A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced: a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive. Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties, which were considered essential to the security of Rome.

What vow was required of Vestals?

chastity

What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?

buried alive

What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?

devoted

How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?

essential

What was the honor granted a Vestal ?

religious


The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festival of Vestalia, they participated directly in the rites of Parilia, Parentalia and Fordicidia. Indirectly, they played a role in every official sacrifice; among their duties was the preparation of the mola salsa, the salted flour that was sprinkled on every sacrificial victim as part of its immolation.

Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame?

Vesta's flame

For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?

Lares and Penates

What was the Vestal festival called?

Vestalia

To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend?

mola salsa

What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices?

Indirect


Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century, after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians. When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, he took steps toward the dissolution of the order. His successor Theodosius I extinguished Vesta's sacred fire and vacated her temple.

What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms?

Vestals

What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games?

seating

For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses?

Livia

Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions?

4th century

Which emperor disbanded the Vestals?

Theodosius I


Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himself with oxen and plough; what lay within was the earthly home and protectorate of the gods of the state. In Rome, the central references for the establishment of an augural templum appear to have been the Via Sacra (Sacred Way) and the pomerium. Magistrates sought divine opinion of proposed official acts through an augur, who read the divine will through observations made within the templum before, during and after an act of sacrifice. Divine disapproval could arise through unfit sacrifice, errant rites (vitium) or an unacceptable plan of action. If an unfavourable sign was given, the magistrate could repeat the sacrifice until favourable signs were seen, consult with his augural colleagues, or abandon the project. Magistrates could use their right of augury (ius augurum) to adjourn and overturn the process of law, but were obliged to base their decision on the augur's observations and advice. For Cicero, himself an augur, this made the augur the most powerful authority in the Late Republic. By his time (mid 1st century BC) augury was supervised by the college of pontifices, whose powers were increasingly woven into the magistracies of the cursus honorum.

In what area did public rites take place in Rome?

sacred precinct

What person marked the religious area ritually?

augur

What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin?

sacred space

Who designated the first boundary of Rome?

Romulus

What did augers seek to understand through observances?

divine will


Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors describe haruspicy as an ancient, ethnically Etruscan "outsider" religious profession, separate from Rome's internal and largely unpaid priestly hierarchy, essential but never quite respectable. During the mid-to-late Republic, the reformist Gaius Gracchus, the populist politician-general Gaius Marius and his antagonist Sulla, and the "notorious Verres" justified their very different policies by the divinely inspired utterances of private diviners. The senate and armies used the public haruspices: at some time during the late Republic, the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy and divination. Being of independent means, they would be better motivated to maintain a pure, religious practice for the public good. The motives of private haruspices – especially females – and their clients were officially suspect: none of this seems to have troubled Marius, who employed a Syrian prophetess.

What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?

examination of entrails

Which of the entrails was especially important to augury?

liver

To which group can haruspicy to traced?

Etruscan

What type of private  individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions?

diviners

What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods?

public haruspices


Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for ritual expiation. In 207 BC, during one of the Punic Wars' worst crises, the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved "at least twenty days" of dedicated rites.

What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans?

Prodigies

What did prodigies show the Romans?

divine anger

Of what were prodigies predictors?

conflict and misfortune

What did the expiation of a prodigy impose?

dedicated rites

What group determined the truth of a prodigy?

Senate


Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains and on ears of corn: all were expiated by sacrifice of "greater victims". The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural; sheep become goats, a hen become a cock (and vice versa) – these were expiated with "lesser victims". The discovery of an androgynous four-year-old child was expiated by its drowning and the holy procession of 27 virgins to the temple of Juno Regina, singing a hymn to avert disaster: a lightning strike during the hymn rehearsals required further expiation. Religious restitution is proved only by Rome's victory.

What author wrote of disaster prodigies?

Livy

Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice?

greater victims

What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?

lesser victims

What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies?

Rome's victory

Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion?

widespread failure


Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased, an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods. As Roman society developed, its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead, and more on monumental endowments to the community, such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name. Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial, with such grave goods as relatives could afford.

From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?

educated elite

What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?

archaic

What did the ancient Romans expect after death?

afterlife

With whom did the  early Romans expect to associate?

gods

What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?

monumental endowments


Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the cremation. For the less well-off, inhumation with "a libation of wine, incense, and fruit or crops was sufficient". Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead: the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living. The ashes (or body) were entombed or buried. On the eighth day of mourning, the family offered further sacrifice, this time on the ground; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed entirely into the underworld. They had become one of the di Manes, who were collectively celebrated and appeased at the Parentalia, a multi-day festival of remembrance in February.

