In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest €230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China’s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market.

How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project?

€230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)

In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?

only be used by its armed forces

When did China join the Galileo project?

October 2004

When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded?

December 2004

Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?

the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post

In January 2015, China was set to invest how much in Galileo over the following years?

I'm not sure.

How many million USD is equivalent to 160 million rupees?

I'm not sure.

Which agreement did Japan sign to join the Galileo project officially?

I'm not sure.

Which program says CGI founded in 2008?

I'm not sure.

By April of 2006, how many cooperation projects between Japan and EU had been signed?

I'm not sure.


BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system, which consists of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each.

What is the BeiDou-1?

an experimental regional navigation system

The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?

four

How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?

one

What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?

the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite

How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?

1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each

Which navigational system is regional and consists of five satellites?

I'm not sure.

The launch weight of what was over 3,000 pounds?

I'm not sure.

BeiDou-1 consists of four working satellites and how many backups?

I'm not sure.

BeiDou-1 consists of four backup satellites and how many working satellites?

I'm not sure.

Which navigational system is national and consists of four satellites?

I'm not sure.


Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz.

What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?

medium Earth orbit satellites

What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?

satellites in geostationary orbit

What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?

the system does not require a large constellation of satellites

What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?

from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N

What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?

2491.75 MHz

BeiDou-1, along with American GPS, use which type of satellites?

I'm not sure.

BeiDou-1, along with Russian GLONASS, use which type of satellites?

I'm not sure.

BeiDou-1, along with European Galileo systems, use which type of satellites?

I'm not sure.

Which is a frequency of the vehicular system?

I'm not sure.

Although, BeiDou-1 uses medium Earth orbit satellites, American GPS systems use which kind?

I'm not sure.


The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003.

When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?

October 31, 2000

What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?

When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?

December 21, 2000

What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?

When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?

May 25, 2003

In what year was the fifth and final satellite launched?

I'm not sure.

In what month was the fourth and final satellite launched?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the first satellite, BeiDou-1C, launched?

I'm not sure.

In what month was the first satellite, BeiDou-1X, launched?

I'm not sure.

The second satellite was named BeiDou-12b and was launched in December of what year?

I'm not sure.


In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated).

In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system?

as high as 0.5 metres

What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?

What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?

Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?

the official Xinhua News Agency

According to which news agency was the BeiDou resolution as high as .7 metres?

I'm not sure.

In 2008, the XinHuang News Agency reported the resolution of the BeiDou System as how high?

I'm not sure.

There are no terminals, but the calibration accuracy is still what?

I'm not sure.

According to which news agency was the BeiDou-1X monitor resolution as high as .08 metres?

I'm not sure.

What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou second generation system?

I'm not sure.


In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen, a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB was presented.

How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?

around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929)

How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?

almost 10 times the price

Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?

due to the cost of imported microchips

Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?

Shenzhen

What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?

a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB

In what year was the price of a BeiDou-1 ground terminal $250 USD?

I'm not sure.

The price of the port was a result of the cost of what?

I'm not sure.

The price of what was a result of imported macro chips?

I'm not sure.

The price of what was a result of the price of motherboards?

I'm not sure.

Where was there a terminal priced over CNY2,000RMB?

I'm not sure.


According to Sun Jiadong, the chief designer of the navigation system, "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."

Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?

Sun Jiadong

What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?

"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."

Who is Sun Jiadong?

the chief designer of the navigation system

Who says that many organizations dislike the system?

I'm not sure.

Moon Jiadong says that many organizations have been doing what?

I'm not sure.

According to the CEO, how do many organizations feel about the system?

I'm not sure.

Who is quoted as saying not many organizations have used the system?

I'm not sure.


BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe.

What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as?

COMPASS

How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?

How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?

How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?

What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system?

for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1

What was BeiDou-3 formerly known as?

I'm not sure.

MAPS is the former name of which satellite?

I'm not sure.

Which system will consist of 40 satellites?

I'm not sure.

The old system will consist of how many non-geostationary satellites satellites?

I'm not sure.


The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS. Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service: open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system.

What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?

the CDMA principle

What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?

open and restricted (military)

Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?

globally to general users

Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?

Sun Jiadong

How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?

