Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug norms, an individual's perception of the illicit drug use by friends and peers is highly associated with his or her own habits in substance use during both middle and high school, a relationship that increases in strength over time. Whereas social influences on alcohol use and marijuana use tend to work directly in the short term, peer and friend norms on smoking cigarettes in middle school have a profound effect on one's own likelihood to smoke cigarettes well into high school. Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes, which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence.

What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by?

the substance use of friends and other classmates

What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence?

addictive nature of cigarettes

Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence?

significantly greater


The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.

What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?

12 to 20 years

Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?

No

What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?

enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels


Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.

Which continent is the highest in elevation?

Antarctica

What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?

200 mm

What is the average coldest temperature?

−63 °C

What is the coldest recorded temperature?

−89.2 °C

Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica?

tundra

What is on average is the coldest, wetest, and windiest continent?

I'm not sure.

What coninent has lowest average elevation?

I'm not sure.

Where has the temperature reached 89.2 degress Celsius

I'm not sure.

How many humans live in Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What type of organism can not be found in Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What continent has only 200 in of annual precipitation?

I'm not sure.

Where has the temperature reached -89.2°F?

I'm not sure.

How many permanent residents are living in research stations?

I'm not sure.

What is the yearly average temperature in Antarctica?

I'm not sure.


Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to East Antarctica.

To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?

Andes

An uplift of what formed Antarctica?

sea bed sediments

Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?

early Mesozoic

What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?

andesite and rhyolite

What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?

volcanic

What was once part of the Andes mountains of South America?

I'm not sure.

What caused the Antarctic Peninsula to for prior to the Paleozoic era?

I'm not sure.

What caused volcanism on the Antarctic Peninsula?

I'm not sure.

What are the rarest rocks in Western Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What activity stopped after the ice sheet formed?

I'm not sure.

What closely resembles the Andes mountain range of Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What was formed during the early Paleozoic and the late Mesozoic eras?

I'm not sure.

What are the most common rocks in Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

When were the andesite and rhyolite formed in West Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What is there evidence of in Alexander Byrd Land and Marie Island?

I'm not sure.


Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis (1814) by writing in the introduction:

What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?

significant landmass

What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?

Matthew Flinders

What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?

A Voyage to Terra Australis

When did Flinders write his book of discovery?

What event caused people to misname Antarctica?

mistake

What land mass was named after after Australia?

I'm not sure.

What land mass was believed to be further south than Australia?

I'm not sure.

What explorer opposed naming Australia  after Terra Australis?

I'm not sure.

What book did Matthew Flinders write in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What continent was given the name Australis Terra?

I'm not sure.

What was Flinder Matthews credited with?

I'm not sure.

What book did Flinders write in 1841?

I'm not sure.


A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.

Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?

Census of Marine Life

When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?

International Polar Year

How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?

Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?

cetaceans

What is the amount of difference in temperature  in the deep ocean?

5 °C

Who conducted a censuslife on Antarctica in 2010?

I'm not sure.

How many marine organism live in the South Pole region?

I'm not sure.

What animals live at the South Pole all year?

I'm not sure.

Where is there a large variatio in temperatures of the deep ocean?

I'm not sure.

What was conducted during the Polar Year International?

I'm not sure.

How many researchers were involved in the Polar Year International census?

I'm not sure.

What was released in 2001?

I'm not sure.

How many marine organisms were found in the 12,000 miles studied?

I'm not sure.

How many marine species were found within the 7,456 km studied?

I'm not sure.


During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.

What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?

Ernest Shackleton

Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?

Edgeworth David

Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?

Douglas Mawson

When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?

When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?

14 December 1911

What expitition was led by Shackleton in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What did the party led by Shckleton climb?

I'm not sure.

What expedition reached the North Magnetic Pole?

I'm not sure.

What did Edgeworth David traverse?

I'm not sure.

What ship did Shackelton use to reach the geographic South Pole?

I'm not sure.

What expedition was led by Edgeworth Shackleton?

I'm not sure.

Who led Nimrod Expedition to Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

Who led the Magnetic Pole party in 1931?

I'm not sure.

Who led the expedition that would first reach the geographic South Pole on 11 December 1914?

I'm not sure.

When was the South Polar Plateau first traversed?

I'm not sure.


The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000.

When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?

What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?

criminal

Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?

krill

How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?

When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  come into force?

What passed in 1987?

I'm not sure.

Where was the 1987 Antarctic Conservation Act passed?

I'm not sure.

What does CMACLR stand for?

I'm not sure.

What year did the CMACLR come into force?

I'm not sure.

What year saw illegal fishing of toothfish measure 32,000 short tons?

I'm not sure.


Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.

Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?

What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?

Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol

How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?

What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?

small or medium ship

How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?

What has existed since 1975?

