The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.

How many meters high is Guru Shikhar?

What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?

What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?

100 to 350 m above sea level

A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts?

Kota and Bundi

What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan

the Chambal River

What is the elevation of Mewar?

I'm not sure.

How does Merta city divide the state?

I'm not sure.

What are the plains of northeastern Mewar a part of?

I'm not sure.

What city lies in the geographical center of the Thar Desert?

I'm not sure.

What is the topography of the hilly tract of Khetri in the south?

I'm not sure.


The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres (1,221 sq mi), is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna. Seashells and massive fossilised tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrels and vultures. Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are the commonest of these.

Which region contains Desert National Park?

Jaisalmer

How many square miles is Desert National Park?

1,221 sq mi

What types of large fossils are found in Desert National Park?

massive fossilised tree trunks

What are the most common types of eagles one might see in the Jaisalmer region?

Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga)

What is another name for a laggar falcon?

Falco jugger

What type of bird in the region is a harrier?

I'm not sure.

Besides Falco jugger, what is the other name for short-toed eagles?

I'm not sure.

What is the latin name of one of the most common buzzards?

I'm not sure.

What is the scientific name for harrier?

I'm not sure.

What do migratory and resident birds help scientists do?

I'm not sure.


Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there. Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are Mount Abu Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary, Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar sanctuary, and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.

What Rajasthani national park is known for its tigers?

Ranthambore National Park

How many tigers were relocated to Sariska?

five tigers

Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what?

one of the best place in India to spot tigers

Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska?

poaching and negligence

What is Sarska know for worldwide?

I'm not sure.

What is Sarska considered by wilderness lovers and photographers?

I'm not sure.

Why did tigers become extinct in Bhensrod Garh?

I'm not sure.

What has Jawahar Sagar sanctuary done to help increase the tiger population?

I'm not sure.

What sanctuary does Bhensrod Garh consider the best place to relocate tigers?

I'm not sure.


Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries?

agricultural and pastoral

What are Rajasthans two main cash crops?

Cotton and tobacco

What type of oil does Rajasthan produce some of the largest amounts of in India?

edible oils

Rajasthan consumes the most of what product?

opium

How many crop seasons are there in Rajasthan?

two crop seasons

How many opium producers are in India?

I'm not sure.

Where does the water for cotton and tobacco come from?

I'm not sure.

What area produces the most tobacco?

I'm not sure.

How many sugar cane seasons are there?

I'm not sure.

What does the Indira Ghandi Canal help produce over large areas?

I'm not sure.


The main industries are mineral based, agriculture based, and textile based. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of polyester fibre in India. The Pali and Bhilwara District produces more cloth than Bhiwandi, Maharashtra and the bhilwara is the largest city in suitings production and export and Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces and rubia production and export. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri, Jhunjhunu, and zinc mines at Dariba, Zawar mines and Rampura Aghucha (opencast) near Bhilwara. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings and residential buildings. This stone is termed as "chittar patthar". Jodhpur leads in Handicraft and Guar Gum industry. Rajasthan is also a part of the Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor is set to benefit economically. The State gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara benefiting.

What type of fibre is Rajasthan ranked 2nd in production of?

polyester fibre

What is the largest city for polyster blouse pieces in Rajasthan?

Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces

From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come?

Makrana

What type of deposits are found at Sambhar?

rich salt deposits

What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?

copper mines

What does Bhiwandi produce more of than Kota?

I'm not sure.

What prominent companies are located in Pali?

I'm not sure.

What was mined in Pali for The Taj Mahal?

I'm not sure.

What type of mines are in Bhilwara?

I'm not sure.

What is another term for white marble?

I'm not sure.


Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach ₹250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of ₹100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan.

What are earnings from crude oil in Rajasthan expected to be in 2013?

₹250 million per day

How many barrels of crude oil from Barmer is Rajasthan allowed to extract each day?

300,000 barrels

The leader in Indian crude oil production at 250,000 barrels per day is what region?

Bombay High

What group is conducting exploration for Rajasthan's crude oil??

Cairn India

How many barrels per day is currently being extracted from the Barmer region?

175,000 barrels

What amount is expected to be earned from oil in Cairn India in 2013?

I'm not sure.

What has the Indian government given Cairn permission to extract per day?

I'm not sure.

How many barrels per day does Cairn extract now?

I'm not sure.

How much does Cairn earn per day in revenue from crude oil?

I'm not sure.

How much has oil production increased in Cairn?

I'm not sure.


Rajasthani cooking was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia. Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti (millet bread) and lashun ki chutney (hot garlic paste), mawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa(Milk Cake), malpauas from Pushkar and rassgollas from Bikaner. Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept Marwari Bhojnalaya, or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food of the Marwari people. 4 Dal-Bati-Churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the Baati then pour pure Ghee on top of it. It is served with the daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney. Also served with Besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan. "Dal-Baati-Churma", is a combination of three different food items — Daal (lentils), Baati and Churma (Sweet). It is a typical Rajasthani dish.

What type of food was preferred in Rajasthani cooking?

Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating

Along with scarce green vegetables, what had an impact on Rajasthani cooking?

scarcity of water

What type of snack is Rajasthan known for?

Bikaneri Bhujia

What famous dish is also known as hot garlic paste?

lashun ki chutney

Vegetarian restaurants come from which Rajasthani region?

the Marwar region

What has the scarcity of food that could last for days affected?

I'm not sure.

What was Bikaneri Bhujia cooking influenced by?

I'm not sure.

What concept originates from the Bikaneri Bhujia region?

I'm not sure.

What is the traditional way to serve Pyaaj Kachori?

I'm not sure.

How is Pyaaj Kachori served?

I'm not sure.


The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi are also sung.

What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar?

The Ghoomar dance

Kalbeliya dance is from which region?

Jaisalmer

What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan?

Folk music

Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song?

Folk songs

What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan?

religious or devotional

What are examples of the Ghoomar dance?

I'm not sure.

What have folk songs from Jodhpur Marwar gained?

I'm not sure.

What is a large part of dholak culture?

I'm not sure.

What are sarangi commonly called?

I'm not sure.

What themes do dholak commonly relate when sung?

I'm not sure.


Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colorful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints, Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints, and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like wooden furniture and crafts, carpets, and blue pottery are commonly found here. Shopping reflects the colorful culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror work and embroidery. A Rajasthani traditional dress for females comprises an ankle-length skirt and a short top, also known as a lehenga or a chaniya choli. A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colors like blue, yellow and orange.

