The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces, yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards, and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 (e.g., Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, Basmachi Revolt, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East).

Who was the principal fighting between?

Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army.

In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?

1918 to 1920

When did the major military operation end?

25 October 1922

What general was defeated in 1920?

General Pyotr Wrangel

Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?

Far East


The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

What did the May Fourth movement help do?

rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution.

Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.

a rival military government in Guangzhou

What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?

aid

Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?

the Soviet Union

How did the Soviets try to befriend  the Chinese Revolutionist?

by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism.


In North America, especially the first half of this period, people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties. The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called "The Jazz Age", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. 'Normalcy' returned to politics, jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, movies and radio proliferated 'modernity' to a large part of the population. The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality, in architecture as well as in daily life. The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries, extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle.

What is the "Roaring Twenties" ?

social and societal upheaval

Where did the "Roaring Twenties" begin?

North America

Where did the "Roaring Twenties"  spread to after the war?

Europe

What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?

The Jazz Age

what did the "Jazz Age" usher in?

an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.


Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. When Germany could no longer afford war payments, Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods. By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the "Golden Twenties". In France and francophone Canada, they were also called the "années folles" ("Crazy Years").

When did the hyperinflation of  1923 occur?

Who invested in European debts?

Wall Street

Europe has a large market for what?

American mass-produced goods


Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.

What changed worldwide property drasrically?

the onset of the Great Depression

In what year did The wall Street crash occur?

What is the Great Depression?

a worldwide economic downturn

When did the great Depression end?

1930s or early 1940s

The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?

20th century


The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich or poor. International trade plunged by half to two-thirds, as did personal income, tax revenue, prices and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.

Where did the depression cause negative effects?

virtually every country

How much did international trade fall?

by half to two-thirds,

What happened to construction during the Depression?

virtually halted in many countries

How far did crop prices fall?

60 percent


The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues—the most infamous being Adolf Hitler—setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China.

When did Americas Great Depression end?

In some world states who did the people turn to?

nationalist demagogues

Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to?

Adolf Hitler

What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?

the rise of Nazism


The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre–World War I Europe. One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations, which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries. The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States, leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

What was the Interwar period marked by?

radical change in the international order

What institution was meant to bring stability?

the League of Nations

When was The League of Nations created?

after the First World War

Who undermined  The League Of Nations?

bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States

What effect did the  undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?

leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.


A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War.

Who was first to invade Manchuria?

Japan

What is the Abyssinian crisis?

Italy invaded Abyssinia

What is Abyssinia?

one of the only free African nations at that time

When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?

Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?

Italy


Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants—while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?

September 1931

Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?

ex-Qing emperor Puyi

What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?

loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,

In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify?

What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist?

neutralize the spread of Communist influence.


The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940–41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of South East Asia—specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?

The Second Sino-Japanese War

What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?

embargoes

What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?

strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil

Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with?

Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.


On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during the World War II  and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the "Four Policemen" or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.

Where did Japan attack the United States?

Pearl Harbor

When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?

December 7, 1941

What countries were referred to as "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"?

The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China

What did The United Nations name "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"

"Four Policemen"

Who were the victors of World War II?

The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China


It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.

What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?

62 million

What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?

About 60%

What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?

The former Soviet Union and China

What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?

How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?

23 million


The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans.

What is the Holocaust?

was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted"

During what word event did the Holocaust happen?

during World War II

Who is responsible for the Holocaust?

Nazi regime in Germany.

How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians?

propaganda

When did the suffering of the Jews begin?

before the war even started


After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.

What was Europe split into after World War II?

Western and Soviet spheres of influence.

What does the term NATO represent?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Who battled in the cold war?

United States and the Soviet Union.

What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?

led to its democratization.

What did China name themselves after the war?

the People's Republic of China.


Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.

By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?

a factor of five

What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?

two decades

What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?

the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider


Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization. Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.

What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?

brutal dictatorships

What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?

wars

What did increased communications lead contribute to?

democratization

What time period did technological advances lead to?

the Information Age


The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to "roll back". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge.

what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as?

Soviet Socialist Republics

What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as?

the Warsaw Pact

The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?

"containment"

What did the soviets opposed rebuilding?

rebuilding of western Europe

What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose?

the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,


The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm. International crises arose, such as the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and NATO exercises in November 1983. There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente. Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons. In the Cold War era, the Generation of Love and the rise of computers changed society in very different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.

What types of periods did the cold war see?

heightened tension and relative calm.

Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade  last?

Through what time period did the Korean War last?

Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?

When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?


The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal.

During what time was the cold war close to happening?

1980s and the early 1990s

What did  the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union?

diplomatic, military, and economic pressure

What was  the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980's?

severe economic stagnation

What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce?

introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms.

In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?


In Latin America in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing, ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country's upper class to support coup d'états to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat. This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization. Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America. In the 1970s, the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents, including some urban guerrillas. However, by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies.

What caused Latin America's right-wing authorities to support coup o'etats?

in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence

Why did the Latin Americas Upper class support coup o'etats?

to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat.

The regimes in the southern cone collaborated in killing of who?

leftist dissidents

What did all countries restore in the 1990's

their democracies.

Where did the United States support dictatorships in the 1970"s?

South American countries


The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age. The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, public attention has largely moved to other areas.

What is the space age?

a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events.

Who launched  Sputnik 1?

the Soviet Union.