75+ satellites

Which signals are based on the ABCD principle?

I'm not sure.

The ranging signals have a simple structure and are based on which principle?

I'm not sure.

The ranging signals, based on the Galileo principle, have what type of structure?

I'm not sure.

Who designed the COMPASS international trade system?

I'm not sure.

Which system is the predecessor of the GNSS system?

I'm not sure.


There are two levels of service provided — a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.

What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?

a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military

What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?

10-meter location-tracking accuracy

What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?

10 centimetres

As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?

the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan

What is something the licensed military service can be used for?

communication

Aside from the charged service to civilians, what is the other level of service provided?

I'm not sure.

Aside from the licensed service to Japanese civilians, what is the other level of service provided?

I'm not sure.

The paid civilian service offers which features?

I'm not sure.

The service licensed to Japanese government has a location accuracy of what?

I'm not sure.

The paid civilian service has a location tracking accuracy of how many meters?

I'm not sure.


Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?

four bands

What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?

E1, E2, E5B, and E6

Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?

E1 and E2

Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?

E1 and E2

According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?

the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency

Frequencies for COMPASS overlap with Genesis and are allocated in how many bands?

I'm not sure.

Which countries satellites will transmit in E3 before Galileo satellites?

I'm not sure.

Which countries satellites will transmit in E3 before COMPASS satellites?

I'm not sure.

Frequencies for NASA are allocated in how many bands?

I'm not sure.

Aside from B3, E1 and E34, what is the other band of frequency used by COMPASS?

I'm not sure.


Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.

How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?

little was officially announced

What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?

to study general characteristics of the signals

What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?

to build a COMPASS receiver

How much information  about the new system's signals was released by Japanese authorities?

I'm not sure.

What type of receiver did FBI researchers build?

I'm not sure.

The launch of the third COMPASS satellite allowed for researchers to do what?

I'm not sure.

How much information did Taiwanese authorities announce about the old system's signals?

I'm not sure.


Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?

14 April 2007

What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?

for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing

The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?

the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system

What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?

21,150 km

What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?

55.5 degrees

Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched during which month of 2007?

I'm not sure.

Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched during which year?

I'm not sure.

Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched on what day?

I'm not sure.

What satellites role is the Compass-L3 similar to?

I'm not sure.

Compass M-1 has a square orbit and an altitude of how many KM?

I'm not sure.


Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?

E2, E5B, and E6

What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?

90 degrees (in quadrature)

What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?

"I" and "Q"

What is the intended purpose of the "I" component?

likely to be intended for the open service

What is the intended purpose of the "Q" component?

probably intended for the restricted service

In how many bands does Nerf-M1 transmit in?

I'm not sure.

What bands does Compass-M3 transmit in?

I'm not sure.

How many coherent sub-signals have been detected in each orbit?

I'm not sure.

Which components have much shorter codes and are most likely intended for the restricted service?

I'm not sure.

IQ modulation has been the only method in wired technology since how many years ago?

I'm not sure.


The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?

immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007

What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?

the spectrum and structure of the signals

Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?

researchers from Stanford University

Who built the COMPASS receiver?

a group of engineers at Septentrio

What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?

report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B

In what month of 2008 was Compass-M1 launched?

I'm not sure.

In March of what year was Compass-M1 launched?

I'm not sure.

Yale University researchers decoded what?

I'm not sure.

Knowing the codes allowed Stanford researchers to build which receiver?

I'm not sure.

Knowing the codes allowed Stanford researchers to build the NERF receiver and report what?

I'm not sure.


Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?

Compass signals have somewhat greater power

Which signals characteristics are usually similar to private military codes of GPS?

I'm not sure.

Compass signals are known to have lesser what?

I'm not sure.

The Japanese notation can be found in which row on the table?

I'm not sure.

Even though the Chinese notation is the same, it can be found on which row of the table?

I'm not sure.


In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?

December 2011

When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?

27 December

What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?

as more satellites are launched

Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?

accurate to the nearest 10 m

Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?

within 0.2 m per second

During which month of 2013 did the system begin a trial operation?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the system finish its trial run?

I'm not sure.

The system began charging China and surrounding areas in what month?

I'm not sure.

During the trial period, within how many meters was the NSEW system's positioning accuracy?