Bagaru and Sanganer represent what type of art?

prints

Zari is a type of what art that is a major Rajasthani export?

embroidery

Females in Rajasthan wear what type of traditional clothing?

ankle-length skirt and a short top

What are the names for a traditional female short-top piece of clothing?

lehenga or a chaniya choli

What colors are dresses in Rajasthan typically made using?

bright colors like blue, yellow and orange

What are some things exported from Zari?

I'm not sure.

What is Zari known for?

I'm not sure.

What type of items are usually found in Baragu?

I'm not sure.

What type of embellishment do Zari clothes have?

I'm not sure.

What colors are traditional Zari dresses made of?

I'm not sure.


Spirit possession has been documented in modern Rajasthan. Some of the spirits possessing Rajasthanis are seen as good and beneficial while others are seen as malevolent. The good spirits include murdered royalty, the underworld god Bhaironji, and Muslim saints. Bad spirits include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The possessed individual is referred to as a ghorala ("mount"). Possession, even if it is by a benign spirit, is regarded as undesirable, as it entails loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts.

What type of possession has been documented in Rajasthan?

Spirit possession

What underworld god possess Rajasthanis?

Bhaironji

What are possessed individuals known as?

ghorala

Ghorala is another word for what?

mount

What results from possession by even benign spirits?

loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts

What type of posession has been documented by Muslim saints?

I'm not sure.

What is a benign spirit referred to as?

I'm not sure.

What are foregin tourists regarded as by Bhaironji?

I'm not sure.

What is another word for stillborn infant?

I'm not sure.

What underworld god posesses Muslim saints?

I'm not sure.


In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates.

What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991?

How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991?

What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?

What is the national average for literacy in India?

What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001?

What did the literacy rate in India increase to in 1991?

I'm not sure.

In the 1991 census what was the female literacy rate?

I'm not sure.

How far below the average is literacy for women in India in 2001

I'm not sure.

What was the literacy rate for men at the 1991 census?

I'm not sure.

How has the state been recognized for its census effort?

I'm not sure.


In Rajasthan, Jodhpur and Kota are two major educational hubs. Kota is known for its quality education in preparation of various competitive exams, coaching for medical and engineering exams while Jodhpur is home to many higher educational institutions like IIT, AIIMS, National Law University, Sardar Patel Police University, National institute of Fashion Technology, MBM Engineering College etc. Kota is popularly referred to as, "coaching capital of India". Other major educational institutions are Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, IIM Udaipur r and LNMIIT. Rajasthan has nine universities and more than 250 colleges, 55,000 primary and 7,400 secondary schools. There are 41 engineering colleges with an annual enrollment of about 11,500 students. Apart from above there 41 Private universities like Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur,Manipal University Jaipur, OPJS University, Churu, Mody University of Technology and Science Lakshmangarh (Women's University, Sikar), RNB Global University, Bikaner. The state has 23 polytechnic colleges and 152 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) that impart vocational training.

What are the to main educational hubs of Rajasthan?

Jodhpur and Kota

In what educational hub would one find AIIMS?

Jodhpur

What is is Kota known as within India?

coaching capital of India

How many universities does Rajasthan have?

nine

How many engineering colleges are in Rajasthan?

41 engineering colleges

What are two main educatonal centers of Birla?

I'm not sure.

What term is Birla referred to as?

I'm not sure.

How many colleges are in Birla?

I'm not sure.

What is the annual enrollment in Birla?

I'm not sure.

How many polytechnic colleges are in Birla?

I'm not sure.


Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009–2010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states. It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors. Tourism is a flourishing industry in Rajasthan. The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar, the lakes of Udaipur, the desert forts of Jodhpur, Taragarh Fort (Star Fort) in Ajmer, and Bikaner and Jaisalmer rank among the most preferred destinations in India for many tourists both Indian and foreign. Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state's domestic product. Many old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels. Tourism has increased employment in the hospitality sector.

What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010?

14 percent

At what level is Rajasthan ranked in India for visits by foreigners?

fourth highest

How high is Rajasthan ranked among domestic Indian tourists?

fourth

What two palaces are frequent tourist destinations within Rajasthan?

The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar

What percentage of the Rajasthani GDP comes from tourism?

eight percent

What have converted forts increased in the hospitality sector?

I'm not sure.

How many foreign visitors have been attracted to Ajmer-Pushkar?

I'm not sure.

During what period did Ajmer Pushkar have the 4th highest amount of foreign tourists in India?

I'm not sure.

Where does employment in the hospitality industry flourish?

I'm not sure.

How much of the GDP does hospitality employment account for?

I'm not sure.


Rajasthan is famous for its forts, carved temples, and decorated havelis, which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan.[citation needed] Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Mehrangarh Fort and Stepwell of Jodhpur, Dilwara Temples, Chittorgarh Fort, Lake Palace, miniature paintings in Bundi, and numerous city palaces and haveli's are part of the architectural heritage of India. Jaipur, the Pink City, is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue. In Jodhpur, maximum houses are painted blue. At Ajmer, there is white marble Bara-dari on the Anasagar lake. Jain Temples dot Rajasthan from north to south and east to west. Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu, Ranakpur Temple dedicated to Lord Adinath in Pali District, Jain temples in the fort complexes of Chittor, Jaisalmer and Kumbhalgarh, Lodurva Jain temples, Mirpur Jain Temple, Sarun Mata Temple kotputli, Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of Bikaner and Mandore of Jodhpur are some of the best examples.

Who built the famous decorated havelis in Rajasthan?

Rajput kings

Jaipur is also known as what city?

the Pink City

What are the notable houses in Jaipur made from?

a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue

What type of temples stretch from the north to the south of Rajasthan?

Jain Temples

Which Pali District temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath?

Ranakpur Temple

What is another name for Rajput?

I'm not sure.

What type of architecture is Rajput known for?

I'm not sure.

What is on the Anasagar lake at Stepwell?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Jantar Mantar temple in Pali District dedicated to?

I'm not sure.

What color are havelis painted in Ajmer?

I'm not sure.


Guam (i/ˈɡwɑːm/ or /ˈɡwɒm/; Chamorro: Guåhån;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hagåtña, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km² (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km² (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km² (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level.

What country is Guam a territory of?

United States

Where is the island of Guan located?

northwestern Pacific Ocean

How many people currently call Guam home as of 2015?