How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?

98.1 minutes

What did Sputnik 1 usher in?

The Space Age

How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?

500 million


The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term "51st state" in reference to their own countries.

What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative "51st state" label?

excessive American cultural or military influence or control

Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?

their local or national culture has become too Americanized

What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the "51st state" in a positive way?

a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state

What is a positive connotation of the label "51st state"?

a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States

What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?

an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control

If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?

their local or national culture has become too Americanized

What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the pejorative "American" label?

I'm not sure.

Sometimes, when a city refers to themselves as the "51st state" what has happened to their culture?

I'm not sure.

What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the "American state" in a positive way?

I'm not sure.

What is a positive connotation of the label "American state"?

I'm not sure.

What is a reason for one negative connotation of "American state"?

I'm not sure.


Under Article IV, Section Three of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship among the states, Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also obliged by Article IV, Section Four, to "guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government".

What does Article IV, Section three of the US Constitution outline?

the relationship among the states

Article IV, Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what?

the power to admit new states to the union

What does the states' requirement to give "full faith and credit" help recognize?

legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments

What are all states guaranteed by the federal government?

military and civil defense

What does Article 4, Section 4 guarantee?

guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government

What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states?

Article IV, Section Three

Article IV, Section Three allows Congress to do what?

admit new states to the union

What does the concept of "full faith and credit" protect?

the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments

What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government?

military and civil defense

What does article V, Section three of the US Constitution outline?

I'm not sure.

What does Article V, Section Three of the United States Constitution give Congress the power to do?

I'm not sure.

What does the states' requirement to give "full government guarantee" help recognize?

I'm not sure.

What are all states guaranteed by the republican form?

I'm not sure.

What does Article V, Section 4 guarantee?

I'm not sure.


Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state.

What country has been regarded as a potential new addition to the United States?

Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States

What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship?

What percentage of voters supported statehood?

When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results?

December 11, 2012

What would be an ideal reaction from the United States, according to Puerto Rico?

end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state

What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States?

Puerto Rico

What percentages of voters expressed unhappiness with the current political relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico?

When did the legislature of Puerto Rico request that they be considered for statehood?

December 11, 2012

What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current territorial relationship?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of voters supported Congress?

I'm not sure.

When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that voters act on these results?

I'm not sure.

What would be an ideal reaction from voters, according to Peurto Rico?

I'm not sure.

What territory has been suggested as a new addition to Canada?

I'm not sure.


Since 1898, Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a nonvoting delegate. The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation. Puerto Rico has elections on the United States presidential primary or caucus of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to select delegates to the respective parties' national conventions although presidential electors are not granted on the Electoral College. As American citizens, Puerto Ricans can vote in U.S. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself.

How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress?

Since 1898

Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?

a Resident Commissioner

Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote?

The 110th Congress

What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on?

on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation

How long has Puerto Rico had Commissioner representation?

I'm not sure.

Who represents the Democratic Party in Congress?

I'm not sure.

Which Congress gave the democrats the power to vote?

I'm not sure.

What are democrats not allowed to vote on?

I'm not sure.

Who has elections on the Electoral College?

I'm not sure.


Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, therefore contributing to the American Government. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). However, federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico–based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. and others do pay federal income taxes. Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012.

What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay?

U.S. federal taxes

What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay?

import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes

How else can they serve the U.S.?

Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military.

How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?

What types of taxes does Afghanistan pay for?

I'm not sure.

What makes up the federal taxes Afghanistan citizens pay?

I'm not sure.

How else can Afghanistan serve the U.S.?

I'm not sure.

How many Afghans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?

I'm not sure.

What do most Afghanistan residents pay?

I'm not sure.


Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish–American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917. The island's ultimate status has not been determined as of 2012[update], its residents do not have voting representation in their federal government. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited no voting rights. Like the states, Puerto Rico has self-rule, a republican form of government organized pursuant to a constitution adopted by its people, and a bill of rights.

In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico?

Spanish–American War

What country handed over Puerto Rico to the US?

Spain

How long have Puerto Ricans been U.S. citizens?

since 1917

What form of government do the Puerto Ricans have?

republican

In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Congress?

I'm not sure.

What country handed over Congress to the US?

I'm not sure.

How long has Congress been U.S. citizens?

I'm not sure.

What form of government does Spain have?

I'm not sure.

How long has Spain been under U.S. sovereignty?

I'm not sure.


This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are "respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.

How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?

the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution

When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?

When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?

What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?

Privileges and Immunities Clause

How was the Puerto Rican Congress brought about?

I'm not sure.

When was the Puerto Rican Congress established?

I'm not sure.

When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, Puerto Rico Congress, and U.S. President?

I'm not sure.

What clause gives Congress the same rights as Puerto Rican citizens?

I'm not sure.

When were the express citizens created?

I'm not sure.


Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.

How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

What title does the country have?

Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State")

What is the island under jurisdiction of?

Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution

What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?

The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)

How is Puerto Rico designated by its representatives?

I'm not sure.

What title does the Federal level have?

I'm not sure.

What is the determination process under jurisdiction of?

I'm not sure.

What act was approved on April 29th, 2007?

I'm not sure.

What do all English people become?

I'm not sure.


In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.

What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?

54 percent

What percentage of voters preferred statehood?

