Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the Imperial system they replaced. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all have (in increasing level of precedence) Members of, Officers of, and Companions to (rather than Commanders of) their respective orders, with both Australia and New Zealand having Knights and Dames as their highest classes.

Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?

Appointments to the Order of the British Empire

Who established a national system of honours and awards?

Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit

How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?

Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

What were the highest class?

Knights and Dames


The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more." Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the civil service and judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions.

Who were MBE'S?

The members of The Beatles

In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?

Who compared military membership in the Order?

John Lennon

Who said "lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war.

John Lennon

When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?

25 November 1969


The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes, in civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male, or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.

Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?

order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy

Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?

"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy

When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?

4 June 1917

Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?

King George V

Who is the recipient?

knight if male, or dame if female


At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled "A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country’s population".

What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?

Medal of the Order of the British Empire

In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?

What was the medal renamed as?

British Empire Medal

When was it stopped being rewarded?

How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?


From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.

From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?

Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?

below the level required for the George Medal

What grade was determined?

same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry

When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?

14 January 1958


Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir or Dame as they do not receive the accolade (i.e., they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters.

Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander

Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?

Dames Grand Cross

Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?

Wives of Knights

Such forms are not used by whom?

peers and princes

Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?

Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland


India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order. These do not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person and may not be used as titles along with individuals' names.

Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?

India

Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?

President of India

What is referred to as the Padma Awards?

President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain

What does the Padma Awards consist of?

Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri

What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?

Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri


The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders.

How many Knights are in The Order?

300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross

How many Knights and Dames Commander?

How many commanders are in The Order?

How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?

858 Officers and 1,464 Members

Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?

Order of the British Empire


Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives (see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions).

What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?

positions in the order of precedence

Who of the male members feature on the order?

Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law

Who are not assigned any special precedence?

relatives of Ladies of the Order

Who can individuals derive precedence from?

fathers or husbands

Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?

mothers or wives


Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms. However, rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the environment. This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions, as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioral, but not physiological, circadian rhythms in quail.

For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare?

environmental changes

What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?

resources

By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?

selective advantage

By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?

internal metabolic

What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?

fruit flies

What allows organisms to anticipate and prepare for unexpected environmental changes?

I'm not sure.

What kind Of resources can organisms without circadian rhythms capitalize on?

I'm not sure.

What do circadian rhythms put at a selective disadvantage in evolutionary terms?

I'm not sure.

What is rhythmicity more important for regulating then it is for coordinating with the environment?

I'm not sure.


Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer on Svalbard at 78 degrees North showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter.

What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?

Arctic animals

What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?

sunrises and sunsets

In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?

autumn, winter and spring

At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?

78 degrees

What aninmals  do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?

other Arctic animals

When do subarctic animals have circadian rythms?

I'm not sure.

When do reindeer below 70 degrees show circadian rythems?

I'm not sure.

What reinder at 78 degrees do not show circadian rythems?

I'm not sure.

What animals show circadian rythems during the costant light of summer?

I'm not sure.


The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis, as well as PRR 7 and 9 (Pseudo-Response Regulators.) The evening loop consists of GI (Gigantea) and ELF4, both involved in regulation of flowering time genes. When CCA1 and LHY are overexpressed (under constant light or dark conditions), plants become arrhythmic, and mRNA signals reduce, contributing to a negative feedback loop. Gene expression of CCA1 and LHY oscillates and peaks in the early morning, whereas TOC1 gene expression oscillates and peaks in the early evening. While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY, it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and others that TOC1 in fact serves as a repressor not only of CCA1, LHY, and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop. This finding and further computational modeling of TOC1 gene functions and interactions suggest a reframing of the plant circadian clock as a triple negative-component repressilator model rather than the positive/negative-element feedback loop characterizing the clock in mammals.

What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?

central oscillator

When do the CCA1  and LHY function?

morning

Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?

evening

What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?

negative feedback loop

What researcher showed that the gene  feedback loop serves as a repressor?

Andrew Millar

What is driven by  single feedback loop?

I'm not sure.

When do CCA1 ELF4 function?

I'm not sure.

When do GI and LHY function?

I'm not sure.

What does increased mRNA signals contribute to?

I'm not sure.

What did Andrew Millar show in 2000?

I'm not sure.


A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]

What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?

sleep disorder FASPS

What is the Drosophila gene also known as?

period

What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?