I'm not sure.

What does IATAO stand for?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of tourism do members of the IATAO account for?

I'm not sure.

How many tourists visited in 2006?

I'm not sure.

What was the number of tourists predicted to increase to in 2007?

I'm not sure.


The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.

What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?

coal

Where was coal first found on Antarctica?

Beardmore Glacier

What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?

Nimrod Expedition

Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?

Prince Charles Mountains

Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?

Ross Sea

What is the rarest mineral resource on the continent?

I'm not sure.

Who first discovered coal in the Southern Hemisphere?

I'm not sure.

What ore was found near the Beardmore Glacier?

I'm not sure.

What valuable resources did the Nimrod Expodition find in the Ross Sea?

I'm not sure.

What type od resources can only be explored until 2048?

I'm not sure.

What is the main mineral resource of the Prince Charles Glacier?

I'm not sure.

What did Frank Beardmore first record during the Nimrod Expedition?

I'm not sure.

What significant deposits are found in the Transantarctic Mountains?

I'm not sure.

What was found in the Ross Sea in 1937?

I'm not sure.

What is banned until 2084?

I'm not sure.


On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions. Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated: "This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic." Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which conducts research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology.

What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?

climate change

How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?

$16.3 million

What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?

zero-emissions

From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?

Belgium

Who is the leader of the station design team?

Johan Berte

What happened on 7 September 2006?

I'm not sure.

What was unveiled on 7 September 2006?

I'm not sure.

Who unveiled the Princess Elisabeth on 7 September 2006?

I'm not sure.

What cost $13.6 million?

I'm not sure.

Who is Alain Berte?

I'm not sure.


Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent. Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.

What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?

floating ice shelves

What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?

collapses

Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?

Antarctic Peninsula

What could the displacement of ice cause?

glacial outflow

What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?

snow falling

Where did ice on land originate?

I'm not sure.

What is the result of floating ice shelves melting from the land?

I'm not sure.

What does snow offset on the continent shelves?

I'm not sure.

Where is the concern with regard to disruption of ice melts?

I'm not sure.


The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of bryophytes. There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts, but only three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass). Growth is restricted to a few weeks in the summer.

What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?

vegetation

What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?

plant growth

hat is low and limited in Antarctica?

diversity of plant life

How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?

What allows extensive vegitation to occur?

I'm not sure.

What promotes plant growth?

I'm not sure.

What is diverse and widely distributed?

I'm not sure.

Where are there 25 species of mosses?

I'm not sure.

What climate allows extensive vegetation to form?

I'm not sure.

What are there 105 species of?

I'm not sure.

What are there 20 species of?

I'm not sure.

How many species of plants are there?

I'm not sure.

Where are all of the plants found?

I'm not sure.


New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.

Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica?

What document regulates Antarctica's status?

Antarctic Treaty System

What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border?

south of 60° S

How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims?

twelve

What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as?

scientific preserve

What has been suspended since 1995?

I'm not sure.

What year did Norway formally define Maud Queen Land?

I'm not sure.

What 1995 treaty is Antarctica's status regulated by?

I'm not sure.

What is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 59° S?

I'm not sure.


European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820: von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (a sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Queen Maud's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W / 69.35778°S 2.24722°W / -69.35778; -2.24722, which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. This happened three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay, near Cape Charles, in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim. The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895.

When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?

17 January 1773

What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?

field ice

How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?

three

How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?

32 km

When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?

Who's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle in the 17th century?

I'm not sure.

What ships did Cook use to circle the Antarctic Circle?

I'm not sure.

Who sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What ships were captained by Bransfield and Lazarev?

I'm not sure.

Who sighted land ten months before Bransfield?

I'm not sure.

What ships crossed the Arctic Circle on 17 January 1773?

I'm not sure.

What crossed the Antarctic Circle in December 1774?

I'm not sure.

Who came within 120 mi of the Antarctic coast in 1773?

I'm not sure.

What did three might sight in 1802?

I'm not sure.

What ice shelf was spotted within 32 mi from Queen Maud's Land?

I'm not sure.


Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?

ozone layer

Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?

Brunt Ice Shelf

When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?

What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?

chlorofluorocarbons

What agreement banned the use of CFC s?

Montreal Protocol

What was studied in 1970?

I'm not sure.

What was discovered in 1985 in the ozone at the Brunt Station on the Halley Ice Shelf?

I'm not sure.

What does CCF stand for?

I'm not sure.

What were banned in 1998?

I'm not sure.

What will happen to the ozone by 2050?

I'm not sure.


During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, the land became dominated by seed plants such as Glossopteris, a pteridosperm which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.

What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?

mild

In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?

Northern

Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?

equator

What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?

cooler

Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?

South Pole

What part of Antarctica is currently in the Northern Hemispher?