61 percent

What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?

one in four voters

What argument do those opposing statehood use?

the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included

What percentage of voters rejected the status of a statehood?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of voters preferred the territorial clause?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a majority percent status?

I'm not sure.

What argument do those opposing the territorial clause use?

I'm not sure.

What was the most inclusive referendum?

I'm not sure.


The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. and U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez, both of Puerto Rican ancestry, agreed with the The Hill 's statements. Shortly after the results were published Puerto Rico-born U.S. Congressman José Enrique Serrano commented "I was particularly impressed with the outcome of the 'status' referendum in Puerto Rico. A majority of those voting signaled the desire to change the current territorial status. In a second question an even larger majority asked to become a state. This is an earthquake in Puerto Rican politics. It will demand the attention of Congress, and a definitive answer to the Puerto Rican request for change. This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward."

What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?

The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald

What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?

The Hill

When was that article published?

November 8, 2012

What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?

U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez

What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Serrano's statehood?

I'm not sure.

What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Serrano's referendum?

I'm not sure.

When was Velazquez's article published?

I'm not sure.

What Congress members agreed with Serrano's assessment?

I'm not sure.

Who published an article saying that Puerto Rico will likely ignore the results of the referendum?

I'm not sure.


Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño, and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum. Fortuño urged him to move the process forward. García Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, "Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future."

What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico?

Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño

What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico?

Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla

How did these politicians voice their concerns?

wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama

What was the White House stance?

the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved

What politicians pushed for statehood for Padilla?

I'm not sure.

What politician fought against statehood for Pierluisi?

I'm not sure.

How did Congress voice their concerns?

I'm not sure.

What was the Congress stance?

I'm not sure.

Who stated "Now it is time for Puerto Rico to act"?

I'm not sure.


On May 15, 2013, Resident Commissioner Pierluisi introduced H.R. 2000 to Congress to "set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union," asking for Congress to vote on ratifying Puerto Rico as the 51st state. On February 12, 2014, Senator Martin Heinrich introduced a bill in the US Senate. The bill would require a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state. In the event of a yes vote, the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state.

When was H.R. 2000 introduced?

On May 15, 2013

What would H.R. 2000 do?

set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union

What did Senator Heinrich's bill require?

a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state.

What would happen in the event of a yes vote in this referendum?

the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state

When was H.R. 2014 introduced?

I'm not sure.

What would H.R. 2014 do?

I'm not sure.

What did Senator H.R. Heinrich's bill require?

I'm not sure.

What would happen in the event of a no vote in this referendum?

I'm not sure.

Who was asked to ratify the Puerto Rico Senate?

I'm not sure.


Washington, D.C. is often mentioned as a candidate for statehood. In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the "seat of government" found in the United States Constitution. Although he noted potential conflicts of interest, and the need for a "municipal legislature for local purposes," Madison did not address the district's role in national voting. Legal scholars disagree on whether a simple act of Congress can admit the District as a state, due to its status as the seat of government of the United States, which Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution requires to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; depending on the interpretation of this text, admission of the full District as a state may require a Constitutional amendment, which is much more difficult to enact. However, the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District. Its size has already changed once before, when Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac. So the constitutional requirement for a federal district can be satisfied by reducing its size to the small central core of government buildings and monuments, giving the rest of the territory to the new state.

Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?

James Madison

Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?

Federalist No. 43

What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?

the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District

What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?

Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac

Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government south of the Potomac?

I'm not sure.

Where are these ideas located south of the Potomac?

I'm not sure.

What limits does the constitution have for the size of Virginia?

I'm not sure.

What caused the Federalist No. 43 to change?

I'm not sure.

Who can admit the District as a Federalist No. 43?

I'm not sure.


Washington, D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No", denoting their lack of Congressional representation; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates (although a driver may choose to have the Washington, D.C. website address instead). President Bill Clinton's presidential limousine had the "Taxation without representation" license plate late in his term, while President George W. Bush had the vehicle's plates changed shortly after beginning his term in office. President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style at the beginning of his second term.

What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?

"No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No"

What does the phrase protest?

their lack of Congressional representation

In what way has the phrase been spread wide?

the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates

When did  Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?

at the beginning of his second term

What Revolutionary War motto have Congressional supporters modified and used?

I'm not sure.

What does the phrase shortened beginning mean?

I'm not sure.

In what way has the phrase been protested?

I'm not sure.

When did George W. Bush have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?

I'm not sure.

Which president had the "Taxation with representation" license plate late in his term?

I'm not sure.


This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.

What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?

D.C. Statehood Party

What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?

the local Green Party affiliate

When did the movement get closest to success?

What would be the new name of the D.C. State?

New Columbia

When did the drive for statehood falter?

What party carried the position of Columbia statehood?

I'm not sure.

What party did the Washington Party merge with?

I'm not sure.

When did Columbia get closest to success?

I'm not sure.

What would be the new name of the Columbia state?

I'm not sure.

When did the drive for Columbian statehood falter?

I'm not sure.


Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed "Commonwealth of Prusvi", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as "Puerto Virgo"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the "Greater Hawaii" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state.

What is another likely country for statehood?

United States Virgin Islands

What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again?

Radio Australia

What is another likely country for free association?

I'm not sure.

What entity reported on Guam and the Virgin Islands becoming one again?

I'm not sure.

What would have a slightly larger population than Wyoming?

I'm not sure.

When did Radio Australia report on Guam and the Virgin Islands becoming one again?