What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?

Funeral and commemorative

What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?

sow

What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?

less well-off

What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead?

Parentalia

What goddess was an intermediary  between the dead and the living?

Ceres


In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued; St Augustine (following St Ambrose) feared that this invited the "drunken" practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor. Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567. Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different. Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life. The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly relics, and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to "new life".

What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?

Christian

What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?

Tombs

What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?

alms of food

When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?

AD 567

How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?

ritual pollution


Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperial era, the image of the ruling emperor. In one camp, this shrine is even called Capitolium. The most important camp-offering appears to have been the suovetaurilia performed before a major, set battle. A ram, a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded, led around the outer perimeter of the camp (a lustratio exercitus) and in through a gate, then sacrificed: Trajan's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars. The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine templum; all within are purified and protected.

How were Roman camps laid out?

standard pattern

For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?

defense and religious ritual

Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?

Rome

What was in the center of each Roman camp?

commander's headquarters

What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?

divine templum


Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured that every citizen-soldier knew his duty. As in Rome, whatever gods he served in his own time seem to have been his own business; legionary forts and vici included shrines to household gods, personal deities and deities otherwise unknown. From the earliest Imperial era, citizen legionaries and provincial auxiliaries gave cult to the emperor and his familia on Imperial accessions, anniversaries and their renewal of annual vows. They celebrated Rome's official festivals in absentia, and had the official triads appropriate to their function – in the Empire, Jupiter, Victoria and Concordia were typical. By the early Severan era, the military also offered cult to the Imperial divi, the current emperor's numen, genius and domus (or familia), and special cult to the Empress as "mother of the camp." The near ubiquitous legionary shrines to Mithras of the later Imperial era were not part of official cult until Mithras was absorbed into Solar and Stoic Monism as a focus of military concordia and Imperial loyalty.

What type of personnel did every camp have?

religious

What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp?

senior magistrate-commander

In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow?

emperor

Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance?

Rome's official festivals

What person was considered to be "Mother of the camp''?

Empress


The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator.

What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?

devotio

What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?

Decius Mus

With what does the devotio link to military ethics?

Roman gladiator

By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?

disastrous consequences

Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?

Livy


The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, he threw them into the sea, "saying that they might drink, since they would not eat. He was defeated, and on being bidden by the senate to appoint a dictator, he appointed his messenger Glycias, as if again making a jest of his country's peril." His impiety not only lost the battle but ruined his career.

What general was consul in 249 BC?

Publius Claudius Pulcher

What type of campaign did Publius fight?

sea

What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign?

defiance of the omen

How did Publius fare in his battle?

defeated

What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling?

impiety


Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. Juno, Diana, Lucina, and specialized divine attendants presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent.

What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?

limited

What religious act did women not perform?

animal sacrifice

What priesthood was reserved solely for women?

Vestals

What Roman rites excluded men?

Bona Dea

With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions?

motherhood


Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as "superstition" was in fact aimed at excessive religio. Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith, but superstitio was viewed as an "inappropriate desire for knowledge"; in effect, an abuse of religio.

What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?

superstitio

Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?

more than was necessary

What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?

superstition

What was the basis of Roman religion?

knowledge

What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?

inappropriate


In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect. So were divinatory techniques such as astrology when used for illicit, subversive or magical purposes. Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times, notably in 139 BC and 33 BC. In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death. "Egyptian rites" were particularly suspect: Augustus banned them within the pomerium to doubtful effect; Tiberius repeated and extended the ban with extreme force in AD 19. Despite several Imperial bans, magic and astrology persisted among all social classes. In the late 1st century AD, Tacitus observed that astrologers "would always be banned and always retained at Rome".

What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?

private diviners

What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?

will of the gods

What action was not to be sought by state diviners?

foretelling the future

What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?

Astrologers and magicians

What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?

death


In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells (vi cantaminum) for everything he wishes to." Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical "History of magical arts" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods. Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus, "despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air".

What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?

magi

To what did the term magi originally refer?

Persian priests

Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?

Pliny the Elder

What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?

"History of magical arts"

Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?