I'm not sure.

What was deposited in Western Antarctica while it was in the Southern Hemisphere

I'm not sure.

What life florishes in East Antarctica's tropical seas?

I'm not sure.

What dominated the land during the Devion period?

I'm not sure.

When did Antarctica develop a hot dry climate?

I'm not sure.

What had a mild climate during the Devonian period?

I'm not sure.

What started 461 Ma?

I'm not sure.

During the Devonian period, where was East Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What began 306 Ma?

I'm not sure.

What type of plants dominated the Devonian period?

I'm not sure.


Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

What is the Earth's most southern continent?

Antarctica

Which pole is located in Antarctica?

South Pole

What ocean surrounds Antarctica?

Southern Ocean

What is the size of Antarctica?

14,000,000 square kilometres

How much of Antarctica is ice covered?

What is the earths northernmost continent?

I'm not sure.

What continent is almost entirely south of the Arctic Circle?

I'm not sure.

What Ocean does Antarctica surround?

I'm not sure.

What continents is Antarctica larger than?

I'm not sure.

How thick is the ice at the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula?

I'm not sure.

What continent is 14,000,000 square miles?

I'm not sure.

What continents are largest after Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What continent is Australia twice the size of?

I'm not sure.

What averages 1.9 mi in thickness?

I'm not sure.

How much of Australia is covered by ice?

I'm not sure.


Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO2 only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than −150 °C (−238 °F) would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between −80 °C (−112 °F) and −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 °C (41 °F) and 15 °C (59 °F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world.

Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?

Antarctica

What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?

−89.2 °C

On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?

21 July 1983

What is Antarctica topographically ?

frozen desert

What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?

Sunburn

What is the coldest temerature recorded in Russia?

I'm not sure.

What recieves less than 10 cm of rain per year?

I'm not sure.

What relflects most of the light falling on it?

I'm not sure.

What temperature was recorded in Russia on 21 July 1983?

I'm not sure.

What does CO2 make up 0.39% of?

I'm not sure.

What be produced in Antarctica with temperatures less than -150°F

I'm not sure.

What receives 10 inches of precipitation on average?

I'm not sure.


Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern pôle antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole).

Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?

Aristotle

What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?

Marinus of Tyre

What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?

polus antarcticus

What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?

pol antartik

What was the old French words for the Antarctic?

pole antartike

Who wrote about an Antarctic region in the third century B.C?

I'm not sure.

Who's map is still preserved from the 2nd century A.D

I'm not sure.

What Greek authors used the term polus anarcticus?

I'm not sure.

Who refered to the South Pole as Antarctic Pole in the 13th century?

I'm not sure.

What book did Aristotle write in the 3rd century B.C.

I'm not sure.

What did Aristotle write in 530 B.C.?

I'm not sure.

What is the Roman name for the South Pole?

I'm not sure.

Who used Meteorology in his preserved world map?

I'm not sure.

What did Tyre of Marinus produce?

I'm not sure.


Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the local stratosphere. This cooling has the effect of intensifying the westerly winds which flow around the continent (the polar vortex) and thus prevents outflow of the cold air near the South Pole. As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.

In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?

climatic change

What light does ozone absorb?

ultraviolet radiation

How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?

6 °C

What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?

accelerated melting

What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?

enhanced polar vortex

What has played a dominant role in the climate change in Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What can cause a cooling of around 6°C in the local air?

I'm not sure.

What is a pole vortex?

I'm not sure.

What enhanced the pole vortex?

I'm not sure.


Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres (180 and 900 per million square miles) at these times. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church—Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station—is manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year.

Who has research stations in Antarctica?

Several governments

What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?

between 70 and 350

About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?

one-year

What station has an Orthodox church representative?

Bellingshausen Station

When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?

Who maintains perminent settlements on the continent?

I'm not sure.

What Antartcic Church closed in 2004?

I'm not sure.

Where are there 5,000 year round residents?

I'm not sure.

How many people are conducting research on nearby islands in the winter?

I'm not sure.

How many people are conducting research on nearby islands in the summer?

I'm not sure.

What is the population density of the surrounding islands?

I'm not sure.

What year did Trinity Orthodox open?

I'm not sure.

What station opened Trinity Orthodox?

I'm not sure.


Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:

What is the southern most continent?

Antarctica

What is the size of Antarctica in square miles?

What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents?

fifth-largest

How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line?

What continent is largely north of the Antarctic Circle?

I'm not sure.

What ocean does Antarctica surround?

I'm not sure.

What other oceansbesides the Southern Ocean does Antarctica surround?

I'm not sure.

What continent is 14,000,000 square miles?

I'm not sure.

What coninent is 1.3 times smaller than Europe?

I'm not sure.

