Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.

What political party was Russells ministry?

Whig

What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found offensive?

Lord Palmerston

To whom did Victoria complain about Palmerston?

Russell

What year was Palmerston removed from office?

What was president Bonapartes name changed to?

Emperor Napoleon III

What position did Lord Palmerston hold?

Foreign Secretary

What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851?

he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister

President Bonaparte was declared what in France?

Emperor Napoleon III

Who briefly replaced Russell as Prime Minister?

Lord Derby

What did Victoria express her displeasure at to Russell about Palmerton?

Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge

Who was the Foreign Secretary of Russell's ministry?

Lord Palmerston

To what party did Russell and Palmerston belong?

Whig

What replaced Russell's administration?

a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby

What happened to President Bonaparte in 1852?

declared Emperor Napoleon III

Whom did Palmerston fail to gain approval from befoe announcing the support of the British government of Napoleon's coup?

Prime Minister

What political party wasn't Russells ministry?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found ok?

I'm not sure.

To whom didn't Victoria complain about Palmerston?

I'm not sure.

What year was Palmerston upheld in office?

I'm not sure.

What position didn't Lord Palmerston hold?

I'm not sure.


Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17. The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state. Victoria felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one." Almost exactly a year later, Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the last German Kaiser.

Who did Victorias eldest daughter marry?

Prince Frederick William of Prussia

Where did Victoria's oldest daughter get married?

London

How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to marry the Prince?

How old was Princess Victoria when she was married?

Where did princess Victoria move to after she was married?

Germany

Who did Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17?

Prince Frederick William of Prussia

How old was Princess Victoria when she became engaged to Prince Frederick?

Where did Princess Victoria and her husband leave for after their marriage?

Germany

What was the name of Queen Victoria's first grandchild?

Wilhelm

What position did Wilhelm later hold in Germany?

last German Kaiser

When was Victoria's oldest daughter married?

Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt

How old was Victoria's oldest daughter when she was amrried?

What did Queen Victoria hope for the marriage between her daughter and Prince Frederick William?

liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state

Who was the Queen's first grandchild?

Wilhelm

What future awaited the first grandson of Queen Victoria?

the last German Kaiser

Who did Victorias youngest daughter marry?

I'm not sure.

Where did Victoria's youngest daughter get married?

I'm not sure.

How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to divorce the Prince?

I'm not sure.

How old was Princess Victoria when she wasn't married?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17?

I'm not sure.


Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.

Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?

George III

Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?

Princess Charlotte of Wales

What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?

Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?

Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Who was Queen Victorias father?

Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?

Princess Charlotte of Wales

Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?

Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?

Prince of Leiningen

What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?

4.15 a.m

Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death?

Leopold

Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?

The Duke and Duchess of Kent

When was Queen Victoria born?

4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819

What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?

Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III

What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?

Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?

Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)

Who wasn't Queen Victorias father?

I'm not sure.

Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1871?

I'm not sure.

Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1871?

I'm not sure.

What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales get sick?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1881?

I'm not sure.


By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful." Alexander, on the other hand, was "very plain".

The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country?

the Belgians

What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians?

Who was the nephew of leopold?

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Who was Alberts father?

Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?

very plain

Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert?

William IV

Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead?

Prince Alexander of the Netherlands

Prince Alexander was the second son of whom?

Prince of Orange

What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange?

very plain

How did Victoria feel about Albert?

enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning

Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry?

the Duchess's brother, Leopold

Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert, or any Coburg?

William IV

Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria?

Prince Alexander of the Netherlands

The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the Queen of what country?

I'm not sure.

What year did Leopold become King of the Belgiums?

I'm not sure.

Who was the neice of leopold?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't Alberts father?

I'm not sure.

How did Victoria describe the mental appearance of Alexander?

I'm not sure.


At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora", because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System. At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to a naked medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually agreed, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".

What year did Victorias reputation begin to suffer?

What was the job of lady Flora Hastings in Victorias household?

one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting

What health issue did Flora hastings develope that began to ruin Victorias reputation?

an abdominal growth

What was Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?

an out-of-wedlock pregnancy

Who was rumored to be the father of Flora Hastings "pregnancy"?

Sir John Conroy

What lady in waiting was at the heart of a 1839 court scandal?

Lady Flora Hastings

What was the cause of Lady Flora's death in July?

large tumour on her liver

With whom did Lady Flora consipire against Queen Victoria?

Conroy and the Duchess of Kent

What was Queen Victoria called after Lady Flora's death due?

