In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.

Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?

Alexander Lodygin

What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?

two carbon rods

In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?

What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?

Alexander de Lodyguine

When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?

Who did not patent an incandescent light bulb in 1872?

I'm not sure.

Who did not demonstrate at the world fair in 1900 in Paris?

I'm not sure.

When did Anxander Lodygin change his name?

I'm not sure.

Who invented his first lamp in the 1700's?

I'm not sure.

What did Lodygin not use as a burner in his lamp?

I'm not sure.


With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. Besides requiring too much current for a central station electric system to be practical, they had a very short lifetime. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.

Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?

at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society

Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?

Charles Stearn

Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?

'parchmentised thread'

When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?

What was the first public building to install electric lighting?

the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London

Who did not help Swan in 1878?

I'm not sure.

What method did Swan not develop in 1878?

I'm not sure.

What was not shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemistry Society?

I'm not sure.

What was shown to an audience of 800 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle?

I'm not sure.

Why was Swan's first lamp commercially viable?

I'm not sure.


Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879, filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires." Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways," Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours. In 1880, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer, Columbia, became the first application for Edison's incandescent electric lamps (it was also the first ship to execute use of a dynamo).

When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting?

With what material did Edison make his first filament?

carbon

How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?

13.5 hours

What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?

bamboo

What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?

Columbia

Who began research into developing a practical incandescent lamp?

I'm not sure.

Who filed his first patent application in 1890?

I'm not sure.

What did Edison turn refuse to use after his experiment with platinum and other metals?

I'm not sure.

What type of material was not used in the US patent for an electric lamp in November 1879?

I'm not sure.

What type of material did Edison use that could not last more than 1200 hours?

I'm not sure.


Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company in New York City, about six months after the Edison incandescent lamps had been installed on the Columbia. Hiram S. Maxim was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company.

Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company?

Albon Man

Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?

Hiram S. Maxim

Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?

Mercantile Safe Deposit Company

When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?

fall of 1880

Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?

Electro-Dynamic Light Company

Who began the Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1890?

I'm not sure.

Whose other patents did Albon Man not exploit?

I'm not sure.

Where was the first installation of incandescent lamps in 1890?

I'm not sure.

Who was the chief architect at the United States Electric Lighting Company?

I'm not sure.

Who did not make their first installation until the spring of 1880?

I'm not sure.


Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports.

Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?

Lewis Latimer

When did Latimer patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"?

17 January 1882

Which company purchased Latimer's patent?

United States Electric Light Company

Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?

Edison

Who developed an improved method of carbon filaments in 1882?

I'm not sure.

When did Edison patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"?

I'm not sure.

What was not an improved method for production of a light bulb?

I'm not sure.

What was not purchased by the United States Electric Light Company?

I'm not sure.

Who did not employ Latimer when he developed his first patent?

I'm not sure.


On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries. Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen retards the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum. This allows for greater temperatures and therefore greater efficacy with less reduction in filament life.

Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?

Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman

When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?

13 December 1904

Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?

Tungsram

What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?

argon or nitrogen

What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?

Tungsram-bulbs

Who was not granted a patent fr the tungsten filament lamp?

I'm not sure.

Who was granted patent No. 34540?

I'm not sure.

Who receive their patent in 1905?

I'm not sure.

What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb?

I'm not sure.

What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe.

I'm not sure.


Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power input to the source, such as a lamp. Visible light is measured in lumens, a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy (LER) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye. The units of luminous efficacy are "lumens per watt" (lpw). The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength, the peak sensitivity of the human eye.

What does the acronym LER refer to?

radiant luminous efficacy

What is the maximum LER possible?

683 lm/W

In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?

two ways

What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?

the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths

What does the acronym LES refer to?

source luminous efficacy

What may be defined in three ways?

I'm not sure.

What does the acronym LER not stand for?

I'm not sure.

What does the acronym LES not stand for?

I'm not sure.

What is not the ratio of the visible light flux emitted to the total power input to the source?

I'm not sure.

What is the minimum LER possible?

I'm not sure.


