Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?

entomologist

What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?

insects

What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?

Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?

William Willett

Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?

Robert Pearce


Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918.

What year did Germany decide to try DST?

What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?

Sommerzeit

What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?

coal

What year did the United States get on board with DST?


Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.

What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?

energy crisis

What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?

Ireland

Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?

Second World War

Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?

Europe


Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country.

Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?

many

Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?

repeals


In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours. A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift to summer time, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 forward to 03:00:00.0.

At what local time does the United States change the time?

Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?

In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?

At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?

Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?

spring


Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.

During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?

weekend

What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?

weekday schedules


Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.

Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?

Eastern European Time

For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?

two hours

In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?

October 26

At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?

one hour

In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?

Hawaii


Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31.

What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?

European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?

October

What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?

the Energy Policy Act of 2005

What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?

Congress

Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?

Halloween


Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.

In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?

Beginning and ending dates

At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?

What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?

Saturday

In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?

five hours

During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?

summer


DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.

Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?

southern Brazil

What part of Brazil does not observe DST?

equatorial Brazil

Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?

Asia and Africa

The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?

sunrise


Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.

What leader said daylight saving gives people more "opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness"?

Winston Churchill

What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?

Daylight Slaving Time

In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?

agricultural

Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?

sports

Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?

war


The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.

Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?

Edward VII

What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?

Napier Shaw

What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?

Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?

Andrew Peters


After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.

What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?

Robert Garland

What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?

What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?


The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.

Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?

Britain

What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?

Easter

After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?

What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?

golf

What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?

New York


The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.

What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?

May 1965

What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?

Idaho

What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?

What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?

What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?


In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. On 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.

What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?

What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?

Daylight Saving for South East Queensland

In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?

rural

What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?

Peter Wellington


In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.

What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?

the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents

Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?

postal workers

What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?

northern regions


In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.

What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?

Ramadan

What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?

the evening dinner

What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?

Iran

When was Ramadan in 2012?

July and August


The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.

What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?

What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?

Belarus

Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?

Russia

Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?

winter

What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?


Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.

Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?

urban workers

If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?

summer

Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?

saves energy


Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.

What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?

heart attack

What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?

Farmers

What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?

inconclusive

What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?

morning


Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.

Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?

get up earlier

What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?

television

During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?

winter

What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?

coordination with others


DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?

DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?

morning

When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?

incandescent

Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?

climate

Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?

Franklin


Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.

Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?

increases

What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?

What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?

extension of DST


Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.

What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?

sporting goods

What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?

the National Golf Foundation

What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?

According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?

How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?

$30 million


Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?

after

What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?

cows

What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?

disrupts their systems

Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?

earlier

Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?

parents of young children


Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.

What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?

Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?

William F. Shughart II

What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?

decreased economic efficiency

What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?

the daylight-saving effect

What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?

methodology


In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.

In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?

What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?

the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?

SDST

In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?

How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?

40 minutes


In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?

violent crime rate

How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?

two

How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?

one

In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?


In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.

There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?

heating

In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?

carbon monoxide detectors

If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?

the first days of spring and autumn

What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?

lights

What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?

hazardous materials


DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?

outdoor exercise

What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?

vitamin D

What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?

Gordon Gund

What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?

skin cancer

Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?

rise earlier


Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.

What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?

circadian rhythm

In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?

Kazakhstan

Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?

Dmitri Medvedev

According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?

three


An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.

Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?

higher

Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?

before dawn

What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?

air pollution


DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?

twice

What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?

confusion

What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?

change their clocks

What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?

multiple DST rules


Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?

For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?

one hour

Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?

software developers

What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?

Coordinated Universal Time

What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?

Unix-based


Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.

Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?

weekly

What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?

complexity

What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?

Some clock-shift problems


DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

What does DST inherit from standard time?

disadvantages

Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?

magnify

Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?

two

What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?

sun-exposure guidelines

When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?

time zone


As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.

What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?

Richard Meade

In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?

daylight savings time

Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?

daylight saving time

Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?

American Heritage

Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?

daylight time


In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?

daylight saving

What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?

summer time

What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?

zomertijd

What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?

ora legale

What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?

solar time


The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).

What usually changes when a place observes DST?