Mrs. Melbourne

Who, in Victoria's court, was accused of having a pregnancy outside of mariage?

one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings

Who was believed to be the father of Lady Flor's "baby"?

Sir John Conroy

What did Victoria think of Lady Flora?

despised

Why did Victoria hate Sir Conroy and Lady Flora?

the Kensington System

What was actually the cause of Lady Flora's "pregnancy"?

large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen

What year did Victorias reputation begin to recover?

I'm not sure.

What was the job of sir Flora Hastings in Victorias household?

I'm not sure.

What health issue did Flora hastings develop that began to help Victorias reputation?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?

I'm not sure.

Who was rumored to be the mother of Flora Hastings "pregnancy"?

I'm not sure.


In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.

What year was the Third French Republic established?

Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?

Trafalgar Square

Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?

Radical MPs

In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?

arm

Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?

Joseph Lister

How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?

boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic

Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held?

Trafalgar Square

What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?

new antiseptic carbolic acid spray

What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life?

typhoid fever

What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?

establishment of the Third French Republic

When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?

WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?

carbolic acid spray

What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?

typhoid fever

Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?

Radical MPs

After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?

the tenth anniversary of her husband's death

What year was the Third French Republic demolished?

I'm not sure.

Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias promotion?

I'm not sure.

Who spoke in support of Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?

I'm not sure.

In 1817, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?

I'm not sure.

Who lanced and never treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?

I'm not sure.


During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot. He was tried for high treason and found guilty, but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis. Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857).

What year was Queen Victorias first pregnancy?

Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a carriage?

Edward Oxford

How old was Edward Oxford?

Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to assasinate her?

Prince Albert

How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss?

twice

Who tried to assassinate Queen Victoria while she was pregnant with her first child?

Edward Oxford

When was Queen Victoria's first daughter born?

21 November 1840

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had how many more children after Victoria's birth?

eight

What year was Albert Edward, Queen Victoria's first born son born?

What major life event was Victoria facing when she also had to contend with her first assassination attempt?

first pregnancy

When was Victoria's first assassination attempt?

What did the first assassination attempt do for Victoria's reign?

popularity soared

What was Edward Oxford charged with after his assassination attempt?

high treason

What happened to Edward Oxford to after he was found guilty of high treason?

acquitted on the grounds of insanity

What year was Queen Victorias last pregnancy?

I'm not sure.

Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a car?

I'm not sure.

How old wasn't Edward Oxford?

I'm not sure.

Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to aid her?

I'm not sure.

How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and hit?

I'm not sure.


Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY." Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so." To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister. When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears", and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."

Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli  to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?

Russia

What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo=Turkish war?

no impact

What Disraeli policy did Victoria endorse?

expansionist foreign policy

Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1880?

Disraeli

Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1880?

Gladstone

What caused Queen Victoria to threaten to abdicate five times?

Russo-Turkish War

What ended the Russo-Turkish War?

Congress of Berlin

Why did Queen Victoria want to take over other countries?

protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers

Who was elected Prime Minister after Disareli lost the election in 1880?

Gladstone

To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service?

Disraeli

What position did Victoria take on how to be a successful and top notch power?

be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY

Who won the 1880 general election?

Gladstone

What conflicts can be attributed to Disraeli's stance on foreign policy?

Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War

What did Victoria place to memorialize Disraeli?

a memorial tablet

Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?

I'm not sure.

What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo=Turkish war?

I'm not sure.

What Disraeli policy did Victoria don't endorse?

I'm not sure.

Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1808?

I'm not sure.

Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1808?

I'm not sure.


Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.

who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war?

Napoleon III

When did Napoleon iii visit London?

April 1855

Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?

Dunkirk

Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?

Paris

Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where?

the Palace of Versailles

Who was Britains's closest ally following the Crimean War?

Napoleon III

What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit?

Exposition Universelle

When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides?

How many guests attented a ball at the Palace of Versaille with Napoleon III and the royal couple in attendence?

Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert, before accompanying them to Paris?

Dunkirk

When were Napoleon I's remains interred in his mausoleum?

Who was Britian's closest ally after the Crimean War?

Napoleon III

Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III?

Palace of Versailles

When did Napoleon III visit London?

April 1855

who was britains closest enemy since the Crimean war?

I'm not sure.

When did Napoleon ii visit London?

I'm not sure.

Where didn't Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?

I'm not sure.

Napoleon unaccompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?

I'm not sure.

Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a small ball that took place where?

I'm not sure.


Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as "Mrs. Brown". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.

What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?

John Brown

Where was John brown, Victorias manservant, from?

Scotland

What kind of a connection was rumored to exist between Victoria and John Brown?

a romantic connection

What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose?

Mrs. Brown

What was the name of the 1997 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?

Mrs. Brown

What country was Queen Victoria's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest?

Scotland

What was the name of the movie that told the story of Queen Victoria's romance with John Brown?

Mrs. Brown

What artist painted the Queen and Brown which hung in the Royal Academy?

Sir Edwin Henry Landseer

In what memior written by Queen Victoria was John Brown praised?

Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands

Which manservent was Victoria's most trusted ally?

John Brown

Which movie was made about the scandalous affair that Victoria was believed to have had with John Brown?

Mrs. Brown

Which book did Victoria publish that did nothing to take away from the rumors about her and John Brown?

Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands

Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism?

John Brown

What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1870's?

I'm not sure.

What kind of a connection was rumored to not  exist between Victoria and John Brown?

I'm not sure.

Where was John brown, Victorias lover, from?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the 1979 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?

I'm not sure.

What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown died?

I'm not sure.


Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request.

Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900?

Osborne House

Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located?

on the Isle of Wight

What had caused Victoria to be lame?

Rheumatism in her legs

Why was Victorias eyesight clouded?

cataracts

What was the date of Queen Victorias death?

22 January 1901

Where was Osborne House located?

Isle of Wight

When did Queen Victoria die?

Tuesday, 22 January 1901

How old was Queen Victoria upon her death?

Who was Queen Victoria's successor after her death?

King Edward VII

Who did she wish to see on her deathbed, making it her last request?

pet Pomeranian, Turri

Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases?

Osborne House on the Isle of Wight

What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life?

Rheumatism

Whaen did Queen Victoria die?

Tuesday, 22 January 1901

How old was Victoria when she died?

Who was Queen Victoria's successor?

King Edward VII

Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1901?

I'm not sure.

Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at not located?

I'm not sure.

What hadn't caused Victoria to be lame?

I'm not sure.

Why was Victorias eyesight unclouded?

I'm not sure.

What was the date of Queen Victorias birth?

I'm not sure.


In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.

In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?

What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?

What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?

presbyterian Church of Scotland

What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?

Royal Titles Act 1876

In 1876 Victoria held what title?

Empress of India

What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services?

Public Worship Regulation Act 1874

Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite?

presbyterian Church of Scotland

Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?

Disraeli

When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India?

1 May 1876

Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed?

Delhi Durbar

When was Disraeli returned to office?

What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?

removed Catholic rituals

Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?

presbyterian Church of Scotland

What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?

Royal Titles Act 1876

Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?

Public Worship Regulation Act 1874

In a general election of what year was Disraeli kicked from power?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?

I'm not sure.

What Church did Victoria consider herself unaligned with?

I'm not sure.

What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1867?

I'm not sure.

In 1867 Victoria held what title?

I'm not sure.


Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.

What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria?

modern constitutional monarchy

Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons?

the voting system

As Victorias rule became less polital, what values were emphasized?

morality and family values

What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule?

family monarchy

How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons?

increased the power

What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic?

emphasis on morality and family values

What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with?

family monarchy

What was Queen Victoria's reign considered?

modern constitutional monarchy

What kind of government was Victoria's reign leaning towards?

modern constitutional monarchy

What increased the power in the House of Commons?

Reforms of the voting system

Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?

House of Lords and the monarch

Rather than political, what was Victoria's monarchy seen as?

symbolic

What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support?

family

What kind of monarchy was formed after Queen Victoria?

I'm not sure.

Reforms to what system increased the power of the house of uncommons?

I'm not sure.

As Victorias rule became more polical, what values were emphasized?

I'm not sure.

What type of monarchy was cancelled as time went on in Victorias rule?

I'm not sure.

How did the reforms of Britains voting system not affect the House of Commons?

I'm not sure.


Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

What year did Gladstone resign?

Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?

his budget

Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?

General Gordon at Khartoum.

Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?

Lord Salisbury

How long did Lord Salisburys government last?

a few months

What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?

General Gordon

Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months?

Lord Salisbury

What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure?

granting Ireland home rule

Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?

Salisbury

Why did Gladstone resign in 1885?

his budget was defeated

When did Gladstone resign?

Why did Gladstone resign?

his budget was defeated

How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?

pleased

Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?