I'm not sure.

After official launch, the system declined to offer customers positioning information accurate to the nearest what?

I'm not sure.


The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?

December 2012

Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?

the Asia-Pacific region

At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?

between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N

During which month of 2015 did the BeiDou-3 system begin offering services to Japan?

I'm not sure.

In October of what year did services for the Asia-Pacific region begin?

I'm not sure.

The system was able to provide positioning data between 55 E to 180 E longitude and ______ latitude?

I'm not sure.

The system was able to provide positioning data between 55 S to 55 N latitude and ______ longitude?

I'm not sure.

Where did the BeiDou-X system begin offering services in December of 2012?

I'm not sure.


In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?

December 2011

When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?

by 2020

As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?

Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?

During which month of 2012 did the system begin operations in China?

I'm not sure.

During June of what year did the system begin operations in China?

I'm not sure.

In what month did the system begin operations in Japan?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the system begin operations in Japan?

I'm not sure.

How many satellites have been launched as of November, 2013?

I'm not sure.


The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?

How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?

nine

What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?

functional regional coverage

How many satellites were launched since 2007?

When was the second satellite of the first generation system launched?

I'm not sure.

When was the first satellite of the third generation launched?

I'm not sure.

How many satellites were removed from orbit during this time?

I'm not sure.

How many satellites were launched between 2005 and 2007?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the second generation satellite of the first system?

I'm not sure.


In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.

When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?

How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?

with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites

During what year did the system begin transformation towards serving China only?

I'm not sure.

What did the system first launch in 2013?

I'm not sure.

In 2007, the system began transforming towards providing what type of coverage?

I'm not sure.

The system began its transition towards national coverage during which year?

I'm not sure.


On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?

July 25, 2015

Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?

the Xichang Satellite Launch Center

What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?

Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket

What is the Expedition-1?

an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits

During which month of 2007 was the 18th satellite launched?

I'm not sure.

During which month of 2017 was the 19th satellite launched?

I'm not sure.

In which year was the 20th satellite launched?

I'm not sure.

Where were the 2nd and 3rd satellites launched from?

I'm not sure.

This marked the third time China launched how many satellites at once?

I'm not sure.


The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?

navigation services

What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?

testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links

How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?

three

Four of the newest satellites will undergo what?

I'm not sure.

The satellites will individually undergo testing of an old system of what?

I'm not sure.

The three newest terminals will start providing what type of services when ready?

I'm not sure.

How many satellites will undergo separate testing for new signaling units?

I'm not sure.

How many terminals will be undergo testing of the new system?

I'm not sure.


Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?

Canon law

In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?

Christian

Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?

Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches

What body was first responsible for creating canon?

church council

What does canon law consist of?

canons

What is the name of rules made by lay people of the church?

I'm not sure.

What church is made up of the Latin and Western Catholic churches

I'm not sure.

All religions are governed by what rules?

I'm not sure.

What was originally adopted by the Pope?

I'm not sure.

Throughout what three bodies is canon law interpreted the same way?

I'm not sure.


Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

What is the Greek term for canon?

kanon

What is the Hebrew term for canon?

kaneh

What is the Arabic term meaning canon?

Qanun

What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?

reed

Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?

cane

What is kanon the Hebrew word for?

I'm not sure.

What is Kaneh the Greek word for?

I'm not sure.


The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?

eighty-five

How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?

fifty

What is another term for Apostolic Canons?

Ecclesiastical Canons

When was the First Council of Nicaea held?

What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?

a rule

What does the Western church have eighty-five of?

I'm not sure.

What does the Eastern church have fifty of?

I'm not sure.

What is made up of a collection of ecclesiastical decrees and cannons?

I'm not sure.

What did the Ante-Nicene fathers call cannons?

I'm not sure.

What Council met in 325 BC?

I'm not sure.


In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?

the Church's hierarchical authorities

What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?

canon law

What does management of canon law aim to regulate?

external organization and government

What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?

order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church

In what church is canon law used to regulate internal organizations?

I'm not sure.

What mission this Canon law directly activities of all Christians towards?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the collection of informal rules in Catholicism?

I'm not sure.

What law is enforced by individual parishes?

I'm not sure.