FASPS

What kind of clock have genetic functions?

biological clock

What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?

time of the day

What Jean is responsible for the circadian rhythm?

I'm not sure.

What kind of clock does not have genetic functions?

I'm not sure.

How do cells of the body interpret fluctuations in light?

I'm not sure.

What does a defect in the period genome cause?

I'm not sure.


Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. The NTSB cites this as contributing to many accidents[unreliable medical source?]  and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots.

Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?

airline pilots

What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?

fatigue

What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?

NTSB

What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?

research studies

Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?

combating fatigue

Who follows a very natural human circadian rhythem?

I'm not sure.

what does a natural circadian rhythem lead to?

I'm not sure.

Who conducted studies on sewardes fatigue?

I'm not sure.


The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.

What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?

4th century B.C.E

What ship captain described daily leaf movements?

Androsthenes

What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?

tamarind

What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?

medical

When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?

13th century

What was first recorded in 400 BC?

I'm not sure.

What did Alexander the great described?

I'm not sure.

What philosophers first described the diurnal process in humans?

I'm not sure.

What was first described in medical texts during the 1300s?

I'm not sure.

What did Androsthenes use the noon and midnight manual for?

I'm not sure.


Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment. These rhythms are endogenously generated and self-sustaining and are relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures. Important features include two interacting transcription-translation feedback loops: proteins containing PAS domains, which facilitate protein-protein interactions; and several photoreceptors that fine-tune the clock to different light conditions. Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant's physiological state, conferring an adaptive advantage. A better understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture, such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather.

What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?

when to flower

What do plants need to attract to their flowering?

pollinators

With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?

light cycle

What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?

Anticipation of changes

Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?

agriculture

What plant behavior is not controlled by circadian rythems??

I'm not sure.

What are constant but not self sustaining?

I'm not sure.

What needs to be in sync with ambient temperatures?

I'm not sure.


The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of ATP. Previous explanations of the prokaryotic circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription/translation feedback mechanism.[citation needed]

What has the simplest known circadian clock?

prokaryotic cyanobacteria

With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?

three proteins

What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?

DNA

How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?

What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?

KaiA, KaiB, KaiC

What organism has the most complex circadian clock?

I'm not sure.

Where can the circadian clock of theprokaryotic cyanobacteria be reconstituted?

I'm not sure.

What was the minimum amount of time the clock could be sustained in vitro?

I'm not sure.

What three proteins needed to be removed to sustain the in vitro clock?

I'm not sure.


The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their endogenous period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The environmental cues that reset the rhythms each day are called zeitgebers (from the German, "time-givers"). Totally blind subterranean mammals (e.g., blind mole rat Spalax sp.) are able to maintain their endogenous clocks in the apparent absence of external stimuli. Although they lack image-forming eyes, their photoreceptors (which detect light) are still functional; they do surface periodically as well.[page needed]

To what is the circadian rhythm tied?

light–dark cycle

What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans?

total darkness

What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm?

zeitgebers

What do blind mole rats have in place of vision?

photoreceptors

What cycle is seperate from the circadian rythem?

I'm not sure.

What does total light cause in humans?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for the environmental cues that dertermine daily rythems?

I'm not sure.

What kind of mammals need external stimuli to maintain their endogenous clock?

I'm not sure.


Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis.

What chemical is absent or low during daylight?

Melatonin

When is the melatonin onset?

9 p.m

At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?

Melatonin

The presence of what is a circadian marker?

hormone

What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?

melatonin phase

When is Meletonin found in the system?

I'm not sure.

What starts to decrease at 9 p.m.

I'm not sure.

What is more stable than the melatonin offset?

I'm not sure.

What is melatonin phase not a reliable marker for?

I'm not sure.


For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual wake time. Baehr et al. found that, in young adults, the daily body temperature minimum occurred at about 04:00 (4 a.m.) for morning types but at about 06:00 (6 a.m.) for evening types. This minimum occurred at approximately the middle of the eight hour sleep period for morning types, but closer to waking in evening types.

What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies>

temperatures

At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?

How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?

two hours

When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?

What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?

What physical factor must be periodicly monitored in temperature studies?

I'm not sure.

What do evening types reach at 4:00 a.m?

I'm not sure.

What occurs close to waking for morning types?

I'm not sure.

Who reaches their minimum temperature in the middle of their waking hours?

I'm not sure.


