Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny. Robert M. Grant, author of Contemporary Strategy Analysis (2005), commented that what has brought Madonna success is "certainly not outstanding natural talent. As a vocalist, musician, dancer, songwriter, or actress, Madonna's talents seem modest." He asserts Madonna's success is in relying on the talents of others, and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the longevity of her career. Madonna's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of "Find a winning formula and stick to it." Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim. Grant concluded that "having established herself as the queen of popular music, Madonna did not stop there, but continued re-inventing." Musicologist Susan McClary wrote that "Madonna's art itself repeatedly deconstructs the traditional notion of the unified subject with finite ego boundaries. Her pieces explore various ways of constituting identities that refuse stability, that remain fluid, that resist definition."

Whose music had been the subject of a lot of scrutiny?

Madonna's

Who is the author of Contemporary Strategic Analysis?

Robert M. Grant

Who has established herself as a Queen of Popular Music?

Madonna


Throughout her career Madonna has been involved in writing and producing most of her own music. Madonna's early songwriting skill was developed during her time with the Breakfast Club in 1979. According to author Carol Gnojewski, her first attempts at songwriting are perceived as an important self-revelation, as Madonna said: "I don't know where [the songs] came from. It was like magic. I'd write a song every day. I said 'Wow, I was meant to do this'." Mark Kamins, her first producer, believed that Madonna is "a much underrated musician and lyricist." Rolling Stone has named her "an exemplary songwriter with a gift for hooks and indelible lyrics." According to Freya Jarman-Ivens, Madonna's talent for developing "incredible" hooks for her songs allows the lyrics to capture the attention of the audience, even without the influence of the music. As an example, Jarman-Ivens cites the 1985 single "Into the Groove" and its line "Live out your fantasy here with me, just let the music set you free; Touch my body, and move in time, now I know you're mine." Madonna's songwriting are often autobiographical over the years, dealing with various themes from love and relationships to self-respect and female empowerment. Her songs also speak about taboo and unconventional issues of their period, such as sexuality and AIDS on Erotica (1992). Many of her lyrics contain innuendos and double entendre, which lead to multiple interpretations among music critics and scholars. Madonna has been nominated for being inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame twice, for 2014 and 2016 ceremony. Rolling Stone listed Madonna at number 56 on the "100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time".

Who writes and creates most of her own music?

Madonna

Who was Madonna's first producer?

Mark Kamins

Whose music speak about taboo and unconventional subjects?

Madonna's

Madonna was nominated to be inducted twice which year to the Songwriter Hall of Fame?

2014 and 2016

Which magazine stated that Madonna was the greatest songwriter of all time?

Rolling Stone


Before emerging as a pop star, Madonna has spent her early years in rock music alongside her bands, Breakfast Club and Emmy. While performing with Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12-14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period. Her early rock roots also can be found on the demo album Pre-Madonna. Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that with her self-titled debut album, Madonna began her career as a disco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the '80's, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and according to Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music. The album's songs reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy hooks, highly polished arrangements and Madonna's own vocal style. Her second album, Like a Virgin (1984), foreshadowed several trends in her later works. It contained references to classical works (pizzicato synthesizer line that opens "Angel"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("Dress You Up" was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center); and retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to Motown).

Which genre did Madonna started out in?

rock music

When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?

Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?

Madonna

What is Madonna's second album?

Like a Virgin


Her mature artistic statement was visible in True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989). In True Blue, she incorporated classical music in order to engage an older audience who had been skeptical of her music. Like a Prayer introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music, including dance, funk, R&B and gospel music. Her versatility was further shown on I'm Breathless, which consists predominantly of the 1940s Broadway showtune-flavoured jazz, swing and big band tracks. Madonna continued to compose ballads and uptempo dance songs for Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994). Both albums explored element of new jack swing, with Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly saying that "she could actually be viewed as new jack swing's godmother." She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples, drum loops and hip hop into her music. With Ray of Light, Madonna brought electronic music from its underground status into massive popularity in mainstream music scene.

Which 2 album show Madonna's artistic statement?

True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989)

True Blue has what type of music Incorporated in it?

classical

Which 2 albums explored the New Lack Swing?

Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994)

Madonna brought which type of music to mainstream with Ray of Light?

electronic music


Madonna experimented with more folk and acoustic music in Music (2000) and American Life (2003). A change was noted in the content of the songs in Music, with most of them being simple love songs, but with an underlying tone of melancholy. According to Q magazine, American Life was characterized by "a thumping techno rhythm, liquid keyboard lines, an acoustic chorus and a bizarre Madonna rap." The "conventional rock songs" of the album were suffused with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition, including the appearance of a gospel choir in the song "Nothing Fails". Madonna returned to pure dance songs with Confessions on a Dance Floor, infusing club beats and retro music with the lyrics about paradoxical metaphors and reference to her earlier works. Madonna moved to urban direction with Hard Candy (2008), mixing R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes. MDNA (2012) largely focused in electronic dance music, which she has embraced since Ray of Light.

