This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that human beings experience what they call emotion episodes— a "series of emotional states extended over time and organized around an underlying theme." This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, "Reflections on Affective Events Theory", published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005.

Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?

Howard M. Weiss

When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?

What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?

work

Who did Beal write "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" with?

Howard M. Weiss

Where was "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" published?

Research on Emotion in Organizations

Along with Cropanzano, who did not develop a communication-based theory of emotional experience?

I'm not sure.

When did Weiss and Cropanzano reject their work?

I'm not sure.

What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano not pay any attention to?

I'm not sure.

Who did Beal draw "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" with?

I'm not sure.


The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept—one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.

What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?

motor centers

What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?

smell

Why were early mammals active at night?

reptiles slept

What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?

limbic brain

How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?

larger

What parts of reptiles don't respond to sensory cues?

I'm not sure.

What is the principal sense of morning-active mammals?

I'm not sure.

Why were early mammals active in the morning?

I'm not sure.

What developed from the mammalian sonic pathways?

I'm not sure.

How do the olfactory lobes of mammals not compare in size to those of reptiles?

I'm not sure.


This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model.

What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?

Direction Model

What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?

Movement Model

According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?

passive yielding

Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?

shyness

What model did not describe the opposite of approach as moving away?

I'm not sure.

What model described the same approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?

I'm not sure.

According to the Action Tendency Model, the similar approach is described as unmoving with what?

I'm not sure.

Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait did not result in support for the Action Tendency Model?

I'm not sure.


In economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception. In criminology, a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as anomie theory and studies of "toughness," aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In law, which underpins civil obedience, politics, economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in tort law claims for compensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In political science, emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making.

In what economics sub-field are emotions discussed?

microeconomics

What is a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?

the analysis of voter decision-making

Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion?

tort law

Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline informs the field of criminology?

psychology

Along with risk perception, what do economists study emotion in relate to?

purchase decision-making

In what economics sub-field are emotions not discussed?

I'm not sure.

What is not a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?

I'm not sure.

Along with criminal law, what facet of law doesn't consider evidence related to emotion?

I'm not sure.

Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline does not inform the field of criminology?

I'm not sure.


Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women, while fear is discouraged in boys and men. Expectations attached to social roles, such as "acting as man" and not as a woman, and the accompanying "feeling rules" contribute to the differences in expression of certain emotions. Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness, sadness, or jealousy, and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures. Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion, such as love in the case of contemporary institution of marriage. In advertising, such as health campaigns and political messages, emotional appeals are commonly found. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism.

What emotion do many cultures discourage in women?

anger

Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in boys?

fear

The open expression of what emotion is generally frowned upon in most cultures?

disgust

What social institution is associated with the emotion of love?

marriage

What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism?

fear

What emotion do many cultures encourage in women?

I'm not sure.

Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in women?

I'm not sure.

The open expression of what emotion is generally accepted in most cultures?

I'm not sure.

What social institution is not associated with the emotion of love?

I'm not sure.

What emotion do political campaigns not appeal to in regard to terrorism?

I'm not sure.


Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2–0 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1–0 in the final.

When was Everton admitted as a member of the Premier League?

What year did Howard Kendall return to manage Everton?

Who replaced Howard Kendall as Everton's manager?

Mike Walker

What year did former Everton player Joe Royle take over managing the club?

What was the score in the first Everton game managed by Joe Royle?

Who was Everton's first manager after founding the Premier League?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Howard Kendall start his first stint managing Everton?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Mike Walker made Everton manager?

I'm not sure.

What was the score of Howard Kendall's first game managing Everton?

I'm not sure.

What was the score of Mike Walker's first game managing Everton?

I'm not sure.


The Tower has been inextricably linked with the Everton area since its construction in 1787. It was originally used as a bridewell to incarcerate mainly drunks and minor criminals, and it still stands today on Everton Brow in Netherfield Road. The tower was accompanied by two laurel wreaths on either side and, according to the College of Arms in London, Kelly chose to include the laurels as they were the sign of winners. The crest was accompanied by the club motto, "Nil Satis Nisi Optimum", meaning "Nothing but the best is good enough".

When was the Tower constructed?

For what purpose was the Tower first used?

bridewell

On what road is the Tower located on?

Netherfield

What is the Everton club motto?

Nil Satis Nisi Optimum

What does the Everton club motto, "Nil Satis Nisi Optimum," mean in English?

Nothing but the best is good enough

In what year were the two laurel wreaths first laid at The Tower?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for building The Tower?

I'm not sure.

In what year did football first get played professionally in Everton?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote the motto, "Nil Satis Nisi Optimum"?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the College of Arms established in London?

I'm not sure.


On matchdays, in a tradition going back to 1962, players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars, named "Johnny Todd", a traditional Liverpool children's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea, although on two separate occasions in the 1994, they ran out to different songs. In August 1994, the club played 2 Unlimited's song "Get Ready For This", and a month later, a reworking of the Creedence Clearwater Revival classic "Bad Moon Rising". Both were met with complete disapproval by Everton fans.

What is the name of the theme song that players walk out to on Everton matchdays?

Johnny Todd

Where did "Johnny Todd"--the theme song for Everton matchdays--originate?

Liverpool

What year did the Everton players walk out to a song other than "Johnny Todd"?

What was the reaction of the crowd to the Everton replacement theme songs in 1994?

disapproval

What song did the Everton club replace its player walkout theme with in August 1994?

Get Ready For This

In what year was "Bad Moon Rising" released?

I'm not sure.

In what year was "Get Ready For This" released?

I'm not sure.

Which musician wrote "Bad Moon Rising"?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote "Get Ready for This"?

I'm not sure.

In what year Z-Cars have "Johnny Todd" become its theme song?

I'm not sure.


Everton hold the record for the most seasons in England's top tier (Division One/Premier League), at 111 seasons out of 114 as of 2014–15 (the club played in Division 2 in 1930–31 and from 1951–54). They are one of seven teams to have played all 22 seasons of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 – the others being Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England's top flight, as of the 2012–13 season the two founder members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games.

How many seasons out of the last 114 has Everton been in England's top tier?

How many other teams have played all 22 seasons in the Premier League since its inception?

seven

When was the Premier League established?

What match has been played the most since the inception of the Premier League?

Everton against Aston Villa

How many games has Everton played against Aston Villa?

How many seasons of football has Chelsea played?

I'm not sure.

How many games has Arsenal played against Everton?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Chelsea's football team established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Everton play its first game against Aston Villa?

I'm not sure.

How many seasons has Liverpool played?

I'm not sure.


Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup. The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success, with two League Championship successes, an FA Cup, and the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup. The club's supporters are known as Evertonians.

When was the Everton club founded?

In what decade did Everton experience a revival?

How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s?

two

When was Everton's most recent trophy awarded?

What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters?