What is the most populous city in Guam?

Dededo

What is the name of the largest mountain in Guam?

Mount Lamlam

How many people live in Hagatna?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest of the Mariana Islands?

I'm not sure.

What is the northernmost Mariana Island?

I'm not sure.

What citizenry are people in Micronesia?

I'm not sure.

What is the high point of Micronesia?

I'm not sure.


The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers, like Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. Between the 1500s and the 1700s, Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons. During the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10, 1898. Guam is amongst the seventeen Non-Self-Governing Territories of the United Nations.

What is the official name given for Guam's indigenous people?

Chamorros

When did Guam's indigenous people first arrive?

4,000 years ago

Who was the first European to visit the island?

Ferdinand Magellan

What year was Guam colonized?

What year did the United States capture Guam?

Which nationality first colonized Guam?

I'm not sure.

When was the Treaty of Paris established?

I'm not sure.

On what date in 1668 did Diego Luis de San Vitores land on Guam?

I'm not sure.

In which year did the first Spanish Manila Galleon make port in Guam?

I'm not sure.

On what date in 1521 did Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan leave Guam?

I'm not sure.


Before World War II, Guam and three other territories – American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines – were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, and was occupied for thirty months. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to culture alignment, forced labor, beheadings, rape, and torture. Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory. Since the 1960s, the economy is supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces.

Along with Guam, which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII?

American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines

What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor?

December 7, 1941

What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor?

Guam was captured by the Japanese

How long did the Japanese occupation last?

thirty months

In what year did the US acquire American Samoa?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the US acquire the Philippines?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the United States Armed Forces establish their first base on Guam?

I'm not sure.

On what date did World War II start?

I'm not sure.


The ancient-Chamorro society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class).:20–21 The matua were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds, whereas the mana'chang were located in the interior of the island. Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other, and matua often used achaot as intermediaries. There were also "makåhna" (similar to shamans), skilled in healing and medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called "Taotao mo'na" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. Their society was organized along matrilineal clans.:21

Which four classes made up the ancient -Chamorro society?

chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class)

Where were the matua located on the island?

coastal villages

Where were the mana'chag located?

interior of the island

Where did the chamorri live?

I'm not sure.

Where did the matua live?

I'm not sure.

What did the mana'chang have the best access to?

I'm not sure.

What did the matua have the best access to?

I'm not sure.

Who did the makahna mostly heal with medicine?

I'm not sure.


The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521 during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.:41–42 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water, due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas ("Islands of the Lateen sails"). Antonio Pigafetta, one of Magellan's original 18 the name "Island of Sails", but he also writes that the inhabitants "entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on", including "the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship.":129 "Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones ("Islands of thieves").":131

What was the nationality of Magellan?

Portuguese

What year did Magellan locate the island of Guam?

What were the name of outrigger canoes?

Proas

On what date did Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan begin his trip around the world?

I'm not sure.

From what country was Antonio Pigafetta?

I'm not sure.

Who was the King of Spain in 1521?

I'm not sure.

Which sailor came up with the name Islas De Los Ladrones for Guam?

I'm not sure.

On what date did Ferdinand Magellan complete his circumnavigation of the globe?

I'm not sure.


Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26, 1565 by General Miguel López de Legazpi.:46 From 1565 to 1815, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, the only Spanish outpost in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, was an important resting stop for the Manila galleons, a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila.:51 To protect these Pacific fleets, Spain built several defensive structures which are still standing today, such as Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in Umatac. It is the biggest single segment of Micronesia, the largest islands between the island of Kyushu (Japan), New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Hawaiian Islands.

In what year was Guam claimed by Spain?

What was the name of the general who claimed Guam?

General Miguel López de Legazpi

What did Spain build to protect their fleet at Guam?

built several defensive structures

What Spanish outposts was there west of the Philippines?

I'm not sure.

In what country is Acapulco?

I'm not sure.

In what country is Manila?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Fort Nuestra Senora de la Soledad built?

I'm not sure.

What was an important resting stop for Manila galleons on the Atlantic trade route?

I'm not sure.


Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668 with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod, who established the first Catholic church.:64 The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines, which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor's Palace in Plaza de España and the Spanish Bridge, both in Hagatña. Guam's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran.:68 Guam, along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands, were treated as part of Spain's colony in the Philippines. While Guam's Chamorro culture has indigenous roots, the cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas have many similarities with Spanish and Mexican culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule.

When did Spanish colonization commence?

June 15, 1668

Which two Spaniards aided this colonization and started the first catholic church?

Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod

When did Guam's Cathedral first open?

February 2, 1669

What was the name of the first Cathedral?

Dulce Nombre de Maria

In what year did Spain colonize Mexico City?

I'm not sure.

What was Pedro Calungsod's Catholic church named?

I'm not sure.

On what date did Spain colonize the Philippines?

I'm not sure.

On what date was the Governor's Palace in Plaza de Espana completed?

I'm not sure.

Who had the Royal College of San Juan de Letran built?

I'm not sure.


Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000.:86 Precipitated by the death of Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang, tensions led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to pacify the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.:68–74

When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?

In what years was there intermittent war fare?

July 23, 1670 until July 1695

What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?

50,000 to 10,000

What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?

Juan de Santiago

In what year did Quipua die?

I'm not sure.

What did Quipuha dies of?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Captain Juan de Santiago start to pacify Guam?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Father San Vitores arrive in Guam?

I'm not sure.

How did local rebel chief Matapang eventually die?

I'm not sure.


After his arrival in 1674, Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns. Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan and Ninca.:74–75 Starting in June 1676, the first Spanish Governor of Guam, Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions. He also ordered the construction of schools, roads and other infrastructure.:75–76 Later, Capt. Jose de Quiroga arrived in 1680 and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors. He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the death of Matapang, Hurao and Aguarin.:77–78 Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.:78–79 These included Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat and Inarajan, where he built a number of churches.:79 By July 1695, Quiroga had completed the pacification process in Guam, Rota, Tinian and Aguigan.:85

When did Captain Damian de Esplana arrive?

What did Captain Damian do after his arrival?

ordered the arrest of rebels

Who was the first Spanish Governor of Guam?

Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar

In what year did Jose de Quiroga arrive?

in What year did Quiroga complete his pacification?

In what year did Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar stop being the Governor of Guam?

I'm not sure.

Who assassinated Father San Vitores?

I'm not sure.

Which island were the Jinapsan from?