The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?

rites

How many major rites exist?

five

Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?

the Supreme Pontiff

What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?

full union

Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?

Roman Catholic

How many rights are there net Eastern Catholic church?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the collection of Catholic churches led by the College of Cardinals?

I'm not sure.

How many rights are not a full union with the Roman Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

Who leads all Christian churches?

I'm not sure.


In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

immutable divine and natural law

What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

changeable circumstantial and merely positive law

What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?

formal authority and promulgation

What is the pope's official title?

Supreme Pontiff

What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?

legislative, executive, and judicial

What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law in all Christian churches?

I'm not sure.

What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law in all Christian churches?

I'm not sure.

What do all church leaders give to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

What is the official title of all Cardinals?

I'm not sure.

What three powers usually found in government are held by the Pope and College of Cardinals?

I'm not sure.


The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?

The Catholic Church

What is a legal system older than Catholic law?

Roman law

What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?

canons

When was the Council of Jerusalem held?

first century

Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?

Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic

What does the Catholic Church claim to be the oldest of in the world?

I'm not sure.

What laws predate both Roman law and European civil law traditions?

I'm not sure.

What legal traditions were not included in early canons?

I'm not sure.

What counsel was held in the first century BC

I'm not sure.


The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

Which period followed the jus antiquum?

the jus novum

What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?

the Code of Canon Law

What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?

the jus vetus

How many periods can Greek canon law be divided into?

I'm not sure.

What is the jus antiquum the most recent era of?

I'm not sure.

What did Jus novum precede?

I'm not sure.

What did jus vetus follow?

I'm not sure.


The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?

different disciplines and practices

What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?

process of codification

When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?

Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?

Pope John Paul II

What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?

the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches

What did the Easter and Western Catholic church have in common?

I'm not sure.

When was the coded canons of the Western churches promulgated?

I'm not sure.

Who promulgated the code of canons for the Western churches?

I'm not sure.

What was the informal version of laws the Eastern Catholic churches?

I'm not sure.


It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?

lawyers, judges

What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?

civilly-binding force

What does J.C.B. stand for?

Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus

What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?

Bachelor of Canon Law

What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?

Juris Canonici Licentiatus

What is not fully developed in the Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

What kind of binding forces does the Catholic Church have that are not in most secular jurisdictions?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the non-academic degrees in Canon law?

I'm not sure.

What are usually not pre-request for studying canon law?

I'm not sure.


Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?

Roman Law Code of Justinian

What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?

adversarial

What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?

inquisitorial

What is the English meaning of inquirere?

to enquire

What was adapted from the Roman law code of Julius Caesar?

I'm not sure.

What courts follow the room and law style found in Eurasia?

I'm not sure.

What other law system do ecclesiastical courts share an adversarial form with?

I'm not sure.

What do ecclesiastical courts have rather then collegiate panels of judges?

I'm not sure.


The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?

Europe

In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?

modern civil law and common law

Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?

Edson Luiz Sampel

What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?

Europe and Latin American

What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?

contemporary society

What law paralleled the legal development of Europe and Latin America?

I'm not sure.

What was influenced by civil law and common law?

I'm not sure.

Who said that Canon law has little influence in contemporary society?

I'm not sure.

What is contained in various institutions of Europe and Asia?

I'm not sure.


Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?

Aristotelian-Thomistic

Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?

Aquinas

What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?

law

What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?

the common good

What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?

a rule of conduct

What generally follows the principles of Aristotle and Plato?

I'm not sure.

Which philosopher quoted the catechism?

I'm not sure.

What term is explicitly defined in the code?

I'm not sure.

What does Aquinas say is working towards the good of the church?

I'm not sure.


The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?

the Latin or Western Church

What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?

more diversity in legislation

What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?

custom

When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?

During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?

1949 through 1958

Who is in much the same state as the Latin church after 1917?

I'm not sure.

What was the same in the Eastern and Western church prior to 1917?

I'm not sure.

When did Pius IX announced his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern churches?

I'm not sure.

What was finalized in 1958?

I'm not sure.

What is still waiting to be finalized?

I'm not sure.


The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

When was the original Code of Canon Law published?

For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?

the Roman Rite

During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?

1962 - 1965

For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?

the Roman Rite

When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?