Evertonians

Who won The Football League's first league championship?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did World War Two occur?

I'm not sure.

Who were the first European Cup winners?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Everton win its first FA cup?

I'm not sure.

Who won the FA cup in 1985?

I'm not sure.


Everton were relegated to the Second Division two years later during internal turmoil at the club. However, the club was promoted at the first attempt scoring a record number of goals in the second division. On return to the top flight in 1931–32, Everton wasted no time in reaffirming their status and won a fourth League title at the first opportunity. Everton also won their second FA Cup in 1933 with a 3–0 win against Manchester City in the final. The era ended in 1938–39 with a fifth League title.

In what season did Everton win their fourth League title?

In what year did Everton win their second FA Cup?

What was the score in the final game that Everton won its second FA Cup in 1993 against Manchester City?

In what season did Everton win its fifth League title?

What was the record number of goals Everton had that promoted the team?

I'm not sure.

What was the score of the final game that resulted in Everton winning its fourth league title?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Manchester City win its first league title?

I'm not sure.

What was the score of the final game that resulted in Everton winning its fifth league title?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Manchester City first compete?

I'm not sure.


The Everton board finally ran out of patience with Smith and he was sacked in March 2002 after an FA Cup exit at Middlesbrough, with Everton in real danger of relegation. David Moyes, was his replacement and guided Everton to a safe finish in fifteenth place. In 2002–03 Everton finished seventh, their highest finish since 1996. A fourth-place finish in 2004–05, ensured Everton qualified for the Champions League qualifying round. The team failed to make it through to the Champions League group stage and were then eliminated from the UEFA Cup. Everton qualified for the 2007–08 and 2008–09 UEFA Cup competitions and they were runners-up in the 2009 FA Cup Final.

When did the Everton club board fire Smith?

Who replaced Smith as manager of the Everton FC in 2002?

David Moyes

In what place did the Everton FC place in the 2004-05 season?

seventh

Where did Everton FC place in the 2009 FA Cup Final?

runners-up

What was Smith's first name?

I'm not sure.

Who eliminated Everton from the UEFA Cup during the 2004-2005 season?

I'm not sure.

Besides Everton who was one of the runners-up for the 2009 FA Cup Final?

I'm not sure.

Who coached Middlebrough in 2002?

I'm not sure.

What was Everton's finish spot in 1996?

I'm not sure.


In May 2013, the club launched a new crest to improve the reproducibility of the design in print and broadcast media, particularly on a small scale. Critics[who?] suggested that it was external pressure from sports manufacturers Nike, Inc. that evoked the redesign as the number of colours has been reduced and the radial effect have been removed, making the kit more cost efficient to reproduce.[citation needed] The redesign was poorly received by supporters, with a poll on an Everton fan site registering a 91% negative response to the crest. A protest petition reached over 22,000 signatures before the club offered an apology and announced a new crest would be created for the 2014–15 season with an emphasis on fan consultation. Shortly afterwards, the Head of Marketing left the club.

When did Everton FC launch their new crest?

What company did critics suggest pressured Everton FC to change their crest?

Nike

How was the Everton FC's crest redesign received by fans?

poorly

What percentage of fans had a negative reaction to Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?

How many people signed a petition in protest of Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?

over 22,000

What was the approval rating of the original Everton crest?

I'm not sure.

In what month did the 2014-15 season begin for Everton?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of people had a positive response to the new crest, as opposed to those who were negative or indifferent?

I'm not sure.

How many votes were there in total on the Everton fan site about the new crest?

I'm not sure.

What executive issued the apology for Everton?

I'm not sure.


Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home until 1892. At this time, a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield's owner and Everton's chairman, John Houlding. A dispute between Houlding and the club's committee over how the club should be run, led to Houlding attempting to gain full control of the club by registering the company, "Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd". In response, Everton left Anfield for a new ground, Goodison Park, where the club have played ever since. Houlding attempted to take over Everton's name, colours, fixtures and league position, but was denied by The Football Association. Instead, Houlding formed a new club, Liverpool F.C.

In which park did Everton FC originally play?

Stanley

Where was the new Liverpool FC stadium located in 1879?

Stanley Park

Who donated land to Everton FC in 1882?

J. Cruitt

Who was the chairman of the Everton FC in 1892?

John Houlding

Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892?

Anfield

What was the name of the stadium at Priory Road?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the stadium in Anfield?

I'm not sure.

In what year did John Houlding become Everton's chairman?

I'm not sure.

In what city is Goodison Park?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the stadium built at Priory Road?

I'm not sure.


There have been indications since 1996 that Everton will move to a new stadium. The original plan was for a new 60,000-seat stadium to be built, but in 2000 a proposal was submitted to build a 55,000 seat stadium as part of the King's Dock regeneration. This was unsuccessful as Everton failed to generate the £30 million needed for a half stake in the stadium project, with the city council rejecting the proposal in 2003. Late in 2004, driven by Liverpool Council and the Northwest Development Corporation, the club entered talks with Liverpool F.C. about sharing a proposed stadium on Stanley Park. Negotiations broke down as Everton failed to raise 50% of the costs. On 11 January 2005, Liverpool announced that ground-sharing was not a possibility, proceeding to plan their own Stanley Park Stadium.

How many seats did the proposal for the new Everton stadium feature in 2000?

How much money did Everton FC need to generate for a half-stake in the new stadium project in 2000?

£30 million

In what year did the Liverpool city council reject Everton FC's new stadium proposal?

In what year did Liverpool announce that they would build their own Stanley Park Stadium?

What team did Everton FC consider sharing grounds with around the year 2000?

Liverpool

How many people could Everton's stadium seat in 1996?

I'm not sure.

How many could have sat at the proposed stadium on Stanley Park?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the costs for the proposed stadium was Liverpool F.C. able to raise?

I'm not sure.

How much money did Everton need to raise for the proposed stadium deal with Liverpool F.C.?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 2000 was the proposal submitted for the new stadium?

I'm not sure.


Everton have a large fanbase, with the eighth highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008–09 season. The majority of Everton's matchday support comes from the North West of England, primarily Merseyside, Cheshire, West Lancashire and parts of Western Greater Manchester along with many fans who travel from North Wales and Ireland. Within the city of Liverpool support for Everton and city rivals Liverpool is not determined by geographical basis with supporters mixed across the city. However Everton's support heartland is traditionally based in the North West of the city and in the southern parts of Sefton. Everton also have many supporters' clubs worldwide, in places such as North America, Singapore, Indonesia, Lebanon, Malaysia, Thailand, and Australia. The official supporters club is FOREVERTON, and there are also several fanzines including When Skies are Grey and Speke from the Harbour, which are sold around Goodison Park on match days.

What place did Everton FC rank in highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008-09 season?

eighth

Where does the majority of Everton's matchday support hail from?

North West of England

What is the name of Everton's official supporters club?