What surrounds the Southern Ocean?

I'm not sure.

What continent covers more than 14,000,000 sq mi?

I'm not sure.

What continent is 3.1 times as large as Europe?

I'm not sure.

What measures 17,968 square miles?

I'm not sure.

What is positioned symmetrically around the South Pole?

I'm not sure.


Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic.

What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?

phytoplankton

What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?

emperor penguin

During what season does the emperor penguin breed?

winter

What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes?

feathers

Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds?

Adélie

What do the phytolankton depend on?

I'm not sure.

What animals live on the continent of Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What is the only penguin that breeds on Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What penguin breeds south of Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What type of feathers do king penguins have?

I'm not sure.

What do marine animals directly rely on?

I'm not sure.

What is the Adelie penguin the only one to do during winter in Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What direction does the Emperor penguin go further than any other to breed?

I'm not sure.


Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers.

What is the highest peak in Antarctica?

Vinson Massif

How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?

4,892 m

In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?

Ellsworth Mountains

What is the Earth's most southern volcano?

Mount Erebus

What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?

underwater

What is the highest peak in the world?

I'm not sure.

What mountains are 4,892 ft high?

I'm not sure.

What is the worlds most active volcano?

I'm not sure.

Wha island has the southern most volcano in the world?

I'm not sure.

Who found the forst underwater volcano?

I'm not sure.

What is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 ft?

I'm not sure.

How tall is Massif Vinson?

I'm not sure.

Where is Massif Vinson located?

I'm not sure.

What is Mount Ross considered to be?

I'm not sure.

What island had a volcanic eruption in 1907?

I'm not sure.


In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific station—World Park Base—in the Ross Sea region and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental effects of humans on Antarctica. In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted. The following year, however, Australia and France announced that they would not ratify the convention, rendering it dead for all intents and purposes. They proposed instead that a comprehensive regime to protect the Antarctic environment be negotiated in its place. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the "Madrid Protocol") was negotiated as other countries followed suit and on 14 January 1998 it entered into force. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining in Antarctica, designating Antarctica a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science".

When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?

What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?

Greenpeace International,

When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?

Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?

Australia and France

What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?

Madrid Protocol

What began in 1938?

I'm not sure.

What does CARMAR stand for?

I'm not sure.

What year was the CARMAR adopted?

I'm not sure.

Who announced they would not ratify the CARMAR?

I'm not sure.

What was entered into force on 14 January 1983?

I'm not sure.


As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation, and Antarctopelta) have been described to date. It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.

What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?

desert

What plants were abundant during this time?

pteridosperms

What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?

Synapsids

When did the Antarctic peninsula form?

Jurassic period

During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?

Cretaceous

What caused polar ice caps to form on Gondwana?

I'm not sure.

What type of plamdt became abundent on Gondwana?

I'm not sure.

What type of animal was coomon during the Late Triassic?

I'm not sure.

What penninsula formed during the Triassic period?

I'm not sure.

Why did Eastern Antarctica become?

I'm not sure.

What type of rock was laid down in Eastern Gondwana?

I'm not sure.

What began to form during the years 204-166 Ma?

I'm not sure.

What types of trees and plants appeared during the Triassic period?

I'm not sure.

What period is marked by the years 166-46 Ma?

I'm not sure.


Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine meteorites. Most of these meteorites have fallen onto the ice sheet in the last million years. Motion of the ice sheet tends to concentrate the meteorites at blocking locations such as mountain ranges, with wind erosion bringing them to the surface after centuries beneath accumulated snowfall. Compared with meteorites collected in more temperate regions on Earth, the Antarctic meteorites are well-preserved.

What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?

Meteorites

What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?

asteroids

When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica?

What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969?

Japanese

What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places?

well-preserved.

What was first found in 1921?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the 1921 meteorite?

I'm not sure.

What happened in 1996?

I'm not sure.

How many meteorites did the 1996 Japanese expedition find?

I'm not sure.


Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land. Parts of this ice sheet form moving glaciers known as ice streams, which flow towards the edges of the continent. Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves. These are floating extensions of outflowing glaciers from the continental ice mass. Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year. It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.

What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?

South Pole

In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?

ice

What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?

snow

What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?

giant ice sheet

What are ice streams otherwise called?

glaciers

Why does Antarctica receive solar radiation?

I'm not sure.

What continent is a complete desert?

I'm not sure.

What is next to the continental shelves?

I'm not sure.

What are temperatures like offshore to effect global cooling?

I'm not sure.


The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.

Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?

South Georgia

What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?

sealers

In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?

What was the nationality of most whalers?

Norwegian

When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?

Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

When was the first perminant settlment established on South Georgia?

I'm not sure.

Who settled South Georgia in 1966?

I'm not sure.