I'm not sure.


The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.

What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?

The Philippines

What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?

Federalista Party

What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?

What country had small grassroots movement for Commonwealth statehoods

I'm not sure.

What party used to be known  as the Armed Forces Party?

I'm not sure.

What was the most recent year of the Commonwealth pushing for statehood?

I'm not sure.

What has been part of a political platform in the Fillipinos Party?

I'm not sure.

What does supporters of the movement to make the Commonwealth a state include?

I'm not sure.


In Canada, "the 51st state" is a phrase generally used in such a way as to imply that if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States. Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter, and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty, the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999.

What is another connotation for the 51st state label?

if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States

When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?

When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?

When did the Clarity Act go into effect?

What is another connotation for the 1999 label?

I'm not sure.

When was the Canada-Quebec Free Trade Agreement enacted?

I'm not sure.

When was the Canada-US Accord signed?

I'm not sure.

When did the Charlottetown Act go into effect?

I'm not sure.

What was a consequence of adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty?

I'm not sure.


The phrase is usually used in local political debates, in polemic writing or in private conversations. It is rarely used by politicians themselves in a public context, although at certain times in Canadian history political parties have used other similarly loaded imagery. In the 1988 federal election, the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada—notably, the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists, upon the adoption of the agreement, slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America. Within days, however, the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker, as an announcer intoned "Here's where we draw the line."

Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?

Liberals

When was this campaign ran?

In the 1988 federal election

Who erased the border in the ad?

Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists

What was the slogan of this ad?

"Here's where we draw the line."

Who suggested that the Progressive Conservative amounted to an American takeover of Canada?

I'm not sure.

When was the campaign to run ads of a map of Progressive Conservatives run?

I'm not sure.

Who erased the border in political parties?

I'm not sure.

What was the slogan of this takeover?

I'm not sure.

Who asserted that the proposed Canada-US border amounted to an American permanent marker?

I'm not sure.


The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada.

When did Quebec land in British hands?

When did Ontario land in British hands?

During which the US invade Canada?

the War of 1812

What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?

annexing Canada

When did the United States land in British hands?

I'm not sure.

When New York land in British hands?

I'm not sure.

During which did the British invade Canada?

I'm not sure.

What did several British politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

Who recruited two British regiments?

I'm not sure.


In the late 1940s, during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland (at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada), there was mainstream support, although not majority, for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada (the Economic Union Party supported an independent "responsible government" that they would then push toward their goals).

When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?

In the late 1940s

What was the result of the 1948 referendum?

The movement ultimately failed

What did the Economic Union Party support?

an independent "responsible government"

When were the last days of the U.S.-British alliance?

I'm not sure.

What was the result of the 1940 referendum?

I'm not sure.

What did the U.S.-British alliance support?

I'm not sure.

What was a dominion-dependency in the U.S.?

I'm not sure.

What was there majority support for?

I'm not sure.


In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor. In the Quebec general election, 1989, the political party Parti 51 ran 11 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States (with its leader, André Perron, claiming Quebec could not survive as an independent nation). The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province, 0.11% of the total votes cast. In comparison, the other parties in favour of sovereignty of Quebec in that election got 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ).

What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?

can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada

What is a negative connotation of the term?

to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor

How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?

just 3,846 votes

What did the other parties receive that year?

40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)

What does Quebec being referred to as the 51st state in a joking way mean in the US, generally/

I'm not sure.

What is a negative connotation of Andre Perron?

I'm not sure.

How many votes did the United States attract in 1989?

I'm not sure.

What did the other parties receive in 1988?

I'm not sure.

When did the political party Parti 51 run 51 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States?

I'm not sure.


Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military, economic, and political influences, there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands, Nicaragua, Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979, and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone.

When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?

from 1903 to 1979

When did the British Honduras become Belize?

since 1981

When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency?

When did the British have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?

I'm not sure.

When did the United States Honduras become Belize?

I'm not sure.

When did Panama adopt the US Dollar as its currency?

I'm not sure.

When were proposals made to annex some or all of Panama with Britain?

I'm not sure.

Who has used British currency for decades?

I'm not sure.


Cuba, like many Spanish territories, wanted to break free from Spain. A pro-independence movement in Cuba was supported by the U.S., and Cuban guerrilla leaders wanted annexation to the United States, but Cuban revolutionary leader José Martí called for Cuban nationhood. When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor, the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. After the U.S. won, Spain relinquished claim of sovereignty over territories, including Cuba. The U.S. administered Cuba as a protectorate until 1902. Several decades later in 1959, the corrupt Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro. Castro installed a Marxist–Leninist government allied with the Soviet Union, which has been in power ever since.

What country was Cuba a territory of?

Spain

What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?

Maine

When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government?

What government did Castro install?

Marxist–Leninist government

What country was Maine a territory of?

I'm not sure.

What battleship sunk in the Spain Harbor?

I'm not sure.

When did Fulgencio Batista overthrow the Cuban government?

I'm not sure.

What government did Batista install?

I'm not sure.

Who wanted to break from the U.S.?

I'm not sure.


Several websites assert that Israel is the 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States. An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories surrounding it as the 51st state in the Union. The American State of Canaan, is a book published by Prof. Alfred de Grazia, political science and sociologist, in March 2009, proposing the creation of the 51st and 52nd states from Israel and the Palestinian territories.