FOREVERTON

Where can you find fanzines sold on Everton match days?

Goodison Park

Where is Liverpool F.C.'s support heartland?

I'm not sure.

What's the official supporters club for Liverpool F.C.?

I'm not sure.

In what part of Liverpool is Goodison Park?

I'm not sure.

What was Liverpool F.C.'s rank for average attendance?

I'm not sure.

What city in Ireland do many Everton fans come from to attend their games?

I'm not sure.


Current manager, Roberto Martínez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961–73, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields.

Who is the current manager of the Everton Football Club?

Roberto Martínez

How many caretaker managers have their been in the Everton FC's history?

four

Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager?

Harry Catterick

When did Harry Catterick manage the Everton Football Club?

Which Everton manager won the most domestic and international trophies during his time?

Howard Kendall

In what year did Roberto Martinez become the current manager of Everton?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Everton have its first caretaker manager?

I'm not sure.

Who has been Everton's shortest serving manager?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Howard Kendall win his first Division One Championship?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Howard Kendall earn his first Charity Shield?

I'm not sure.


Everton's second successful era started when Harry Catterick was made manager in 1961. In 1962–63, his second season in charge, Everton won the League title and in 1966 the FA Cup followed with a 3–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday. Everton again reached the final in 1968, but this time were unable to overcome West Bromwich Albion at Wembley. Two seasons later in 1969–70, Everton won the League championship, nine points clear of nearest rivals Leeds United. During this period, Everton were the first English club to achieve five consecutive years in European competitions—seasons 1961–62 to 1966–67.

In what year did Everton's second successful era begin?

Who was the manager when Everton's second successful era began in 1961?

Harry Catterick

In what year did Everton win the FA cup in a 3-2 win over Sheffield?

In what year did Everton lose the FA cup final to West Bromwich Albion?

Wembley

What was the last year that Harry Catterick managed Everton?

I'm not sure.

What was the score of the first Everton game Harry Catterick managed?

I'm not sure.

What was the score of the final game between Everton and West Bromwich Albion in 1968?

I'm not sure.

Who coached Everton during the 1969-70 season?

I'm not sure.

Who coached Everton during the 1966-67 season?

I'm not sure.


On 16 June 2006, it was announced that Everton had entered into talks with Knowsley Council and Tesco over the possibility of building a new 55,000 seat stadium, expandable to over 60,000, in Kirkby. The club took the unusual move of giving its supporters a say in the club's future by holding a ballot on the proposal, finding a split of 59% to 41% in favour. Opponents to the plan included other local councils concerned by the effect of a large Tesco store being built as part of the development, and a group of fans demanding that Everton should remain within the city boundaries of Liverpool.

Where did a group of fans demand that Everton remain within the city boundaries of?

Liverpool

In what year was it revealed that Everton had entered talks to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?

Who did Everton enter talks with to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?

Knowsley Council and Tesco

What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton's plans to build a new stadium in 2006?

How many supporters voted on the ballot?

I'm not sure.

What was one of the local councils that opposed the planned stadium?

I'm not sure.

How many people were in the group of fans that wanted Everton to stay inside the Liverpool city boundaries?

I'm not sure.

On what date was the ballot held?

I'm not sure.


Everton regularly take large numbers away from home both domestically and in European fixtures. The club implements a loyalty points scheme offering the first opportunity to purchase away tickets to season ticket holders who have attended the most away matches. Everton often sell out the full allocation in away grounds and tickets sell particularly well for North West England away matches. In October 2009, Everton took 7,000 travelling fans to Benfica, their largest ever away crowd in Europe since the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup Final.

How many travelling fans did Everton bring with them to Benefica in 2009?

How does the Everton FC promote fans to purchase away tickets?

loyalty points

In what year did Everton take 7,000 travelling fans with them to an away game?

Aside from 2009, in what year did Everton FC bring the most fans with them to an away game?

How many of Everton's travelling fans attended the 1985 European  Cup Winner's Cup Final?

I'm not sure.

How many season ticket holders does Everton have?

I'm not sure.

How many travelling fans usually attend Benfica's games?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Everton start its loyalty points scheme?

I'm not sure.

In what month was the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup Final held?

I'm not sure.


Everton F.C. is a limited company with the board of directors holding a majority of the shares. The club's most recent accounts, from May 2014, show a net total debt of £28.1 million, with a turnover of £120.5 million and a profit of £28.2 million. The club's overdraft with Barclays Bank is secured against the Premier League's "Basic Award Fund", a guaranteed sum given to clubs for competing in the Premier League. Everton agreed a long-term loan of £30 million with Bear Stearns and Prudential plc in 2002 over the duration of 25 years; a consolidation of debts at the time as well as a source of capital for new player acquisitions. Goodison Park is secured as collateral.

Who holds a majority of the shares in the Everton FC?

the board of directors

What is the Everton FC's overdraft with Barclays Bank secured against?

Basic Award Fund

What is the Premier League's "Basic Award Fund" for?

competing in the Premier League

How much money did Everton FC borrow from Bear Stearns and Prudential in 2002?

£30 million

How long does Everton FC have to pay back £30 million they borrowed from Bear Stearns and Prudential?

25 years

How much profit did Everton F.C. have in 2002?

I'm not sure.

How much debt was consolidated in 2002 by Everton?

I'm not sure.

How much collateral is there on Goodison Park?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 2002 did Everton agree to a long-term loan?

I'm not sure.

How big is Everton's overdraft with Barclays Bank?

I'm not sure.


Everton's biggest rivalry is with neighbours Liverpool, against whom they contest the Merseyside derby. The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture, and has been known as the "friendly derby" because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park. Recently on the field, matches tend to be extremely stormy affairs; the derby has had more red cards than any other fixture in Premiership history. The rivalry stems from an internal dispute between Everton officials and the owners of Anfield, which was then Everton's home ground, resulting in Everton moving to Goodison Park, and the subsequent formation of Liverpool F.C., in 1892.

Who is the Everton Football Club's biggest rivals?

Liverpool

What derby does Everton FC contest against Liverpool?

Merseyside

In what year was the Liverpool Football Club established?

Where did Everton FC move to that began their rivalry with Liverpool?

Goodison Park

The Merseyside derby is also known as?

the "friendly derby"

In what year was the Merseyside derby first held?

I'm not sure.

What color does Everton fans wear?

I'm not sure.

What color does Liverpool fans wear?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Everton established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Everton move to Goodison Park?

I'm not sure.


Neville Southall holds the record for the most Everton appearances, having played 751 first-team matches between 1981 and 1997, and previously held the record for the most league clean sheets during a season (15). During the 2008–09 season, this record was beaten by American goalkeeper Tim Howard (17). The late centre half and former captain Brian Labone comes second, having played 534 times. The longest serving player is Goalkeeper Ted Sagar who played for 23 years between 1929 and 1953, both sides of the Second World War, making a total of 495 appearances. The club's top goalscorer, with 383 goals in all competitions, is Dixie Dean; the second-highest goalscorer is Graeme Sharp with 159. Dean still holds the English national record of most goals in a season, with 60.