In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature. In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. Extensive experiments were done by Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, and Oskar Wahl to see whether this rhythm was due to an endogenous clock.[citation needed] Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the "period" gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clockΔ19) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.

Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?

Patrick and Gilbert

Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?

J.S. Szymanski

What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?

bees

What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?

"period"

What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?

circadian clock

Who observed that sleepiness remained steady over twenty-four hour period?

I'm not sure.

What did Patrick and Gilbert show in 1918?

I'm not sure.

What was noticed in the rhythmic feeding time of birds in the early twentieth century?

I'm not sure.

What did Ingeborg Beling and Oskar Wahl isolate in the early 1970s?

I'm not sure.


It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronised. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.[citation needed]

Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?

single cell

By functioning within a single, what is the system?

cell-autonomous

What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?

endocrine glands

How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?

biological clock

What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?

synchronise

What requires multiple cells to function?

I'm not sure.

What results in a synchronized output electrical signals?

I'm not sure.

what section of the brain rarely releases hormones?

I'm not sure.

Where in the body are receptors for electrical signals located?

I'm not sure.

What is timed independently of the biological clock?

I'm not sure.


Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades in light to produce Cry1. Phytochromes B–E are more stable with phyB, the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the light. The cryptochrome (cry) gene is also a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock and is thought to be involved both as a photoreceptor and as part of the clock's endogenous pacemaker mechanism. Cryptochromes 1–2 (involved in blue–UVA) help to maintain the period length in the clock through a whole range of light conditions.

What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks?

Light

What do plants use to sense light?

photoreceptors

What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?

phytochromes and cryptochromes

Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?

phyA

What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?

phyB

What absorbes white light for plants?

I'm not sure.

What does Cry 1 degrade to?

I'm not sure.

What is Cry 1 is the main phytochtome for?

I'm not sure.

What photochromes are less stable than phyA?

I'm not sure.


Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation needed] this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period of about 24.18 hours and researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including sleep latency and other functions.[page needed]

What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?

What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?

time cues

How long did the suppression of time clues study last?

month

What is this forced type of study called?

forced desynchrony

When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?

24.18 hours

What did Kleitman do in the 1990's?

I'm not sure.

Whar dir Czeisler do in 1938?

I'm not sure.

When can normal people adjust to a 28 hr sleep cycle?

I'm not sure.

What happens at 24.5 hours?

I'm not sure.


Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating times is associated with altered insulin sensitivity and higher body mass. Shift-work also leads to increased metabolic risks for cardio-metabolic syndrome, hypertension, inflammation.

What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body?

profound consequences

Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase?

body mass

How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin?

insulin sensitivity

Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body?

higher body mass

What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation?

Shift-work

What does shift work have little effect on?

I'm not sure.

What causes animals to have decreased body mass?

I'm not sure.

What decreases insulin sensativity?

I'm not sure.

What kind of work leads to lower body mass?

I'm not sure.


Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction.

What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?

abusive drugs

What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?

circadian pacemaker

What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?

disrupted rhythms

What can the disrupted circadian system cause?

abuse and relapse

What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?

susceptibility to addiction

What studies show a minor relationship between the circadian system and drug abuse?

I'm not sure.

What is displayed by individuals when not abusing drugs?

I'm not sure.

What do steady rhythms increase?

I'm not sure.

What may be increased by a person's normal sleep and wake cycle?

I'm not sure.


What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking, since the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this - they divide more in the daytime. Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of redox proteins with circadian oscillators in all three kingdoms of life following the Great Oxidation Event approximately 2.3 billion years ago. The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging redox reactions on a daily basis.

What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?

photosensitive proteins

What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?

replicating DNA

From what did  DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells?

ultraviolet radiation

One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?

redox reactions

What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?

Great Oxidation Event

What type of proteins developed as a result of circadian rhythms?

I'm not sure.

What developed to protect replicating DNA from ultraviolet radiation and night?

I'm not sure.

What type of replication is only done during the day?

I'm not sure.

What simple organism provides evidence the DNA replicates at night?

I'm not sure.

What event occurred approximately 2.3 million years ago?

I'm not sure.


Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and changes the balance between glucose and lipid utilization predisposing to diabetes. However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome.

What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?

cellular/metabolic events

What do mice without the clock gene become?

hyperphagic and obese

Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect   the mice?

glucose metabolism

How certain is it that these circadian clock  effects are the same in humans?

not clear

What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?