Why is Israel referred to as the 51st state?

the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States

What book did Martine Rothblatt publish?

Two Stars for Peace

When was Two Stars for Peace published?

Who wrote the book The American State of Canaan?

Alfred de Grazia

Why is Israel referred to as Canaan?

I'm not sure.

What book did Alfred de Grazia publish?

I'm not sure.

When was Alfred de Grazia supported by the United States?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote the book Martine Rothblatt?

I'm not sure.

What argued for the addition United States books?

I'm not sure.


In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan, which came into force in April 1952, the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus, including the island of Okinawa—home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese—and the Bonin Islands, the Volcano Islands, and Iwo Jima into U.S. trusteeship. All these trusteeships were slowly returned to Japanese rule. Okinawa was returned on May 15, 1972, but the U.S. stations troops in the island's bases as a defense for Japan.

When did Artcle 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?

April 1952

How many people lived on the island of Okinawa?

over 1 million

When was Okinawa finally returned?

May 15, 1972

Why did the US have troops on Okinawa?

as a defense for Japan.

When did Article 2 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?

I'm not sure.

How many people lived on the island of Bonin?

I'm not sure.

When was San Francisco finally returned?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Japanese have troops on Okinawa?

I'm not sure.

Who put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus into Bonin trusteeship?

I'm not sure.


In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission. The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America. The party's secretary is Paulus Telfer, a former Christchurch mayoral candidate. On February 5, 2010, the party applied to register a logo with the Electoral Commission. The logo – a US flag with 51 stars – was rejected by the Electoral Commission on the grounds that it was likely to cause confusion or mislead electors. As of 2014[update], the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.

When did the 51st State Party attempt to register in New Zealand?

What does the 51st State Party advocate?

The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America

Who is the secretary of the 51st State Party?

Paulus Telfer

Can people in New Zealand vote for the 51st State Party?

the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.

When did the 51st State Party attempt to register with Paulus Telfer?

I'm not sure.

What does the Electoral Commission Party advocate?

I'm not sure.

Who is the secretary of the Electoral Commission?

I'm not sure.

Can people in New Zealand vote for the Electoral Commission Party?

I'm not sure.

What is the logo of the Electoral Commission Party?

I'm not sure.


Albania has often been called the 51st state for its perceived strongly pro-American positions, mainly because of the United States' policies towards it. In reference to President George W. Bush's 2007 European tour, Edi Rama, Tirana's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists, said: "Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe, maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States. Even in Michigan, he wouldn't be as welcome." At the time of ex-Secretary of State James Baker's visit in 1992, there was even a move to hold a referendum declaring the country as the 51st American state. In addition to Albania, Kosovo which is predominately Albanian is seen as a 51st state due to the heavily presence and influence of the United States. The US has had troops and the largest base outside US territory, Camp Bondsteel in the territory since 1999.

Who is the mayor of Tirana?

Edi Rama,

Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?

Edi Rama

When did James Baker visit Albania as Secretary of State?

What is the name of the largest US military base outside of US territory?

Camp Bondsteel

Who is the mayor of Albania?

I'm not sure.

Who said that Albania is the most pro-Bondsteel country in Europe?

I'm not sure.

When did James Baker visit the United States as Secretary of State?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the largest Albanian military base outside of Albanian territory?

I'm not sure.

Who is the leader of the Socialists?

I'm not sure.


During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014. One of the actual reasons behind US interest in Greenland could be the vast natural resources of the island. According to Wikileaks, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

When did the US control Greenland?

when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany

How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?

$100 million

What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?

University of Akureyri

What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?

the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

When did the US control Akureyri?

I'm not sure.

How much did the US offer to pay for Akureyri?

I'm not sure.

Where was Gudmundur Alfredsson a professor at in 1946?

I'm not sure.

What is one reason Alfredsson would be interested in Greenland?

I'm not sure.

Who have argued that Greenland could not hypothetically be in a better financial situation as part of the United States?

I'm not sure.


Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?

staunchly pro-American

What led to the creation of an independent Poland?

favorable American intervention in World War I

What did Poland contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?

a large force

What had been Soviet stance towards the US, historically?

I'm not sure.

What led to the creation of independent Soviets?

I'm not sure.

What did the soviets contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?

I'm not sure.

To who was a quote referring to Poland as a Soviet state attributed?

I'm not sure.

What culminated in a Polish state dependent on Soviet influence?

I'm not sure.


The Party of Reconstruction in Sicily, which claimed 40,000 members in 1944, campaigned for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state. This party was one of several Sicilian separatist movements active after the downfall of Italian Fascism. Sicilians felt neglected or underrepresented by the Italian government after the annexation of 1861 that ended the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies based in Naples. The large population of Sicilians in America and the American-led Allied invasion of Sicily in July–August 1943 may have contributed to the sentiment.

How many members did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily have in 1944?

40,000 members

What did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily campaign for?

for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state

When did the Allied invasion of Sicily occur?

July–August 1943

When did the annexation of Sicily by Italy happen?

How many members did the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies have in 1944?

I'm not sure.

What did the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies campaign for?

I'm not sure.

When did the Sicilian invasion of the Allies occur?

I'm not sure.

When did the annexation of Naples by Italy happen?

I'm not sure.

Who campaigned for Naples to be a U.S. state?

I'm not sure.