What player holds the Everton Football Club record for most appearances?

Neville Southall

Who currently holds the record for the most league clean sheets during a season?

Tim Howard

Which former captain made 534 appearances with the Everton Football Club?

Brian Labone

Who was the longest serving goalkeeper for the Everton FC?

Ted Sagar

How many years did Ted Sagar play for the Everton Football Club?

What nationality is Neville Southall?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Neville Southall get the record for the most league clean sheets during a season?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Brian LaBone join Everton?

I'm not sure.

How many appearances did the American goalkeeper Tim Howard have?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Dixie Dean join Everton?

I'm not sure.


The record attendance for an Everton home match is 78,299 against Liverpool on 18 September 1948. Amazingly, there was only 1 injury at this game-Tom Fleetwood was hit on the head by a coin thrown from the crowd whilst he marched around the perimeter with St Edward's Orphanage Band, playing the cornet. Goodison Park, like all major English football grounds since the recommendations of the Taylor Report were implemented, is now an all-seater and only holds just under 40,000, meaning it is unlikely that this attendance record will ever be broken at Goodison. Everton's record transfer paid was to Chelsea for Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku for a sum of £28m. Everton bought the player after he played the previous year with the team on loan.

How many fans were in attendance during Everton's match against Liverpool on September 18, 1948?

How many fans were injured in Everton's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they've had?

Who was injured during Everton's record attendance match against Liverpool in 1948?

Tom Fleetwood

How many people does Goodison Park stadium hold?

under 40,000

How much did Everton FC pay to transfer Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku?

What's the smallest attendance ever for an Everton home match against Liverpool?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Taylor Report recommendations implemented?

I'm not sure.

What was Romelu Lukaku's highest pay for one season?

I'm not sure.

How much did it cost to build Goodison Park?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Goodison Park built?

I'm not sure.


The club also owned and operated a professional basketball team, by the name of Everton Tigers, who compete in the elite British Basketball League. The team was launched in the summer of 2007 as part of the clubs' Community programme, and play their home games at the Greenbank Sports Academy. The team was an amalgam of the Toxteth Tigers community youth programme which started in 1968. The team quickly became one of the most successful in the league winning the BBL Cup in 2009 and the play-offs in 2010. However Everton withdrew funding before the 2010–11 season and the team was re launched as the Mersey Tigers.

What was the name of Everton's professional basketball team?

Tigers

In which league do the Everton Tigers compete?

British Basketball League

When was the Everton Tigers team launched?

Where do the Everton Tigers play their home games?

Greenbank Sports Academy

When did the Everton Tigers win the BBL Cup?

In what year was Everton F.C. launched?

I'm not sure.

What league does Everton F.C. play in?

I'm not sure.

Who won the first BBL Cup?

I'm not sure.

Where does Everton play its football games?

I'm not sure.


Everton also have links with Chilean team Everton de Viña del Mar who were named after the English club. On 4 August 2010, the two Evertons played each other in a friendly named the Copa Hermandad at Goodison Park to mark the centenary of the Chilean team, an occasion organised by The Ruleteros Society, a society founded to promote connections between the two clubs. Other Evertons exist in Rosario in Colonia Department, Uruguay, La Plata, and Río Cuarto in Argentina, Elk Grove, California in the United States, and in Cork, Ireland.

What is the name of the Chilean team that has ties to the Everton FC?

Everton de Viña del Mar

When did the two Everton Football Clubs (English and Chilean) face off against one another?

Who organized the friendly match between the English and Chilean Everton football clubs in 2010?

The Ruleteros Society

What US city also has an Everton football team?

Elk Grove

On what date was Everton's California team established?

I'm not sure.

In what year was The Ruleteros Society founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Cork, Ireland's Everton team first play?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the California Everton team?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the Everton team in Rio Cuarto?

I'm not sure.


The club have entered the UK pop charts on four occasions under different titles during the 1980s and 1990s when many clubs released a song to mark their reaching the FA Cup Final. "The Boys in Blue", released in 1984, peaked at number 82. The following year the club scored their biggest hit when "Here We Go" peaked at 14. In 1986 the club released "Everybody's Cheering The Blues" which reached number 83. "All Together Now", a reworking of a song by Merseyside band The Farm, was released for the 1995 FA Cup Final and reached number 27. When the club next reached the 2009 FA Cup Final, the tradition had passed into history and no song was released.

What year did the Everton FC release their UK pop song "The Boys in Blue"?

What position did the song "Here We Go" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985?

What was the name of the song that the Everton Football Club released in 1986?

Everybody's Cheering The Blues

Who originally sang the song "All Together Now" that was reworked and released by Everton Football Club in 1995?

The Farm

How many times has the Everton FC entered the UK pop charts?

four

In what year did The Farm release their first album?

I'm not sure.

Who performed "The Boys in Blue"?

I'm not sure.

Who performed "Here We Go"?

I'm not sure.

Which band released "Everybody's Cheering The Blues"?

I'm not sure.

In what year did The Farm perform "All Together Now"?

I'm not sure.


The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup—their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995–96 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table.

Who temporarily replaced Joe Royle as club captain after he resigned?

Dave Watson

In what year was Howard Kendall appointed manager of the Everton FC for the third time?

Who took over for Howard Kendall after his third attempt at managing the Everton FC was unsuccessful?

Walter Smith

How many successive finishes did Walter Smith manage for the Everton FC?

three

What rank did Everton place in the 1997 Premiership league?

seventeenth

In what season did Heysel stop managing Everton?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Howard Kendall first manage Everton?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Howard Kendall manage Everton for the second time?

I'm not sure.

During what season was Dave Watson made club captain?

I'm not sure.

Who managed the Bolton Wanderers during the 1995-96 season?

I'm not sure.


Everton have had many other nicknames over the years. When the black kit was worn Everton were nicknamed "The Black Watch", after the famous army regiment. Since going blue in 1901, Everton have been given the simple nickname "The Blues". Everton's attractive style of play led to Steve Bloomer calling the team "scientific" in 1928, which is thought to have inspired the nickname "The School of Science". The battling 1995 FA Cup winning side were known as "The Dogs of War". When David Moyes arrived as manager he proclaimed Everton as "The People's Club", which has been adopted as a semi-official club nickname.

What year did the Everton Football Club "go blue"?

How did Steve Bloomer describe Everton's style of play in 1928?

scientific

What is Everton Football Club's semi-official club nickname?

The People's Club

What was Everton's nickname when they wore black before 1901?

The Black Watch

What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup?

The Dogs of War

Who did Steve Bloomer play for during his career?

I'm not sure.