I'm not sure.

Which island were the Utmatac from?

I'm not sure.

Which island were the Pago from?

I'm not sure.


The United States took control of the island in the 1898 Spanish–American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris. Guam was transferred to U.S. Navy control on 23 December 1898 by Executive Order 108-A. Guam came to serve as a station for American ships traveling to and from the Philippines, while the Northern Mariana Islands passed to Germany, and then to Japan. A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899, and a marine barracks at Sumay in 1901.:13 Following the Philippine–American War, Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini were exiled on Guam in 1901.:vi

When did the United States take control of the island?

What happened that allowed the United States to have Guam?

Spanish–American War

What is the name of the executive order that transferred Guam over to the U.S?

Which two people were exiled to Guam after the Philippine-American war?

Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini

In what year did the Northern Mariana Islands pass From Germany to Japan?

I'm not sure.

Who started the Spanish-American War?

I'm not sure.

Which country exiled Emilio Aguinaldo to Guam?

I'm not sure.

Which country exiled Apolinario Mabini to Guam?

I'm not sure.


The Northern Mariana Islands had become a Japanese protectorate before the war. It was the Chamorros from the Northern Marianas who were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force. The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military. After the war, this would cause resentment between the Guamanian Chamorros and the Chamorros of the Northern Marianas. Guam's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them, whereas having been occupied for over 30 years, the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to Japan.

Why were the Chamorros brought to Guam?

to serve as interpreters

How were Guamanian Chamorro viewed by the Japanese?

as an occupied enemy

Who were loyal to Japan?

Northern Mariana Chamorros

How Northern Chamorro view Guamanian Chamorro?

I'm not sure.

For how many years did Japan occupy Guam?

I'm not sure.

For how many years before the war had the Northern Mariana Islands been a Japanese protectorate?

I'm not sure.

Who were the Guamanian Chamorro loyal to?

I'm not sure.

With what attitude did the Northern Chamorro treat the Guamanian Chamorro during the occupation?

I'm not sure.


After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968, when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.:242 Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member.

What established Guam as an unincorporated territory?

Guam Organic Act of 1950

What conflict did the Organic Act come after?

After World War II

What did the Guam Act allow the population now that they were a U.S territory?

granted the people U.S. citizenship

In what year did World War II end?

I'm not sure.

What are U.S. citizens in Guam allowed to vote for?

I'm not sure.

Who controlled Guam before World War II?

I'm not sure.

Whose congressional representative is a voting member?

I'm not sure.


Guam lies between 13.2°N and 13.7°N and between 144.6°E and 145.0°E, and has an area of 212 square miles (549 km2), making it the 32nd largest island of the United States. It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana island chain and is also the largest island in Micronesia. This island chain was created by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates. Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, a deep subduction zone, that lies beside the island chain to the east. Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet (10,911 meters) deep. The highest point in Guam is Mount Lamlam at an elevation of 1,334 feet (407 meters).

How many square miles is Guam?

How was this island chain created?

the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates

How deep is the Mariana Trench located near Guam?

What is the biggest island of the United States?

I'm not sure.

At what coordinates does the Mariana Trench lie?

I'm not sure.

What is the highest point in the Mariana island chain?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest island in Micronesia?

I'm not sure.

What is the lowest point in Guam?

I'm not sure.


The island of Guam is 30 miles (50 km) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 km) wide, 3⁄4 the size of Singapore. The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate. In recent years, earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.7. Unlike the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam is not volcanically active. However, due to its proximity to Anatahan, vog (i.e. volcanic smog) does occasionally affect Guam.

How many miles is Guam across?

30 miles

What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about?

earthquakes

Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan, what dod they have to worry about?

volcanic smog

On what island is Anatahan located?

I'm not sure.

What was the size of the last earthquake to hit Guam?

I'm not sure.

How far away is Anatahan volcano from Guam?

I'm not sure.

How far off the coast is the typical earthquake experienced by Guam?

I'm not sure.


Guam's climate is characterized as tropical marine moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds. The weather is generally very warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation. The mean high temperature is 86 °F (30 °C) and mean low is 76 °F (24 °C) with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches (2,180 mm). The dry season runs from December to June. The remaining months (July to November) constitute the rainy season. The months of January and February are considered the coolest months of the year with overnight low temperatures of 70–75 °F (21–24 °C) and low humidity levels. The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 °F (36 °C) on April 18, 1971 and April 1, 1990, and the lowest temperature ever recorded was 65 °F (18 °C) on February 8, 1973.

What is Guam's climate characterized as?

tropical marine

What is the mean high temperature in Guam?

86 °F (30 °C)

What is the average annual rainfall of Guam?

96 inches (2,180 mm)

When does the dry season in Guam typical run?

December to June

Which months are considered the coldest in Guam?

January and February

What is the usual overnight low temperature in March?

I'm not sure.

What is the mean high temperature in Guam in November?

I'm not sure.

What is the mean annual rainfall in Guam?

I'm not sure.

What is usually the hottest month in Guam?

I'm not sure.

What is usually the coldest month in Guam?

I'm not sure.


Post-European-contact Chamorro culture is a combination of American, Spanish, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions, with few remaining indigenous pre-Hispanic customs. These influences are manifested in the local language, music, dance, sea navigation, cuisine, fishing, games (such as batu, chonka, estuleks, and bayogu), songs and fashion. During Spanish colonial rule (1668–1898) the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread. Post-contact Chamorro cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes tortillas, tamales, atole and chilaquiles, which are a clear influence from Spanish trade between Mesoamerica and Asia. The modern Chamorro language is a Malayo-Polynesian language with much Spanish and Filipino influence. Many Chamorros also have Spanish surnames because of their conversion to Roman Catholic Christianity and the adoption of names from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, a phenomenon also common to the Philippines.

hat years did the Spanish rule Guam?

What religion was the general population converted to?

Roman Catholicism

Which two major holidays become popular in Guam?

Easter and Christmas

What is the name of the modern Chamorro language?

Malayo-Polynesian

What was pre-contact Chamorro cuisine based on?

I'm not sure.

What language did the Chamorro speak pre-contact?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the catalogo alfabetico de apellidos published?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the batu game created?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the chonka game created?

I'm not sure.


