Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built?

Europe

Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located?

USA

Where is Charanka Solar Park?

India

Where have the minority of photovoltaic power stations been built?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project not going to be located?

I'm not sure.

Where is Charanka Solar Field?

I'm not sure.

Where is Okhotnykovo State Park?

I'm not sure.


There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California. The California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) is a 250 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power plant, which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain, northeast of California Valley. The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013. The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic solar power plant being built in Arlington, Maricopa County, Arizona, owned by Sempra Generation. Phase 1 will have a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts.

Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?

Riverside County, California

Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?

San Luis Obispo County, California

Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch?

SunPower

Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm no longer under construction?

I'm not sure.

Where is Desert Sunlight State Farm?

I'm not sure.

Who is building The Califoria Valley State Ranch?

I'm not sure.

What is a 200 megawatt solar plant?

I'm not sure.


Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling €47.3 billion (US$65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002–2011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54%of the nation's installed wind power capacity. Wind power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. These are some of the largest wind farms in the world:

Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010?

35,800 MW

China has how much wind power installed?

42,300 MW

In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?

In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?

In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?

Global wind power installations decreased by how much in 2010?

I'm not sure.

China doesn't have how much wind power installed?

I'm not sure.

In Denmark, wind power doesn't account for what percentage of electricity generated?

I'm not sure.

In Spain, wind power doesn't account for what percentage of electricity generated?

I'm not sure.

In Germany, wind power doesn't account for what percentage of electricity generated?

I'm not sure.


As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option.

How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost?

by using taller wind turbines with longer blades

How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?

300 feet to 400 feet above the ground

Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel?

conventional fossil fuels like coal

Prices have fallen as low as what price?

4 cents per kilowatt-hour

How is the wind industry in the UK able to produce more power at lower cost?

I'm not sure.

How tall are old wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?

I'm not sure.

Wind turbines in the UK can now compete with what type of fuel?

I'm not sure.

Prices have grown as high as what price?

I'm not sure.


Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?

California's Mojave Desert

What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?

Ivanpah Solar Power Facility

Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?

Spain

Where is the Ivanpah State Facility located?

I'm not sure.

What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently not under construction?

I'm not sure.

Where is the XBX20 solar power tower located?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Nevada Solar Two located?

I'm not sure.


Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which calls for 7.5 billion US gallons (28,000,000 m3) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market.

Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?

10 percent

What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?

The Energy Policy Act of 2005

Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars?

GM

Nearly all gasoline sold in the UK is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?

I'm not sure.

What act calls for 7.5 billion UK gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?

I'm not sure.

What was the Energy Policy Act of 2004?

I'm not sure.

Name one company that sells nonflexible-fuel cars?

I'm not sure.


According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues (such as corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and municipal solid waste are potential sources of cellulosic biomass. Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be sustainably produced in many regions.

What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?

Cellulosic ethanol

What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?

Crop residues

What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?

Dedicated energy crops

What can't be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?

I'm not sure.

What aren't potential sources of cellulosic biomass?

I'm not sure.

What is a promising cellulose source that can't be sustainably produced in many regions?

I'm not sure.


As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range than "traditional" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom.

As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?

What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?

Enhanced Geothermal Systems

What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?

Demonstration EGS projects

As of 2008, geothermal power development wasn't underway in more than how many countries?

I'm not sure.

As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in less than how many countries?

I'm not sure.

What is one old technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?

I'm not sure.

What is not operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?

I'm not sure.

Where are demonstration eggs taking place?

I'm not sure.


The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many stakeholders, including industry analysts, by surprise, and perceptions of current solar power economics often lags behind reality. Some stakeholders still have the perspective that solar PV remains too costly on an unsubsidized basis to compete with conventional generation options. Yet technological advancements, manufacturing process improvements, and industry re-structuring, mean that further price reductions are likely in coming years.

The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year?

What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?

technological advancements

What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV?

$1.00/W installed cost


Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables. Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science".

Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?

because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants

Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems?

because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption

Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?

Benjamin K. Sovacool

Why do utility operators often accept renewable resources?

I'm not sure.