Apollonius of Tyana


Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest "the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers" and make "austere old men blaze with illicit passions". She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods, mankind and destiny. A female foreigner from Thessaly, notorious for witchcraft, Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature, along with Horace's Canidia.

Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?

Sextus Pompeius

What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?

Erichtho

What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?

order of gods

How was Erichtho portrayed?

stereotypical witch

From what country did Erichtho come?

Thessaly


The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although sometimes the recipients of public rites, these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium. Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze, during the hours of darkness. Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals. The barrier between private religious practices and "magic" is permeable, and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public Feralia festival that are indistinguishable from magic: an old woman squats among a circle of younger women, sews up a fish-head, smears it with pitch, then pierces and roasts it to "bind hostile tongues to silence". By this she invokes Tacita, the "Silent One" of the underworld.

What forbid harmful  incantations?

Twelve Tables

What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community?

Chthonic

What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?

public gaze

What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?

indistinguishable

Where was magic conducted in Rome?

outside the sacred boundary


Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense or rejection. Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs, in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate, and promise a portion of the value (usually small) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration. None of these defixiones seem produced by, or on behalf of the elite, who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice. Similar traditions existed throughout the empire, persisting until around the 7th century AD, well into the Christian era.

What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?

Archaeology

What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?

defixiones

What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?

law and justice

Until what era did spells persist in the empire?

7th century AD

What era produced a decline in the use of spells?

Christian era


Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans".

What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?

aristocracy

Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?

slave or free non-citizens

What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?

plebeians

How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?

Less than a quarter

What organization was Rome's official caretaker?

the senate


The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular offices. In the early Republic, as presumably in the regal era, plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office, and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge. They resorted to strikes and violence to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office, public priesthood, and knowledge of civil and religious law. The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency; he negotiated a settlement, and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia. The religious calendars and laws were eventually made public. Plebeian tribunes were appointed, with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate. In principle, the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians. In reality, the patrician and to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond.

The link between what groups was necessary to Rome?

religious and political

Where was the basic power in Rome to be found?

patrician elite

What group was excluded from high offices ?

plebeians

Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes?

Camillus

To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike?

Concordia


While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued.

What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility?

political traditions and religious cults

What cult arrived from southern Italy?

Dionysus

During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?

Punic crisis

To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?

Bacchus

With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?

divine hierarchy


The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus. Julius Caesar went further, and claimed her as his ancestress. Such claims suggested personal character and policy as divinely inspired; an appointment to priesthood offered divine validation. In 63 BC, Julius Caesar's appointment as pontifex maximus "signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics". Likewise, political candidates could sponsor temples, priesthoods and the immensely popular, spectacular public ludi and munera whose provision became increasingly indispensable to the factional politics of the Late Republic. Under the principate, such opportunities were limited by law; priestly and political power were consolidated in the person of the princeps ("first citizen").

What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise?

pontifex maximus

What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes?

cultural shift

What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals?

divinely inspired

In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus?

63 BC

How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome?

by law


By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, installed in a Capitoline temple, built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival, Epulum Jovis. These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned, as if noble guests, at their own inaugural banquet.

At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?

plebeian

With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?

neighbours

What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?

Minerva

In what style was the temple to Minerva built?

Etruscan

What gods were in the Capitoline triad?

Jupiter, Juno and Minerva


Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium: and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum: Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy, and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste. In 217, Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill.

Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?

Diana

To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?

Jupiter Latiaris

What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?

Hercules

For what group was Castor a patron?

cavalry

From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?

Sicily


The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus followed; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC. Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium: temples were dedicated to Juventas (Hebe) in 191 BC, Diana (Artemis) in 179 BC, Mars (Ares) in 138 BC), and to Bona Dea, equivalent to Fauna, the female counterpart of the rural Faunus, supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia. Further Greek influences on cult images and types represented the Roman Penates as forms of the Greek Dioscuri. The military-political adventurers of the Later Republic introduced the Phrygian goddess Ma (identified with Roman Bellona, the Egyptian mystery-goddess Isis and Persian Mithras.)

What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?

Magna Mater

What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?

Bacchus

In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?

186 BC

In what year was Diana  brought into the pomerium?

179 BC

What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?

Mars


The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In the last century of the Republic, Epicurean and particularly Stoic interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite, most of whom held - or had held - high office and traditional Roman priesthoods; notably, Scaevola and the polymath Varro. For Varro - well versed in Euhemerus' theory - popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction; what the people believed was not itself the truth, but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with. Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives, the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals, and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult.