Two aspects of indigenous pre-Hispanic culture that withstood time are chenchule' and inafa'maolek. Chenchule' is the intricate system of reciprocity at the heart of Chamorro society. It is rooted in the core value of inafa'maolek. Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote, "In a Chamorro sense, the land and its produce belong to everyone. Inafa'maolek, or interdependence, is the key, or central value, in Chamorro culture ... Inafa'maolek depends on a spirit of cooperation and sharing. This is the armature, or core, that everything in Chamorro culture revolves around. It is a powerful concern for mutuality rather than individualism and private property rights."

What two indiginous pre-hispanic culture has survived to this point?

chenchule' and inafa'maolek

What is the name of the intricate system in Guam?

. Chenchule

What do the Chamorro believe in according to Historian Lawrence Cinningham

the land and its produce belong to everyone

What is one of Historian Lawrence Cunningham's own cultures concepts?

I'm not sure.

What is the Chamorro word for being selfish?

I'm not sure.

What is the Chamorro word for refusing to reciprocate?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Historian Lawrence Cunningham first start learning about the Chamorro?

I'm not sure.

What is the Chamorro term for individualism?

I'm not sure.


The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect: From sniffing over the hands of the elders (called mangnginge in Chamorro), the passing down of legends, chants, and courtship rituals, to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds. Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide' canoe-making, making of the belembaotuyan (a string musical instrument made from a gourd), fashioning of åcho' atupat slings and slingstones, tool manufacture, Måtan Guma' burial rituals, and preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu.

What is the culture of Pengngan Chamorro based on?

social protocol

What does mangnging refer to that directly involves one major human scense?

sniffing over the hands of the elders

What is a belembaotuyan in Guam?

string musical instrument made from a gourd

Which culture involves sniffs the feet of elders?

I'm not sure.

Which culture is based on very simple social protocols?

I'm not sure.

What are the Chamorro canoes made of?

I'm not sure.

What is the  Chamorro term for sniffing the feet of elders?

I'm not sure.

What are used as slingstones by the Chamorro traditionally?

I'm not sure.


The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity.[citation needed] While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms, the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.

What posses some challenges for the Chamorros who find it hard to keep their culture?

cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam

What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children?

relocating to the U.S. Mainland

What has recently led to a resurgence in the Chamorros culture and preservation of their old ways?

young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.

What are some of the easy ways that the Chamorros keep their culture?

I'm not sure.

What has made it easier to preserve the Chamorro identity over the years?

I'm not sure.

What has benefitted modern-day Chamorro?

I'm not sure.

Who have primarily relocated from the U.S. Mainland to Guam?

I'm not sure.


Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Guam elects one non-voting delegate, currently Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo, to the United States House of Representatives. U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a straw poll for their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election, but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, the poll has no real effect. However, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions, Guam does have influence in the national presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party conventions.

How many people make up the Guam legislation?

Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam?

Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo

How many electoral votes does Guam currently have?

Guam has no votes

Who elects one non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives?

I'm not sure.

Who is the current governor of Guam?

I'm not sure.

Who is one of the current legislators in Guam?

I'm not sure.

Who did Guam last send as a delegate to the Republican national convention?

I'm not sure.

What party is the current governor of Guam a member of?

I'm not sure.


In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, due to it having clauses incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.

What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80's and 90's?

becoming a commonwealth

Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important?

would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico

What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam?

Hawaii

In what decade was union between Hawaii and Guam first brought up?

I'm not sure.

In what decade did union between Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands first start to get talked about?

I'm not sure.

In what decade was the U.S. Constitution last modified?

I'm not sure.

When did people in Guam start advocating for U.S. statehood?

I'm not sure.


The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Japan. Including the required construction workers, this buildup would increase Guam's population by 45%. In a February 2010 letter, the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs. By 2012, these plans had been cut to only have a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island, two thirds of which would be there on a rotational basis without their dependents.

What has the U.S military proposed?

building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam

How many Marines would the United States move to Guam?

8,600 Marines

Because of the EPA, how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live?

4,800 Marines

How many marines are stationed in Okinawa, Japan?

I'm not sure.

How many dependents of Marines are there in Okinawa, Japan?

I'm not sure.

How many dependents of Marines are now allowed in Guam?

I'm not sure.

What type of military base does the U.S. military have in Okinawa, Japan?

I'm not sure.

How many construction workers had the U.S. military been planning to have in Guam to build a new aircraft carrier berth?

I'm not sure.


Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year. Although 75% of the tourists are Japanese, Guam receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan. Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[citation needed]

What tourist commonly visits Guam?

Japanese

Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?

20 large hotels

How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?

seven

About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?

a million

Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?

Kmart

HOw many stores are there in the Duty Free Shoppers Galleria?

I'm not sure.

After Japan where do most tourists to Guam come from?

I'm not sure.

How many retail stores are there in Agana Shopping Center?

I'm not sure.

Where do most tourists to the Philippines come from?

I'm not sure.

From where do most tourists come from in Taiwan?

I'm not sure.


The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of "free association" with the United States. The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories), and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the years, it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance programs and public education for those from the regions involved, and the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration.[citation needed] Over the years, Congress had appropriated "Compact Impact" aids to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and Hawaii, and eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[citation needed]

What is the name of the pact held between the United States, Micronesia, Marshal Islands, and Palau?

The Compacts of Free Association

What is the benefit of the  Compacts of Free Association?

no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories)

What has Guam claimed about Compacts of Free Association?

the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement

Which Pacific Island is closest to the Republic of the Marshall Islands?

I'm not sure.

From which Pacific Island nation does Gaum gain the most population?

I'm not sure.

From which Pacific Island country does Guam gain the least population?

I'm not sure.

The Federated States of Micronesia has more citizens from which Pacific Island nation over any other?

I'm not sure.

Which Pacific Islands culture is most culturally similar to Guam?

I'm not sure.


In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910–96932), mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic.

In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?

What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?

U.S. postage

What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?

Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?

FedEx, UPS, and DHL

In what year did Guam get regular U.S. postage stamps?

I'm not sure.

What private shipping company considers Guam as an international nation?

I'm not sure.

Which private shipping company charges more to ship packages to Guam?

I'm not sure.

Which private shipping company gets packages back and forth to Guam fastest?

I'm not sure.

In what year did UPS first start shipping packages to Guam?

I'm not sure.


The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to "Guam" instead of "USA" to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia).

What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?

on size and time of year

Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?

first-class

What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?

post office boxes or private mail boxes

Which is more important when it comes to shipping speed to Guam, size or time of year?

I'm not sure.