Why do utility operators only ever accept renewable resources?

I'm not sure.

Why do consumers often accept renewable power systems?

I'm not sure.

Who agreed that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?

I'm not sure.


Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited concern for future generations. Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.

Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?

the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices

Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?

Lester Brown

What can help over come the problems with the market?

Tax and subsidy shifting

Lester Brown states that the market incorporates what?

I'm not sure.

Who said the market does incorporate the indirect costs?

I'm not sure.

What can't help over come the problems with the market?

I'm not sure.

Who believes that the market does value nature's service adequately?

I'm not sure.


Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.

What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?

Tax shifting

Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?

environmental tax reform

What is the purpose of tax shifting?

to create a more responsive market

What involves lowering income taxes while lowering levies?

I'm not sure.

What involves raising income taxes while raising levies?

I'm not sure.

What involves raising income taxes while lowering levies?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the purpose of tax shifting?

I'm not sure.

Several Northern European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?

I'm not sure.


Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.

Besides tax shifting, what is another need?

subsidy shifting

What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?

the Internet

What helped create the modern wind power industry?

federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California

Besides tax shifting, what is not another need?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?

I'm not sure.

What was the result of privately funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?

I'm not sure.

What helped create the ancient wind power industry?

I'm not sure.


Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.

As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?

renewable energy

What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?

Renewable energy commercialization

Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.

wind power

As of 2013, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity

I'm not sure.

What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 10 years?

I'm not sure.

Name one third-generation technology that is market ready.

I'm not sure.


Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate." The International Solar Energy Society advocates "leveling the playing field" by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D, in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support.

What group advocates leveling the playing field?

International Solar Energy Society

How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field?

by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D

What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate?

development of climate-benign energy sources

What group rejects leveling the playing field?

I'm not sure.

How does the International Solar Energy Society propose to not level the playing field?

I'm not sure.

What is the key to not stabilizing the earth's climate?

I'm not sure.


Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $750 million in 1993 to $240 million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax. However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries.

What country is reducing its coal subsidy?

Germany

What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?

United States

Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?

coal

What country is building its coal subsidy?

I'm not sure.

What country is not reducing its coal subsidy?

I'm not sure.

What country has been decreasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?

I'm not sure.

No countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?

I'm not sure.


Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and some US States.

Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?

renewable energy policy

The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?

12 per cent of the total EU energy mix

Name one outher country with defined national or regional target?

Australia

Setting national renewable energy targets can be an unimportant part of what?

I'm not sure.

Setting national renewable energy targets is never an important part of what?

I'm not sure.

The European Union has not prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?

I'm not sure.

Name one other country without defined national or regional target?

I'm not sure.


Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects. Such functions include issuing licenses, setting performance standards, monitoring the performance of regulated firms, determining the price level and structure of tariffs, establishing uniform systems of accounts, arbitrating stakeholder disputes (like interconnection cost allocations), performing management audits, developing agency human resources (expertise), reporting sector and commission activities to government authorities, and coordinating decisions with other government agencies. Thus, regulators make a wide range of decisions that affect the financial outcomes associated with RE investments. In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security. The energy sector regulator is the natural advocate for efficiency and cost-containment throughout the process of designing and implementing RE policies. Since policies are not self-implementing, energy sector regulators become a key facilitator (or blocker) of renewable energy investments.

What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?

Public policy

Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects?

Energy regulators

Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?

Since policies are not self-implementing

What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated outside of a country's generation mix?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't determine the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?

I'm not sure.

Who doesn't have the authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the feasibility of renewable energy projects?

I'm not sure.

Why have energy sector regulators not become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?

I'm not sure.


The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions. In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is EKOenergy label.

What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?

liberalized electricity markets

What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?

RES Directive

In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?

Green-e program

What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity outside of the EU?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?

I'm not sure.

What states that EU Member States must not ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?

I'm not sure.

n the US, what is not the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?

I'm not sure.


A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.

What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?

Stern Review

In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?

What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?

climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices

What made a weak economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?

I'm not sure.

What made a strong economic case for not investing in low carbon technologies?