General Gordon

Who replaced Gladstone?

Lord Salisbury

What year didn't Gladstone resign?

I'm not sure.

Gladstone resigned after what wasn't defeted?

I'm not sure.

Victoria blamed Gladstone for the life of who?

I'm not sure.

Who replaced Gladstone after he was fired?

I'm not sure.

How long did Lord Salisburys government not last?

I'm not sure.


According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.

How many words a day did Victoria write?

average of 2,500

What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?

How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?

Who was Victorias youngest daughter?

Princess Beatrice

What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?

transcribed and edited

How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?

Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death?

Princess Beatrice

What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them?

burned the originals

Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861?

Lord Esher

What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?

Giles St Aubyn

How avid of a writer was the Queen?

Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day

How many volumes did her journal span?

122 volumes

Who was Victoria's literary executer?

her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice

What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?

transcribed and edited

What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?

burned

How many words a day did Victoria read?

I'm not sure.

What year did Victoria stop keeping a journal?

I'm not sure.

How many volumes was not in Queen Victorias journal?

I'm not sure.

Who was Victorias oldest daughter?

I'm not sure.

What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries before her death?

I'm not sure.


Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.

What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?

Recognition

What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?

amity

What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity?

Masonic communication

What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?

Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity

What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?

brethren

Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?

amity

What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?

Recognition

What does each Grand Lodge maintain?

a list

What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity?

inter-visitation

What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?

Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity

What concept determines conflicts between Grand Lodges?

I'm not sure.

What must only one lodge be in, in order to inter-visit?

I'm not sure.

What, besides Recognition, must never happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity?

I'm not sure.

What are the enemies of a Grand Lodge called?

I'm not sure.

What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are empty?

I'm not sure.


Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?

The fifteenth century

How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?

middle of the 19th century

What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?

fidelity

What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?

Regius Poem

When was the Regius Poem written?

When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?

middle of the 19th century

What are the old Masonic document referred as?

Old Charges

The Old Charges are dated from when to when?

about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century

The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?

ceremonial regalia.

The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?

Old Charges

When did ceremonial regalia last appear in the Masonic culture?

I'm not sure.

How long have historians been hiding information about the Masonic movement?

I'm not sure.

What kind of an oath do Masons refuse to take when they join?

I'm not sure.

When was the Regius Poem stolen?

I'm not sure.

What are the new Masonic documents referred as?

I'm not sure.


A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.

Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?

Freemasonry was not a religion

What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?

existence of God and the immortality of the soul

Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?

United Grand Lodge of England

What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?

political tension between France and Britain

How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?

Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity

What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?

What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?

Grand Orient of France

What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?

political tension between France and Britain

Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?

Grand Orient de France

Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry should require religious belief?

I'm not sure.

What was added to the Freemasonry constitution?

I'm not sure.

Who maintained permanent recognition with the Grand Orient de France?

I'm not sure.

How was the belief of the existence of God and the immortal soul explained in the constitution?

I'm not sure.

What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was a religion?

I'm not sure.


At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.

When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?

during the 1720s

Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?

James Anderson

Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?

women

What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?

Lodges of Adoption

When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?

early 19th century

When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?

during the 1720s

Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?

James Anderson

Who is excluded from Freemasonry?

women

What were lodges called that included women?

Lodges of Adoption

Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?

The French

When were the only constitutions for Freemasonry printed?

I'm not sure.

Who decomposed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

Which group was specifically unknown in Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?

I'm not sure.

What was banned for women as Freemasonry began to spread?

I'm not sure.

What were lodges called that included cats?

I'm not sure.


In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?

mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism

What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?

rationalism and naturalism

Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?

No one voice

Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?

Albert Pike

What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?

late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?

Protestant

What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational?

Catholic

Who was controversial among Freemasons?

Albert Pike

Who has spoke for all Freemasons?

No one

Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?

late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

What are some Protestant rewards to Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

Who is always accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the worst authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

What was Albert Pike actually more of an amateur in?

I'm not sure.

What religion alleged Freemasons as omniscient?

I'm not sure.


In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.

What put English Freemasonry at risk?

Parliamentary proclamation

What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?

meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation

When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?

What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?

a list of the members of his lodge

Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?

Prime Minister William Pitt

English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?

Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?

Parliamentary proclamation

What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?

the Unlawful Societies Act 1799

Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?

Prime Minister William Pitt

What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?

What put Canadian Freemasonry at risk?