The name of local time

What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?

standard

In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?

Pacific Daylight Time

When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?

British Summer Time

What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?

summer


The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.

What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?

spring forward, fall back

What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?

mnemonic

What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?

which direction to shift clocks


Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.

What can cause issues with installed computer systems?

Changes to DST rules

What year did DST rules change in North America?

What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?

upgrades

In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?

email

Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?

corporate information technologists


Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?

UTC

By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?

time zone differences

In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?

operating systems

Where do computers usually use UTC?

internally

What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?

local time


However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?

the IANA time zone database

What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?

date/time

What's another name for the IANA database?

zoneinfo


The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.

The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?

historical and predicted clock shifts

IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?

system maintenance

What environment variable defines a location's name?

TZ

What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?

timezone-independent epoch time

What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?

tztab


Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.

Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?

one

When must TZ values be changed on an older system?

whenever DST rules change

What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?

time for the eastern United States starting in 2007

What years will a new TZ value apply to?

all years

What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?

older timestamps


As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.

Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?

specifying the name of a location

When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?

when DST rules change

If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?

two

If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?

On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?


These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?

Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?

marked Israel as not having DST

How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?

twice a year

What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?

The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law

Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?

the Gregorian calendar


Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.

What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?

local time

Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?

a rescue boot disk

As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?

a single system-wide setting

In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?

Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?

two


The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).

What file system do recent Windows versions use?

NTFS

Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?

UTC

What file system do most removable devices use?

FAT

What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?

current local time


A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?

permanent daylight saving time

Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?

time shifts

In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?

late

During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?

2011 to 2014

In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?

winter


Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?

westward

About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?

What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?

Central Standard Time

Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?

negative DST

What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?


Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?

an extra hour

During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?

three

What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?

Double Summer Time

What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?

Central European Midsummer Time


The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

What does RIBA stand for?

Royal Institute of British Architects

What is the goal of RIBA?

the advancement of architecture

When was RIBA founded?

When was RIBA's founding document expanded?

In what country does RIBA mainly operate?

United Kingdom

What does RIBA stand against?

I'm not sure.

What is the enemy of RIBA?

I'm not sure.

When was RIBA lost?

I'm not sure.

When was RIBA's founding document decreased?

I'm not sure.


Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

What was Riba's first name?

Institute of British Architects in London

In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?

In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?

London

In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?

Architects

What was Riba's banned name?

I'm not sure.

What city was the Institute of British Architects moved to?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Institute of British Architects removed?

I'm not sure.

What profession did people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey avoid?

I'm not sure.


After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

What caused the change of the Institute's name?

the grant of the royal charter

What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?

the reference to London

When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?

Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?

Portland Place

Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?

King George V and Queen Mary

What caused the Institute's name to not change?

I'm not sure.

What was added to the Royal Institute's name?

I'm not sure.

When was the mention of London included in the Royal Institute's name?

I'm not sure.

Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is formerly housed?

I'm not sure.


It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?

Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?

King William IV

In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?

1887, 1909 and 1925

When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?

What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?

minor amendments

When did the Royal Institute lose its charter?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for taking the charter from the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What years was the Royal Institute issued no supplemental charters?

I'm not sure.

When were the various supplemental charters increased?

I'm not sure.

What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter before 1971?

I'm not sure.


The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?

the general advancement of Civil Architecture

What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?

The original Charter of 1837

What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?

promoting and facilitating

What was the secondary aim of the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What document set forth the restrictions of the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What was the Royal Institute not responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?

I'm not sure.

Which charter was not used in 1837?

I'm not sure.


The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?

the Byelaws

What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?

the Byelaws

What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?

the Privy Council's approval

What removed the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?

I'm not sure.

What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated least often?

I'm not sure.

What is never necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What is updated more than the Byelaws?

I'm not sure.


The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?

Usui civium decori urbium

Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?

Thomas Leverton Donaldson

What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?

honorary secretary

Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?

Eric Gill

When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?

What was the last Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

Who is not responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?

I'm not sure.

What was Donaldson's role outside the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

Who left the Royal Institute's medal design unchanged in 1931?