In what year did David Moyes arrive as manager of Everton?

I'm not sure.

Who came up with the nickname "The Blues"?

I'm not sure.

What team did Steve Bloomer manage later in his career?

I'm not sure.


Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English.

What is the name of the English language's earliest form?

Old English

In what parts of Scotland was Old English spoken?

southern and eastern

in what historical period was Old English spoken?

the early Middle Ages

What people brought Old English to Britain?

Anglo-Saxon settlers

What language developed from Old English?

Middle English

What is the oldest form of Anglo-Saxon?

I'm not sure.

What language first developed in Great Britain during the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

Who came to Great Britain in the 500's?

I'm not sure.

What writing dates back to the mid 700's?

I'm not sure.


The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon. Mercian and Northumbrian are together referred to as Anglian. In terms of geography the Northumbrian region lay north of the Humber River; the Mercian lay north of the Thames and South of the Humber River; West Saxon lay south and southwest of the Thames; and the smallest, Kentish region lay southeast of the Thames, a small corner of England. The Kentish region, settled by the Jutes from Jutland, has the scantiest literary remains.

Along with West Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian, what was one of the four main dialects of Old English?

Kentish

What is a term that collectively refers to Northumbrian and Mercian?

Anglian

Geographically, what river was Northumbria north of?

Humber

What river was the Mercian region south of?

Humber

Which of the Old English dialects covered the smallest geograhical region?

Kentish

What were the four main dialects of Old German?

I'm not sure.

What two dialects were replaced with Anglian?

I'm not sure.

What region was south of the Thames and north of the Humber River?

I'm not sure.

What region has the most literary remains?

I'm not sure.


Old English contained a certain number of loanwords from Latin, which was the scholarly and diplomatic lingua franca of Western Europe. It is sometimes possible to give approximate dates for the borrowing of individual Latin words based on which patterns of sound change they have undergone. Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain. More entered the language when the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity and Latin-speaking priests became influential. It was also through Irish Christian missionaries that the Latin alphabet was introduced and adapted for the writing of Old English, replacing the earlier runic system. Nonetheless, the largest transfer of Latin-based (mainly Old French) words into English occurred after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and thus in the Middle English rather than the Old English period.

From what language did Old English borrow some words?

Latin

What individuals introduced the Latin alphabet to the speakers of Old English?

Irish Christian missionaries

Before the introduction of the Latin alphabet, how was Old English written?

runic system

After the Norman Conquest, Latin words entered English via what language?

Old French

In what year did the Norman Conquest occur?

What contains loan words from Western Europe?

I'm not sure.

When were words borrowed from the Germanic languages?

I'm not sure.

When did English influence Latin words?

I'm not sure.

Who introduced the Irish language?

I'm not sure.


Old English nouns had grammatical gender, a feature absent in modern English, which uses only natural gender. For example, the words sunne ("sun"), mōna ("moon") and wīf ("woman/wife") were respectively feminine, masculine and neuter; this is reflected, among other things, in the form of the definite article used with these nouns: sēo sunne ("the sun"), se mōna ("the moon"), þæt wīf ("the woman/wife"). Pronoun usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when those conflicted (as in the case of wīf, a neuter noun referring to a female person).

What type of gender did Old English nouns possess?

grammatical

What type of gender is present in modern English nouns?

natural

What was a masculine word in Old English?

mōna

What was a feminine word in Old English?

sunne

What was the grammatical gender of the Old English word for wife?

neuter

what did not have a gender in Old English?

I'm not sure.

What is used to show gender in modern English?

I'm not sure.

What type of noun refers to a female person in modern English?

I'm not sure.


The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters ⟨j⟩ and ⟨w⟩, and there was no ⟨v⟩ as distinct from ⟨u⟩; moreover native Old English spellings did not use ⟨k⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨z⟩. The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more: ⟨æ⟩ (æsc, modern ash) and ⟨ð⟩ (ðæt, now called eth or edh), which were modified Latin letters, and thorn ⟨þ⟩ and wynn ⟨ƿ⟩, which are borrowings from the futhorc. A few letter pairs were used as digraphs, representing a single sound. Also used was the Tironian note ⟨⁊⟩ (a character similar to the digit 7) for the conjunction and, and a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender for the pronoun þæt. Macrons over vowels were originally used not to mark long vowels (as in modern editions), but to indicate stress, or as abbreviations for a following m or n.

When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?

u

Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?

q

What is the term for the letter þ?

thorn

What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?

ƿ

What was the term for the letter ƿ?

wynn

What was originally used to mark long vowels?

I'm not sure.

What were most letter pairs used for?

I'm not sure.


The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English. This passage describes how Hrothgar's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby, washed ashore, and adopted by a noble family. The translation is literal and represents the original poetic word order. As such, it is not typical of Old English prose. The modern cognates of original words have been used whenever practical to give a close approximation of the feel of the original poem.

What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?

Beowulf

About how many lines was Beowulf?

Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?

Scyld

Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?

a noble family

What is the longest Old English work?

I'm not sure.

Where was Hrothgar found as a baby?

I'm not sure.

Beowulf is typical of what prose?

I'm not sure.


Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is very different from Modern English and difficult for Modern English speakers to understand without study. Old English grammar is quite similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms, and word order is much freer. The oldest Old English inscriptions were written using a runic system, but from about the 9th century this was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet.

To what language group does Old English belong?

West Germanic

Along with Old Saxon, what language is closely related to Old English?

Old Frisian

To what modern language is Old English similar?

German

In what century did the Latin alphabet replace the runic system in Old English writing?

What other Germanic languages are close to modern English?

I'm not sure.

What is modern German very different from?

I'm not sure.

What replaced runic writing in the 900's

I'm not sure.


A later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham ("the Grammarian"). This form of the language is known as the "Winchester standard", or more commonly as Late West Saxon. It is considered to represent the "classical" form of Old English. It retained its position of prestige until the time of the Norman Conquest, after which English ceased for a time to be of importance as a literary language.

Who was known by the nickname "the Grammarian"?

Ælfric of Eynsham

What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?

Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester

In what century did the Winchester standard arise?

What is another term for the Winchester standard?

Late West Saxon

What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language?

the Norman Conquest

What standard was established in the 1000's?

I'm not sure.

What replaced the classic form of Old English?

I'm not sure.

Who influenced literary standards in the 1000's?

I'm not sure.

What writer helped develop the Winchester standard?

I'm not sure.


Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections, a synthetic language. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, but those that survived, to be sure, are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary.

For about how many years was Old English used?

In what century was Old English first used?

In what century did Old English cease to be used?

According to Albert Baugh, what was the period in which Old English was used?

450 to 1150

About what percentage of Old English words are not present in Modern English?

Where did Anglo-Saxons settle in the 500's?

I'm not sure.

What language stopped being used in Britain during the 1100's?

I'm not sure.