Rev-ErbA alpha clock

What does thhe addition of the clock gene in mice demonstrate?

I'm not sure.

what happens to mice with the clock gene?

I'm not sure.

what facilitates nondiiet induced obesity in mice?

I'm not sure.

what effects are proven to be identical in mice and humans?

I'm not sure.

Deletion of what gene in himans causes diabetes?

I'm not sure.


The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The retina of the eye contains "classical" photoreceptors ("rods" and "cones"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock.

Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Where are these cell groups found in humans?

hypothalamus

What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?

complete absence

What provides information to the SCN?

eyes

What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?

ganglion

Where is the secondary circadian clocl located?

I'm not sure.

What surrounds the hypothalamus?

I'm not sure.

What do the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rythem?

I'm not sure.

What do the SCN recieve through the skin?

I'm not sure.

What does the pupil contain that are directly photosensative?

I'm not sure.


Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious – discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.

What did early research show people preferred as a day length?

25 hours

What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?

artificial light

What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?

delayed

When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day?

To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?

solar day

Who prefers a 25 hour day when exposed to stimuli like daylight?

I'm not sure.

What did the research shield the participants from?

I'm not sure.

Who was aware of the phase-delaying effect of indoor ekectric lights?

I'm not sure.

When did testing determine peple preferred a 25 hour day?

I'm not sure.

Who estimated the human rythem was in perfect sinc with the solar day?

I'm not sure.


More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation needed] Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations when cultured, suggesting that these structures may also be weak oscillators.[citation needed]

Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?

organs and cells

What is the term for the independent clocks?

peripheral oscillators

What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?

master clock

In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located?

adrenal gland

To what do oscillators in the skin respond?

light

Where are dependent circadian rythems found?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for dependent clocks?

I'm not sure.

What in the skin responds to temperature?

I'm not sure.

What structures are strong oscillators?

I'm not sure.


Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history.

Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?

Elizabeth

Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?

Queen Victoria

How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?

great-great-grandmother

In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?

In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?

world history

What was the last year that Elizabeth did a state visit in the Republic of Ireland?

I'm not sure.

When was the last year Elizabeth traveled to the Vatican to visit the Pope?

I'm not sure.

Who had the shortest reign on the British throne?

I'm not sure.

When was the last year the Pope traveled to England to meet Elizabeth?

I'm not sure.

Who became Queen of England at the youngest age?

I'm not sure.


During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war. Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent. In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?

Elizabeth

Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?

Britain was at war

What did Elizabeth join in 1946?

Welsh Gorsedd of Bards

Who was the always the Prince of Wales?

heir apparent

Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?

Herbert Morrison

In what year was the Welsh League of Youth established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Herbert Morrison become Home Secretary?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards established?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the idea of Elizabeth being appointed as the Constable of Caernarfon Castle?

I'm not sure.

Who rejected the idea of Elizabeth being appointed as patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru?

I'm not sure.


Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.

When were Elizabeth and Philip married?

20 November 1947

At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?

Westminster Abbey

How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?

Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?

Norman Hartnell

What former King was not invited to the wedding?

Duke of Windsor

How many gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive from British citizens?

I'm not sure.

How many people attended Elizabeth and Philip's wedding?

I'm not sure.

How many sisters did Philip have in all?

I'm not sure.

In what year did King Edward VIII abdicate the throne?

I'm not sure.

How many ration coupons did Elizabeth need to buy for her gown?

I'm not sure.


Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out." Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.

Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?

Peter Townsend

What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?

wait for a year

What act would the Church of England not permit?

remarriage after divorce

Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?

Antony Armstrong-Jones

What title was Armstrong-Jones given?

Earl of Snowdon

What is the name of one of Peter Townsend's sons?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Princess Margaret break up with Peter Townsend?

I'm not sure.

How much older was Antony Armstrong-Jones than Princess Margaret?

I'm not sure.

What was the Earl of Snowdon named?

I'm not sure.

What was Martin Charteris' marital status in 1960?

I'm not sure.


The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch". Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments. Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice that she followed. The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister. In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement.

Aside from her choice of Eden's successor, what crisis caused Elizabeth to be criticized?

Suez crisis

What did Lord Altrincham accuse Elizabeth of being?

out of touch

When did Macmillan resign?

Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister after the resignation of Macmillan?

Earl of Home

When was a formal mechanism for electing the Minister adopted?