I'm not sure.

What did the Unlawful Societies Act encourage?

I'm not sure.

When was the Unlawful Societies Act forgotten?

I'm not sure.

What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every week?

I'm not sure.

Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1699?

I'm not sure.


In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".

What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?

antisemitism and anti-Zionism

What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?

Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?

Professor Andrew Prescott

According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?

Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?

antisemitism and anti-Zionism

Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?

Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party

Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?

Professor Andrew Prescott

What are two things that anti-masonry is always associated with?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a holiday?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote that it was shocking that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?

I'm not sure.

Who changed the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1780?

I'm not sure.

How long has antisemitism been against anti-masonry according to Professor Andrew Prescott?

I'm not sure.


The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

What do most masonic rituals consist of?

degree ceremonies

What is the first degree of Masonry?

Entered Apprentice

What is the second degree of Masonry?

Fellowcraft

What is the final degree of Masonry?

Master Mason

What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?

passwords, signs and grips

The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?

degree ceremonies

What is the first of degree ceremonies?

the degree of Entered Apprentice

What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?

the degree of Fellowcraft

What is the final degree in the Freemasons?

the degree of Master Mason

What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?

the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge

What do no masonic rituals consist of?

I'm not sure.

What is the ninth degree of Masonry?

I'm not sure.

What is the eighth degree of Masonry?

I'm not sure.

What is no longer the final degree of Masonry?

I'm not sure.

What quarterly ceremony do Freemasons have?

I'm not sure.


English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orléans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century.

When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?

the 1720s

Who were the first English Freemasons in France?

lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites

When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?

18th century

Who formed the Grand Loge de France?

Duke of Clermont

Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?

Duke of Orléans

When did English Freemasonry spread to France?

the 1720s

When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?

the 18th century

The Grand Loge de France formed under who?

the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont

Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?

the Duke of Orléans

When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?

When did English Freemasonry end in France?

I'm not sure.

Who were the only English Freemasons in France?

I'm not sure.

When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Antarctica?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the Grand Loge de France?

I'm not sure.

When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France lost?

I'm not sure.


The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions, and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.

Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?

provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide

When was CLIPSAS set up?

What are two major sections of Freemasonry?

Anglo-American and Continental

What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?

Irregular

What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?

the Liberal (Continental) strand

The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?

How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?

Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?

does not communicate

Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg removed?

I'm not sure.

When was CLIPSAS forbidden?

I'm not sure.

What is the only major section of Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

What is the Continental Strand considered to be by all of Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are unlisted in the CLIPSAS list?

I'm not sure.


The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.

Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?

the Roman Catholic Church

Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?

teaches a naturalistic deistic religion

Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?

Pope Clement XII

When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?

28 April 1738

What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?

Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890

Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?

the Roman Catholic Church

What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?

The 1917 Code of Canon Law

The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?

Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion

What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?

Pope Clement XII

What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?

Pope Leo XIII

Who can never oppose Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

Why does the Catholic Church approve of the Freemasons so strongly?

I'm not sure.

Who issued the only Papal pronouncement against Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

Who has the shortest history of objection to Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

What law required books favoring Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.


In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."

What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?

cannot partake of the Eucharist

What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?

cannot be at all compatible with Christianity

What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?

constitutes an act of apostasy

When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?

Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?

Roman Catholic and Protestant

In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?

Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?

Christianity

Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?

the Eucharist

What action is mandatory by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?

I'm not sure.

What is the unofficial stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?

I'm not sure.

What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church saw a Freemason?

I'm not sure.

What is the only religion that holds the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that not being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?

I'm not sure.


In addition, most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia (known as the Swedish Rite), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, "Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry, exemplified by the Grand Orient de France, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity, and accepts atheists (a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry).

What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?

belief in a Supreme Being

Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion?

few cases

Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being?

Continental Freemasonry

Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists?

"Liberal" or Continental

Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians?

Swedish Rite

Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what?

a Supreme Being

Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members?

Christians

What Freemason group accept atheists?

the Grand Orient de France

The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry?

Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry

What belief is optional of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?

I'm not sure.

Which branch of Freemasonry does not allow a belief in a supreme being?

I'm not sure.

Which branch of Freemasonry executes atheists?

I'm not sure.

Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts children?

I'm not sure.


Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).

What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?

only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area

What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?

the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them

What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?

Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived

If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?

recognise both

What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?

choose between them

What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?

Exclusive Jurisdiction

In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?

When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?

when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction

What is Excluded Jurisdiction?