What settlements were established on Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What British citizens established Grtviken on Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

Who were the first permanent inhabitants of Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What lasted until 1696?

I'm not sure.

What were the Norwegian settlements?

I'm not sure.

What did Captain Anon Carl Larsen found?

I'm not sure.

Who adopted British citizenship in 1901?

I'm not sure.


Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 °C (0.2 °F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there.

Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?

Antarctic Peninsula

How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?

0.1 °C

What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?

carbon dioxide emissions

What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?

inflow of warm water

What is the thinking of the cause  of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level.

atmospheric warming

Who published a 2007 study?

I'm not sure.

What has been the temperature trend of Antarctica per decade from 1959 to 2006?

I'm not sure.

What did the study note about the temperatures in East Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What has the warming in East Antarctica been offset by in West Antarctica?

I'm not sure.


The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.

What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?

Antarctic fur seal

For whom is the Weddell seal named ?

Sir James Weddell

What did  Sir James Weddell command?

British sealing expeditions

What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?

Antarctic krill

Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?

important food

What animal was heavily hunted in the 18 and 1900's?

I'm not sure.

What seal is named after the commander of American sealing expoditions?

I'm not sure.

What whaler had a seal named after him?

I'm not sure.

What is the keystone species of the Arctic Ocean?

I'm not sure.

What bird do leapard seals feed on?

I'm not sure.

What was hunted during 1819?

I'm not sure.

What countries did the 1819 sealers come from?

I'm not sure.

What is named after James Sir Weddell?

I'm not sure.

What was James Sir Weddell commander of?

I'm not sure.


The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environmental and conservation issues in Antarctica by the Committee for Environmental Protection. A major concern within this committee is the risk to Antarctica from unintentional introduction of non-native species from outside the region.

When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?

What is the main concern of the Protocol?

conservation

What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?

non-native species

What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?

Committee for Environmental Protection

Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?

biodiversity

What is the Environomental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic also known as?

I'm not sure.

What came into force in 1988?

I'm not sure.

What is the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic?

I'm not sure.

Where is the main concern about native species from?

I'm not sure.


Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation. The primary economic activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish. Antarctic fisheries in 2000–01 reported landing 112,934 tonnes.

What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?

resources

In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?

When will the mining ban be reviewed?

What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?

trading of fish

How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?

112,934 tonnes

What minerals have been found in quantities large enough to exploit?

I'm not sure.

What does the 1919 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty restrict?

I'm not sure.

What was reached in 1989?

I'm not sure.

How many tonnes did Antarctic fisheries report in 2000?

I'm not sure.


This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.

How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?

better understanding

Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?

New types

From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?

Moon

About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?

Mars

What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?

cosmic radiation

What is AHL84010?

I'm not sure.

Who discovered the AHL84010 meteorite?

I'm not sure.

What controversy surrounds the AHL84010?

I'm not sure.


In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).

When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?

What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?

Wilkins Ice Shelf

When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?

How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?

California

How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?

5 °C

What happened to the B-larsen ice shelf in 2002?

I'm not sure.

When did 570 sq mi of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf collapse?

I'm not sure.

Where did 15,000 sq mi of ice remain?

I'm not sure.

What remaining ice collapsed on 9 April 2005?

I'm not sure.


Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.

When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?

19th century

What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?

balance

What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve?

symmetry

Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?

Antarctica

Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?

larger

When was Antarctica last seen by humans?

I'm not sure.

What is the vast continent in the far north?

I'm not sure.

Who suggested the idea of Terrs Australis in the 1st cuntury B.C.?

I'm not sure.

What was discovered in the 1700's?

I'm not sure.

Who believed thet Antarctica was smaller then its actual size?

I'm not sure.

What continent has an indigenous population that arrived in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

What is Australis Terra?

I'm not sure.

Who suggested Australis Terra?

I'm not sure.


About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.

How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?

How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?

1.6 km

How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?

How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?

What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?

20 mm

What ice sheet covers all of Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What ice sheet averages at least1 kilometer thick?

I'm not sure.

What continent has 90% of the worlds fresh water?

I'm not sure.

What continent has 70% of the worlds ice?

I'm not sure.

Where on Antarctica is the ppercipitation as low as .8 mm?

I'm not sure.

What is, on average, 1.6 mi thick?

I'm not sure.

What is 90% of Antarctica covered by?

I'm not sure.

What does Antarctica have 98% of for the world?

I'm not sure.

How much of Antarctica is fresh water?

I'm not sure.

How would the sea levels rise 200 m?

I'm not sure.


There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa. On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee, searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments.

What lake is thought to contain microbial life?

Lake Vostok

To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?

Europa

With what is Europa associated??

Jupiter's moon

When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?