The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?

model

What writer defined the development of the gods?

Euhemerus

At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?

literate elite

What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?

devotion and cult.

What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?

Euhemerus' theory


Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably in the very late Republic, the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult. The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil's poetic, Imperial vision of the past.

What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?

divine ancestor

What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?

personal claim

What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?

Venus Genetrix

Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?

Imperial cult

What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood?

Vergil


Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors.

By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?

religious and political

What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?

Augustus

How many priesthoods was Augustus given?

unprecedented number

How were Augustus's reforms viewed?

adaptive, restorative and regulatory

As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?

Roman morality


The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent of Roman religious law. Newly municipal Sabratha built a Capitolium near its existing temple to Liber Pater and Serapis. Autonomy and concord were official policy, but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models. Romanisation offered distinct political and practical advantages, especially to local elites. All the known effigies from the 2nd century AD forum at Cuicul are of emperors or Concordia. By the middle of the 1st century AD, Gaulish Vertault seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established, Romanised cult nearby: by the end of that century, Sabratha’s so-called tophet was no longer in use. Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice, not a centralised legal requirement. Major cult centres to "non-Roman" deities continued to prosper: notable examples include the magnificent Alexandrian Serapium, the temple of Aesculapeus at Pergamum and Apollo's sacred wood at Antioch.

From what were countries in the empire free?

Roman religious law

What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?

inclusionist policies

What was Rome's policy towards government?

Autonomy and concord

What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults?

Romanised

What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?

centralised legal requirement


Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman "domestic" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military.

To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?

traditional gods

What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?

diis deabusque omnibus

What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?

domestic

What act  of provincials brought new gods into the military?

conscription

What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?

citizenship


The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus – and most of its religious cults – within his "reformed" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his numen. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship.

What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?

Julius Caesar

What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?

divine monarchy

To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult?

Augustus

For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?

integrated

By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?

Imperial cult


In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maximus (greatest priest) and at least notionally, its leading Republican. When he died, his ascent to heaven, or his descent to join the dii manes was decided by a vote in the Senate. As a divus, he could receive much the same honours as any other state deity – libations of wine, garlands, incense, hymns and sacrificial oxen at games and festivals. What he did in return for these favours is unknown, but literary hints and the later adoption of divus as a title for Christian Saints suggest him as a heavenly intercessor. In Rome, official cult to a living emperor was directed to his genius; a small number refused this honour and there is no evidence of any emperor receiving more than that. In the crises leading up to the Dominate, Imperial titles and honours multiplied, reaching a peak under Diocletian. Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well-being; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous.

What was the emperor's rule in Rome?

divinely approved

As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?

traditional

As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?

father of his country

After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?

vote in the Senate

What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion?

traditional cults


For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero, but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita (an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity.

What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?

treaty

What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?

synagogues

When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?

63 BC

Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?

Julius Caesar

In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?

Christianity


After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms”, regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome’s elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis.

What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?

Christians

Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?

Emperor Nero

What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce?

persecution

What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?

official policy

How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?

ungodly practices


In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.

Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?

Decius

What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?

Jews

What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?

Decian oath

What was the Decian decree meant to root out?

subversives

What happened to the decree after a year?

edict expired.


Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.

What did  Valerian call the Christian religion?

subversive foreign cult

What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?

assemblies

To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?

Rome's traditional

What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?

threat

What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?

stronger


In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded ofﬁcials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.

For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?

treason

In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?

303 AD

In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?

legal rights

With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?

imprisonment

To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?

traditional gods


In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an ofﬁcial recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313."

How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?

strictly enforced

In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?

imprisoned or martyred

What were some Christian communities?

powerful and influential

What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?

lenient

When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?


With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:

Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?

St. Jerome

With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?

"pagan" emperors

To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?

peace of God

What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church?

Constantine I

What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?

Donatists


Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".

What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?

edict of Milan

How did Constantine accept Christianity?

officially

Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?

traditional religions

As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?

absolute head of state

As what was Constantine honored when he died?

Christian, Imperial, and "divus"


At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.

What group did Constantine call to a meeting?

First Council of Nicaea

How many bishops attended the First Council?

From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?

Western Empire

What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?

Christian orthodoxy

What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?

Nicene Creed


The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.

What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?