How long does fourth-class mail take to get to Guam?

I'm not sure.

How long does it take for a ship to sail from Hawaii to Guam?

I'm not sure.

How long does it take a boat to go from the U.S. Mainland to Guam?

I'm not sure.


The Commercial Port of Guam is the island's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers. It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line Matson, Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles, California, Oakland, California and Seattle, Washington. The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region. The port is the shipping and receiving point for containers designated for the island's U.S. Department of Defense installations, Andersen Air Force Base and Commander, Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force.

What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam?

The Commercial Port

What is the name of the shipping company in Hawaii that connects Guam?

Matson, Inc

Why is the port so important?

most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers

How many tons can a Matson, Inc., container ship carry to Guam?

I'm not sure.

What is the population of Seattle?

I'm not sure.

What is the population of Honolulu?

I'm not sure.

On what island is the Anderson Air Force Base?

I'm not sure.

On what island is the Naval Forces Marianas?

I'm not sure.


Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, which is a hub for United Airlines. The island is outside the United States customs zone so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction. Therefore, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries immigration (but not customs) functions. Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction, passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and proceed directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine.

What is the name of the international airport in Guam?

Antonio B. Won Pat

What major airline resides at the airport?

United Airlines

What is Guam responsible for when goods both come in and leave?

operating its own customs and quarantine agency

Where was Antonio B. Won Pat from originally?

I'm not sure.

Where do American passengers arriving indirectly from the United States first go?

I'm not sure.

Which country most often has flights to Guam?

I'm not sure.

Which company's planes land most often at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport?

I'm not sure.


Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands.

Which animal was accidentally introduced into Guam?

brown tree snake

What was accidentally introduced into Guam?

brown tree snake

With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?

nearly eliminated the native bird population

What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes?

has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow

How many native species of birds did Guam have prior to World War II?

I'm not sure.

How many native species of birds did the Solomon Islands have prior to World War II?

I'm not sure.

What do Australian authorities do to not send brown tree snakes to Guam accidentally?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the snakes that is very poisonous to humans?

I'm not sure.

Where was the U.S. military transport ultimately headed when it accidentally introduced the brown tree snake to Guam?

I'm not sure.


Before the introduction of the brown tree snake, Guam was home to several endemic bird species. Among them were the Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher, both common throughout the island. Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct while the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. The devastation caused by the snake has been significant over the past several decades. As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction. According to many elders, ko'ko' birds were common in Guam before World War II.

What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?

Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher

How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?

twelve bird species

What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?

ko'ko' birds

What is thought to have been the first bird species on Guam?

I'm not sure.

What was the most populous Guam bird prior to World War II?

I'm not sure.

What was the least populous bird on Guam before World War II?

I'm not sure.

Which bird species was first driven to extinction by brown tree snakes?

I'm not sure.


An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13–25, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2). Guam Department of Agriculture (GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres (10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation. CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa, Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and Reunion.

What insect was detected in 2007?

coconut rhinoceros beetle

What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam?

American Samoa

Where is the Coconut Beetle native to?

Southern Asia

How big is Reunion Island?

I'm not sure.

Where did the coconut rhinoceros beetle originate?

I'm not sure.

When was the coconut rhinoceros beetle discovered in American Samoa?

I'm not sure.

How long is Reunion Island?

I'm not sure.

How big is Fiji?

I'm not sure.


Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are man-caused with 80% resulting from arson. Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion. During the rainy season sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.

What plagues the Guam dry season?

Wildfires

What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area?

man

What causes water quality problems in Guam?

sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River

What are 20% of fires resulting from?

I'm not sure.

What has had success in Guam when it comes to soil stabilization?

I'm not sure.

What carries sediment into the Fena Lake Reservoir during the dry season?

I'm not sure.

What animal isn't native to Guam?

I'm not sure.


Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. (Since Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers, this is important.) In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists. Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests. Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.

What has Guam recently being trying to protect?

coral reef habitats

What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam?

pollution, eroded silt and overfishing

What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?

Mariana fruit bats

Who made Tumon Bay into a preserve?

I'm not sure.

What is the #1 cause of decreased fish populations?

I'm not sure.

The Guam National Wildlife Refuge is near which tourist area?

I'm not sure.

What most endangered the Mariana fruit bats?

I'm not sure.

What most endangered the sea turtle population?

I'm not sure.


The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher education. UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 76 U.S. land-grant institutions in the entire United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. They offer courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.

What are the names of the two colleges in Guam?

The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College

Who are these two schools accredited by?

Western Association of Schools and Colleges

What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam?

Pacific Islands University

What type of education does the University of Guam offer?

I'm not sure.

What type of education is offered at Guam Community College?

I'm not sure.

What type of institution is the Guam Community College?

I'm not sure.

Besides Pacific Islands University where else can one earn a graduate degree in Guam?

I'm not sure.

How many schools are in the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools?

I'm not sure.


The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores. Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education. An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools.

How many students as of 2000 were attending public schools in Guam?

What has plagued Guam public schools?

high dropout rates and poor test scores

What is the name of the governing body of the school in all of Guam?

The Guam Department of Education

How many students currently attend public school in Guam?

I'm not sure.

How many people live in Guam?

I'm not sure.

What challenges affect U.S. mainland schools?

I'm not sure.

How many people work for the Guam Department of Education?

I'm not sure.

How many students in Guam come from backgrounds without traditional American education?

I'm not sure.


The Government of Guam maintains the island's main health care facility, Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning. U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. In addition, the U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active-duty members and dependents of the military community. There is one subscriber-based air ambulance located on the island, CareJet, which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands. A private hospital, the Guam Regional Medical City opened its doors in early 2016.

Who runs Guam's main health care facility?

The Government of Guam

What is the name of the main health care facility in Guam?

Guam Memorial Hospital

Which privately owned medical facility opened in 2016?

Guam Regional Medical City

When did Guam Memorial Hospital open its doors?

I'm not sure.

In what city is Guam Regional Medical City?

I'm not sure.

When did CareJet go into business in Guam?

I'm not sure.

In what city is CareJet headquartered?

I'm not sure.

What type of doctors work at the Guam Regional Medical City?

I'm not sure.


Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical "scientific method".

What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?

rationalism

Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?

reason independently of the senses

What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?

knowledge of God's existence

What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?

intuition and reasoning alone

Where were the main European rationalists?

Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz

Who were the main philosophical empiricists?

I'm not sure.