What was published prior to 1917?

I'm not sure.

When was the code of Canon Law written for all five rates?

I'm not sure.

What counsel ended in 1962?

I'm not sure.

What was published specifically for the Eastern right in 1983?

I'm not sure.

When was the second coat of Eastern Catholic canon law published?

I'm not sure.


The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?

Greek

What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?

canons and commentaries upon them

What does Pēdálion mean in English?

Rudder

Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?

bishops

Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?

the Ecumenical Councils

What denomination uses Hebrew?

I'm not sure.

What tradition treats its canons more as laws?

I'm not sure.

Who believes the ecumenical councils intended the cannons to be laws?

I'm not sure.

What decisions of the councils are to be treated as guidelines?

I'm not sure.

What are not considered essential for the church's unity?

I'm not sure.


In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?

the Church of England

In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?

What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?

common law

At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?

Oxford and Cambridge

Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?

Henry VIII

Where do church courts no longer function in secular society?

I'm not sure.

What did the Normans split away from in the 1200s?

I'm not sure.

In one country is ecclesiastical matters part of a common law system?

I'm not sure.

What were ecclesiastical courts prior to the Reformation in England?

I'm not sure.

What universities offer Canon law degrees?

I'm not sure.


Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.

What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?

the Anglican Communion

What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?

the Episcopal Church

What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?

the Anglican Church of Canada

What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?

their own private systems of canon law

What is a term for the church of England but not the churches that align with it?

I'm not sure.

What church is Episcopal Church not affiliated with?

I'm not sure.

What churches no longer operate with their own private system of canon law?

I'm not sure.


Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion.

As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?

principles of canon law

What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?

factually

Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law?

its own legal system

What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?

living

What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?

unity

As of 2004 what to Anglican Communion churches no longer share?

I'm not sure.

Anglican church law contributes to what for each of its members?

I'm not sure.

What is not fundamental to self understanding of each of the churches of the Communion?

I'm not sure.

What does having individual principle show?

I'm not sure.


In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.

What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?

"practice and procedure" or "church order"

In what types of institutions are canon rules called "practice and procedure"?

Presbyterian and Reformed churches

What aspect of management is covered by church order?

government

What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?

discipline

What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?

worship

Canon law is different from what in other denominations?

I'm not sure.

What aspect of management is not covered by church order?

I'm not sure.

What aspect of the core is not covered by practice and procedures?

I'm not sure.

What aspect of faith is not covered by canon law?

I'm not sure.


Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

What group took issue with the Roman canons?

the Presbyterians

In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?

To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?

Parliament

For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?

1500 years

Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?

bishops

What group supported roaming cannons?

I'm not sure.

What did the Presbyterians criticize in the fifteenth century?

I'm not sure.

Who claimed the bishops have been enforcing canon law for 2000 years?

I'm not sure.


The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as "canons."

What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?

The Book of Concord

Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?

What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?

confessional

What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?

canons

What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?

orthodox

What is the fundamental collection of documents of the Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

What book has been recognized as authoritative since the 1600s?

I'm not sure.

What book has not Orthodox beliefs?

I'm not sure.


Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.

How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?

two

Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?

private

As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?

Print media

What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?

In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?

National Communications Act

Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?

private

Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?

private

How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?

two

What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?

Print media

What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?

radio stations and online portals

What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?

How many private and foreign radio and television networks does the government of Somalia have?

I'm not sure.

When was the national postal service of Somalia first started?

I'm not sure.

Why is increasing overseas activities causing print media to decrease?

I'm not sure.

What communication does the public sector concentrate in?

I'm not sure.

When was the National Communications Act dismantled?

I'm not sure.


After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.

Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?

Somali entrepreneurs

China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.

expertise

What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?

affordable mobile phone and internet services

Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?

mobile phones

When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?

infrastructure

What did Chinese entrepreneurs create?

I'm not sure.

Before the civil war, what jobs were being created?

I'm not sure.

Besides Somalia, what country has the best telecommunications?

I'm not sure.

Why are the Somalian telecommunication companies so expensive?

I'm not sure.

What can customers do with their phones besides money transfers and banking activities?

I'm not sure.


After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.

Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?

multinational corporations

Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?