There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

What are the four categories of terra nullius?

the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies

What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?

the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty

What do the treaties defend against?

prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

Where is Bir Tawil located?

between Egypt and Sudan

What are the four categories of the Outer Space Treaty?

I'm not sure.

What three treaties exist for claimed lands?

I'm not sure.

What does terra nullius defend against?

I'm not sure.

Where was the United Nations Convention located?

I'm not sure.

How many categories of outer space are there?

I'm not sure.


An antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse?

An antenna

What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna?

radio transmitter or radio receiver

What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current?

transmission

What else can radio waves be called?

electromagnetic waves

When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves?

reception


Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.

What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver?

transmission line

What particles are pushed through the antenna by a transmitter?

electrons

During transmission does the electric field wave move closer to the antenna?

radiate away

During what process would electrons be vacillating in the antenna?

reception


The words antenna (plural: antennas in US English, although both "antennas" and "antennae" are used in International English) and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term "aerial" is used to mean a wire antenna. However, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the term aerial is sometimes used although 'antenna' has been universal in professional use for many years.

What is an acceptable synonym for antenna?

aerial

What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?

wire antenna

What is one way of referring to more than one antenna?

antennae

What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves?

antenna


The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire "aerials". Marconi discovered that by raising the "aerial" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals.

Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?

Guglielmo Marconi

When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?

What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?

raising the "aerial" wire

How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?

1.5 mi


Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which carry signals through the air (or through space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss. Radio transmitters and receivers are used to convey signals (information) in systems including broadcast (audio) radio, television, mobile telephones, Wi-Fi (WLAN) data networks, trunk lines and point-to-point communications links (telephone, data networks), satellite links, many remote controlled devices such as garage door openers, and wireless remote sensors, among many others. Radio waves are also used directly for measurements in technologies including radar, GPS, and radio astronomy. In each and every case, the transmitters and receivers involved require antennas, although these are sometimes hidden (such as the antenna inside an AM radio or inside a laptop computer equipped with Wi-Fi).

What is essential for the mating of the elements that create radio waves?

Antennas

How fast are signals produced by antenna transmitted?

speed of light

What is one system that uses electromagnetic waves?

mobile telephones

What mobile locator and direction finder technology takes advantage of radio waves?

GPS

What often inconspicuous part of a laptop computer allows for internet usage?

antennas


One example of omnidirectional antennas is the very common vertical antenna or whip antenna consisting of a metal rod (often, but not always, a quarter of a wavelength long). A dipole antenna is similar but consists of two such conductors extending in opposite directions, with a total length that is often, but not always, a half of a wavelength long. Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional: signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null.

What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna?

metal rod

What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long?

dipole

In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?

horizontally

What is meant by the area where signals cannot be accepted well along the conductor?


Both the vertical and dipole antennas are simple in construction and relatively inexpensive. The dipole antenna, which is the basis for most antenna designs, is a balanced component, with equal but opposite voltages and currents applied at its two terminals through a balanced transmission line (or to a coaxial transmission line through a so-called balun). The vertical antenna, on the other hand, is a monopole antenna. It is typically connected to the inner conductor of a coaxial transmission line (or a matching network); the shield of the transmission line is connected to ground. In this way, the ground (or any large conductive surface) plays the role of the second conductor of a dipole, thereby forming a complete circuit. Since monopole antennas rely on a conductive ground, a so-called grounding structure may be employed to provide a better ground contact to the earth or which itself acts as a ground plane to perform that function regardless of (or in absence of) an actual contact with the earth.

Are basic antennas expensive?

relatively inexpensive

What is the foundation most often used when creating new antenna models?

dipole antenna

What category do vertical antennas fall under?

monopole antenna

What is used to close the circuit of a dipole antenna?

large conductive surface


Antennas more complex than the dipole or vertical designs are usually intended to increase the directivity and consequently the gain of the antenna. This can be accomplished in many different ways leading to a plethora of antenna designs. The vast majority of designs are fed with a balanced line (unlike a monopole antenna) and are based on the dipole antenna with additional components (or elements) which increase its directionality. Antenna "gain" in this instance describes the concentration of radiated power into a particular solid angle of space, as opposed to the spherically uniform radiation of the ideal radiator. The increased power in the desired direction is at the expense of that in the undesired directions. Power is conserved, and there is no net power increase over that delivered from the power source (the transmitter.)

What are different designs aimed at increasing?

gain of the antenna

What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types?

balanced line

Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power?

concentration

Where is the power that is distributed originating from?

the transmitter


For instance, a phased array consists of two or more simple antennas which are connected together through an electrical network. This often involves a number of parallel dipole antennas with a certain spacing. Depending on the relative phase introduced by the network, the same combination of dipole antennas can operate as a "broadside array" (directional normal to a line connecting the elements) or as an "end-fire array" (directional along the line connecting the elements). Antenna arrays may employ any basic (omnidirectional or weakly directional) antenna type, such as dipole, loop or slot antennas. These elements are often identical.