Who claims Old English was in use for from 450 to 1150 years?

I'm not sure.

85% of what language is still in use today?

I'm not sure.


Due to the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions, there is relatively little written record of the non-Wessex dialects after Alfred's unification. Some Mercian texts continued to be written, however, and the influence of Mercian is apparent in some of the translations produced under Alfred's programme, many of which were produced by Mercian scholars. Other dialects certainly continued to be spoken, as is evidenced by the continued variation between their successors in Middle and Modern English. In fact, what would become the standard forms of Middle English and of Modern English are descended from Mercian rather than West Saxon, while Scots developed from the Northumbrian dialect. It was once claimed that, owing to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the dialect of Somerset.

From what Old English dialect is the standard for of Modern English descended?

Mercian

From what Old English dialect did Scots derive?

Northumbrian

What modern dialect is sometimes regarded as being similar to that of the historical Kingdom of Wessex?

Somerset

Along with centralization, what reason is given for the lack of records in non-Wessex dialects after the unification of Alfred?

the Viking invasions

What dialects disappeared after Alfred's unification?

I'm not sure.

What scholars lead the movement to translate texts into English?

I'm not sure.

What languages are descended from Mercian and West Saxon?

I'm not sure.

What was the capital of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom?

I'm not sure.


The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. The change to Old English from Old Norse was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Old Norse and Old English resembled each other closely like cousins and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged. It is most “important to recognize that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population which existed in the Danelaw these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost.” This blending of peoples and languages happily resulted in “simplifying English grammar.”

What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions?

Danish

What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions?

Old Norse

Between the English and Scandinavian language, what elements were most different?

inflectional

What language was influenced by English as a result of Viking invasions?

I'm not sure.

What language replace Norse in Northern England?

I'm not sure.

What did English and Scandinavian have in common?

I'm not sure.

What led to a simpler Norse grammar?

I'm not sure.


Unlike Modern English, Old English is a language rich in morphological diversity. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and (vestigially) instrumental. The only remnants of this system in Modern English are in the forms of a few pronouns (such as I/me/mine, she/her, who/whom/whose) and in the possessive ending -'s, which derives from the old (masculine and neuter) genitive ending -es. In Old English, however, nouns and their modifying words take appropriate endings depending on their case.

What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks?

morphological diversity

Along with the nominative, genitive, dative and instrumental, what case did Old English possess?

accusative

The Modern English ending -'s is derived from what ending in Old English?

-es

In Old English, noun endings vary on what basis?

their case

What kind of diversity is found in Modern English?

I'm not sure.

What were examples of morphology in Old English and Old Norse?

I'm not sure.


The influence of Old Norse certainly helped move English from a synthetic language along the continuum to a more analytic word order, and Old Norse most likely made a greater impact on the English language than any other language. The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings. Simeon Potter notes: “No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south. It was, after all, a salutary influence. The gain was greater than the loss. There was a gain in directness, in clarity, and in strength.”

What language had the greatest influence on English?

Old Norse

What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?

the Danelaw

Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?

Simeon Potter

What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?

word-endings

What influence made English more of a synthetic language?

I'm not sure.

What language had the most impact on other languages?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Vikings stop using complicated word-endings?

I'm not sure.

What did the Norse language gain clarity and directness from?

I'm not sure.


The form of the verb varies with person (first, second and third), number (singular and plural), tense (present and past), and mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Old English also sometimes uses compound constructions to express other verbal aspects, the future and the passive voice; in these we see the beginnings of the compound tenses of Modern English. Old English verbs include strong verbs, which form the past tense by altering the root vowel, and weak verbs, which use a suffix such as -de. As in Modern English, and peculiar to the Germanic languages, the verbs formed two great classes: weak (regular), and strong (irregular). Like today, Old English had fewer strong verbs, and many of these have over time decayed into weak forms. Then, as now, dental suffixes indicated the past tense of the weak verbs, as in work and worked.

Along with the present, what was a verb tense in Old English?

past

What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English?

indicative, subjunctive and imperative

Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?

third

What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs?

-de

How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense?

altering the root vowel

What does modern English use to express verbal aspects?

I'm not sure.

What forms the past tense in Modern English?

I'm not sure.

What no longer indicates the past tense of weak verbs?

I'm not sure.


Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England. This included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island – Wales and most of Scotland – continued to use Celtic languages, except in the areas of Scandinavian settlements where Old Norse was spoken. Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England: Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon, while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria, and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border. Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law.

What language family does Old English belong to?

West Germanic

What is another name for Ingvaeonic?

North Sea Germanic

In what century did Old English first develop?

What Anglo-Saxon kingdom ruled parts of modern-day Scotland?

Northumbria

What language was spoken in Cornwall?

Medieval Cornish

What Germanic dialects are from the 500's?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northuumbria belong to?

I'm not sure.

What language survived in Cumbria until the 1200's?

I'm not sure.

What language replace Old English in Scandinavian settlements?

I'm not sure.


Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf, an epic poem; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a record of early English history; the Franks Casket, an inscribed early whalebone artefact; and Cædmon's Hymn, a Christian religious poem. There are also a number of extant prose works, such as sermons and saints' lives, biblical translations, and translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers, legal documents, such as laws and wills, and practical works on grammar, medicine, and geography. Still, poetry is considered the heart of Old English literature. Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous, with a few exceptions, such as Bede and Cædmon. Cædmon, the earliest English poet we know by name, served as a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby.

What is an important Old English historical record?

the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

What is an important Old English religious poem?

Cædmon's Hymn

What type of literary work is Beowulf?

an epic poem

Who is the earliest English poet known by name?

Cædmon

Where did Cædmon live?

Whitby

What is the oldest surviving Old English literature?

I'm not sure.

What is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle carved on?

I'm not sure.

What is considered the heart of world literature?

I'm not sure.

Who are usually well known among the Anglo-Saxons?

I'm not sure.


Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England, their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain: Common Brittonic, a Celtic language, and Latin, brought to Britain by Roman invasion. Old English had four main dialects, associated with particular Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the basis for the literary standard of the later Old English period, although the dominant forms of Middle and Modern English would develop mainly from Mercian. The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule and settlement beginning in the 9th century.

What is another name for Anglo-Frisian?

North Sea Germanic

Along with the Angles and Saxons, what tribe spoke Anglo-Frisian?

Jutes

What language family did Common Brittonic belong to?

Celtic

How was the Latin language brought to Britain?

Roman invasion

In what century did Scandinavian settlement begin in northern England?

What Germanic dialects developed from Old English?

I'm not sure.

Whose language was replaced by Common Brittonic?

I'm not sure.

What language replace Common Brittonic after the Roman invasion?

I'm not sure.

What people ruled the eastern and northern parts of England beginning in the 900's?

I'm not sure.


With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose.

What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?

Alfred the Great

What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?

Pastoral Care

When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?