Julian

What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?

Nicene Christianity

What pleas were rejected by the empire?

religious tolerance

What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?

Heretics

What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?

ritual


Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.

Who rejected the Christian religion?

Julian

When did Julian become Augustus?

What did Julian try to restore to the empire?

non-Christian practices

What building did Julian want to rebuild?

Jerusalem's temple

After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?

Christian control


The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.

What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?

pontifex maximus

What group did Gratian seek the abolish?

Vestals

Which emperor briefly united the empire again?

Theodosius I

What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?

Sacred fire

Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?

East and West


YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and comment on videos, and it makes use of WebM, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, movie trailers, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.

Where is Youtube headquartered?

San Bruno, California, United States

When was Youtube created?

February 2005

How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?

US$1.65 billion

Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?

short original videos

How does youtube now operate as a business?

as one of Google's subsidiaries

What company did the three employees that started YouTube in 2006 used to work for?

I'm not sure.

Who bought YouTube in 2005 for US$1.65 billion?

I'm not sure.

Who's subsidiary does Google now operate under?

I'm not sure.

What other technology does YouTube use besides WebM and H.642/MPEG-4 VAC?

I'm not sure.


According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".

What are the first names of the men that invented youtube?

Hurley and Chen

Where did Chen live in 2005?

San Francisco

When did the creators have the idea for youtube?

the early months of 2005

What was the original stimuli for creating the website?

difficulty sharing videos

Where did Chen live in 2007?

I'm not sure.

When did the creators have the idea for Google?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the original reason for creating the website?

I'm not sure.

Who sold YouTube?

I'm not sure.

When did Chen Hurley develop the idea for YouTube?

I'm not sure.

What city did Chen Hurley live in?

I'm not sure.

What did Karim Hurley not attend?

I'm not sure.


YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in September 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010.

when was the first beta test for the youtube site?

May 2005

What was the first video to reach a million views?

a Nike advertisement

How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005?

$3.5 million

What was the official launch date for the youtube website?

December 15, 2005

As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained?

14 billion

What happened in March 2005?

I'm not sure.

What was the second video to reach a million views?

I'm not sure.

What hockey star was in the Nike advertisement?

I'm not sure.

What ad first aired in August 2005?

I'm not sure.

What happened on December 25, 2005?

I'm not sure.

What type of public test was offered in May 2006?

I'm not sure.

What video first reached one million views in July 2005?

I'm not sure.

What happened on December 15, 2006?

I'm not sure.

How many videos were being uploaded every day by July 2010?

I'm not sure.

What company has a market share of 14%?

I'm not sure.


In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. According to third-party web analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is the third most visited website in the world, as of June 2015; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month.

As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every  minute?

How much content on youtube comes from outside the US?

around three quarters

How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014?

800 million

As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?

15 billion

Youtube is ranked what on the world's list of most visited sites?

third

When did YouTube say 400 hours were being uploaded every minute?

I'm not sure.

How much content on youtube comes from inside the US?

I'm not sure.

What is ranked second on the world's list of most visited sites?

I'm not sure.

What is ranked fourth on the world's list of most visited sites?

I'm not sure.

What has more than 20 billion visitors per month?

I'm not sure.

How many hours of new video every minute did YouTube say were uploaded in 2015?

I'm not sure.

How much bandwidth did YouTube consume in 2014?

I'm not sure.

How many visitors per month did YouTube have as of June 2014?

I'm not sure.

What is the third most visited website in the world as of June 2014?

I'm not sure.


On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter." In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined". In May 2011, YouTube reported in its company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day. In January 2012, YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day.

What did youtube do on March 31 2010?

launched a new design

Who was the Google product manager in 2010?

Shiva Rajaraman

How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2010?

more than two billion

How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2011?

more than three billion

How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2012?

four billion

What happened on March 30 2010?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Google product manager in 2009?

I'm not sure.

How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2011?

I'm not sure.

How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2014?

I'm not sure.

How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2012?

I'm not sure.

What did YouTube launch on March 13, 2010?

I'm not sure.

What did Rajaraman Shiva say about the new design?

I'm not sure.

How many videos was YouTube serving per day in March 2010?

I'm not sure.

How many views was YouTube recieving in March 2011?

I'm not sure.

How many videos were being streamed per day in January 2010?

I'm not sure.