What type of music did Madonna experimented with in Music?

folk and acoustic

Most of the songs in Music are what type of songs?

simple love songs,

What type of songs are in Confessions of a Dance floor?

dance songs

What type of songs does Hard Candy have?

urban direction

MDNA focuses on which type of music?

electronic dance music


Possessing a mezzo-soprano vocal range, Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice, especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as Ella Fitzgerald, Prince, and Chaka Khan. Mark Bego, author of Madonna: Blonde Ambition, called her "the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs", despite not being a "heavyweight talent." According to MSNBC critic Tony Sclafani, "Madonna's vocals are the key to her rock roots. Pop vocalists usually sing songs "straight," but Madonna employs subtext, irony, aggression and all sorts of vocal idiosyncrasies in the ways John Lennon and Bob Dylan did." Madonna used a bright, girlish vocal timbre in her early albums which became passé in her later works. The change was deliberate since she was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as "Minnie Mouse on helium". During the filming of Evita, Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach for Evita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it."

Madonna has which vocal range?

mezzo-soprano

What was the title of Madonna's Book?

Blonde Ambition

Who stated that Madonna's voice are key to her rock roots?

Tony Sclafani

When did Madonna take voice lessons?

filming of Evita


Besides singing Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments. She learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer. This helped her to form the band Emmy, where she performed as the guitarist and lead vocalist. Madonna later played guitar on her demo recordings. On the liner notes of Pre-Madonna, Stephen Bray wrote: "I've always thought she passed up a brilliant career as a rhythm guitarist." After her career breakthrough, Madonna focused mainly in singing but was also credited for playing cowbell on Madonna (1983) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989). In 1999, Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart, before eventually leaving the project. After two decades, Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music (2000). She took further lessons from guitarist Monte Pittman to improve her guitar skill. Since then Madonna has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums. At the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards, she received nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award, which honors the most promising up-and-coming guitarist.

Which instruments can Madonna play?

drum and guitar

Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?

Dan Gilroy

What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?

guitar

How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?

three months

Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?

Monte Pittman


According to Taraborrelli, the defining moment of Madonna's childhood was the tragic and untimely death of her beloved mother. Psychiatrist Keith Ablow suggests her mother's death would have had an immeasurable impact on the young Madonna at a time when her personality was still forming. According to Ablow, the younger a child is at the time of a serious loss, the more profound the influence and the longer lasting the impact. He concludes that "some people never reconcile themselves to such a loss at an early age, Madonna is not different than them." Conversely, author Lucy O'Brien feels the impact of the rape she suffered is, in fact, the motivating factor behind everything Madonna has done, more important even than the death of her mother: "It's not so much grief at her mother's death that drives her, as the sense of abandonment that left her unprotected. She encountered her own worst possible scenario, becoming a victim of male violence, and thereafter turned that full-tilt into her work, reversing the equation at every opportunity."

According to who was the defining moment of Madonna's childhood with her mother's death?

Taraborrelli,

Which psychiatrist said that when a parent dies when the child is young, it leaves a lasting impact?

Keith Ablow

Who believes that the rape Madonna experienced is the driving force in life?

Lucy O'Brien


As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry, with Sylvia Plath being her favourite. Later, Madonna commented: "We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying—after I got over my heartache—I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself." Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. "Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness—particularly her own—and wanted to be the queen of her own castle."

Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?

Madonna and her sisters

Who does Madonna's mum resemble?

poet Anne Sexton

Who is Madonna's favorite poet?

Sylvia Plath

Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?

Madonna


In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own "take-charge attitude". As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their "feminine quality". Madonna's major influences include Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev. She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended.

Which song made a strong impression on Madonna?

These Boots Are Made for Walkin

Who sang the song these boots are made for walking?

Nancy Sinatra;

Whose favorite style is baroque?

Madonna

Who grew up listening to David Bowie?

Madonna

Name one of Madonna's major influence?

Karen Carpenter


Madonna's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents are reflected in the album Like a Prayer. It was an evocation of the impact religion had on her career. Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism, such as the stigmata. During The Virgin Tour, she wore a rosary and prayed with it in the music video for "La Isla Bonita". The "Open Your Heart" video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language. On the Who's That Girl World Tour, she dedicated the song "Papa Don't Preach" to Pope John Paul II.

What is Madonna's religious background?

Italian-Catholic

Like a Prayer reflects Madonna's relationship with who?

her parents

In which video did Madonna wear a rosary?

La Isla Bonita"

In which video does it show Madonna being scolded by her boss in Italian?

Open Your Heart

She dedicated Papa Don't Preach to whom?

Pope John Paul II.


During her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, "I loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe. They were all incredibly funny ... and I saw myself in them ... my girlishness, my knowingness and my innocence." Her "Material Girl" music video recreated Monroe's look in the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend", from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for the film Who's That Girl. The video for "Express Yourself" (1989) was inspired by Fritz Lang's silent film Metropolis (1927). The video for "Vogue" recreated the style of Hollywood glamour photographs, in particular those by Horst P. Horst, and imitated the poses of Marlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard, and Rita Hayworth, while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her, including Bette Davis, described by Madonna as an idol. However, Madonna's film career has been largely received negatively by the film critic community. Stephanie Zacharek, critic for Time magazine, stated that, "[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch, because she's clearly trying her damnedest." According to biographer Andrew Morton, "Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt." After the box office bomb Swept Away (2002), Madonna vowed that she would never again act in a film, hoping her repertoire as a bad actress would never be discussed again.