I'm not sure.

When did Joan Hassall acquire the Royal Institute's medal?

I'm not sure.


In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.

What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?

the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom

Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?

the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938

Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?

the Liverpool University School of Architecture

What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?

Encyclopædia Britannica

How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?

twenty

What organization was the Royal Institute unsuccessful in establishing?

I'm not sure.

Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a small role in promoting?

I'm not sure.

Where did Lional Bailey Budden study?

I'm not sure.

What minor compendium did Budden help read an article for?

I'm not sure.

How many schools did not form the Board of Architectural Education?

I'm not sure.


Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?

Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?

Harry Barnes

In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?

80 per cent

Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?

architectural associations

What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?

ARCUK

When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 200th anniversary?

I'm not sure.

Who was the head of the Registration Committee after 1934?

I'm not sure.

What did Barnes believe was least able to advance the interests of architects?

I'm not sure.

What specific institution did Barnes indicate could become a rival of the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Institute celebrate the third centenary celebration?

I'm not sure.


The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?

What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?

syllabus

What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?

an approved external examiner

What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?

Visiting Board

When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the last RIBA Board was established?

I'm not sure.

What school document had no impact on the standards of the Board for admittance?

I'm not sure.

What was unnecessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?

I'm not sure.

What body carried out off-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?

I'm not sure.


The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994). The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.

What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?

European Union

When did the name of ARCUK change?

What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?

the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act

What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?

the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education

What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?

Architects Registration Board

When did the name of ARCUK decide to stay the same?

I'm not sure.

What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of keeping ARCUK?

I'm not sure.

What was opened as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?

I'm not sure.

What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '80s?

I'm not sure.


RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.

What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?

to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture

When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?

What does ARB stand for?

Architects Registration Board

What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?

RIBA also validates courses outside the UK

What is no longer the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?

I'm not sure.

When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a conflicted body of criteria?

I'm not sure.

What does ARB no longer stand for?

I'm not sure.

What is a key similarity between the ARB and Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.


The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?

What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?

RIBA

What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?

Student Members

What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?

fellowships

Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?

FRIBA

How many people have lost membership in the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What can chartered members of RIBA remove from their name to indicate their status?

I'm not sure.

What type of Royal Institute members are required to use the organization's acronym after their names?

I'm not sure.

What is still provided by the Royal Institute?

I'm not sure.

What abbreviation can no longer be used by Fellows of the Royal Institute  with their names?

I'm not sure.


RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?

66 Portland Place

Who designed RIBA's headquarters?

George Grey Wornum

What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?

the Library

For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute's building?

events

What is the former Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed RIBA's headquarters?

I'm not sure.

What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can no longer be visited by the public?

I'm not sure.

What purpose can rooms not be rented at the Royal Institute's building?

I'm not sure.


The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?

a dozen

When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?

In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?

Cambridge

What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?

the East of England

How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute no longer run in the UK?

I'm not sure.

When was RIBA's last satellite office opened?

I'm not sure.

What city was the first RIBA branch office closed?

I'm not sure.

What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office avoid?

I'm not sure.


RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle.

What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?

RIBA Enterprises

Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?

15 Bonhill Street in London

How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?

over 250

How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?

What is the name of the Royal Institute's academic operation?

I'm not sure.

Where does RIBA's business group hide its headquarters office?

I'm not sure.

How many people quit working for RIBA Enterprises?

I'm not sure.

How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are not located at the Newcastle office?

I'm not sure.


Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.

What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?

RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing

What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?

RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal

What does NBS stand for?

National Building Specification

How many people work for the NBS?

Where is the NBS located?

Newcastle

What are three divisions not involved with RIBA Enterprises?

I'm not sure.

How many people support the NBS?

I'm not sure.

Where is the NBS banned?

I'm not sure.

What are two publications avoided by RIBA Publishing?

I'm not sure.


The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members. Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America. Its collections include:

What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?

The British Architectural Library

When was the RIBA library founded?

How many materials are housed in the RIBA library?

over four million

The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent?

Europe

In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located?