In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?

What dialect did Alfred's government use?

West Saxon

Who unified the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

Who advocated making Latin the language of education?

I'm not sure.

What treatise did Pope Gregory I have translated into English?

I'm not sure.

What Anglo-Saxon king died in the 9th century?

I'm not sure.


Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great. From that time on, the West Saxon dialect (then in the form now known as Early West Saxon) became standardised as the language of government, and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period.

Along with Northumbria, what kingdom was invaded by the Vikings?

Mercia

Along with the part of Mercia not conquered by the Vikings, what other kingdom was combined with Wessex by Alfred?

Kent

What is the modern name for the West Saxon dialect of Alfred's time?

Early West Saxon

From what language was literature notably translated into West Saxon?

Latin

North of what river in Northumbria was the kingdom not overrun by the Vikings?

Tyne

Who over ran most of Mercia in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

Who defended Kent from the Vikings?

I'm not sure.

What became the standard language in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

What language was West Saxon literature translated to?

I'm not sure.


Another source of loanwords was Old Norse, which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century, and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century. Many place-names in eastern and northern England are of Scandinavian origin. Norse borrowings are relatively rare in Old English literature, being mostly terms relating to government and administration. The literary standard, however, was based on the West Saxon dialect, away from the main area of Scandinavian influence; the impact of Norse may have been greater in the eastern and northern dialects. Certainly in Middle English texts, which are more often based on eastern dialects, a strong Norse influence becomes apparent. Modern English contains a great many, often everyday, words that were borrowed from Old Norse, and the grammatical simplification that occurred after the Old English period is also often attributed to Norse influence.

During what century did Cnut rule?

What was Cnut's nationality?

Danish

During what century did Scandinavians begin to settle in England?

What language was a source for English loanwords that are still used today?

Old Norse

Along with eastern England, what part of England contains many place names of Scandinavian origin?

northern

How did the Norse borrow words from Old English?

I'm not sure.

Who influenced the English language starting in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled in the 1100's?

I'm not sure.

What led to more complicated grammar after the Old English period?

I'm not sure.


Modern editions of Old English manuscripts generally introduce some additional conventions. The modern forms of Latin letters are used, including ⟨g⟩ in place of the insular G, ⟨s⟩ for long S, and others which may differ considerably from the insular script, notably ⟨e⟩, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨r⟩. Macrons are used to indicate long vowels, where usually no distinction was made between long and short vowels in the originals. (In some older editions an acute accent mark was used for consistency with Old Norse conventions.) Additionally, modern editions often distinguish between velar and palatal ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ by placing dots above the palatals: ⟨ċ⟩, ⟨ġ⟩. The letter wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ is usually replaced with ⟨w⟩, but æsc, eth and thorn are normally retained (except when eth is replaced by thorn).

What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter?

palatal

What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English?

w

What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G?

g

What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S?

s

When eth is replaced, what is it replaced by?

thorn

What removes some conventions from Old English manuscripts?

I'm not sure.

What are used to indicate short vowels?

I'm not sure.

What kind of vowels have no distinction in Old English?

I'm not sure.


Like other historical languages, Old English has been used by scholars and enthusiasts of later periods to create texts either imitating Anglo-Saxon literature or deliberately transferring it to a different cultural context. Examples include Alistair Campbell and J. R. R. Tolkien. A number of websites devoted to Neo-Paganism and Historical re-enactment offer reference material and forums promoting the active use of Old English. By far the most ambitious project[peacock term] is the Old English Wikipedia, but most of the Neo-Old English texts published online bear little resemblance to the historical model and are riddled with very basic grammatical mistakes.

What modern religion sometimes uses Old English?

Neo-Paganism

What hobby champions the use of Old English?

Historical re-enactment

Along with Tolkien, what modern scholar notably made use of Old English?

Alistair Campbell

What Wikipedia project makes use of the Old English language?

the Old English Wikipedia

What is a term for modern texts written in Old English?

Neo-Old English

What is one of the few languages imitated by scholars?

I'm not sure.

What author promoted the active use of Old English?

I'm not sure.

What Wikipedia project translate Old English texts?

I'm not sure.

What modern authors wrote exclusively in Old English?

I'm not sure.


Old English was first written in runes, using the futhorc – a rune set derived from the Germanic 24-character elder futhark, extended by five more runes used to represent Anglo-Saxon vowel sounds, and sometimes by several more additional characters. From around the 9th century, the runic system came to be supplanted by a (minuscule) half-uncial script of the Latin alphabet introduced by Irish Christian missionaries. This was replaced by insular script, a cursive and pointed version of the half-uncial script. This was used until the end of the 12th century when continental Carolingian minuscule (also known as Caroline) replaced the insular.

What was written using the Germanic 24-character elder Furthark?

I'm not sure.

How many Anglo-Saxon vowels were there?

I'm not sure.

What script came into use in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

Who introduced a Latin script in the 900's?

I'm not sure.

What writing form came into use in the 1200's?

I'm not sure.


A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters.

What type of carrier is the largest?

fleet carrier

What capability does a fleet carrier offer?

offensive

What purpose were excort carriers developed for?

to provide defense for convoys of ships

What were most escort carriers built from?

mercantile hulls

What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?

heavy aviation cruisers

What type of carrier is the smallest?

I'm not sure.

What capability does a fleet carrier not offer?

I'm not sure.

What purpose were export carriers developed for?

I'm not sure.

What were few escort carriers built from?

I'm not sure.

What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Germany actually called?

I'm not sure.


This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft.

What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?

Escort

What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?

light

What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?

speed

What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?

3 years

Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?

Royal Navy

What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue?

I'm not sure.

What type of tank was the USS Independence?

I'm not sure.

What advantage did heavy carriers have over escort carriers?

I'm not sure.

What was the expected service life of the UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier?

I'm not sure.

Who did the UK 1941 Design Heavy Fleet Carriers serve during the war?

I'm not sure.


Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok.

When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?

What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?

What was Izvestiya?

Russian newspaper

Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?

Murmansk

Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?

Vladivostok

When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?

I'm not sure.

What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't Izvestiya?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Southern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Atlantic Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?

I'm not sure.


As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself.

What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"?

aircraft carriers

What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?

flat-top flight deck

Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?

The flight deck

What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?

a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain

What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?

accelerate more quickly to gain lift

What are never regarded as "runways at sea"?

I'm not sure.

What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to hinder launching and recovering aircraft?

I'm not sure.

Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?

I'm not sure.

What is a primary reason that ships have longer runways than land runways have?

I'm not sure.

What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths?

I'm not sure.


Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.

When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?

early 1950s

What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?

hitting aircraft parked forward

How many "waist" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?

one or two

How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?

two

What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?

An angled deck

When did conventional carriers stop recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?

I'm not sure.

What risk is added by aircraft by using an angled deck?

I'm not sure.