Name one actor that Madonna was inspired by?

Marilyn Monroe

Madonna's Material Girl recreated whose look?

Monroe's

The video Express Yourself was inspired by which silent film?

Metropolis

Who stated that Madonna was a bad actress to watch?

Stephanie Zacharek

Which one of Madonna's movie is a box office bomb?

Swept Away


Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo. Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka's Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours. Her video for "Hollywood" (2003) was an homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father's work. Pop artist Andy Warhol's use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".

Whose art influence Madonna?

Frida Kahlo

Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo?

Bedtime Story

Madonna collects whose painting?

Tamara de Lempicka

Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer?

Guy Bourdin


Madonna is dedicated to Kabbalah, and in 2004 she adopted the name Esther which in Persian means "star". She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject. She faced opposition from rabbis who felt Madonna's adoption of the Kabbalah was sacrilegious and a case of celebrity dilettantism. Madonna defended her studies, saying: "It would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party", and that her involvement with the Kabbalah is "not hurting anybody". The influence of the Kabbalah was subsequently observed in Madonna's music, especially albums like Ray of Light and Music. During the Re-Invention World Tour, at one point in the show, Madonna and her dancers wore T-shirts that read "Kabbalists Do It Better". Her 2012 MDNA album has also drawn many influences from her Catholic upbringing, and since 2011 she has been attending meetings and services at an Opus Dei center, a Catholic institution that encourages spirituality through every day life.

Which religion was Madonna dedicated to?

Kabbalah

Which year did she adopt the name Esther?

The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album?

Ray of Light

Where did Madonna attend Catholic services in 2011?

Opus Dei center


In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work. According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. Cultural critic Mark C. Taylor in his book Nots (1993) felt that the postmodern art form par excellence is video and the reigning "queen of video" is Madonna. He further asserted that "the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna. The responses to Madonna's excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory." The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact, rather than the songs themselves. Morton felt that "artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos."

Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers?

Allen Metz and Carol Benson

Madonna used which TV company to help with her career?

MTV

The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom?

Madonna


Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor. She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience. The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era. Author Douglas Kellner noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences." Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".

What influence did Madonna music video reflects?

American and Hispanic mixed street style

She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?

American audience

Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?

Spanish look

What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?

boleros and layered skirts


Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex. This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna being attracted to a statue of a black saint, and singing in front of burning crosses. This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal. In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "Madonna's innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award."

Who noted that Madonna was reversing the gender role?

Academics

In which video was it the most obvious?

"Like a Prayer

Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever?

MTV

When was Madonna awarded the accolade?


Madonna's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV; Chris Nelson from The New York Times spoke of pop artists like Madonna saying, "MTV, with its almost exclusively lip-synched videos, ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day, every day, watching singers just mouth the words." The symbiotic relationship between the music video and lip-syncing led to a desire for the spectacle and imagery of the music video to be transferred to live stage shows. He added, "Artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing." Thor Christensen of The Dallas Morning News commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by "stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time."

Who had new standards of showmanship?

Madonna and Janet Jackson

Who earned a reputation of lip synching in the Blond Ambition Tour?

Madonna

What came as an expense of live singing?

highly athletic dancing


To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "Madonna mic". Metz noted that Madonna represents a paradox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes. Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the realism of the original videos. Thus her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized. Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna's concerts and live performances are deemed as "extravagant show piece, a walking art show."

What did Madonna use in her concerts?

hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones

What was the microphone coined as?

"Madonna mic"

Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts?

Madonna

Whose concerts are extravagant live shows?

Madonna's


Various music journalists, critical theorists, and authors have deemed Madonna the most influential female recording artist of all time. Author Carol Clerk wrote that "during her career, Madonna has transcended the term 'pop star' to become a global cultural icon." Rolling Stone of Spain wrote that "She became the first viral Master of Pop in history, years before the Internet was massively used. Madonna was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, 'radio formulas', magazine covers and even in bookshops. A pop dialectic, never seen since The Beatles's reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of tendency and commerciality." Laura Barcella in her book Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012) wrote that "really, Madonna changed everything the musical landscape, the '80s look du jour, and most significantly, what a mainstream female pop star could (and couldn't) say, do, or accomplish in the public eye." William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that "Madonna has changed the world's social history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to." Alan McGee from The Guardian felt that Madonna is a post-modern art, the likes of which we will never see again. He further asserted that Madonna and Michael Jackson invented the terms Queen and King of Pop.

Who is the most influential recording artist of all time?

Madonna

Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?

Laura Barcella

Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?

William Langley from The Daily Telegraph

Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?