In what year did Lord Altrincham begin to own a newspaper?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the prominent people who criticized Elizabeth for appointing the Earl of Home as prime minister?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Lord Altrincham die?

I'm not sure.

How many ministers did Elizabeth consult before naming Eden as the prime minister?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Earl of Home receive his title?

I'm not sure.


A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals. As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general. The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.

During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?

Gough Whitlam

Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?

Governor-General Sir John Kerr

What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?

a majority

Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?

Speaker Gordon Scholes

What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?

interfere

In what year did Gough Whitlam become prime minister of Australia?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Sir John Kerr become governor-general of Australia?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Gordon Scholes become Speaker of the House of Representatives in Australia?

I'm not sure.

Who wanted Queen Elizabeth to approve of Sir John Kerr's decision to dismiss Gough Whitlam?

I'm not sure.


In 1987, in Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau. The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. Elizabeth, as monarch of Fiji, supported the attempts of the Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic. By the start of 1991, republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth—which were contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family. The involvement of the younger royals in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout was ridiculed and the Queen was the target of satire.

When did Elizabeth support constitutional amendments in Canada?

What politician criticized the proposed changes?

Pierre Trudeau

In 1987 what elected government was removed in a coup?

Fijian government

What did coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka declare Fiji to be?

republic

In 1991 what money issue of the Queen was a feature of public criticism?

private wealth

What government was Pierre Trudeau prime minister of in 1987?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau become Governor-General of Fiji?

I'm not sure.

In what year did It's a Royal Knockout air?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the younger royals who appeared on It's a Royal Knockout?

I'm not sure.

Who in the press made estimates about the Queen's private wealth?

I'm not sure.


In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure. She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, which began in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness. As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected.

What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002?

Golden Jubilee

When did Elizabeth's mother die in 2002?

March

What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002?

Her sister

How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event?

million

What group was surprised by the public's approval of the Queen?

journalists

In what year was the King's House in Jamaica built?

I'm not sure.

What was Elizabeth's mother's name?

I'm not sure.

Where did Elizabeth realms tour end in 2002?

I'm not sure.

In what month did Elizabeth's tour of her realms end in 2002?

I'm not sure.

How many people saw Elizabeth when she was in Jamaica?

I'm not sure.


The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.

When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?

When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?

For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?

London Olympics

What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?

Daniel Craig

For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?

patronage

Who directed the short film Elizabeth appeared in for the 2012 Summer Olympics?

I'm not sure.

On what date did the Summer Olympics start in 2012?

I'm not sure.

Who was the seventh actor to portray James Bond?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the BAFTA awards start?

I'm not sure.


Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (equivalent to about £25 million today). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated". She inherited an estimated £70 million estate from her mother in 2002. The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at £340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK.

What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?

personal fortune

What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?

£2 million

What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?

"grossly overstated"

What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?

£340 million

Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?

In what year did Jock Colville become Elizabeth's private secretary?

I'm not sure.

How much was Elizabeth worth in 1993 according to Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.

Who is the wealthiest person in the UK as of 2015?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Jock Colville leave Elizabeth's service?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Jock Colville become the director of the Coutts bank?

I'm not sure.


Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, her coronation in 1953, and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father, aged 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family, but support for the monarchy and her personal popularity remain high.

When was Elizabeth's coronation?

When was Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?

How old was Elizabeth's father at the time of his death?

How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?

assassination

In what year did Elizabeth's  son's ex-wife die?

In what year was Lord Mountbatten assassinated?

I'm not sure.

How old was Elizabeth when her mother died?

I'm not sure.

How did Elizabeth's father die?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Diana, Princess of Wales, marry Elizabeth's son?

I'm not sure.

How old was Lord Mountbatten when he was assassinated?

I'm not sure.


Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died. The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries: English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.

When was the coronation of Elizabeth as Queen?

2 June 1953

How was much of the ceremony of Elizabeth's coronation presented to the public?

televised

What Commonwealth symbols were embroidered on Elizabeth's gown?

floral emblems

What is the emblem of England?

Tudor rose

What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem?

Scots

When was the first ceremony at Westminster Abbey to be broadcast on the radio?

I'm not sure.

What floral emblem was highest on Elizabeth's coronation dress?

I'm not sure.

What floral emblem was lowest on Elizabeth's coronation dress?

I'm not sure.

What floral emblem was most prominent on Elizabeth's coronation dress?

I'm not sure.