How many "waste" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?

I'm not sure.

How man bow dogs can be installed with an angled deck?

I'm not sure.

What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle rigidity?

I'm not sure.


Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?

the forward end of the flight deck

What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??

take off at far higher weights

Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?

the Royal Navy

What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?

some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity

What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?

either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea

Where are snowboard-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?

I'm not sure.

What did ski-jump ramps stop STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck?

I'm not sure.

Who originally hated the ski-jump ramp?

I'm not sure.

What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be a failure?

I'm not sure.

What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a unloaded and fueled aircraft from doing?

I'm not sure.


An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.

What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?

full-length

What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?

carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering

Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?

An aircraft carrier

What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?

project air power worldwide without depending on local bases

What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?

nuclear-powered warships

What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers not equipped with?

I'm not sure.

What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for land vehicles?

I'm not sure.

Typically, what is the capital ship of no fleets?

I'm not sure.

What do aircraft carriers disallow naval forces to accomplish?

I'm not sure.

What have the new converted cruiser aircraft carriers devolved into?

I'm not sure.


The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane, made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911. On 9 May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia. Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French Foudre of 1911. In September 1914 the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit. The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern Raid in July 1918. Seven Sopwith Camels launched from the converted battlecruiser HMS Furious damaged the German airbase at Tønder and destroyed two zeppelins.

In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?

In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?

In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?

What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?

the world's first successful ship-launched air raid

What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?

the Tondern Raid in July 1918

In what year was the advent of lighter-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the second experimental take-off of an airplane?

I'm not sure.

In what year were the first experimental takeoffs of an airplane?

I'm not sure.

What did the Imperial Chinese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?

I'm not sure.

What was the first carrier-launched seastrike?

I'm not sure.


Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously held by the battleship. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance. Supercarriers, displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers" or "helicopter carriers", many have the capability to operate VSTOL aircraft.

Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?

the battleship

When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?

World War II

What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?

Supercarriers

Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?

Amphibious assault ships

What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?

helicopters

Which ship was never known as being the capital ship of the fleet?

I'm not sure.

When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the minor ship of the fleet?

I'm not sure.

What type of carrier is capable of displacing 57,000 tonnes or greater?

I'm not sure.

Which ships are used for carrying and landing Civilians?

I'm not sure.

What do Amphibious assault ships need a small contingent of for carrying Marines?

I'm not sure.


The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD's, the first of which was commissioned in November 2015, while the second is expected to enter service in 2016. The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history. Their primary roles are to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force and to carry out or support humanitarian assistance missions. The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles (tanks, armoured personnel carriers etc.). The Australian Defence Minister has publicly raised the possibility of procuring F-35B STOVL aircraft for the carrier, stating that it "has been on the table since day one and stating the LHD's are "STOVL capable".

Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?

The Royal Australian Navy

How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?

the largest in Australian naval history

What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?

to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force

How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?

1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles

How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?

multiple helicopters at one time

Who is in the process of releasing two Canbera-class LHD's?

I'm not sure.

How small will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?

I'm not sure.

What is a secondary role of the Canbera-class LDH?

I'm not sure.

How many civilians can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?

I'm not sure.

How many tanks is the LHD capable of launching?

I'm not sure.


The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. The ships are due to become operational from 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1,600 when the air group is embarked. Defensive weapons will include the Phalanx Close-In Weapons System for anti-aircraft and anti-missile defence; also 30 mm Automated Small Calibre Guns and miniguns for use against fast attack craft. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?

two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class

What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?

HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales

When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?

How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?

How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?

the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy

What is the British Army constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?

I'm not sure.

What will the 2 Queen Victoria class ships be named?

I'm not sure.

When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become unoperational?

I'm not sure.

How many grams can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?

I'm not sure.

How old will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?

I'm not sure.


The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft.

Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?

they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched

What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?

heavy aircraft

What does CATOBAR allow for?

deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts

Why is STOVL used by other navies?

it is cheaper to operate

Why do the constraints of deconstructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?

I'm not sure.

What are assisted launch mechanisms secondarily used for?

I'm not sure.

What doesn't CATOBAR allow for?

I'm not sure.

Why is STOVL not used by other navies?

I'm not sure.

What is more expensive to operate?

I'm not sure.


On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance. Post-WWII Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to "bolt" and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck.

Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?

conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own

What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?

to recover their aircraft

What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?

extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck

What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires?

bolt

What can a "bolt" prevent an aircraft from doing?

crashing into aircraft on the forward deck

Why do almost all carriers using nonconventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?

I'm not sure.

What is not the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?

I'm not sure.

What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a long distance?

I'm not sure.

What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if it catches the arresting wires?

I'm not sure.

What can a "bolt" allow an aircraft to do?

I'm not sure.


Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The "air boss" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and "those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet." The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff.

What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?

the shooters, the handler, and the air boss

What are shooters responsible for?

launching aircraft

What is the handler responsible for?

the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery

Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?

on the Navigation Bridge

Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?

the embarked admiral and his staff

What are 3 key personnel not involved in the flight deck?

I'm not sure.

What are shooters unresponsible for?

I'm not sure.

What is the handler unresponsible for?

I'm not sure.

Where does the captain of the ship spend the least of his time?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship restricted from?

I'm not sure.


The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.

What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?

the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load

What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?

heavily laden aircraft

What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?

a catapult or JATO rocket

Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?

would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas

How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?

with a minimal armament and fuel load

What is the advantage of the ski-jump?

I'm not sure.

What can launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?

I'm not sure.

What do lightly laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?

I'm not sure.

Why is a ski-jump included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?

I'm not sure.

How is the Russian SU-33 unable to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?

I'm not sure.


One STOBAR carrier: Liaoning was originally built as the 57,000 tonne Soviet Admiral Kuznetsov-class carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a stripped hulk by China in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino, then partially rebuilt and towed to China for completion. Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September 2012, and began service for testing and training. On 24 or 25 November 2012, Liaoning successfully launched and recovered several Shenyang J-15 jet fighter aircraft. She is classified as a training ship, intended to allow the navy to practice with carrier usage. On 26 December 2012, the People's Daily reported that it will take four to five years for Liaoning to reach full capacity, mainly due to training and coordination which will take significant amount of time for Chinese PLA Navy to complete as this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession. As it is a training ship, Liaoning is not assigned to any of China's operation fleets.

Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?

on the pretext of use as a floating casino

What is Liaoning classifed as?

a training ship

What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with?

carrier usage

Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China's operation fleets?

it is a training ship

Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?

this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession

Why didn't China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?

I'm not sure.

What isn't Liaoning classifed as?

I'm not sure.

What is the Liaoning intended to hinder the navy practice with?

I'm not sure.

Why is Liaoning assigned to any of China's operation fleets?

I'm not sure.

Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 14-15 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?

I'm not sure.