In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platform for video gaming enthusiasts intended to compete with Twitch.tv. 2015 also saw the announcement of a premium YouTube service titled YouTube Red, which provides users with both ad-free content as well as the ability to download videos among other features.

What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015?

a new app

what was the name of the new app youtube launched?

YouTube Kids

What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?

YouTube Gaming

What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?

YouTube Red

On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?

both Android and iOS

What happened in March 2015?

I'm not sure.

What happened on August 25, 2015?

I'm not sure.

What is YouTube Blue?

I'm not sure.

What OS is YouTube kids unavailable?

I'm not sure.

What's the name of the program that gives ads?

I'm not sure.

What did YouTube launch in August 2015 for children?

I'm not sure.

What was launched on February 26, 2015?

I'm not sure.

What was launched to compete with Twitch.VT?

I'm not sure.

What premium service was launched in February 2015?

I'm not sure.


In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available.

In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?

What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?

allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player

How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site?

a page

What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?

WebM

When did HTML4 become standard?

I'm not sure.

What happened in January 2009?

I'm not sure.

What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML4?

I'm not sure.

What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML4?

I'm not sure.

When did YouTube launch a version of its site that supported the HMLT5 standard?

I'm not sure.

What was no longer required with the support of HMLT5?

I'm not sure.

What were browsers supporting in order to use the H.642 or WemB formats?

I'm not sure.


All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload long videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. If an up-to-date browser version is used, videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded.

What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?

12 hours

When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?

15 minutes

When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube?

March 2006

in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what?

unauthorized uploads

What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?

20 GB

What is the minimum length of a video on youtube?

I'm not sure.

When did they do away with the limit for the maximum length allowed?

I'm not sure.

What happened in August 2010?

I'm not sure.

What is the upload file size limit on up to date browsers?

I'm not sure.

Who can upload videos of 12 minutes in duration?

I'm not sure.

Who can upload videos of 15 hours in duration?

I'm not sure.

What time limit was introduced in March 2005?

I'm not sure.

What was increased from 10 to 15 in July 2001?

I'm not sure.


In November 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096×3072 pixels. In June 2015, support for 8K resolution was added, with the videos playing at 7680×4320 pixels.

When was 720p HD support added to youtube?

In November 2008

What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3?

widescreen 16:9

What video format support was added in 2009?

1080p HD

What is the highest resolution of video supported by youtube?

8K resolution

What is the name of the format that has dimensions of 4096×3072 pixels?

What ratio was YouTube played changed to in July 2008?

I'm not sure.

When did YouTube begin a switchover to H.246/MPEG-4?

I'm not sure.

What was added in July 2009?

I'm not sure.

What was added in November 2015?

I'm not sure.


In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect. The YouTube Flash player can display stereoscopic content interleaved in rows, columns or a checkerboard pattern, side-by-side or anaglyph using a red/cyan, green/magenta or blue/yellow combination. In May 2011, an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.

Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?

software engineer

What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?

What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses?

anaglyph

When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?

In May 2011

What was announced by Peter Bradshaw on May 21, 2009?

I'm not sure.

What did YouTube begin supporting in July 2011?

I'm not sure.

What ways can all YouTube videos be viewed?

I'm not sure.


YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video are able to make a "video response". On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature. Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner.

Youtube offers users the option to watch content where?

outside their website

What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage?

HTML

What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos?

social networking pages and blogs

What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video?

"video response"

When did youtube officially remove the response feature?

On August 27, 2013

What does the HMTL piece that accompanies each video do?

I'm not sure.

What is the HMTL functionality often used for?

I'm not sure.

What did YouTube announce on August 13, 2017?

I'm not sure.

What are the features video users can disable?

I'm not sure.


YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface. A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files. Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos. In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout. In June 2012, Google sent cease and desist letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos. In response, Zamzar removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site. The default settings when uploading a video to YouTube will retain a copyright on the video for the uploader, but since July 2012 it has been possible to select a Creative Commons license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material if it is free of copyright.

YOutube does not often post a what for its videos?

download link

Youtube intends for users to watch videos where?

through its website

What was added to the upload options in July of 2012?

a Creative Commons license

Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012?

Zamzar

Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube?

the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama

What did YouTube announce in February 2012?

I'm not sure.

What did Google send in June 2009?

I'm not sure.

Whose weekly addresses could be downloaded as videos?

I'm not sure.

What has been the status regarding Creative Commons since June 2012?

I'm not sure.


Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone. In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on HTML5, avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls. The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform. In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system. According to GlobalWebIndex, YouTube was used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it the third most used app.

When did youtube become available on Apple products?

June 2007

When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone?

September 2012

What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app?

What is Apple's prefered video standard?

How long did it take to transfer Youtube's content to Apple's standard?

several months

What company's products has YouTube's videos been available on since July 2007?

I'm not sure.

What is H.642 to Apple?

I'm not sure.

What was relaunched in June 2010?

I'm not sure.

What did YouTube launch in July 2012?

I'm not sure.

How many smartphone users used YouTube between April and June 2012?

I'm not sure.


A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live. On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel. An app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on the Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013 and in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.

What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?

TiVo

What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?

YouTube for TV

later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV

YouTube XL

Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?

the Roku player

When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?

October 2014

What did YouTube launch in January 2008?

I'm not sure.

What was introduced in June 2008?

I'm not sure.

What was launched on November 12, 2015?

I'm not sure.

What was made available on December 13, 2017?

I'm not sure.

What was YouTube made available on during October 2013?

I'm not sure.


YouTube Red is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the Google Play Music "All Access" service. YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a subscription music streaming service, and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music "All Access" service. On October 28, 2015, the service was re-launched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content.

What is youtube red?

YouTube's premium subscription service

When was youtube red originally announced?

November 12, 2014

What was the original title of youtube red?

Music Key

When was youtube red re-launched with its added features?

October 28, 2015

What service was "music key" intended to replace?

Google Play Music "All Access"

What is YouTube Premium?

I'm not sure.

What does YouTube Premium offer?

I'm not sure.

What was originally announced on November 14, 2012?

I'm not sure.

What was YouTube Premium originally called in 2014?

I'm not sure.

What was relaunched on October 12, 2015?

I'm not sure.


Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million—in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels". In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. In 2013, videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo. By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts.

Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience?

large production companies

What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program?

Partner Program

What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer?

$12 million

Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?

Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?

Billboard

How did a 2012 MCU business editor characterize YouTube?

I'm not sure.

What did Katheryn Thayer say in 2012 about YouTube videos?

I'm not sure.

What were 2.5% of artists categorized as in 2012?

I'm not sure.

How many views did the 2.5% of artists receive in 2012?

I'm not sure.

What did Billboard do in early 2012?

I'm not sure.


Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been "fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution", TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that "what Gutenberg did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication". Anderson asserted that it's not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch "the biggest learning cycle in human history." In education, for example, the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what Forbes'  Michael Noer called "the largest school in the world", with technology poised to disrupt how people learn.

Who is the TED curator?

Chris Anderson

What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize?

face-to-face communication

Who is the founder of the Khan Academy?

Salman Khan

What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on?

education

What famous historic figure did DET curator Chris Anderson reference?

I'm not sure.

What did Salman Noer found?

I'm not sure.

What did Michael Khan call the Kahn Academy?

I'm not sure.


YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape. Describing the Arab Spring (2010- ), sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world." In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the "Kony 2012" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator Lindsey Graham remarking that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined."

An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what?

schedule the protests

An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what?

coordinate

An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what?

tell the world

Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video?

Senator Lindsey Graham

What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee?

Who did YouTube partner with to engage people in the 2010 presidential debates?

I'm not sure.

What did Philip N. Howard say about 2012's Arab Spring?

I'm not sure.

What happened 12 days after the "Kony 2016" video was posted on YouTube?

I'm not sure.

Who spoke about Kony's demise after the "Kony 2016" video?

I'm not sure.


Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation". Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.

How has youtube helped the government?

to more easily engage with citizens

the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?

seventh

What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?

creators' new media savvy

In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?

Iman Crosson

What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?

encourage young Americans to enroll

Where did the White House's official channel rank in 2013?

I'm not sure.

Whose 2012 video encouraged young Americans to enroll in the ACA?

I'm not sure.

Who held a meeting to promote awareness of Obamacare in February 2013?

I'm not sure.

Who was the target audience of President Obama's February 2013 YouTube meeting?

I'm not sure.


The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens, that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response to fifteen-year-old Amanda Todd's video "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.

What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?

It Gets Better Project

How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response?

within two months

How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?

fifteen

What was done after Amanda Todd's death?

legislative action was undertaken

What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?

form a national anti-bullying strategy

What project was aimed toward LTBG teens?