Somali telecommunication companies

aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?

what is another word for availability of telephone lines?

tele-density

How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?

$40 million

Who offers the most expensive phone calls in Africa?

I'm not sure.

How much does the Somali Telecom Group gross per year?

I'm not sure.

Which companies agreed to a deal that would limit competition?

I'm not sure.

How much higher is the Somalia teledensity compared to Niger?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the Somali telecommunications does Hormuud Telecom make up?

I'm not sure.


In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.

What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?

Where is Somtal network located?

Hargeisa

Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?

mobile banking

STC stands for what?

Somali Telecommunication Company

The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?

three

Who is Dahabshiil Group's partner in the Somtel Network?

I'm not sure.

Who owned the majority of Somtel Network before Dahabshiil?

I'm not sure.

How many networks do STC customers still not have access to?

I'm not sure.

What industry is growing in the national banking sector?

I'm not sure.

When will the STC be fully established?

I'm not sure.


Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.

Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?

telecom industry

What sector provides key communication services?

telecom

Why are local governments investing in telecom?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Somalia's economy is telecom?

I'm not sure.

Which industry in Somalia is not improving?

I'm not sure.

What are key communication services?

I'm not sure.


On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.

What year was the national Communications act enacted?

What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?

the National Communications Act

What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?

academic and civil society

The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?

investment

Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?

service delivery

How many people approved the National Communications Act?

I'm not sure.

When will the National Communications Regulator be put into place?

I'm not sure.

What sectors are unaffected by this act?

I'm not sure.

Which stakeholders were not consulted?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Somali Cabinet made up of?

I'm not sure.


The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.

What is the name of the Somali postal service?

Somali Post

What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?

Somali Post

Who is the local postal service?

I'm not sure.

Who runs the Ministry of Information?

I'm not sure.

What is the post service of the Federal Government of Niger?

I'm not sure.

How many parts of the Ministry of Information, Posts, and Telecommunication are there?

I'm not sure.


The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.

When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?

during the civil war

What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?

Dubai International

What Airport delivered the mail before 2003?

I'm not sure.

Which Western country did Somalia partner with?

I'm not sure.

What country did the Somali Post parner with before the civil war?

I'm not sure.

Why did Somalia Post partner with Western Countries?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Somalia Post mail transit Hub?

I'm not sure.


Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?

three

Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?

ten years

How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?

How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?

What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?

When did Somalia first join the UPU?

I'm not sure.

How many years will the first phase take?

I'm not sure.

How many branches will Somalia construct in Phase II?

I'm not sure.

How long will it take to rebuild the GPO?

I'm not sure.

When was the GPO in Mogadishu rebuilt?

I'm not sure.


On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.

What year did postal service in Somalia resume?

Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?

Universal Postal Union

What type of assistance does the postal union provide?

technical

What type of equipment does the postal union provide?

basic mail processing equipment

When was the Somalia Postal Service first created?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Somali Postal Service helping?

I'm not sure.

What type of equipment did Somalia already have?

I'm not sure.

When did Somalia's national postal service restart?

I'm not sure.

Where is the Universal Postal Union located?

I'm not sure.


There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.

When was Radio Mogadishu established?

during the colonial period

What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?

Somali and Italian

What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?

Russian assistance

What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?

home service

When was the colonial period?

I'm not sure.

Who originally opened Radio Mogadishu?

I'm not sure.

When was the Transitional National Government in power?

I'm not sure.

What is the total number of internet news located in Somalia?

I'm not sure.

When did Radio Mogadishu begin broadcasting in Italian again?

I'm not sure.


Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.

Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?

Mogadishu

In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?

How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?

one

Who won the 2009 award for Media of the Year?

I'm not sure.

How many FM radio stations broadcast in the central region?

I'm not sure.

What prize did RSF win?

I'm not sure.

When did the short-wave and FM radio stations begin broadcasting?

I'm not sure.

Which two short-wave stations broadcast from the capital?

I'm not sure.


The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.

About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?

six

What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?

Radio Free Somalia

Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?

Galkayo

What province is Galkayo located in?

Mudug province

How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?

one

How many radio stations does the southeastern region have?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the government-operated radio station?

I'm not sure.

How many public radio stations does northeast Puntland have?

I'm not sure.