What floral emblem was on the back of Elizabeth's coronation dress?

I'm not sure.


In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen." Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.

When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?

What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour?

23rd Canadian Parliament

On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?

her safety

In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?

Elizabeth's assassination

In 1961 what was the first country Elizabeth made a state visit to?

I'm not sure.

In 1961 what was the last country Elizabeth made a state visit to?

I'm not sure.

In what year did President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana replace Elizabeth as the head of state?

I'm not sure.

In what Canadian city is the Canadian Parliament?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Harold Macmillan die?

I'm not sure.


In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband. In 1978, the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist dictator, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands". The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

What Jubilee did Elizabeth celebrate in 1977?

Silver

When did Princess Margaret separate from her husband?

In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu visit the UK?

Who, in 1979, was discovered to be a communist spy?

Anthony Blunt

What group assassinated Lord Mountbatten?

Provisional Irish Republican Army

In what year did Princess Margaret divorce her husband?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu become the communist dictator of Romania?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Anthony Blunt cease to be the Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu die?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Anthony Blunt die?

I'm not sure.


In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.

As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?

"fairytale Queen"

What was the time after WWII heralded as?

"new Elizabethan age"

Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?

"priggish schoolgirl"

What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?

Prince of Wales

In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?

solid-colour overcoats

In what year did Lord Altrincham receive his lordship?

I'm not sure.

What does Prince Charles tend to wear out in public?

I'm not sure.

Who directed the television documentary Royal Family in the late 1960s?

I'm not sure.

who first called it a "new Elizabethan age"?

I'm not sure.

What has Prince Charles been accused of by one of his critics?

I'm not sure.


The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust, as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued in 2014 at £442 million. Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen. The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £9.4 billion in 2014 – is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.

What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?

Crown Jewels

What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?

official residences

What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?

Balmoral Castle

How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?

£9.4 billion

How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?

in trust

How much is Buckingham Palace said to be worth as of 2014?

I'm not sure.

Where are the Crown Jewels on display?

I'm not sure.

Where does Elizabeth spend most of her time nowadays?

I'm not sure.

How much was Elizabeth worth as of 2014?

I'm not sure.

As of 2014 how much is Windsor Castle worth?

I'm not sure.


Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as "Crawfie". Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant." Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".

Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P

Princess Margaret

When was Princess Margaret born?

Where were the royal princesses educated?

at home

Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?

governess

What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?

The Little Princesses

What was Elizabeth and Princess Margaret's mothers name?

I'm not sure.

What did Princess Margaret love as a child?

I'm not sure.

What attitude of Princess Margaret did Marion Crawford wrote she had?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Marion Crawford die?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Margaret Rhodes born?

I'm not sure.


In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.

At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?

Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?

Grenadier Guards

In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act?

Counsellors of State

When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?

February 1945

In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?

driver and mechanic

In what year was the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service started?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Grenadier Guards started?

I'm not sure.

How old was Elizabeth in July 1944?

I'm not sure.

How old was Elizabeth in February 1945?

I'm not sure.


The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin." Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".

Where did Philip serve during WWII?

Royal Navy

To whom did Philip's sisters marry?

German noblemen

What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?

"The Hun"

What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?

"an English gentleman"

What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?

good enough

What was Marion Crawford a member of?

I'm not sure.

What nationality was Philip?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of Philip's sisters?

I'm not sure.

What was the King's name?

I'm not sure.


During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen. Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course". She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom. She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.

What was the state of George VI's health during 1951?

health declined

On what date did Elizabeth's father, King George VI, die?

6 February 1952

In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died?

Kenya

In what month in 1951 did George VI's health start to decline?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Martin Charteris become Elizabeth's private secretary?

I'm not sure.

On what date did the royal part arrive back in the UK?

I'm not sure.

Did Elizabeth tour Australia or New Zealand first?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 1952 did Elizabeth and Philip set out for their tour of Australia and New Zealand?

I'm not sure.


In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.

When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?

What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?

Treaty of Rome

What did the Treaty of Rome establish?

European Economic Community

To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?

European Union

When did Britain and France invade Egypt?

November 1956

In what year did Sir Anthony Eden become the British prime minister?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Guy Mollet become the French prime minister?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Suez Canal dig completed?

I'm not sure.

What was the first country Britain invaded during Queen Elizabeth's rule?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Queen Elizabeth get crowned?

I'm not sure.


The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade. As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.

When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?