Alan McGee from The Guardian


According to Tony Sclafani from MSNBC, "It's worth noting that before Madonna, most music mega-stars were guy rockers; after her, almost all would be female singers ... When The Beatles hit America, they changed the paradigm of performer from solo act to band. Madonna changed it back—with an emphasis on the female." Howard Kramer, curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, asserted that "Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers." According to Fouz-Hernández, subsequent female singers such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Kylie Minogue, the Spice Girls, Destiny's Child, Jennifer Lopez, and Pink were like her "daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna, and decided they wanted to be like her." Time magazine included her in the list of the "25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century", where she became one of only two singers to be included, alongside Aretha Franklin. She also topped VH1's lists of "100 Greatest Women in Music" and "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".

Who changed the dynamics of the singers back to mostly female?

Madonna

Who is the director of the curator of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum?

Howard Kramer

A lot of modern pop artist grew up listening to whom?

Madonna,

Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century?

Time magazine

Who is the other woman who earned the title?

Aretha Franklin


Madonna's use of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism. As Roger Chapman documents in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1 (2010), she has drawn frequent condemnation from religious organizations, social conservatives and parental watchdog groups for her use of explicit, sexual imagery and lyrics, religious symbolism, and otherwise "irreverent" behavior in her live performances. The Times wrote that she had "started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice." Professor John Fiske noted that the sense of empowerment that Madonna offers is inextricably connected with the pleasure of exerting some control over the meanings of self, of sexuality, and of one's social relations. In Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture (2009), the authors noted that Madonna, as a female celebrity, performer, and pop icon, is able to unsettle standing feminist reflections and debates. According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, Madonna represents woman's occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex, as powerful, and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corvée allotted to women. Professor Sut Jhally has referred to Madonna as "an almost sacred feminist icon."

Madonna used what to benefit her career?

sexual imagery

Who started a revolution in music with women?

Madonna

Who wrote that Madonna is an almost scared feminist icon?

Professor Sut Jhally

Who is regarded as a feminist during her time?

Madonna


Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career. Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described Madonna as "America's smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself." London Business School academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success. Morton wrote that "Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative, and ruthless—somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants—and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her." Hazel Blackmore and Rafael Fernández de Castro in the book ¿Qué es Estados Unidos? from the Fondo de Cultura Económica, noted: "Madonna has been undoubtedly the most important woman in the history of popular music and a great businesswoman in herself; creating fashion, breaking taboos and provoking controversies."

Who is an acclaim role model business woman?

Madonna

Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?

$1.2 billion in

Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur?

London Business School academics

Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?

Morton


Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top-selling female albums artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. Madonna is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom, with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) as of April 2013. Billboard named Madonna as the top touring female artist of all time. She is also the highest grossing solo touring artist, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross, starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour; she first crossed a billion gross with The MDNA Tour. Overall, Madonna ranks third on all-time top-grossing Billboard Boxscore list, with just The Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion) ahead of her. Madonna has been honored with 20 MTV Video Music Awards—the most for any artist—including the lifetime achievement Video Vanguard Award in 1986.

Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?

300 million records

Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?

Madonna

Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?

Billboard

How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?

$1.31 billion

How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?


Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts, including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200. With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart. She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other artist in history. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked her at number two, behind The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart.

Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits?

Madonna

How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?

Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?

Madonna

How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?

Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?

Madonna


The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.

What is the foundation of the United States federal government?

United States Constitution

In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law?

The Constitution

What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law?

The United States Code

What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law?

law of the United States

The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where?

federal judiciary

What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government?

the United States Constitution

What sets out the boundries of federal law?

The Constitution

What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States?

codified and uncodified

What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called?

The United States Code

What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States?

codified and uncodified

What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws?

the United States Constitution

What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties?

Senate

With branch of government deals with new regulations?

the executive branch

Who's responsibility is case law?

the federal judiciary

What is the least important form of law in the US?

I'm not sure.

What is the foundation of the US Constitution?

I'm not sure.

The acts of Congress creates boundaries for what kind of law?

I'm not sure.

What type of law does the executive branch create?

I'm not sure.

Laws that are only general are called what?

I'm not sure.


Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?

Federal law and treaties

Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?

the Constitution

States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?

federal constitutional rights

Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?

state law

Does every state have the same laws?

vary greatly from one state to the next.

Federal law overrides what laws?

conflicting state and territorial laws

The scope of federal power is not what?

universal

What type of system is American Federalism?

dual-sovereign system

American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?

Indian reservations

States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?

the federal Constitution

Is there anything that trumps state law?

Federal law and treaties

How many state make up the United States?

Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?

as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights

What is day-to-day, operational law considered?

"living law"

What is living law mostly made up of?

state law

State and territorial laws preempt what kind of laws and treaties?

I'm not sure.

The scope of what is considered universal?

I'm not sure.

What type of government system do Indian reservations have?

I'm not sure.

States may grant citizens fewer what?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of family law?

I'm not sure.


Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute (where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases) will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.

In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?

a subsequent statute

What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional?

federal and state statutes

What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue?

stare decisis

Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?

the Supreme Court

What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?

it must be deleted

What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?

a subsequent statute

Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?

decades

What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?

the principle of stare decisis

Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?

the Supreme Court

If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?

deleted by a subsequent statute

What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?

no sensible lower court will enforce

What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?

reversed by the Supreme Court

What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?

risk reversal by the Supreme Court

What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?

constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases

A statute is automatically removed when it is found to be what?