When did Radio Gaalkacyo receive its new name?

I'm not sure.

How many government radio stations does Puntland have?

I'm not sure.


The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.

What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?

Somali National Television

Where is Somali National Television located?

Mogadishu

What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?

When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?

April 4, 2011

Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?

What is Somalia's main international broadcaster?

I'm not sure.

When was the Somali National Television station first launched?

I'm not sure.

How many national public service broadcasters does Somalia have?

I'm not sure.

How many days a week does SNTV broadcast?

I'm not sure.

How long has SNTV been broadcasting?

I'm not sure.


Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively.

Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?

private television networks

What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?

private television networks

Where does SBC TV broadcast from?

Bosaso

What is the commercial capital of Puntland?

Bosaso

Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?

one

How many private television networks does Somalia have?

I'm not sure.

What are two public television networks?

I'm not sure.

What is the commercial capital of Somalilnand?

I'm not sure.

How many government-run TV channels are there in Somalia?

I'm not sure.

What TV station broadcasts ABC?

I'm not sure.


In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.

Where was The Mogadishu Times published?

Mogadishu

What year did free media outlets begin to expand?

Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?

radio and online commercials

Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?

Issa Farah

When is the National Somali Printing Press being reopened?

I'm not sure.

How many newspapers were published in Somalia?

I'm not sure.

Why did advertisers prefer print ads?

I'm not sure.

When did Xog Doon shut down?

I'm not sure.

When did Issa Farah stop working for Dalka?

I'm not sure.


According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.

What is the IST?

Information Support Team

As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?

internet blocking or filtering

What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?

content standards online

When did Somalia begin internet filtering?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote Somalia's content standards?

I'm not sure.

What type of internet blocking did Somalia use?

I'm not sure.

When did the IST apply content standards to Somalia?

I'm not sure.

When did Somalia stop filtering the internet?

I'm not sure.


Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.

What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?

Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?

Africa

In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?

The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?

internet commerce and telephony

Who was the first African country to get internet?

I'm not sure.

What year did Somalia reach 70% internet coverage?

I'm not sure.

Which act brought the first ISP to Africa?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of Somalia's capital has internet connection?

I'm not sure.

What is Somalia's largest national business?

I'm not sure.


According to the Somali Economic Forum, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015.

What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?

What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?

Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?

rise

What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?

What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?

6.1 million

In what year did Somalia first reach 50,000 internet users?

I'm not sure.

Who is responsible for the rise in internet users?

I'm not sure.

When did Somalia first get the internet?

I'm not sure.

Why is the number of mobile subscribers rising faster than the number of internet connected users?

I'm not sure.

How many mobile users were there in 2011?

I'm not sure.


The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.

What is the STA?

Somali Telecommunication Association

What sector does the STC oversee?

ICT sector

In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?

STA

How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?

How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?

How many non-established ISPs were in Somalia in 2006?

I'm not sure.

How many restaurants had internet connectivity?

I'm not sure.

When was STA founded?

I'm not sure.

What is the ICT?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the population had internet services?

I'm not sure.


As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest.

As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?

What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?

What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?

$10 per month

What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?

Global Internet Company

Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?

Global Internet Company

Who was the first ISP provider in Somalia?

I'm not sure.

How quickly is the wireless service growing in Somalia?

I'm not sure.

Which Somali telecom operators designed the policies responsible for dial up's growth?

I'm not sure.

What is Somalia's second largest ISP?

I'm not sure.

How much did telecom operators charge for text messaging?

I'm not sure.


Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.

Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?

major cities

What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?

Mogadishu

Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?

Mogadishu

What is another name for Dalcom?

Wanaag HK

What wireless services were offered to cities on the outskirts?

I'm not sure.

What was the price for limited internet access?

I'm not sure.

How many subscribers did Mogadishu have locally?

I'm not sure.

How many wireless internet services did Mogadishu headquarter?

I'm not sure.

Who did not use the wireless services?

I'm not sure.


As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available aross the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.

What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?

10% to 15% per year

Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?

satellite

Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?

internet cafes

As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?

gradually began to fall

Who provided broadband wireless access?

I'm not sure.

What did national bandwidth providers cost?

I'm not sure.

How many terminals linked to North America?