How many antenna would make up a phased array?

two or more

How are antennas oriented when arranged with specific spacing?

parallel

What are the two standard antenna types?

omnidirectional or weakly directional

What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array?

relative phase


However a log-periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements of different lengths in order to obtain a somewhat directional antenna having an extremely wide bandwidth: these are frequently used for television reception in fringe areas. The dipole antennas composing it are all considered "active elements" since they are all electrically connected together (and to the transmission line). On the other hand, a superficially similar dipole array, the Yagi-Uda Antenna (or simply "Yagi"), has only one dipole element with an electrical connection; the other so-called parasitic elements interact with the electromagnetic field in order to realize a fairly directional antenna but one which is limited to a rather narrow bandwidth. The Yagi antenna has similar looking parasitic dipole elements but which act differently due to their somewhat different lengths. There may be a number of so-called "directors" in front of the active element in the direction of propagation, and usually a single (but possibly more) "reflector" on the opposite side of the active element.

What type of antenna formation is made up of multiple dipole elements of varying lengths?

log-periodic dipole array

What is the benefit of this formation type?

extremely wide bandwidth

What is the main application of these set ups?

television reception

What is a variation of this antenna type?

Yagi-Uda Antenna


At low frequencies (such as AM broadcast), arrays of vertical towers are used to achieve directionality  and they will occupy large areas of land. For reception, a long Beverage antenna can have significant directivity. For non directional portable use, a short vertical antenna or small loop antenna works well, with the main design challenge being that of impedance matching. With a vertical antenna a loading coil at the base of the antenna may be employed to cancel the reactive component of impedance; small loop antennas are tuned with parallel capacitors for this purpose.

For radio broadcast that one would hear in their car what type of towers are used?

vertical

Why is this specific antenna type used?

achieve directionality

If one wished to take an antenna to different locations, which type would be best?

short vertical antenna

What is a problem one might encounter when using a portable antenna?

impedance matching


An antenna lead-in is the transmission line (or feed line) which connects the antenna to a transmitter or receiver. The antenna feed may refer to all components connecting the antenna to the transmitter or receiver, such as an impedance matching network in addition to the transmission line. In a so-called aperture antenna, such as a horn or parabolic dish, the "feed" may also refer to a basic antenna inside the entire system (normally at the focus of the parabolic dish or at the throat of a horn) which could be considered the one active element in that antenna system. A microwave antenna may also be fed directly from a waveguide in place of a (conductive) transmission line.

What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations?

antenna lead-in

What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna?

antenna feed

What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called?

aperture antenna

What can be used in place of  a standard transmission line?

microwave antenna


Monopole antennas consist of a single radiating element such as a metal rod, often mounted over a conducting surface, a ground plane. One side of the feedline from the receiver or transmitter is connected to the rod, and the other side to the ground plane, which may be the Earth. The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole which is one-quarter of a wavelength long and has a gain of 5.12 dBi when mounted over a ground plane. Monopoles have an omnidirectional radiation pattern, so they are used for broad coverage of an area, and have vertical polarization. The ground waves used for broadcasting at low frequencies must be vertically polarized, so large vertical monopole antennas are used for broadcasting in the MF, LF, and VLF bands. Small monopoles are used as nondirectional antennas on portable radios in the HF, VHF, and UHF bands.

Monopole antennas consist of what element?

metal rod

What the most common form?

quarter-wave monopole

What are small monopoles used as?

nondirectional antennas

What has vertical polarization?

Monopoles


The most widely used class of antenna, a dipole antenna consists of two symmetrical radiators such as metal rods or wires, with one side of the balanced feedline from the transmitter or receiver attached to each. A horizontal dipole radiates in two lobes perpendicular to the antenna's axis. A half-wave dipole the most common type, has two collinear elements each a quarter wavelength long and a gain of 2.15 dBi. Used individually as low gain antennas, dipoles are also used as driven elements in many more complicated higher gain types of antennas.

What is the most widley used antenna class?

dipole antenna

What radiates two lobes perpendicular to the antennas axis?

horizontal dipole

Besides low gain antennas, what is also used as driven elements in complicated higher gain types of antennas?

dipoles

How much gain does a half-wave dipole have?

2.15 dBi


A necessary condition for the aforementioned reciprocity property is that the materials in the antenna and transmission medium are linear and reciprocal. Reciprocal (or bilateral) means that the material has the same response to an electric current or magnetic field in one direction, as it has to the field or current in the opposite direction. Most materials used in antennas meet these conditions, but some microwave antennas use high-tech components such as isolators and circulators, made of nonreciprocal materials such as ferrite. These can be used to give the antenna a different behavior on receiving than it has on transmitting, which can be useful in applications like radar.

What must be true of the antenna and transmission medium for the repiprocity rule to apply ?

linear and reciprocal

What is called when the direction of the elctrical current does not make a difference to the current?

Reciprocal

What is one material that does not have this quality?

ferrite

How can the lack of this quality be used in an everyday way?

radar


Antennas are characterized by a number of performance measures which a user would be concerned with in selecting or designing an antenna for a particular application. Chief among these relate to the directional characteristics (as depicted in the antenna's radiation pattern) and the resulting gain. Even in omnidirectional (or weakly directional) antennas, the gain can often be increased by concentrating more of its power in the horizontal directions, sacrificing power radiated toward the sky and ground. The antenna's power gain (or simply "gain") also takes into account the antenna's efficiency, and is often the primary figure of merit.

How could one deide what type of antenna is nedded for a project?

performance measures

What would most likely be the main concern in making this decision?

directional characteristics

How would you distribute power to allow for a greater gain?

horizontal directions

What is often the most imprtant crediting factor of antennas?

efficiency


Resonant antennas are expected to be used around a particular resonant frequency; an antenna must therefore be built or ordered to match the frequency range of the intended application. A particular antenna design will present a particular feedpoint impedance. While this may affect the choice of an antenna, an antenna's impedance can also be adapted to the desired impedance level of a system using a matching network while maintaining the other characteristics (except for a possible loss of efficiency).