1960s and 1970s

How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?

Over 20 countries

When did Britain join the European Community?

What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?

independence from Britain

In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?

over a decade

What was the first African country to gain independence from Britain?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Ian Smith become the Prime Minister of Rhodesia?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the European Community established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Rhodesia cease to exist?

I'm not sure.

What was the last of 20 countries to gain independence from Britain?

I'm not sure.


During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three. The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised. From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious but proud of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm and through two calls to the Palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later. Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.

During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?

Trooping the Colour

Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth?

Marcus Sarjeant

Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?

Prince Andrew

Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?

Michael Fagan

What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?

Grenada

In what year did Ronald Reagan order the invasion of Grenada?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 1982 did Ronald Reagan visit Windsor Castle?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 1983 did Elizabeth visit Reagan's California ranch?

I'm not sure.

What was Elizabeth's horses name in 1983?

I'm not sure.

How many years did Michael Fagan serve for breaking into Buckingham Palace?

I'm not sure.


In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.

What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?

republicanism

What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?

Charles and Diana's marriage

In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?

high

What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?

monarchy

When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?

December 1995

What was the majority viewpoint politically in the 1990s in Britain?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Charles and Diana finally get divorced?

I'm not sure.

What type of approval ratings did Prime Minister John Major have?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Robert Fellowes become Elizabeth's private secretary?

I'm not sure.

In what year did George Carey become the Archbishop of Canterbury?

I'm not sure.


The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth. The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age". During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 – her sixteenth visit since 1954 – was called her "farewell tour" in the press because of her age.

When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?

Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?

Ban Ki-moon

As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?

"an anchor for our age"

For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?

British victims

When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?

October 2011

In what year did the Queen first address the United Nations?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Ban Ki-moon become the UN Secretary General?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?

I'm not sure.

How many British people died in the 9-11 attack?

I'm not sure.

How many times has the Queen toured Canada?

I'm not sure.


From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George. Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.

Until she became queen, what flower was on Elizabeth's coat of arms?

Tudor rose

When did Elizabeth acquire her father's arms?

Upon her accession

Besides personal flags,what other types of flags does Elizabeth have?

royal standards

What type of flags are used in foreign countries?

personal

When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms?

21 April 1944

How many points does Elizabeth's arms bear on her argent after her accession?

I'm not sure.

What has been the centre point of Elizabeth's arms since she ascended to the throne?

I'm not sure.

On what date was Elizabeth ascended to the throne?

I'm not sure.

What are on each side of the three points argent of Elizabeth's current arms since she ascended to the throne?

I'm not sure.

What shape is Elizabeth's royal coat of arms since her accession?

I'm not sure.


Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and was the elder of their two daughters. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during World War II, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

In what city was Elizabeth born?

London

At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?

Duke and Duchess of York

What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth

How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?

two daughters

What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?

abdication of his brother

In what year was Edward VIII crowned?

I'm not sure.

What is Elizabeth's sisters name?

I'm not sure.

Who is Elizabeth's oldest child?

I'm not sure.

Who is Elizabeth's youngest child?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Edward born?

I'm not sure.


During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young, and many assumed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.

When she was born, where in the order of succession was Elizabeth?

third

Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?

Edward, Prince of Wales

When did Elizabeth's grandfather die?

What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne?

proposed marriage

What did Edward's proposed marriage to Simpson cause?

constitutional crisis

In what year did Wallis Simpson divorce?

I'm not sure.

What was Elizabeth's father's name?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Elizabeth born?

I'm not sure.


With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?

Mountbatten,

What Prime Minister objected to the name change?

Winston Churchill

What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?

House of Windsor

What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles?

Mountbatten-Windsor

When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname?

In what year did Winston Churchill die?

I'm not sure.

How many male-line descendants do Elizabeth and Philip have with no royal title?

I'm not sure.

What was the Duke's first name?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of Elizabeth and Philip's last child?

I'm not sure.


The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.

Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new  Prime Minister?

Lord Salisbury

What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?

Lord President of the Council

Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?

Harold Macmillan

What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?

Lord Chancellor

Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?

British Cabinet

In what year was Harold Macmillan born?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Lord Salisbury born?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Lord Salisbury become the Lord President of the Council?

I'm not sure.

What occupation was Harold Macmillan at the time?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Lord Kilmuir born?

I'm not sure.


In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain. The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.

When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?

February 1974

Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?