I'm not sure.

What happens if no Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?

I'm not sure.

What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to not share jurisdiction?

I'm not sure.

What concept only recognizes several Grand Lodges in a given geographical area?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into three separate rival factions?

I'm not sure.


There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.

From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?

What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?

Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland

What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?

accepted or speculative Masons

When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?

show continuity

What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?

the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1

When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?

When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?

in the later 18th century

What century is the only one with passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?

I'm not sure.

What is the only Masonic lodge in the world?

I'm not sure.

What were members who practiced the magical craft known as?

I'm not sure.

When was the Lodge of Edinburgh abandoned?

I'm not sure.

When did rituals become identical between different Masonic Lodges?

I'm not sure.


Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.

Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?

refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans

When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?

What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?

U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls

What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?

African Lodge, Number 1

What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?

became a de facto "Grand Lodge"

What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?

Prince Hall Freemasonry

In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?

When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?

When was the UGLE formed?

The African Lodge re-titled itself what?

the African Lodge, Number 1

Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry outlawed?

I'm not sure.

When was Prince Hall Freemasonry forgotten?

I'm not sure.

What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1913?

I'm not sure.

What was African Lodge, Number 3 considered after they changed from African Lodge, Number 456?

I'm not sure.

What no longer exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?

I'm not sure.


Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.

When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry?

Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry?

allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge

What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England?

Disagreements over ritual

Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, started a mixed gender masonic lodge?

Georges Martin

Who brought the message of mixed gender, practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking?

Annie Besant

Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge?

Maria Deraismes

What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons?

Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge?

Georges Martin

What year was an all-female masonic lodge created?

What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside?

When was Maria Deraismes assassinated in Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

Why did Deraismes dislike Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

What led to exclusively transgender bodies of Freemasons in England?

I'm not sure.

Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, stopped a mixed gender masonic lodge?

I'm not sure.

What year was an all-animal masonic lodge created?

I'm not sure.


Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah). Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..."

What do Islamic anti-masonics link Freemasonry to?

al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah

Why do muslim anti-masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque?

rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem

What is another group that anti-masonic muslims link to zionism?

Rotary

What are most of the arguements by anti-masonic muslims centered on?

antisemitism and Anti-Zionism

Who's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are protecting?

Jews

What do many Islamic and anti-Masonic argue about Freemasonry?

linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah)

Some Muslims argue that Freemasonry promotes what?

the interests of the Jews

What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of Zionism?

article 28

What do Islamic Masonics link Freemasonry to?

I'm not sure.

Why do Muslim Masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque?

I'm not sure.

What is another group that Masonic Muslims link to Islam?

I'm not sure.

Who's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are hurting?

I'm not sure.

What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of humanity?

I'm not sure.


The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. RSHA Amt VII (Written Records) was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number is not accurately known, it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime. Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle.

How many Freemasons are believed to have been killed under Hitler's Nazi Regime?

between 80,000 and 200,000

What kind of prisioner was a Freemason considered to be?

political prisoners

What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisioners wear?

inverted red triangle

Who was responsible for creating antisemetic and anti-masonic propaganda?

Professor Franz Six

Where is most of the informaton about Freemasons persecuted in the Holocaust located?

The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office)

What is the Relch Security Main Office also called?

Reichssicherheitshauptamt

Who was responsible for ideological tasks of the written records?

Professor Franz Six

How many Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime?

between 80,000 and 200,000

What did Masonic concentration camp inmates have to wear?

an inverted red triangle.

How many Freemasons are believed to have been resurrected under Hitler's Nazi Regime?

I'm not sure.

What kind of deity was a Freemason considered to be?

I'm not sure.

What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisoners conceal?

I'm not sure.

What is the Reich Security Main Office required to be called?

I'm not sure.

Who was responsible for geography tasks of the verbal records?

I'm not sure.


Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees.

Where are the origins of Freemasonry?

local fraternities of stonemasons

What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?

regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients

Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?

the three grades of medieval craft guilds

What are the degrees of Freemasonry?

Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason

Freemasons trace their origins to what?

the local fraternities of stonemasons

How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?

three grades

Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?

Blue Lodge

Members of Craft Masonry are called what?

Freemasons or Masons

Where did Freemasonry end?

I'm not sure.

What were the fraternities of stonemasons avoiding responsibility for?

I'm not sure.

What are no longer the degrees of Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

How many kings are there in medieval craft guilds?