Which antenna type would be best for a project requiring a specific frequency?

Resonant antennas

How could an antenna be made to coordinate with the needed frequency?

built or ordered

What factor would result in a desired feedback independence?

particular antenna design

If you were unable to choose the antenna you wanted how could you still achieve this result?

matching network


An antenna transmits and receives radio waves with a particular polarization which can be reoriented by tilting the axis of the antenna in many (but not all) cases. The physical size of an antenna is often a practical issue, particularly at lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). Highly directional antennas need to be significantly larger than the wavelength. Resonant antennas usually use a linear conductor (or element), or pair of such elements, each of which is about a quarter of the wavelength in length (an odd multiple of quarter wavelengths will also be resonant). Antennas that are required to be small compared to the wavelength sacrifice efficiency and cannot be very directional. Fortunately at higher frequencies (UHF, microwaves) trading off performance to obtain a smaller physical size is usually not required.

What is the essential difference in radio waves transmitted by an antenna?

polarization

How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types?

tilting the axis

When might the size of an antenna cause an issue?

at lower frequencies

There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type?

Highly directional

What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional?

small


The majority of antenna designs are based on the resonance principle. This relies on the behaviour of moving electrons, which reflect off surfaces where the dielectric constant changes, in a fashion similar to the way light reflects when optical properties change. In these designs, the reflective surface is created by the end of a conductor, normally a thin metal wire or rod, which in the simplest case has a feed point at one end where it is connected to a transmission line. The conductor, or element, is aligned with the electrical field of the desired signal, normally meaning it is perpendicular to the line from the antenna to the source (or receiver in the case of a broadcast antenna).

What is the basis for the way most antennas are developed?

resonance principle

What particle's migration does the resonance principle rely on?

electrons

What type of surface is formed by the tip of a conductor?

reflective

How would you place the conductor in relation to the signal you wished to obtain?

perpendicular


The radio signal's electrical component induces a voltage in the conductor. This causes an electrical current to begin flowing in the direction of the signal's instantaneous field. When the resulting current reaches the end of the conductor, it reflects, which is equivalent to a 180 degree change in phase. If the conductor is 1⁄4 of a wavelength long, current from the feed point will undergo 90 degree phase change by the time it reaches the end of the conductor, reflect through 180 degrees, and then another 90 degrees as it travels back. That means it has undergone a total 360 degree phase change, returning it to the original signal. The current in the element thus adds to the current being created from the source at that instant. This process creates a standing wave in the conductor, with the maximum current at the feed.

What part of the radio signal creates voltage?

electrical component

What would the electric current always gravitate to?

instantaneous field

What is the outcome when a curren is reflected>

180 degree change in phase

What amount of phase change would return a signal to its originial state?

360 degree


The ordinary half-wave dipole is probably the most widely used antenna design. This consists of two 1⁄4-wavelength elements arranged end-to-end, and lying along essentially the same axis (or collinear), each feeding one side of a two-conductor transmission wire. The physical arrangement of the two elements places them 180 degrees out of phase, which means that at any given instant one of the elements is driving current into the transmission line while the other is pulling it out. The monopole antenna is essentially one half of the half-wave dipole, a single 1⁄4-wavelength element with the other side connected to ground or an equivalent ground plane (or counterpoise). Monopoles, which are one-half the size of a dipole, are common for long-wavelength radio signals where a dipole would be impractically large. Another common design is the folded dipole, which is essentially two dipoles placed side-by-side and connected at their ends to make a single one-wavelength antenna.

What is the most popular antenna type?

half-wave dipole

Elements in a half wave dipole and on an identical axis are said to be what?

collinear

What is the current usually beng put into it or pulled out of?

transmission line

What antenna type is a portion of the half wave dipole?

Monopoles

What popular type combines more that one antenna?

folded dipole


The standing wave forms with this desired pattern at the design frequency, f0, and antennas are normally designed to be this size. However, feeding that element with 3f0 (whose wavelength is 1⁄3 that of f0) will also lead to a standing wave pattern. Thus, an antenna element is also resonant when its length is 3⁄4 of a wavelength. This is true for all odd multiples of 1⁄4 wavelength. This allows some flexibility of design in terms of antenna lengths and feed points. Antennas used in such a fashion are known to be harmonically operated.

What frequency are antennas normally designed to be?

What can be added to f0 to create a standing wave pattern?

What multiple is essential for wavelengths?

How are waves which are used in the ways discussed controlled?

harmonically


The quarter-wave elements imitate a series-resonant electrical element due to the standing wave present along the conductor. At the resonant frequency, the standing wave has a current peak and voltage node (minimum) at the feed. In electrical terms, this means the element has minimum reactance, generating the maximum current for minimum voltage. This is the ideal situation, because it produces the maximum output for the minimum input, producing the highest possible efficiency. Contrary to an ideal (lossless) series-resonant circuit, a finite resistance remains (corresponding to the relatively small voltage at the feed-point) due to the antenna's radiation resistance as well as any actual electrical losses.

How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element?

imitate

What frequency develops a current peak?

resonant frequency

How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency?

minimum reactance

What could be the best possible output versus input ratio?

lossless