I'm not sure.

How long does it take for the principle of stare decisis to come into affect?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the principle that demands that unconstitutional laws must be removed via subsequent rulings?

I'm not sure.

What kind of court can reverse unconstitutional enforcements by the Supreme Court?

I'm not sure.

What court created the principle of stare decisis?

I'm not sure.


Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985 by Australia in July 1992 and by Japan in June 1994.

The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law?

law of warranty

In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products?

Greenman v. Yuba Power Products

What was most influential American 20th century tort law?

rule of strict liability for defective products

What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products?

What is one of the most influential changes to tort law?

rule of strict liability for defective products

Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products?

Roger J. Traynor

What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws?

Greenman v. Yuba Power Products

When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published?

When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States?

What case occurred in 1994?

I'm not sure.

What section of the Product Liability Directive discusses warranties?

I'm not sure.

What minor rule went on the books on the 20th c?

I'm not sure.

Who is the head of the American Law Institute?

I'm not sure.

When did Traynor publish the Restatement (Second) of Torts?

I'm not sure.


Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other, and of course, partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law. Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts, many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others. Thus, because of its immense size and diversity, American tort law cannot be easily summarized.

What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other?

Tort law

Why can American tort law not be easily summarized?

because of its immense size and diversity

While attempting to standardize tort law, multiple versions of tort law have come about, what are there versions called?

Restatement of Torts

What covers crimes of human against human?

Tort law

What does tort law overlap with?

wrongs also punishable by criminal law

What is attempting to standardize the tort law system?

Restatement of Torts

What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet?

many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections

Why is tort law hard to standardize?

immense size and diversity

What does tort not overlap with?

I'm not sure.

What tried to standardize criminal law?

I'm not sure.

What allows American tort law to be summarized easily?

I'm not sure.

The American Law Institute unstandardized what?

I'm not sure.

States have adopted all of what?

I'm not sure.


However, it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes, much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law. The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point, the facts and law at issue are nearly identical, and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.

A lot of American common law diverged from where?

English common law

When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings?

there is no American ruling on point

Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what?

by each other's rulings

Most modern American common law came from what kind of law?

English common law

Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings?

each other's

What rulings do American courts rarely follow?

post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings

What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances?

there is no American ruling on point

How close is current American law to English law?

diverged significantly

What differs about American and English law?

American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings

When would American law be more likely to follow English law?

no American ruling on point

How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used?

nearly identical

Much of American common law is similar to what?

I'm not sure.

Commonwealth nations tend to not be influenced by what?

I'm not sure.

What kind of reasoning is required to follow the American ruling?

I'm not sure.

When do Americans follow pre-Revolution Commonwealth rulings?

I'm not sure.

What is English common law very similar to?

I'm not sure.


The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "reception statutes" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.

Reception statues are generally the same as what law?

the common law of England

Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law?

contemporary U.S. courts

Which US State did not  enact reception statues?

Louisiana

What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?

Louisiana

What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?

common law of England

Some reception statutes impose what?

a specific cutoff date

Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?

pre-Revolution

What are reception statutes?

the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state

When are reception statutes invaild?

repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions

Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?

English law

Which is the only stste without reception statutes?

Louisiana

What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?

pre-Revolution

What is the only US state to have a reception statute?

I'm not sure.

What form of English law has been considered repugnant to the US?

I'm not sure.

What specific date did Louisiana chose as a cutoff date?

I'm not sure.

What cases have contemporary courts thrown out?

I'm not sure.

Lowered duty of care is placed on what?

I'm not sure.


Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."

early on American courts cited what cases?

contemporary English

What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?

19th century

When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?

19th century

How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?

eighteen

How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?

over 8,000

When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?

mid-19th century

How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?

eighteen

By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?

What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?

By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining

What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?

judicial literature

Whose cases did English courts cite early on?

I'm not sure.

When did decisions from English courts begin to be reported?

I'm not sure.

How many published volumes of American reports were there in 1879?

I'm not sure.

Where was the delegate who praised the American judicial literature from?

I'm not sure.

How many English law volumes were there in 1810?

I'm not sure.


Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.

What does federal law come from?

the Constitution

What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?

the Constitution

What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?

The United States Code

Where are regulations published?

in the Federal Register

Where are regulations codified into?

Code of Federal Regulations

Where does federal law begin?

the Constitution

Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?

Congress

What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?

The United States Code

Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?

executive branch agencies

Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?

the Code of Federal Regulations

What does the Constitution stem from?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of something Congress cannot regulate?

I'm not sure.

What branch creates the Chevron doctrine?

I'm not sure.

The Chevron doctrine compiles and codifies what?

I'm not sure.

What is the Federal Register published in?

I'm not sure.