What did John Locke say required information from one's experience?

I'm not sure.

Where was philosophical empiricism popular?

I'm not sure.

Why are empiricists and rationalists similar?

I'm not sure.

How did empiricists discover innate ideas?

I'm not sure.


Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth (see Plato's Phaedo and Apology, as well as others). Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato, and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" (Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses").

What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on?

his theory of potentiality and actuality

How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind?

an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth

Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato?

Aristotle

Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato?

Plato

What does "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" mean?

Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses"

Which commentator summarized a position in latin?

I'm not sure.

What did Aristotle write?

I'm not sure.

Why is Plato considered an empiricist?

I'm not sure.

What position by Plato was summarized by Middle Ages commentators?

I'm not sure.

Where did Aristotle say the human mind existed?

I'm not sure.


This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon." Later stoics, such as Sextus of Chaeronea, would continue this idea of empiricism in later Stoic writings as well. As Sextus contends "For every thought comes from sense-perception or not without sense-perception and either from direct experience or not without direct experience" (Against the Professors, 8.56-8).

What is the Stoic view?

the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it

What was Aetius's career?

doxographer

Where was Sextus from?

Chaeronea

Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?

Sextus

Whose ideas did Sextus build on?

Aetius

Where was Aetius from?

I'm not sure.

What book did Aetius write?

I'm not sure.

What was Sextus' career?

I'm not sure.

What innate thoughts is a man born with?

I'm not sure.

Who invented stoicism?

I'm not sure.


During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts". The intellect itself develops from a material intellect (al-'aql al-hayulani), which is a potentiality "that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-'aql al-fa'il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge". So the immaterial "active intellect", separate from any individual person, is still essential for understanding to occur.

Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?

Aristotle

What religion was Al Farabi?

Islamic

What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?

material intellect

What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?

active intellect

What is crucial for understanding?

the immaterial "active intellect"

What was Aristotle's religion?

I'm not sure.

What did Al Farabi say tabula rasa was?

I'm not sure.

Who developed the syllogistic method?

I'm not sure.

What did Aristotle call the active intellect?

I'm not sure.

What does tabula rasa mean?

I'm not sure.


In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island, through experience alone. The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

What was 'Abubacer' normally called?

Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?

Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

What was Ibn Tufail's religion?

Muslim

What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity?

Andalusian

When did Ibn Tufail live?

12th century CE

When was John Locke's essay written?

I'm not sure.

What was Edward Pococke the Younger's religion?

I'm not sure.

Where was John Locke from?

I'm not sure.

What did Ibn Tufail publish in 1671?

I'm not sure.

What does Hayy ibn Yaqdhan mean?

I'm not sure.


In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the "effectual truth" instead. Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) said, "If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings."

When was da Vinci born?

When did da Vinci die?

What did renaissance writers question?

the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition

Who did Machiavelli disdain?

writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals

What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?

abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings

When did Niccolo Machiavelli live?

I'm not sure.

Who judged everything according to mental ideals?

I'm not sure.

What was Leonardo da Vinci most famous for?

I'm not sure.

Who said you must base your reasoning on authority rather than your own findings?

I'm not sure.

When was Francesco Guicciardini born?

I'm not sure.


The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520–1591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581). The Italian word he used for "experiment" was esperienza. It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son (cf. Coelho, ed. Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history. Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of 'Pythagoras' hammers' (the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded "experience and demonstration" as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.

When was Vincenzo Galilei born?

ca. 1520

When did Vincenzo Galilei die?

Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son?

Galileo

What does 'esperienza' mean?

experiment

When was Galileo born?

I'm not sure.

When did Galileo die?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote Music and Science in the age of Galileo?

I'm not sure.

When did Vincenzo discover the meaning of Pythagoras' hammers'?

I'm not sure.

Where was Galileo born?

I'm not sure.


British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and René Descartes, who is described as a rationalist. Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the primary exponents of empiricism in the 18th century Enlightenment, with Locke being the person who is normally known as the founder of empiricism as such.

When was the British empiricism period?

17th century

What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?

empiricist

What type of philosopher was Descartes?

rationalist

What type of philosopher was Hobbes?

empiricist

What type of philosopher was Spinoza?

rationalist

What did George Berkeley found?

I'm not sure.

Who was the exponent of rationalism in the Enlightenment?

I'm not sure.

What was British empiricism originally called?

I'm not sure.

What was Baruch Spinoza's nationality?

I'm not sure.

Who was the founder of rationalism?

I'm not sure.


In response to the early-to-mid-17th century "continental rationalism" John Locke (1632–1704) proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) a very influential view wherein the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori, i.e., based upon experience. Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the human mind is a tabula rasa, a "blank tablet", in Locke's words "white paper", on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written. There are two sources of our ideas: sensation and reflection. In both cases, a distinction is made between simple and complex ideas. The former are unanalysable, and are broken down into primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities are essential for the object in question to be what it is. Without specific primary qualities, an object would not be what it is. For example, an apple is an apple because of the arrangement of its atomic structure. If an apple was structured differently, it would cease to be an apple. Secondary qualities are the sensory information we can perceive from its primary qualities. For example, an apple can be perceived in various colours, sizes, and textures but it is still identified as an apple. Therefore, its primary qualities dictate what the object essentially is, while its secondary qualities define its attributes. Complex ideas combine simple ones, and divide into substances, modes, and relations. According to Locke, our knowledge of things is a perception of ideas that are in accordance or discordance with each other, which is very different from the quest for certainty of Descartes.

When was 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' published?

Who wrote 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'?

John Locke

What does 'tabula rasa' mean?

blank tablet

What did Locke say 'tabula rasa' meant?

white paper

What did Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept say happens to the mind?

on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written

What did Descarte call our knowledge of things?

I'm not sure.

What did Descarte publish in 1689?

I'm not sure.

When was Descartes born?

I'm not sure.

Who founded continental rationalism?

I'm not sure.

Why are primary qualities non-essential?

I'm not sure.


A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving. (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.) In his text Alciphron, Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God. Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism.

Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?

George Berkeley

When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?

What religion was George Berkeley?

Anglican

What nationality was George Berkeley?

Irish

Who wrote 'Alciphron'?

George Berkeley

When was Alciphron published?

I'm not sure.

What was Locke's religion?

I'm not sure.

Who responded to George Berkeley?

I'm not sure.

Whom did Locke claim created order?

I'm not sure.