7 February 2008

For what was NASA searching?

extremophiles

What lake on Europe may conatin microbial life?

I'm not sure.

What planet might contain life?

I'm not sure.

What lake has a frozen surface similar to Jupiter?

I'm not sure.

Who emberked on a mission to Lake Vostok in 2008?

I'm not sure.

What was NASA searching for in Lake Vostok?

I'm not sure.

What was drilled to about 400 ft?

I'm not sure.

What might Vostok's Lake contain?

I'm not sure.

What do the waters in the lake share similarities with?

I'm not sure.

Where did a NASA team go on 8 February 2007?

I'm not sure.


Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic, around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). By the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a subtropical climate and flora, complete with a marsupial fauna. In the Eocene epoch, about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, CO2 levels have been found to be about 760 ppm and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm.

In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?

Jurassic

When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?

end of the Cretaceous

What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?

subtropical

When did Australia separate from Antarctica?

Eocene epoch

After the division from Australia, what began to appear?

ice

What seperated from Antarctica in the Cretaceous?

I'm not sure.

What did Antactica connect to in the Jurassic?

I'm not sure.

When did Antarctica have a tropical cimate?

I'm not sure.

What currents began isolating Australia in 66 Ma

I'm not sure.

What happened around 106 Ma?

I'm not sure.

When did New-Australia Guinea separate from Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What took place about 43 million years ago?

I'm not sure.

What was found to be 670ppm about 34 million years ago?

I'm not sure.


Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.

Which of the the poles is colder?

Antarctica

How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?

3,000 m

How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?

warmth is transferred

What contributes to the Antarctic cold?

orbital distance

What does temperature do with elevation?

decreases

What is one reason the Actric colder than Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

How far above sea level is the Arctic?

I'm not sure.

What increases with elevation in the tropasphere?

I'm not sure.

How does the Arctic Ocean warm Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

How many reasons are given for the Arctic being colder than Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

What continent is 3,000 ft above sea level?

I'm not sure.

What does the distance orbital contribute to?

I'm not sure.

What continent is 9,800 m above sea level?

I'm not sure.


Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.

Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?

Emilio Marcos Palma

Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?

60th parallel south

When was Palma born?

What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?

suitable for family life

What continental limit is set below the 60th parallel?

I'm not sure.

Who was born in 20009

I'm not sure.

Where was Juan Pablo Camacho born in 1978?

I'm not sure.

What was Marcos Emilio Palma the first to do?

I'm not sure.

What mainland was Marcos Emilio Palma the first to be born on?

I'm not sure.

Who was born in 1987?

I'm not sure.

Who was born in 1948 at the Frei Monalva Station?

I'm not sure.

How many children were born in Antarctica as of 2011?

I'm not sure.


About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. The apparently simple morphology, scarcely differentiated structures, metabolic systems and enzymes still active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles shown by such fungi make them particularly suited to harsh environments such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In particular, their thick-walled and strongly melanized cells make them resistant to UV light. Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that, if life ever occurred on Mars, it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri. Some of these fungi are also apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals.

How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?

How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?

What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?

cryptoendoliths

What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?

adaptations

How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?

similar to Antarctic

How many species of fungi are there at the South Pole?

I'm not sure.

Where are there 400 non-lichen forming fungi?

I'm not sure.

Where are there 750 lichen-forming fungi?

I'm not sure.

What type of fungi help break down rock in Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

Where were 750 lichen-forming fungi found?

I'm not sure.

Where were 400 non-lichen-forming fungi found?

I'm not sure.

What has significantly contributed to shaping the Dry McMurdo Valleys?

I'm not sure.

What type of environment is the Dr McMurdo Valleys?

I'm not sure.


The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim. Argentine–UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands, and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War.

What did the British claim in 2012?

Queen Elizabeth Land

To what was the claim of land in tribute?

Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee

What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?

protest

Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?

Falklands War

When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?

18 December 2012

What happened on 12 December 2018?

I'm not sure.

What happened on 12 December 2012?

I'm not sure.

What islands were fought over in the 30th Falklands War?

I'm not sure.


There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sightseeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.

The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?

visitors

What do environmentalists want enacted?

stricter regulations

What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?

tourism quota

What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?

site use guidelines

When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?

What flight crashed in 1997?

I'm not sure.

How many people died in the 1997 Flight 901 crash?

I'm not sure.

Who resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica to Australia in 1990?

I'm not sure.

Where did sightseeing flights that did land operate out of?

I'm not sure.


Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere; low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere; and absence of light pollution, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 km (1.2 mi) below Amundsen–Scott station.

What group of scientists study tectonics?

Geologists

Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?

Glaciologists

Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?

Biologists

What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?

astronomical

Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?

Amundsen–Scott station.

What do astrophysicists at the Scott-Aumundsen South Pole Station study?