During the 18th and 19th centuries, federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution, like the military, money, foreign relations (especially international treaties), tariffs, intellectual property (specifically patents and copyrights), and mail. Since the start of the 20th century, broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation, telecommunications, railroads, pharmaceuticals, antitrust, and trademarks. In some areas, like aviation and railroads, the federal government has developed a comprehensive scheme that preempts virtually all state law, while in others, like family law, a relatively small number of federal statutes (generally covering interstate and international situations) interacts with a much larger body of state law. In areas like antitrust, trademark, and employment law, there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other. In a handful of areas like insurance, Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them (see, e.g., the McCarran-Ferguson Act).

What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation, railroads, and trademarks?

Commerce and Spending Clauses

In areas of law such as insurance, there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what?

regulating them

What type of property are trademarks and copyrights?

intellectual property

What governs things such as military, money, foreign relations, etc.?

federal law

What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition, telecommunications, railroads, etc.?

Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution

When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding?

start of the 20th century

What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already?

McCarran-Ferguson Act

What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap?

coexist with each other

What areas of law were generally ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries?

I'm not sure.

When did federal law lose jurisdiction over aviation?

I'm not sure.

Federal law on antitrust preempts what?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the act that allowed for broader interpretations in the 20th century?

I'm not sure.

Employment laws has only what kind of law instead of federal?

I'm not sure.


After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the United States Statutes at Large, and they are known as session laws. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.

Who signs a bill into a law?

the President

Where does a bill go after it is signed?

Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?

a law number

After being given a law number, a new law is prepared for publication as what?

a slip law

What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR?

private laws

Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?

delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR?

assigned a law number

After a bill is assigned a number, what is it made ready for?

publication as a slip law

Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large, what are they called?

session laws

What is the United States Statutes at Large?

a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted

What does Congress sign into law?

I'm not sure.

What organization gives private laws legal statutory citations?

I'm not sure.

Bound volumes of bills are called what?

I'm not sure.

What type of laws does the NARA grant statutory citations to?

I'm not sure.

Who signs a bill after it is delivered to the OFR?

I'm not sure.


Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies. Often, Congress is simply too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under the principle of Chevron deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.

What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies?

statutes

Federal agencies are authorized to make what public?

regulations

Regulations normally carry the force of what?

law

Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?

relevant statutes

What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress?

broad rulemaking authority

Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies?

too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation

What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations?

the principle of Chevron

What does the Principle of Chevron provide for?

regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes

What do federal agencies enact for rulemaking purposes?

I'm not sure.

Gridlock allows Congress to draft what?

I'm not sure.

What does Congress believe hampers an agency's ability to deal with situations?

I'm not sure.

Congress's state of gridlock is referred to as what principle?

I'm not sure.

The Chevron deference prevents regulations from interpreting what?

I'm not sure.


The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.

What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?

stare decisis

What is stare decisis?

the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself

Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?

an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases

Who else does stare decisis affect?

impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction

Formulating judicial power is done by following what rule?

I'm not sure.

What fraction of federal appellate cases were published in 2007?

I'm not sure.

When did federal appellate cases begin to be published?

I'm not sure.

What do decisions made by lower courts bind?

I'm not sure.

Who are unaffected by stare decisis?

I'm not sure.


As federal judge Alex Kozinski has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked), and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete natural law theories of law, by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said. Judges saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law. Therefore, a judge could reject another judge's opinion as simply an incorrect statement of the law, in the way that scientists regularly reject each other's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science.

Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written?

federal judge Alex Kozinski

Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly?

reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked

What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used?

law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said

Why could one judge reject another judges opinion?

saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law

Why would one judge reject another's opinion?

incorrect statement of the law

What began at the time the Constitution was framed?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the judge who believed he was declaring a pre-existing law?

I'm not sure.

When did the natural law theory fall out of fashion?

I'm not sure.

Reporters were not allowed to prevent publication based on what?

I'm not sure.

What did the the UK courts in the end of the 19th century?

I'm not sure.


Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. However, it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States, by vesting "judicial power" into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution, thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent; this power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified. Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide "cases or controversies" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.

How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?

no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law

What did the missing plenary reception do?

granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent

Where do the federal courts fall?

the federal Judiciary Acts

Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?

Article Three

What does Article Three give federal agencies?

implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent

Federal courts are outside of the jurisdiction of what federal acts?

I'm not sure.

What power did the Founding Fathers remove in Article Three?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Supreme Court grant judicial power to?

I'm not sure.

Where is the plenary reception statute found in the Constitution?

I'm not sure.

When did scholars begin to argue that judicial power includes precedential effect?

I'm not sure.


In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.

When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?

nineteenth century

What made binding precedent a possibility?

creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing

What can invalidate the rule of law?

hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability

Why was the rule of precedent allowed?

in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided

How is a court hierarchy established?

the Judiciary Acts

What did Kozinski make possible?

I'm not sure.

When was West Publishing created?

I'm not sure.

What company published the Judiciary Acts?

I'm not sure.

What public policy has been ruled as an undermining of the rule of law?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the writer of the rule of binding precedent?

I'm not sure.


Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), there is no general federal common law. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which in turn was enacted as part of the Constitution or after). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of stare decisis).

What states that there is no general federal common law?

the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins

When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?

Why can't federal courts just make up law?

lack the plenary power possessed by state courts

When are states allowed to use plenary power?

absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law

Who won Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins?

I'm not sure.

When was the Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins rescinded?

I'm not sure.

What type of power do Federal courts have that state courts do not?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a law that is not an extension of English common law?

I'm not sure.

Maritime law is not subject to what limitation?

I'm not sure.


The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law.

What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?

federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue

What are states not bound by?

federal interpretations of state law

What states that deference is one way only?

Erie doctrine

What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?

state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law

The Erie doctrine allows federal courts to intercede even when there is no what?

I'm not sure.

What doctrine states that state courts are bound by federal interpretations?

I'm not sure.

When can federal trial courts ignore state law?

I'm not sure.

What must federal trial courts apply when the state law is not pursuant?

I'm not sure.

The Erie doctrine states that federal courts can do what?

I'm not sure.


The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.

What does each state posess?

state constitutions, state governments, and state courts

What are the 50 states in the Union known as?

separate sovereigns

Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?

executive branch

What branch of government enacts state statutes?

legislative branch

Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?

judicial branch

What branch applies but cannot overturn statutes?

I'm not sure.

How many local ordinances are there?

I'm not sure.

What cannot preempt the states' plenary power?

I'm not sure.

How are decisions appealed to the state supreme courts?

I'm not sure.

The US has only one what?

I'm not sure.


Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. In a 2012 report, the National Center for State Courts' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 103.5 million newly filed cases in 2010, which consisted of 56.3 million traffic cases, 20.4 million criminal cases, 19.0 million civil cases, 5.9 million domestic relations cases, and 1.9 million juvenile cases. In 2010, state appellate courts received 272,795 new cases. By way of comparison, all federal district courts in 2010 together received only about 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases, while federal appellate courts received 56,000 new cases.

Where are cases usually argued?

state courts

What types of cases are argued in the state courts?

involve claims and defenses under state laws

How many new cases were filed in 2010?

103.5 million

How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?

What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?

282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases

How many new cases were filed in 2012?

I'm not sure.

There were 20.4 million traffic cases in what year?

I'm not sure.

How many trial courts received domestic relations cases in 2010?

I'm not sure.

What organization started in 2012?

I'm not sure.

How many civil cases did the federal district courts close in 2010?

I'm not sure.


The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the exclusionary rule as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the Miranda warning. The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.

What makes up the law of criminal procedure?

federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes

What did the exclusionary rule provide for?

inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights

What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?

writ of habeas corpus

What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/

Miranda warning

What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?

Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions

What have US legislatures been able to enact successfully?

I'm not sure.

What rule did the federal judiciary overturn?

I'm not sure.

When was the Miranda warning penned?

I'm not sure.

What do convicts use the Miranda warning for?

I'm not sure.

What was rescinded in 1871?

I'm not sure.


The law of civil procedure governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century. The old English division between common law and equity courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states. The Delaware Court of Chancery is the most prominent of the small number of remaining equity courts.

What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?

The law of civil procedure

What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?

code pleading

What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?

modern notice pleading

When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?

20th century

What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?

The old English division between common law and equity courts

What replaced code pleading in 1850?

I'm not sure.

How many states enacted Field Code?

I'm not sure.

What state enacted the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938?

I'm not sure.

When did The Delaware Court of Chancery become an equity court?

I'm not sure.

What was divided in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure?

I'm not sure.


New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.

Which states have not adopted FRCP?

New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant

How do New York, Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws?

codified statutes enacted by the state legislature

What should New York, Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes?

court rules promulgated by the state supreme court

Which three states adopted the FRCP?

I'm not sure.

How many states no longer have civil procedure laws from state legislature?

I'm not sure.

What did California claim was wrong with state legislature?

I'm not sure.

California refuses to use codified statutes instead of what?

I'm not sure.

Key portions of what were changed to make the legislature more distinct?

I'm not sure.


Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial "law and motion" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the English Rule of "loser pays"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.

What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?

American civil procedure

What is a pretrial deposition?

summary judgment

What is an opt-out class action?

the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment

What is an opt-in class action?

class members must join into the class

What is the American Rule?

parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees

What does not place much weight on live testimony?

I'm not sure.

What country's courts have opt-in class actions?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the opt-out class action?

I'm not sure.

What are pretrial dispositions designed to result in?

I'm not sure.

American legislators do not provide exceptions for what rule?

I'm not sure.


Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally, crimes can result in incarceration, but torts (see below) cannot. The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level. Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud.

What is criminal law?

prosecution by the state of wrongful acts

What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?

acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace

What can result in incarceration?

crimes

Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?

state level

Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?

Federal criminal law

What is it called when the state is prosecuted?

I'm not sure.

Criminal law can be fixed by private parties bringing what?

I'm not sure.

What do torts lead to?

I'm not sure.

Where are the minority of US crimes prosecuted?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of a tort?

I'm not sure.


Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and misdemeanors (minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine. To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes, some states have added a third level, infractions. These may result in fines and sometimes the loss of one's driver's license, but no jail time.

What two levels of crime are there?

felonies and misdemeanors

What is a misdemeanor?

minor crimes

What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?

felony convictions

What usually happens with misdemeanors?

a year or less in jail and a substantial fine

What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?

infractions

How many levels of felonies are there?

I'm not sure.

What are felonies?

I'm not sure.

Who do misdemeanors pay fines to?

I'm not sure.

Misdemeanors may lead to a loss of what?

I'm not sure.

What third level do many states remove?

I'm not sure.


Contract law covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.

What is contract law?

obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties

What standardized contract law?

Uniform Commercial Code

What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?

express or implied

What does contract law not cover?

I'm not sure.

What non-standardized contract law?

I'm not sure.

What did the Restatement (Second) of Contracts standardize?

I'm not sure.

The Uniform Commercial Code limited the diversity of what?

I'm not sure.

What types of agreements does the Restatement of Contracts cover?

I'm not sure.


Myanmar (myan-MAR i/miɑːnˈmɑːr/ mee-ahn-MAR, /miˈɛnmɑːr/ mee-EN-mar or /maɪˈænmɑːr/ my-AN-mar (also with the stress on first syllable); Burmese pronunciation: [mjəmà]),[nb 1] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).

How much a  Myanmar's boundaries are encompassed by beachfront lands?

(1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline

How many people dwell in  Myanmar ?

51 million people recorded

What is the land mass of  Myanmar ?

Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size

Is the capital city the holder of the largest amount of the population in  Myanmar ?

largest city is Yangon (Rangoon)

What is the name of the capital city of Myanmar?

capital city is Naypyidaw


Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship.

What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?

Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma

When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ?

in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country.

What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?

The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged

Whose rule  was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?

Taungoo Dynasty

When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?

In the 16th century


For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions. There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.

What major conflict is Myanmar known for?

one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars.

What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation?

the military junta

What type of government is now established in Myanmar?

a nominally civilian government

Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?

former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country

Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime?

Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.


In English, the country is popularly known as either "Burma" or "Myanmar" i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mjəmà]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.

Where did the name Burma originate from ?

names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group

What is the considered to be the name in slang terms for the people of Myanmar?

Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name

How is the slang term for the people of Burma articulated correctly ?

Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà])

When did the term for the people of Burma become a common place word in English?

The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.


Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as "Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names. The Czech Republic uses officially Myanmar, although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website. The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Russia, Germany, China, India, Norway, and Japan.

By which name is the country called by most English speaking countries?

Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom

How is Burma officially identified in the United States

Burma (Myanmar)

What is the country called in sessions of the United Nations?

United Nations uses Myanmar

What does the current president of the United States call the country in official settings?

Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names


Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 400,000 years ago. The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi.

What extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological period is believed to have dwelled in Myanmar?

Homo erectus

When was the extinct species believed to have lived in Myanmar?

400,000 years ago

What is the name of the civilization that is believed to be one of the oldest.

Anyathian

Did any other ancient cultures also leave behind evidence of existence in Myanmar?

neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered

What form was the evidence of ancient cultures discovered in ?

discovered in the form of cave paintings


The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so. Human remains and artifacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Division. The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay. Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BC and 200 AD. Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade.

By what name is the era in the 3rd millennium around 1500 BC known?

The Bronze Age

What events of significance to human development occurred during the Bronze Age ?

people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice

What event evolving animals are the Myanmar also accredited with being the first to accomplish?

domesticating poultry and pigs

When did the Age of Iron begin?

The Iron Age began around 500 BC

What events punctuate the beginning of the Iron Age?

with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay


Around the second century BC the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day Yunnan. The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation.

What period was the first known city states established in Myanmar?

Around the second century BC

From what people have were the first records known to be existent derived from?

from present-day Yunnan

Were any of the early civilizations influenced by each other and if so by what how did it occur?

The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India

What Myanmar import from other countries that has been of major importance?

Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts


Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.

How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?

250 years

Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?

Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind

Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?

Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom

What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar?

Kingdom of Mrauk U


Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. Burmese literature "grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged. Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country. Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period.

Was there more than one racial class in the organized societies of the states of Myanmar?

states were all multi-ethnic polities

During what age did the culture of Myanmar grow?

This period is considered a golden age

Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar?

Hanthawaddy monarchs

Who is the monarch that has some of the most impressive built in their honor in the Myanmar

Mrauk U


Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, due to the efforts of Taungoo, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41). His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam).

Before attempting to obtain political unification, what title did Taungoo,hold ?

a former vassal state of Ava.

Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo, was vassal?

king Tabinshwehti

Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?

Bayinnaung

In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?

Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma?

Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)


The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.

How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?

The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese

Did the country have lasting monarchs?

Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century

Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?

The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley

In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?

In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom


With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.

What was the event called that caused  Ayutthaya  to reclaim lost territories ?

the Chinese threat

In what year did  Ayutthaya capture Lan Na  ?

What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?

Arakan

Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan

King Bodawpaya