Victoria and Albert Museum

What is a prohibited name for the Royal Institute Library?

I'm not sure.

When was the RIBA library removed?

I'm not sure.

How many materials are burned in the RIBA library?

I'm not sure.

Which continent has The British Architectural Library as the smallest library?

I'm not sure.

What institution has none of materials from the RIBA collection?

I'm not sure.


The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

What was the RIBA Library's first address?

9 Conduit Street

Where did RIBA move its library?

66 Portland Place

In what year did RIBA move its library?

Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?

Adolf Loos

What was the RIBA Library's fourth address?

I'm not sure.

Where did RIBA name its library?

I'm not sure.

What year did RIBA design its library?

I'm not sure.

Which architect's work was lost during World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?

I'm not sure.


The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.

Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?

66 Portland Place

Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?

the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A

What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?

Art Deco

In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?

Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?

students, education groups and families

Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room formerly located?

I'm not sure.

Where are RIBA's Study Rooms not located?

I'm not sure.

What art style was not used in the design of the Reading Room?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms close?

I'm not sure.

Who is not meant to benefit from the teaching provided by the RIBA library?

I'm not sure.


Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.

When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?

What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects?

the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership

What is the main goal of the V&A + RIBA partnership?

to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture

When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects end a formal relationship?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the joint venture no longer involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects?

I'm not sure.

What is the main disadvantage of the V&A + RIBA partnership?

I'm not sure.

Who has never worked together?

I'm not sure.


In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.

In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?

Room 128

What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?

Architecture Exhibition Space

Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?

Gareth Hoskins Architects

Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally?

21 Portman Place

What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection moved to?

the Henry Cole Wing

What space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery forbidden?

I'm not sure.

What is not found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections banned originally?

I'm not sure.

What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection avoided from?

I'm not sure.


RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than £500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals for student work, which are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education, and the RIBA President's Awards for Research. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire).

What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?

the best new building of the year

What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?

What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for?

a distinguished body of work

What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?

What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture?

the President's Medals

What does the Royal Institute of British Architects no longer award the Stirling Prize for?

I'm not sure.

What was the last year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?

I'm not sure.

What is the Royal Gold Medal removed from?

I'm not sure.

What is the limit of how much can be taken from projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the RIBA awards given to professors of architecture?

I'm not sure.


Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.

What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?

Architectural design competitions

What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?

Brief

What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?

design professionals and client representatives

What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?

independence of the jury

What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?

public realm artworks

What are events that a company can't sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?

I'm not sure.

What is not provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of people never make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?

I'm not sure.

What is unnecessary for the integrity of a design competition?

I'm not sure.

What kind of artistic production can no longer be supported by design competitions?

I'm not sure.


In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.

Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?

RIBA

What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?

course validation

What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?

international courses

What process does RIBA no longer use in its accreditation system?

I'm not sure.

What other organization doesn't offer accreditation services for schools serving architects aside from the ARB?

I'm not sure.

What kinds of courses does RIBA not conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?

I'm not sure.

What always requires input from the ARB?

I'm not sure.


The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.

What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?

three-year first degree

What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?

a two-year post graduate diploma or masters

What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?

professional exams

How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?

seven years

What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?

A further year out

What is the first step not used in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?

I'm not sure.

What is not required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?

I'm not sure.

What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process omit?

I'm not sure.

How long does it take, at most, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?

I'm not sure.


In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe—even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes," said RIBA president Jack Pringle.

What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?

minimum space standards

When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?

Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?

Jack Pringle

To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?

the 1920s

What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?

Holland

What did the Royal Institute oppose in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?

I'm not sure.

When did the Royal Institute oppose setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?

I'm not sure.

Who was the body of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?

I'm not sure.

What decade did Pringle favorably compare the size of modern British homes?

I'm not sure.

What country did Pringle cite as having homes with worse proportions than those found in the UK?

I'm not sure.


The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives. NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress.

NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?

National Archives

What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?

National Archives and Records Administration

What is Congress responsible for preserving?

I'm not sure.

What kind of agency is The Electoral College?

I'm not sure.