I'm not sure.

How many teleports were there in Europe and Asia?

I'm not sure.

When did Dalkom Somalia begin providing internet over satellite?

I'm not sure.


In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.

Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?

Tri-Band 3G

Who was the 3G service for?

internet and mobile clients

what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?

Tri-Band 3G

What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?

faster and more secure

what does 3G stand for?

third generation

When was the first generation mobile telecommunications released?

I'm not sure.

What was Somalia's first mobile service?

I'm not sure.

What does Tri-Band stand for?

I'm not sure.

When was Hormuud Telecom founded?

I'm not sure.

Who owns Hormuud Telecom?

I'm not sure.


In November 2013, Somalia received its first fiber optic connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users. Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the EASSy cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 1,000 square mile state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu. The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies.

What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?

in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?

broadband

How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?

10,500 mile

How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?

more affordable

Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?

Mogadishu

When did Somalia first get internet?

I'm not sure.

How long is Hormuud's cable network?

I'm not sure.

What does the EASSy cable stand for?

I'm not sure.

When did Dalkom Somalia and WIOCC begin talks for their deal?

I'm not sure.

Where is Hormuud Telecom building a 1000 square mile data center?

I'm not sure.


Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

What place is Catalan named for?

Catalonia

What type of language is Catalan?

Romance language

What is Catalan called in Valencia?

Valencian

Where is Catalan the only official language?

Andorra


According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories.

What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?

Catalan

What is the most used language in Catalonia?

Spanish

What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?

native

What group spends money to promote the language?

The Generalitat of Catalunya

What language is promoted in Catalonia?

Catalan


Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

From what language did Catalan come?

Vulgar Latin

In what area did Catalan develop?

eastern Pyrenees

When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?

9th century

When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?

Low Middle Ages

What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?


Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.

What happened in 1975-1982?

Spanish transition to democracy

What has this official language state done for Catalan?

increased prestige

Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?

Europe

Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?

mass media


Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.

What is the division of Catalan dialects?

Eastern and Western

What is the basic difference between the dialects?

pronunciation

What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?

different varieties

What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?

the same language

What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?

two standard varieties


Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.

What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?

many traits

Where is Catalonia located?

Iberian Peninsula

What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?

Spanish and Portuguese

Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?

pronunciation

What are these similar Latin derived languages called?

Gallo-Romance


Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.

How many genders does Catalan have?

two

What numbers does Catalan have?

singular, plural

What style of grammar does Catalan have?

inflectional

What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages?

consonants


The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ("Land of the Goths"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.

What is Catalan the derivitive of?

Catalonia

What is the Latin for Calalunya?

Gathia Launia

Where did the Catalan  people originate?

March of Gothia

What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?

Gothia


In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/.

When did the reference Catelaner first appear?

mid 14th century

What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?

Catellain

What language is the source of the term Catellain?

French

What is the language source of the term Catelaner?

English

Since what year has this term been used?


The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.

Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?

Valencian Community

What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?

the same language

What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?

dialects


By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.

What language did Catalan descend from?

Vulgar Latin

When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?

9th century

Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?

Hispania Tarraconensis

Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?

Catalan counts

When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?


In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.

When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?

11th century

When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?

by 1080

To what language did Catalan display similarities?

Gallo-Romance

What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?

Old Occitan


During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?

11th and 12th centuries

When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?

13th century

When Catalan reach Sardinia?

14th century

Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?

Murcia

When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?

15th century


In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

When was the golden age of Catalan?

Low Middle Ages

Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?

city of Valencia

What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?

Catalan

Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?

Who called Catalan one of the great languages?

Costa Carreras


Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.

Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?

Martorell

What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?

chivalry

To what does Matorell's work show a transition?

Renaissance values

What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance?

Metge

In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?

movable type


With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.

When were Castille and Aragon united?

After 1479, what language became more valued?

Spanish

When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?

16th century

What language began to supersede Catalan?

Spanish

At this time what classes became bilingual?

urban and literary


With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.

When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?

What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?

northern part

Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?

Treaty of the Pyrenees

What language began to influence Catalan?

French

When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?


Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

When did France outlaw Catalan?

What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?

French Revolution

Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?

Occitan, Flemish, and Basque

What are French non standard languages called?

patois