I'm not sure.

What was built 2 mi below the Amundsen-Scott station?

I'm not sure.

Why are astronomical observations better made from most surface locations?

I'm not sure.

What does the 2 mile ice serve as for the telescope?

I'm not sure.


At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?

Buya

How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?

over 1 million years

What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?

section of the Danakil Depression

What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?

hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans

What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?

it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind

What did German scientists find in Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

How old was the newest archaic Homo sapiens skeleton found in Eretria?

I'm not sure.

Where in Eritrea is it believed that no traces of evolution to anatomically modern humans will ever be found?

I'm not sure.

How far back can anatomically modern human bones be found?

I'm not sure.

How far back do scientists think archaic Homo sapiens transitioned to anatomically modern humans?

I'm not sure.


The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.

Who was James Bruce?

Scottish traveler

In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?

James Bruce

How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?

"Kings of the Sea"

What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?

geopolitical circumstances

Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?

Where did the Ottomans come from?

I'm not sure.

When was James Bruce born?

I'm not sure.

Who was the ruler of Bahre-Nagassi?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Abyssinia collapse?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal die?

I'm not sure.


The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.

What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?

modern-day Eritrea

When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?

What was the result of the War of Independence?

Eritrean independence

What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?

Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia

What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?

annexation

In what year was the Sultanate of Aussa founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Eritrean War of Independence start?

I'm not sure.

Who won the Eritrean-Ethiopian war of 1998-2000?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Eritrea first skirmish with Djibouti?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Italian Eritrea get founded?

I'm not sure.


Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.

What is the Gash Group?

an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization

What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?

the Gash Group

Where is Agordat located?

central Eritrea

When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?

between 2500–1500 BC

What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?

linguistic

What city is located in northern Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

When can the Berber be dated back to?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Berber live in ancient times?

I'm not sure.

What city lies in southern Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

What country is Peter Behrens from?

I'm not sure.


The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.

What purpose did stelae serve?

religious

Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?

The Aksumites

Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?

the obelisk of Aksum

Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?

Aksum

Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?

Aksum

In what year was the obelisk of Aksum carved?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Aksum become Christians?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Mecca founded?

I'm not sure.

How far above sea level is Mecca?

I'm not sure.

What did Muslims build in the 7th century for religious purposes?

I'm not sure.


Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization.

What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?

ACABQ

What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?

International Criminal Police Organization

Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?

Arab League

What is the acronym for the Non-aligned Movement?

I'm not sure.

What is the acronym for the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons?

I'm not sure.

What is the acronym for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development?

I'm not sure.

What is the acronym for the Permanent Court of Arbitration?

I'm not sure.

What is the acronym for the World Customs Organization?

I'm not sure.


The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?

Zoskales

How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?

by minting their own Aksumite currency

Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?

on the Arabian peninsula

Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?

Himyarite Kingdom

Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?

throughout the ancient world

Whose face was on the Aksumite currency?

I'm not sure.

What country politics did the Aksumite rulers refuse to get involved with?

I'm not sure.

Who was the ruler of the Himyarite Kingdom at the time?

I'm not sure.

In what country was the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written?

I'm not sure.

What product did the Kingdom of Kush export?

I'm not sure.


In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.

When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?

When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?

What was the longest line in the world during its time?

The Asmara–Massawa Cableway

Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?

the British

In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?

police and public works departments

In what year was the Asmara-Massawa Cableway completed?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Italo-Turkish War start?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the First Italo-Abyssinian War start?

I'm not sure.

What nationality started the Italo-Turkish war?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Eritrean Railway originate?

I'm not sure.


Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.

Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?

United States

Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?

What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??

foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation

Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?

independence

What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?

democratic rights and a measure of autonomy

What country was being led by an Emperor in 1950?

I'm not sure.

What Eritrean wishes did UN Resolution 390A(V) fulfill?

I'm not sure.

What UN Resolution was adopted in November 1950?

I'm not sure.

What rights did UN Resolution 390A(V) give to Ethiopians?

I'm not sure.


Additionally, the Italian Eritrea administration opened a number of new factories, which produced buttons, cooking oil, pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans.

What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials?

a number of new factories

How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939?

around 2,198

Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea?

Eritrean citizens

Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries?

Italians

How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?

from 4,600 to 75,000

How many Italians lived in Eretria in 1939?

I'm not sure.

How many plantations were owned by Eritreans?

I'm not sure.

What did the first factory in Italian Eritrea produce?

I'm not sure.

How many Eritreans worked in the factories in 1939?

I'm not sure.

What was the main export of Italian Eritrea in 1939?

I'm not sure.


Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system.

What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?

Lions

Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?

elephant

In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?

about 30

What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?

olive baboons

Where are African leopards predominantly found?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the war of independence end?