I'm not sure.

What is Craft Freemasonry forbidden as being known as?

I'm not sure.


Candidates for Freemasonry will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining before they are initiated. The process varies between jurisdictions, but the candidate will typically have been introduced by a friend at a Lodge social function, or at some form of open evening in the Lodge. In modern times, interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet. The onus is on candidates to ask to join; while candidates may be encouraged to ask, they are never invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, an interview usually follows to determine the candidate's suitability. If the candidate decides to proceed from here, the Lodge ballots on the application before he (or she, depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction) can be accepted.

How are Freemasons invited to join a lodge?

they are never invited

How does one become a Freemason?

The onus is on candidates to ask to join

Can women ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?

depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction

How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of?

track down a local Lodge through the Internet

Candidates for Freemasonry must do what before being initiated?

will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining

Candidates are normally introduced to the lodge by whom?

a friend

Now days, many interested people find a Masonic Lodge using what?

the Internet

Candidates are never what to a Masonic lodge?

never invited

What usually follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?

an interview

How are Freemasons asked to leave a lodge?

I'm not sure.

Why can't anyone become a Freemason?

I'm not sure.

Can pets ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?

I'm not sure.

What always follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?

I'm not sure.


Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England (with a membership estimated at around a quarter million). The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States total membership is just under two million.

How large is the membership of Freemasonry?

around six million worldwide

What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?

United Grand Lodge of England

How many members does the UGLE have?

around a quarter million

What are the membership numbers of the United States?

just under two million

How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?

How many members are in Freemasonry?

around six million worldwide

What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?

the United Grand Lodge of England

How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?

around a quarter million

The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?

approximately 150,000 members

The United States has how many Freemason members?

just under two million

How many people lost membership of Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

What is the only single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

How many members does the UGLE lose every year?

I'm not sure.

How many members left the United States?

I'm not sure.

How many dogs are in the Grand Lodge of England?

I'm not sure.


The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.

Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?

Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret

How are oaths taken?

on a Volume of Sacred Law

In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?

Progressive continental Freemasonry

What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?

whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother

Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?

have broken the law

Most lodges have the oath taken on what?

Volume of Sacred Law

Mason swear at each degree to do what?

keep the contents of that degree secret

Why are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?

I'm not sure.

How are oaths taken as fake?

I'm not sure.

What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Math?

I'm not sure.

What are Masons required to have done in order to be protected?

I'm not sure.

What branch of Freemasonry requires books other than scripture?

I'm not sure.


The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.

Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?

Pennsylvania

What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?

When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?

Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?

Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland

When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?

after they were confident of their own survival

Where were the earliest lodges in America?

Pennsylvania

Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?

John Moore

A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?

The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?

Pennsylvania

Where were the only known American Lodges located?

I'm not sure.

What is the earliest that lodges exploded in America?

I'm not sure.

When was a Provincial Grand Master for The World appointed?

I'm not sure.

When did the lodges without prior authorizations apply to be forgotten?

I'm not sure.

Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1615?

I'm not sure.


Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."

How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?

as early as 1917

How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?

Nine

What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?

the death penalty

When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?

When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?

When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?

Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?

the United Grand Lodge of England

When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?

All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?

Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?

Saddam Hussein

How long have Masonic Lodges been banned in Iraq?

I'm not sure.

How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1350s?

I'm not sure.

What is the greatest reward that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?

I'm not sure.

When was a Russian Lodge formed in Iraq?

I'm not sure.

Who opened the only Lodge in Iraq?

I'm not sure.


The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.

When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?

The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?

the 1860s and 1870s

What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?

When was the United Grand Lodge of England demolished?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana disappear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?

I'm not sure.

What lodge was never in amity with another?

I'm not sure.

Who did the new Scottish rite body refuse to admit?

I'm not sure.


In 1983, the Church issued a new code of canon law. Unlike its predecessor, the 1983 Code of Canon Law did not explicitly name Masonic orders among the secret societies it condemns. It states: "A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an interdict." This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of Vatican II. However, the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, issued a Declaration on Masonic Associations, which states: "... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion." For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with UGLE deny the Church's claims. The UGLE now states that "Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a substitute for it."

In what year was a new code to the Canon Law issued by the church?

Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1983?

Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger

Do Freemasons allow Catholics into their fraternity?

Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity

What year was an old code to the Canon Law issued by the church?

I'm not sure.

Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1973?

I'm not sure.