I'm not sure.

In what year did a number of events push renewable energy back the political agenda?

I'm not sure.

What is driving decreasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?

I'm not sure.


New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs. Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company, Solyndra, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth. The company ceased all business activity, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.

What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?

New government spending, regulation, and policies

What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?

commercialization of clean energy

Which company became invovled in a political controversy?

Solyndra

What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?

Solyndra

What didn't help the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?

I'm not sure.

What helped the industry weather the 2010 economic crisis better than other sectors?

I'm not sure.

What didn't suggest that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?

I'm not sure.

Which company did not become involved in a political controversy?

I'm not sure.

What company never had to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?

I'm not sure.


As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on a robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out.

What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?

renewable energy

What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?

Renewables

As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop?

renewable energy technologies

What plays a minor role in the energy mix of many countries?

I'm not sure.

What plays a major role in the energy mix of no countries?

I'm not sure.

What plays a major role in the energy mix of every single country?

I'm not sure.

As of 2013, prices for what commodity continued to drop?

I'm not sure.


United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".

Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?

Ban Ki-moon

Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?

renewable energy

Who is chair of UN Energy?

Kandeh Yumkella

Who is chairman of Bank of America?

Charles Holliday

Who is UK's Secretary-General?

I'm not sure.

Who is US's Secretary-General?

I'm not sure.

Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the richest nations to new levels of prosperity?

I'm not sure.

Who is chair of US Energy?

I'm not sure.

Who is chairman of Bank of Canada?

I'm not sure.


Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply. This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013. Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030. In 2015, investment in renewables exceeded fossils.

In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?

58 percent

Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?

18.1 percent

How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?

$140.4 billion

Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?

In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?

In 2012, solar electricity consumption decreased by what percentage?

I'm not sure.

In 2013, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?

I'm not sure.

Use of wind power in 2012 decreased by what percentage?

I'm not sure.

How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2013?

I'm not sure.

Analysts expect the market to double by what year?

I'm not sure.


The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."

What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?

global warming

How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?

at least 30 nations

Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?

Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow

What motivated the incentive to use 10 percent renewable energy?

I'm not sure.

How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 40 percent of energy supply?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected a series of stabilization wedges?

I'm not sure.


Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.

Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?

Mark Z. Jacobson

What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?

social and political

Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?

Mark Z. Jacobson

Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?

Who is a professor of English at Stanford University?

I'm not sure.

What is a barrier to implementing the non-renewable energy plan?

I'm not sure.

Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should not be similar to today's energy costs?

I'm not sure.

Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is not feasible by what year?

I'm not sure.


Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs … Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." .

Why is renewable energy an attractive option?

can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand

In what country is the National Research Council located?

United States

Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?

to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation

Why is renewable energy an unattractive option?

I'm not sure.

In what city is the National Research Council located?

I'm not sure.

Insufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?

I'm not sure.


Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

For what is Palermo known?

history, culture, architecture and gastronomy

How old is the city of Palermo?

2,700 years old

On what island is Palermo located?

Sicily

What country is Paletrmo a mainland city of?

I'm not sure.

What city is the capital of the Palermo province but noit the region of Sicily?

I'm not sure.

What city has been around since 2700 A.D.?

I'm not sure.

What city is in the northwest of Italy?

I'm not sure.

What city is near the Tyrrhenian Gulf?

I'm not sure.


The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.

In what year was Palermo founded?

734 BC

What name was Palermo originally founded as?

Ziz

What group of people founded Palermo?

the Phoenicians

What did the Greeks name Palermo?

Panormus

During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs?

831 to 1072

Who founded Palermo in 734 AD?

I'm not sure.

Who changed the name of Palermo to Ziz?

I'm not sure.

Who changed the name of the city from Balarm to Panormus?

I'm not sure.

Who gained control of the city in 1072?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Palermo united?

I'm not sure.


Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center: the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and agriculture. Palermo currently has an international airport, and a significant underground economy.[citation needed] In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.

What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?

Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque

Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?

Palermo

What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?

tourism, services, commerce and agriculture

What city is Italy's cultural , economic, and tourist capital?

I'm not sure.