I'm not sure.

Where are bushbucks mostly found?

I'm not sure.

What is the topography of the Denkalia Region?

I'm not sure.

How many African wild ass are thought to be left?

I'm not sure.


Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3000m has a different habitat. Habitats here vary from the sub-tropical rainforest at Filfil Solomona to the precipitous cliffs and canyons of the southern highlands. The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country, Emba Soira, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level.

How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?

three

What is the highest point in Eritrea?

Emba Soira

Where is Emba Soira located?

in the center of Eritrea

How high is Emba Soira?

3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level

What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other?

The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression

How high is Filfil Solomona above sea level?

I'm not sure.

What is the low point of Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

What is located in the Danakil Depression?

I'm not sure.

What is the climate of the Afar Triangle?

I'm not sure.


It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin/swordfish, and manta ray.

How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea?

around 100

What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka?

deadly

Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?

widespread

Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found?

coastal areas

Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?

African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)

Where are the most southerly of East Africa's elephants to be found?

I'm not sure.

How many African wild dog are there left?

I'm not sure.

What nonpoisonous snake can be found in Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

What land species can be found in the coastal areas?

I'm not sure.

What rare marine species can be found in the coastal areas of Eritrea?

I'm not sure.


Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed. According to Human Rights Watch, the government's human rights record is considered among the worst in the world. Most Western countries have accused the Eritrean authorities of arbitrary arrest and detentions, and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. However, the Eritrean government has continually dismissed the accusations as politically motivated. In June 2015, a 500-page United Nations Human Rights Council report accused Eritrea's government of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and indicated that sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread.

According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world?

among the worst

According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report, what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea?

sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude

What type of state government exists in Eritrea?

a one-party state

According to many western countries, why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people?

for their political activism

In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written?

When was the last time national legislative elections were held?

I'm not sure.

What country has one of the better human rights records in the world?

I'm not sure.

How long was the Human Rights Watch report about Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

When was the Human Rights Watch report about Eritrea released?

I'm not sure.

What accusations has the Eritrean government owned up to?

I'm not sure.


In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government.

Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?

In an attempt at reform

What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007?

female genital mutilation

What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition?

Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea

Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea?

some people close to the government

What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision?

health concerns and individual freedom

In what year did attempts at reform in Eritrea begin?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Citizens for Democratic Rights formed in Eretria?

I'm not sure.

What new cultural practice are people trying to do away with in Eretria?

I'm not sure.

What ancient cultural practice occurs in urban areas?

I'm not sure.


In its 2014 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries, just below totalitarian North Korea. According to the BBC, "Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media", and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media, "[they] do nothing but relay the regime's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse. ... Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara." The state-owned news agency censors news about external events. Independent media have been banned since 2001. In 2015, The Guardian published an opinion piece claiming,

In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?

Reporters Without Borders

How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?

just below

What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?

Independent

According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?

Eritrea

According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?

Asmara

In what year was Reporters Without Borders founded?

I'm not sure.

What country was ranked at the top of the media environment list put together by Reporters Without Borders?

I'm not sure.

What did The Guardian claim about Eritrea in 2015?

I'm not sure.

How many native news correspondents are there in Asmara?

I'm not sure.


Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb, as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway. The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic. Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts.

Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?

Warsay Yika'alo

How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?

more than 500 km

What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?

Steam

What is the capital of Eritrea?

Asmara

Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?

Eritrean

How long is the Eritrean Railway?

I'm not sure.

How many km of war-damaged roads has Eritrea fixed?

I'm not sure.

How are most locomotives powered in Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

What is the distance between Asseb and Asmara?

I'm not sure.

What is the distance between Asmara and Massawa?

I'm not sure.


Eritrea is a multilingual country. The nation has no official language, as the Constitution establishes the "equality of all Eritrean languages". However, Tigrinya serves as the de facto language of national identity. With 2,540,000 total speakers of a population of 5,254,000 in 2006, Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language, particularly in the southern and central parts of Eritrea. Modern Standard Arabic and English serve as de facto working languages, with the latter used in university education and many technical fields. Italian, the former colonial language, is widely used in commerce and is taught as a second language in schools, with a few elderly monolinguals.

What is the official language of Eritrea?

The nation has no official language

What does the Constitution establish of all Eritrean languages?

equality

What was the most widely spoken language in Eritrea in 2006?

Tigrinya

What languages serve as de facto working languages in Eritrea?

Modern Standard Arabic and English

What language is used in Eritrean university education and many technical fields?

English

What is the second most spoken language in Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

How many people speak English in Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

How many speakers of Tigrinya are there in the world?

I'm not sure.

How many people speak Italian in Eritrea?

I'm not sure.

What language is used for business in Eritrea?

I'm not sure.