Why are Catholics not allowed into Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

Which lodges are never in amity with UGLE?

I'm not sure.


Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.

Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?

from 1999 to 2009

Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?

Justice Secretary Jack Straw

Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?

the rule was considered disproportionate

Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2004?

I'm not sure.

Why did Justice Secretary Jack Straw begin the Masonic closure law?

I'm not sure.

What democracies always view Freemasonry with trust?

I'm not sure.

Who was required to not be transparent to the public?

I'm not sure.


The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation (pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members, etc.). In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song.

What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?

The Masonic Lodge

Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge.

pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members

What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?

a formal dinner

What is the complex organizational unit of Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

What always happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?

I'm not sure.

Where do Freemasons meet only on special occasion?

I'm not sure.

What organization was not allowed to have ceremonies?

I'm not sure.


During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is expected to swear (usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith) to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, and to support a fellow Mason in distress (as far as practicality and the law permit). There is instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will further explore the ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on the social side of the Lodge, while still others will concentrate on the charitable functions of the lodge.

When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason?

During the ceremony of initiation

What does a candidate swear on?

usually on a volume of sacred text

How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders?

three degrees

Are Freemasons free to explore the craft?

Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying

When does a candidate lose ability to fulfill his obligations as a Mason?

I'm not sure.

What does a candidate sweat on?

I'm not sure.

How many degrees must a Mason swear to tell outsiders?

I'm not sure.

What are Freemasons required to do for their craft?

I'm not sure.


Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.

What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?

Regularity

Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges?

Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition

When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular?

If the differences are significant

What concept is not based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?

I'm not sure.

When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as regular?

I'm not sure.

What are never considered "Irregular"?

I'm not sure.

Why are landmarks for every Grand Lodge the same?

I'm not sure.


All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.

All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?

Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry

The initiations are part allegory and part what?

lecture

What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?

Master Mason

Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?

Hiram Abiff

How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?

at least two

What are all Freemasons progressively initiated, passed, and raised in six degrees of?

I'm not sure.

What is the final of the seven steps of Freemasonry?

I'm not sure.

Who was the worst architect of the Temple of Solomon?

I'm not sure.

How many versions of the Hiram flag are there?

I'm not sure.

What is the first step for only some Freemasons?

I'm not sure.


The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England." These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).

The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?

GLE

When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?

24 June 1717

The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?

17 July 1751

The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?

27 December 1813

Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?

the Moderns

What can The Grand Lodge of England never be known as?

I'm not sure.

When did the Grand Lodge of England vanish?

I'm not sure.

What were lodges that disappeared called?

I'm not sure.

Which lodges refused to join the new regulatory body?

I'm not sure.

Which lodges were always in perfect harmony with one another?

I'm not sure.


Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.

When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?

By the 1980s

Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?

Prince Hall is open to all men

Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?

The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges

When did North American Masonic lodges fire members of the Prince Hall Lodge?

I'm not sure.

Who is the Prince Hall Lodge hiding?

I'm not sure.

What lodges are no longer recognized?

I'm not sure.

What Grand Lodges require members to be black Americans?

I'm not sure.


In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.

When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?

the 1890s

When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?

What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?

the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite

Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?

most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons

When did Russia try to create co-masonic lodges?

I'm not sure.

When did the United Grand Lodge of England forget the two female Masonic lodges?

I'm not sure.

What did the french lodges promote to try to get men accepted into the Freemasons?

I'm not sure.

Where are women recognized as the ideal Masons?

I'm not sure.


Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons, such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practicing Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.

What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?

Geoffrey Fisher

What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons?

Dr Rowan Williams

What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons?

Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what?

Bishop of Monmouth

What Austrian Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?

I'm not sure.

What former Archbishop of Canterbury has accolades from the Freemasons?

I'm not sure.

What year did Dr. Rowan Williams destroy the Freemasons?

I'm not sure.

What was Dr. Rowan Williams a Cardinal of?

I'm not sure.


In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under Licio Gelli's leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the Vatican Bank. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976.

Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what?

Propaganda Due lodge

The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who?

Grande Oriente d'Italia

When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge?

The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what?

When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2?

What was Freemasonry linked to scandal in France due to?

I'm not sure.

Who destroyed the Propaganda Due Lodge?

I'm not sure.

When did the Grande Oriente d'italia remove the Propaganda Due Lodge?

I'm not sure.

When did the Grand Orient d'italia reward Licio Gelli and promote the charter of P2?

I'm not sure.