The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, "Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition." And,

What did Hume bring to empiricism?

a new level of skepticism

What was Hume's nationality?

Scottish

What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?

demonstrative and probable

When was Hume born?

When did Hume die?

Who argued that skepticism was a form of empiricism?

I'm not sure.

When did David Hume respond to Berkeley?

I'm not sure.

How many arguments did Berkeley say there were?

I'm not sure.

What was Locke's nationality?

I'm not sure.

Who was Locke's contemporary?

I'm not sure.


Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. "the sun rises in the East") are examples of the second. All of people's "ideas", in turn, are derived from their "impressions". For Hume, an "impression" corresponds roughly with what we call a sensation. To remember or to imagine such impressions is to have an "idea". Ideas are therefore the faint copies of sensations.

What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?

relations of ideas and matters of fact

What type of human knowledge is math?

relations of ideas

What type of human knowledge is observing the world?

matters of fact

What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"?

matters of fact

Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?

their "impressions"

How many categories did Kant divide the world into?

I'm not sure.

What would the incorrect phrase "the sun rises in the west" be?

I'm not sure.

Why are sensations considered copies of ideas?

I'm not sure.

What was the analytic-synthetic distinction?

I'm not sure.


Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method — that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.

What did Hume think our beliefs are?

a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences

What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?

reason

What did Hume think is a circular argument?

the justification for inductive reasoning

What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?

that the sun will continue to rise in the East

Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?

because it has repeatedly done so in the past

Who invented the circular argument?

I'm not sure.

Why does Hume say we can know the sun will rise in the east?

I'm not sure.

What did problem of the scientific method did Hume solve?

I'm not sure.

Where does Hume say the sun sets?

I'm not sure.

Humes argues there is no way to know the past will be like what?

I'm not sure.


Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. According to an extreme empiricist theory known as phenomenalism, anticipated by the arguments of both Hume and George Berkeley, a physical object is a kind of construction out of our experiences. Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events. Ultimately, only mental objects, properties, events, exist — hence the closely related term subjective idealism. By the phenomenalistic line of thinking, to have a visual experience of a real physical thing is to have an experience of a certain kind of group of experiences. This type of set of experiences possesses a constancy and coherence that is lacking in the set of experiences of which hallucinations, for example, are a part. As John Stuart Mill put it in the mid-19th century, matter is the "permanent possibility of sensation". Mill's empiricism went a significant step beyond Hume in still another respect: in maintaining that induction is necessary for all meaningful knowledge including mathematics. As summarized by D.W. Hamlin:

What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?

that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable

What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?

belief in an external world

What is phenomenalism?

physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events

What is subjective idealism closely related to?

Phenomenalism

What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?

the "permanent possibility of sensation"

Who founded the phenomenalism philosophy?

I'm not sure.

When did DW Hamlin publish his essays?

I'm not sure.

Why did John Stuart Mill disagree with Hume?

I'm not sure.

When did Phenomenalism begin?

I'm not sure.

Who argued for subjective idealism?

I'm not sure.


Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such "groups of permanent possibilities of sensation" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of "reality" that goes beyond mere "possibilities of sensation", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms. Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all". Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.

What did Mill say knowledge comes from?

an inductive inference from direct experience

What sensations did Mill differentiate?

actual and possible sensations

When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?

God

What did Mill say might not actually exist?

gap-filling entities

What did Mill misrepresent about math?

the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures

What did Mill put in the gap?

I'm not sure.

What do indirect experiences produce?

I'm not sure.

Who disagreed that "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all"?

I'm not sure.

what did Mill realize about mathematics?

I'm not sure.

What does subjective idealism lead to?

I'm not sure.


The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former must be at least deducible from the latter. But it came to be realized that there is no finite set of statements about actual and possible sense-data from which we can deduce even a single physical-object statement. Remember that the translating or paraphrasing statement must be couched in terms of normal observers in normal conditions of observation. There is, however, no finite set of statements that are couched in purely sensory terms and can express the satisfaction of the condition of the presence of a normal observer. According to phenomenalism, to say that a normal observer is present is to make the hypothetical statement that were a doctor to inspect the observer, the observer would appear to the doctor to be normal. But, of course, the doctor himself must be a normal observer. If we are to specify this doctor's normality in sensory terms, we must make reference to a second doctor who, when inspecting the sense organs of the first doctor, would himself have to have the sense data a normal observer has when inspecting the sense organs of a subject who is a normal observer. And if we are to specify in sensory terms that the second doctor is a normal observer, we must refer to a third doctor, and so on (also see the third man).

What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?

phenomenalist

How can't a finite set of statements be described?

in purely sensory terms

What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?

a second doctor

When did the phenomenalist phase begin?

I'm not sure.

When was the problem of the third man published?

I'm not sure.

How must a finite set of statements be described?

I'm not sure.

How many doctors do you need to satisfy the hypothetical problem?

I'm not sure.

How did it become possible for physical object statements to translate into sense-data statements?

I'm not sure.


Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Some of the key figures in this movement were Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick and the rest of the Vienna Circle, along with A.J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach.

What are other terms for logical empiricism?

logical positivism or neopositivism

When was logical empricism formulated?

early 20th-century

What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?

British empiricism

What was Otto Neurath an important member of?

Logical empiricism

What was AJ Ayer an important member of?

Logical empiricism

When were Gottlob Frege's mathematical insights published?

I'm not sure.

Who named neopositivism?

I'm not sure.

What was Ludwig Wittgenstein part of?

I'm not sure.

What was Ludwig Wittgenstein's nationality?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Vienna Circle?

I'm not sure.


The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal, logically perfect, language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language. This gave rise to what they saw as metaphysical pseudoproblems and other conceptual confusions. By combining Frege's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies, they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions: the analytic (a priori) and the synthetic (a posteriori). On this basis, they formulated a strong principle of demarcation between sentences that have sense and those that do not: the so-called verification principle. Any sentence that is not purely logical, or is unverifiable is devoid of meaning. As a result, most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered pseudoproblems.

When was Bertrand Russell born?

When did Bertrand Russell die?

What did Frege say about math?

all mathematical truths are logical

What did Wittgenstein say about logic?

all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies

What are pseudoproblems?

most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems

When was Frege's thesis published?

I'm not sure.

When was Wittgenstein born?

I'm not sure.

When did Wittgenstein die?

I'm not sure.

Who was a neopositivist?

I'm not sure.

What gave a sentence meaning?

I'm not sure.