Who likes Palermo's sub tropical weather?

I'm not sure.

What city is main Italian industrial and cultural center?

I'm not sure.

Why is Palermo one of the largest cities in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What is Sicily going through?

I'm not sure.


Palermo is surrounded by mountains, formed of calcar, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 m (4,373 ft.) high. However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain. The mount lies right in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as "The most beautiful promontory in the world", in his essay "Italian Journey".

What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?

mountains

Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as "The most beautiful promontory in the world?"

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,

Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?

La Pizzuta

Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?

geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain

What city is surrounded by valleys?

I'm not sure.

Why is it difficult to reach Palermo from Sicily?

I'm not sure.

Which peak is 1333 feet hight?

I'm not sure.

Which mountain is seperated from the rest of the range by a valley?

I'm not sure.

Who described Monte Pellegrino in the 1900's

I'm not sure.


Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from the western uptown and the industrial districts. In the basins there were, though, many seasonal torrents that helped formed swampy plains, reclaimed during history; a good example of which can be found in the borough of Mondello.

How can former rivers be recognised presently?

the streets that were built on them follow their shapes

What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo?

Oreto river

Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites?

Papireto river and the Kemonia

What bodies of water run through Pallermo?

I'm not sure.

What follows the former course of the Oreto?

I'm not sure.

What river divides the easr and west sides of the city?

I'm not sure.

What helped form the rivers.

I'm not sure.


During 734 BC the Phoenicians, a sea trading people from the north of ancient Canaan, built a small settlement on the natural harbor of Palermo. Some sources suggest they named the settlement "Ziz." It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area, making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult. The site chosen by the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight road that today has become Corso Calatifimi. This road helped the Phoenicians in trading with the populations that lived beyond the mountains that surround the gulf.

What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC?

"Ziz."

Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians

Motya and Soluntum

Why cant artifacts from the Phoenicians be easily excavated?

remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area

What is the current name of the road the Phoenicians used for trading?

Corso Calatifimi

Who built a settlement on the hatbor of Palermo?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Phoenicians build a harbor in 734 AD

I'm not sure.

Where is the modern day port of Ziz?

I'm not sure.

What road helped the Phoenicians trade with the Arabs?

I'm not sure.

What were the other tewo Canaanite colonies of Sicily?

I'm not sure.


The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (Παλεάπολις), the Ancient Greek world for "old city", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις), "new city". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qsr (castle, stronghold). Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor streets. This street today has become the Corso Vittorio Emanuele.

Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?

in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis

What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?

prevent attacks from foreign threats

Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?

Cassaro

What did Arabs call the "old city"?

I'm not sure.

What was built during the 500's BC.?

I'm not sure.

What is Neapolis the first settlement of?

I'm not sure.

What was built around thesettlement to keep sea water out?

I'm not sure.

What district was the wall named after?

I'm not sure.


Carthage was Palermo’s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (Πάνορμος) from which the current name is derived, meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.

In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?

Sicilian Wars

Why did the Sicilian Wars end?

Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War

Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?

Pyrrhus of Epirus

Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?

meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast.

Who was Palermo's main trading partner under the Greeks?

I'm not sure.

Who had a period of peace under Carthage?

I'm not sure.

Who did Palermo comer into contact with from the 500's to the 600's BC?

I'm not sure.

Witch wars proceeded Palermo's contact with Ancient Greece?

I'm not sure.

Who's fleet was launched from Carthage in 408 BC?

I'm not sure.


As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force. They acquired Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily shortly afterwards. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths. The Ostrogothic conquest under Theodoric the Great began in 488; Theodoric supported Roman culture and government unlike the Germanic Goths. The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was commissioned by Eastern Emperor. Justinian I solidified his rule in the following years.

How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?

occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455

Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?

Ostrogoths

How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?

Theodoric supported Roman culture and government

What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by?

Byzantine Empire

Who's decline left Palermo under the control of the Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.

Who controled Palermo in the 4th century?

I'm not sure.

Who's North African provinces were occupied by the 4th century?

I'm not sure.