Austronesian Pacific Rim

What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?

fly back to Britain

What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?

resigned

Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?

Harold Wilson

In what year did Edward Heath become the British prime minister?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 1974 did Edward Heath resign as prime minister?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 1974 did Harold Wilson become prime minister?

I'm not sure.

When did Elizabeth begin her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim?

I'm not sure.

Who did  Labour's Prime Minister Harold Wilson form a government with?

I'm not sure.


Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards." Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents. Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making". Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.

What did high public interest in the  private lives of the royal family cause in the press?

sensational stories

Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?

Kelvin MacKenzie

What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?

royal soap opera

Who, it was rumored,  did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?

Thatcher's political opponents

Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?

Brian Mulroney

In what year did Kelvin MacKenzie become editor of The Sun?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Donald Trelford begin to edit The Observer?

I'm not sure.

What party did Margaret Thatcher lead?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Elizabeth give Margaret Thatcher the Order of the Garter?

I'm not sure.

Besides Margaret Thatcher who is someone else has given the Order of Merit?

I'm not sure.


In 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons by Charles—Princes William and Harry—wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning. After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay. Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral. In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes. As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.

What incident killed Diana in Paris?

car crash

When did Diana die?

How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral?

five days

What failure did the public find dismaying?

fly a flag at half-mast

What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment?

live television broadcast

In what city is Balmoral?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 1997 did Diana die in a car crash?

I'm not sure.

Where was Charles in the days after Diana died?

I'm not sure.

From what building did the Queen do her television broadcast about Diana's death?

I'm not sure.


Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.

How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?

60 years

What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?

Diamond Jubilee

What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?

Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?

United Kingdom

When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting?

In what year did George III begin his reign on the throne?

I'm not sure.

In what year did George III die?

I'm not sure.

For how long was George III king?

I'm not sure.

How many Cabinet meetings did George III attend?

I'm not sure.

What was King George III's Accession Day?

I'm not sure.


Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland. She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus:

What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth?

constitutional monarch

How often does Elizabeth give interviews?

rarely

What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support?

inter-faith relations

What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?

Supreme Governor

Apart from her membership in the Church of England, to what other church does she belong?

Church of Scotland

What has she talked about with Pope John Paul II?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Elizabeth meet with Pope John Paul II?

I'm not sure.

When was the last time Elizabeth gave an interview?

I'm not sure.

Beyond Christianity what leaders of other religions has Elizabeth met with?

I'm not sure.


Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

During whose reign was Elizabeth born?

King George V

What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?

Prince Albert, Duke of York

What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?

King George VI

Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth?

Cosmo Gordon Lang

What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?

Lilibet

In what year did Elizabeth's paternal grandmother Mary die?

I'm not sure.

In what year did King George V die?

I'm not sure.

Who was King George V's oldest son?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Elizabeth, Duchess of York, crowned as the Queen of England?

I'm not sure.

Who was Elizabeth's paternal grandfather?

I'm not sure.


In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave." Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."

When did Britain enter WWII?

September 1939

Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?

Lord Hailsham

Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?

Elizabeth's mother

Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?

Windsor Castle

When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?

In what year was the Queen's Wool Fund established?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the BBC start Children's Hour?

I'm not sure.

How old was Elizabeth's sister in 1940?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Lord Hailsham become a senior politician?

I'm not sure.

In what month of 1945 did the Second World War end?

I'm not sure.


Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.

Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?

Windlesham Moor

After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?

Clarence House

In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?

Royal Navy

Where was Philip stationed during WWII?

British Crown Colony of Malta

In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?

Lord Mountbatten

In what year did Elizabeth live in Villa Guardamangia?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Lord Mountbatten start to rent Villa Guardamangia?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Duke of Edinburgh become a Royal Navy officer?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Villa Guardamangia built?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Elizabeth marry the Duke of Edinburgh?

I'm not sure.


From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations. During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her. Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state.

What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth's reign?

Commonwealth of Nations

In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?

What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953?

round-the-world tour

How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953?

13 countries

How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour?

40,000 miles

In what year did the British Empire become the Commonwealth of Nations?

I'm not sure.

In 1953 what was the first country visited by Elizabeth and Philip?

I'm not sure.

In 1953 what was the last country visited by Elizabeth and Philip?

I'm not sure.

How many miles has Elizabeth traveled by land during her reign?

I'm not sure.

How many miles has Elizabeth traveled by sea during her reign?

I'm not sure.