What types of documents does Congress preserve?

I'm not sure.

What does Congress usually do when they deliberate a bill?

I'm not sure.

Where is the public not legally allowed to vote?

I'm not sure.


The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.

What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?

The Archivist

What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?

The Archivist

What do state legislatures oversee the operation of?

I'm not sure.

What kind of documentation is maintained by the state legislatures?

I'm not sure.

What authority do the state legislatures have?

I'm not sure.

What do state legislatures decide about acts?

I'm not sure.

What is the title used by state legislatures when overseeing  NARA?

I'm not sure.


The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College.

What office publishes the Federal Register?

The Office of the Federal Register

What office administers the Electoral College?

The Office of the Federal Register

Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations?

The Office of the Federal Register

Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large?

The Office of the Federal Register

What does the Electoral College publish?

I'm not sure.

What code is the Electoral College responsible for?

I'm not sure.

What statutes does the Electoral College publish?

I'm not sure.

Does the Electoral College only publish the US Statutes at Large only or are there others?

I'm not sure.

What office does the Electoral College administer?

I'm not sure.


The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.

Which arm of NARA handles grants?

The National Historical Publications and Records Commission

What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?

About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded?

In what year did public and private archives begin taking grants?

I'm not sure.

How many grants are awarded by the government annually?

I'm not sure.

How many colleges and universities award grants to students each year?

I'm not sure.

In 1964 what was the focus of curriculum in history classes?

I'm not sure.

What do many nonprofit organizations take part in to support students?

I'm not sure.


The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.

OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?

FOIA

What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?

FOIA disputes

NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?

FOIA policies

What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress?

changes to FOIA

What types of disputes do Federal agencies usually solve?

I'm not sure.

What type of policies does NARA have Congress review annually?

I'm not sure.

What does NARA have Congress also recommend if needed?

I'm not sure.

What groups does Congress make itself a resource for?

I'm not sure.

What groups does the public make sure are in compliance with FOIA?

I'm not sure.


Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in records loss and destruction. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).

What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?

In what year did NARA become an independent agency?

In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?

What did NARA establish in 1934?

I'm not sure.

Why did NARA establish the National Archives in 1934?

I'm not sure.

Who is the head of NARA?

I'm not sure.

What happened originally when the GSA was responsible for maintaining documents?

I'm not sure.

What was the chief administrator incorporated with in 1949?

I'm not sure.


The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.

Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?

R.D.W. Connor

When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?

What branch of the US government established the National Archives?

Congress

What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?

Hoover Commission

The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?

subordinate official

Who began serving on April 1, 1985?

I'm not sure.

What was Hoover's profession in 1934?

I'm not sure.

Was Hoover one of many Archivists or was he the first?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Hoover become President?

I'm not sure.

What was established by the GSA in 1949?

I'm not sure.


In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program). An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information. The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.

When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?

How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?

public hearing

In what year was the Archivist of the US hired?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the reclassification program created?

I'm not sure.

What did the Archivist of the US and researchers have between them?

I'm not sure.

What did the Archivist and researchers plan to withdraw in the name of national security?

I'm not sure.

Would NARA be likely to find out about the researchers reclassification program?

I'm not sure.


In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.

What year was Executive Order 13526 created?

What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?

Executive Order 13526

What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?

coordinate declassification practices

In what year was NARA created?

I'm not sure.

What is the number of the order written by NARA to declassify documents?

I'm not sure.

What is the main focus of NARA's efforts?

I'm not sure.

What other responsibilities does NARA have?

I'm not sure.

What groups does NARA oversee since 2010?

I'm not sure.


NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.

What types of groups are NARA's holdings classified into?

record groups

Each record group is classified based on what?

governmental department or agency

Besides films and other non-static media, what type of media is classified into a group?

documents

Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?

microfilm

What are governmental departments usually classed into?

I'm not sure.

How is NARA classified as officially?

I'm not sure.

What record types were used more in the past than they are now?

I'm not sure.

What records are usually used currently because they are the most efficient?

I'm not sure.

What record is the oldest type in storage?

I'm not sure.