What tribe took the provinces from the Vandals in the 4th century?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the war between the Ostogoths and The Western Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.


The Muslims took control of the Island in 904, after decades of fierce fighting, and the Emirate of Sicily was established. Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years and was marked by cruelty and brutality against the native population, which was reduced into near slavery[clarification needed] and Christian churches across the island were all completely destroyed.[page needed] Palermo (Balarm during Arab rule) displaced Syracuse as the capital city of Sicily. It was said to have then begun to compete with Córdoba and Cairo in terms of importance and splendor. For more than one hundred years Palermo was the capital of a flourishing emirate. The Arabs also introduced many agricultural crops which remain a mainstay of Sicilian cuisine.

How long did Muslim control of Palermo last?

120 years

What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?

agricultural crops

How were the indigenous Palermo population treated under Muslim rule?

reduced into near slavery

Who took control of the island in the 9th century?

I'm not sure.

What Emerite did the Muslims establish in the 9th century?

I'm not sure.

What city displaced Palermo as the capital during Arab rule?

I'm not sure.

What cities did Syracuse compete with in terms of importance and splendor?

I'm not sure.

What did Sicilians introduce to the Arabs?

I'm not sure.


After dynastic quarrels however, there was a Christian reconquest in 1072. The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles, including Robert Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives. It was under Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula were promoted from the County of Sicily into the Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom's capital was Palermo, with the King's Court held at the Palazzo dei Normanni. Much construction was undertaken during this period, such as the building of Palermo Cathedral. The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe.

Who is considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control of Palermo?

Robert Guiscard

What was the family name who returned Palermo to Christianity after reconquest in 1072?

Hautevilles

Where was the Kings Court held in the Kingdom of Sicily?

Palazzo dei Normanni

How did the Kingdom of Sicily compare monetarily with the other European staes?

one of the wealthiest states in Europe

What reconquest occured in the 10th century?

I'm not sure.

What Arab family fought in the reconquest?

I'm not sure.

Under who's rule was the kingdom of Sicily turned into the county of Sicily?

I'm not sure.

What Catherdral was built prior to the reconquest?

I'm not sure.


Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266–1282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000. From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by the Kingdom of Spain, and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also under Savoy control between 1713 and 1717 and 1718–1720 as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was also ruled by Austria between 1720 and 1734.

What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?

What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule?

emigrated or were expelled

What was Palermos population in 1330?

During what years did Austria rule Palermo?

1720 and 1734

Who controlled Sicily in the 11th century?

I'm not sure.

Who immigrated to Palermo during the rule of the Holy Roman Empire?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled Palermo in the 12th century?

I'm not sure.

What happened to Palermo's population in the 13th century?

I'm not sure.

What treaty put Palermo under Austrian rule in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.


After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Sicily was handed over to the Savoia, but by 1734 it was again a Bourbon possession. Charles III chose Palermo for his coronation as King of Sicily. Charles had new houses built for the growing population, while trade and industry grew as well. However, by now Palermo was now just another provincial city as the Royal Court resided in Naples. Charles' son Ferdinand, though disliked by the population, took refuge in Palermo after the French Revolution in 1798. His son Alberto died on the way to Palermo and is buried in the city. When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was founded, the original capital city was Palermo (1816) but a year later moved to Naples.

After what treaty did Savoia gain control of Italy?

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location?

his coronation

Where did the Royal Court reside?

Naples

Where did the capital city move in 1817?

Naples

Whose son died on the way to Palermo and is buried there?

Charles III

What treaty caused the Savoy to loose Sicily?

I'm not sure.

Where was Charles the II crowned King of Sicily?

I'm not sure.

What court resided in Palermo?

I'm not sure.

Who took refuge in Palermo in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

What became the capital of the Two Sicilies after Naples?

I'm not sure.


From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the “Thousands”) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).

Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?

Giuseppe La Masa

Who was the first president of Palermo?

Ruggero Settimo

Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?

The Bourbons

Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?

Kingdom of Italy

Who led an insurrection in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

Who was the first president of Palermo?

I'm not sure.

Who reconqured Palermo in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What general lead the Bourbons?

I'm not sure.