I'm not sure.

Who did the It Gets Better video draw responses from within 15 months?

I'm not sure.

Whose video prompted legislative action within two months?

I'm not sure.


Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical U.S. citizen watching television. In 2012, YouTube's revenue from its ads program was estimated at 3.7 billion. In 2013 it nearly doubled and estimated to hit 5.6 billion dollars according to eMarketer, others estimated 4.7 billion,

How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day?

15 minutes

What is the average time an American watches TV in day?

four or five hours

What was youtube's estimated ads revenue in 2013?

3.7 billion

What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008?

$200 million

Youtube's financial records are not reported by who?

Google

What did Forbes project as YouTube's revenue in January 2008?

I'm not sure.

How much time did visitors spend on YouTube per day in January 2013?

I'm not sure.

What year did YouTube's revenue from its ads program hit 3.6 billion?

I'm not sure.

What year did YouTube double its ad revenue to 5.7 billion dollars?

I'm not sure.


YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney. In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners. In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service, which is available only to users in the US, Canada and the UK as of 2010. The service offers over 6,000 films.

When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC?

June 2006

What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes?

Shows

What was the intended purpose of youtube's "shows" section?

to create competition

When did youtube launch the version of "shows" for the UK?

In November 2009

In 2010 how many movies did youtube's rental service offer?

over 6,000 films

Who entered into a partnership during June 2008 with NBC?

I'm not sure.

Who did YouTube reach agreements with in November 2006?

I'm not sure.

What did YouTube launch in June 2009?

I'm not sure.

What did YouTube introduce in November 2010?

I'm not sure.


In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program, a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader. There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program. According to TubeMogul, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers. Assuming pre-roll advertisements on half of videos, a YouTube partner would earn 0.5 X $7.60 X 55% = $2.09 per 1000 views in 2013.

What was youtube's 2007 partner program based on?

AdSense

What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on "partner program" channels?

45 percent

How many people are employed by the partner program?

over a million

As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views?

How much ad revenue goes to the original uploader of the youtube video if they're in the partner program?

55 percent

What did YouTube launch in May 2013?

I'm not sure.

YouTube typically takes 55% of the revenue from where?

I'm not sure.

Who does 45% of the advertising revenue go to?

I'm not sure.

How many members were in the YouTube Partner Program according to TubeMogul in 2007?

I'm not sure.


Much of YouTube's revenue goes to the copyright holders of the videos. In 2010 it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders. YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue. In May 2013, Nintendo began enforcing its copyright ownership and claiming the advertising revenue from video creators who posted screenshots of its games. In February 2015, Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators.

Where does the majority of youtube's revenue go?

to the copyright holders

In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter's consent?

nearly a third

Which major gaming company claimed copyright ad revenue rights against uploaders?

Nintendo

When did Nintendo finally agree to share ad profits with the original uploaders?

February 2015

What option besides removing the video does youtube grant copyright holders?

have them continue running for revenue

What did Nintendo start enforcing in 2015?

I'm not sure.

What did Nintendo agree to share in 2013?

I'm not sure.

How many videos with advertisements were uploaded without the copyright holder's permission in 2013?

I'm not sure.


At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.

What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?

violate copyright laws

Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?

unauthorized

How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?

Three

Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?

view

What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content?

DMCA

What does the Online Copyright Liability Limitation Infringement Act allow copyright holders to do?

I'm not sure.

What are YouTube users asked to violate when uploading a video?

I'm not sure.

What Act allows for a DCAM takedown notice?

I'm not sure.


Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times". YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works".

Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube?

filed lawsuits

How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube?

$1 billion

What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?

goes far beyond its legal obligations

How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights?

What organizations has YouTube filed lawsuits against?

I'm not sure.

Who demanded $1.5 billion in damages?

I'm not sure.

Who found that their content had been viewed "an astounding 1 billion times?"

I'm not sure.


During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a setback to privacy rights". In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.

How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?

12 terabytes

Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?

Electronic Frontier Foundation

What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?

appeal

What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?

rejected in a summary judgment

Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit?

Louis L. Stanton

Who won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 10 terabytes of data?

I'm not sure.

Whose lawsuit was rejected in June 2012?

I'm not sure.

Whose lawsuit was rejected when Judge Stanton L. Louis cited protection under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act?

I'm not sure.

What company did the Millennium Copyright Digital Act end up protecting?

I'm not sure.