The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid – below 3,695 K (3,422 °C; 6,191 °F). Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way: "An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 °C (6,600 K; 11,400 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous efficacy (LER) is 95 lumens per watt." No known material can be used as a filament at this ideal temperature, which is hotter than the sun's surface. An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point.

At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?

6,300 °C

What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?

52 lumens per watt

What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?

infrared radiation

What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?

the light emitted does not appear white,

What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?

52 lumens per watt

What appears white to the human eye when it is emitted?

I'm not sure.

What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?

I'm not sure.

What does not radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid?

I'm not sure.

What is not infrared or ultraviolet?

I'm not sure.

What known material can be used as a filament at 95 lumens per watt?

I'm not sure.


Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-balancing is still required to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors, but this is a simple process that requires only the color temperature in Kelvin as input for modern, digital visual reproduction equipment such as video or still cameras unless it is completely automated. The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights cannot be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights, although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting. White-balancing such lights is therefore more complicated, requiring additional adjustments to reduce for example green-magenta color casts, and even when properly white-balanced, the color reproduction will not be perfect.

What is the purpose of white-balancing?

to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors

Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?

incandescent lights

What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?

Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?

the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament

What is the highest possible color rendering index score?

What does not have an advantage in applications where color reproduction is important?

I'm not sure.

What is not the purpose of white-balancing?

I'm not sure.

What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights?

I'm not sure.

Whose coloring rendering index is 109?

I'm not sure.

What does not require additional adjustments to reduce green-magenta color casts?

I'm not sure.


There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete spectral lines and do not have the broad "tail" of invisible infrared emissions. By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution, the spectrum emitted can be tuned to mimic the appearance of incandescent sources, or other different color temperatures of white light. Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum, the light is not ideal for applications such as photography and cinematography.

Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents?

higher

How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents?

By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution

Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography?

Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum

Which lights have lower luminous efficiency?

I'm not sure.

Which devices do not produce light by luminescence?

I'm not sure.

What lamps produce prominent spectral lines and have a broad "tail" of visible infrared emissions?

I'm not sure.

Why are luminescent light sources ideal for photography?

I'm not sure.


The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as they age; this may be an inconvenience, or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure. A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used, effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems. When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings, the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building's air conditioning system. During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted, although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system. Regardless, over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates.

Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?

less

What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?

a building's air conditioning system

Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?

shorter

What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?

illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used

What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?

heat from the heating system

Whose initial cost is large compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime?

I'm not sure.

Whose light emits more light as they age?

I'm not sure.

What type of light has a longer life span than other sources?

I'm not sure.

What type of lighting system is less efficient over the course of a year?

I'm not sure.


Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the United States, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Australia, among others. In the Europe the EC has calculated that the ban contributes 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and saves 40 TWh of electricity every year, translating in CO2 emission reductions of 15 million tonnes.

Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?

more

How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?

5 to 10 billion euros

How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?

40 TWh of electricity

How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?

15 million tonnes

How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?

by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps

What type of light bulbs use less energy than alternatives?

I'm not sure.

What type of light source has  had measures introduced for the continued use of?

I'm not sure.

How much does the incandescent light ban in Asia contribute to the economy each year?

I'm not sure.

How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Asia save each year?

I'm not sure.

How are laws written that bring about the continued use of incandescent light bulbs?

I'm not sure.


Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs, mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production. LED lamps are even more efficient, and are free of mercury. They are regarded as the best solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness.

Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents?

better

Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust?

LED lamps

What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs?

higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps

What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns?

mercury

Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs?

much less

What does not contain mercury?

I'm not sure.

What type of light consumes much more energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production?

I'm not sure.

What does CFLS's have that cause people health concerns?

I'm not sure.

What is regarded as the worst solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness?

I'm not sure.


Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect formerly wasted infrared radiation back to the filament from which it can be re-emitted as visible light. This concept was pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980 with a commercial product that produced 29.8 lm/W. More advanced reflectors based on interference filters or photonic crystals can theoretically result in higher efficiency, up to a limit of about 270 lm/W (40% of the maximum efficacy possible). Laboratory proof-of-concept experiments have produced as much as 45 lm/W, approaching the efficacy of compact fluorescent bulbs.

Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?

Philips

How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?

30 percent

What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?

Duro-Test

What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?

270 lm/W

What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?

45 lm/W

Which company did not introduce hybrid incandescent bulbs?

I'm not sure.

What did not prompt Philips to introduce the hybrid incandescent bulbs?

I'm not sure.

What can produce about 25 Im/W?

I'm not sure.

What is 40% less efficient than traditional incandescent?

I'm not sure.

Which concept was not pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980?

I'm not sure.


Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires.

What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?

the envelope

What is the filament made of?

tungsten wire

How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?

two (or more)

What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?

a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base

What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?

Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires

What consists of a non-air-tight glass enclosure?

I'm not sure.

What is the filament not made of?

I'm not sure.

What allows air or gas leaks in the bulb's base?

I'm not sure.

What does not support the filament and its lead wires?

I'm not sure.

What has four conductors that provide electrical connections to the filament?

I'm not sure.


Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted from the filament, producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light. Manufacturers may add pigments to the kaolin to adjust the characteristics of the final light emitted from the bulb. Kaolin diffused bulbs are used extensively in interior lighting because of their comparatively gentle light. Other kinds of colored bulbs are also made, including the various colors used for "party bulbs", Christmas tree lights and other decorative lighting. These are created by coloring the glass with a dopant; which is often a metal like cobalt (blue) or chromium (green). Neodymium-containing glass is sometimes used to provide a more natural-appearing light.

What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?

kaolin

How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?

blown in and electrostatically deposited

What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?

a more gentle and evenly distributed light

How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?

by coloring the glass with a dopant

How does kaolin create a more gentle light?

It diffuses the light emitted from the filament

What type of glass does a light bulb not have?

I'm not sure.

What does not coat the glass bulb?

I'm not sure.

What is a black, chalky clay on the inside of a glass bulb?

I'm not sure.

What does not produce a gentle ans evenly distributed light?

I'm not sure.

What is sometimes used to provide a more artificial appearing light?

I'm not sure.


Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniature lamps may have a wedge base and wire contacts, and some automotive and special purpose lamps have screw terminals for connection to wires. Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament. Power ratings for incandescent light bulbs range from about 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts.

What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?

screw base

What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?

bayonet base

What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?

allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament

What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?

0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts

Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?

automotive and special purpose lamps

What type of base do large lamps not have?

I'm not sure.

What base is not used for mechanical support?

I'm not sure.

What type of base does a miniature lamp may not have?

I'm not sure.

What does not allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament?

I'm not sure.

Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01?

I'm not sure.


The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allowing it to be operated at higher temperature without reducing its life (or, for operating at the same temperature, prolongs the filament life). It however introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss) from the filament, by heat conduction and heat convection.

What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?

introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)

What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?

chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight

What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?

to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses

How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?

The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament

Whose role is to allow evaporation of the filament?

I'm not sure.

What type of properties are not ideal for gas in a light bulb?

I'm not sure.

What does not knock the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament?

I'm not sure.

What introduces heat gain from the filament?

I'm not sure.


In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested.

What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs.

ribbon machine

How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?

How is the filament attached to the bulb?

assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb

How is the evacuation tube sealed?

by a flame

What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?

precisely aligned air nozzles

What type of machine is not used in manufacturing light bulbs?

I'm not sure.

What is not passed along a conveyor belt when making bulbs?

I'm not sure.

What is cooled in a furnace and blown by aligned air nozzles though holes in the conveyor belt?

I'm not sure.

What is not sealed by a flame?

I'm not sure.


The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the "flashing" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or "graphitized" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage.

What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?

carbon

What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?

as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased

What were the positive effects of the flashing process?

improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency

What properties of graphite improved the filament?

further strengthened and smoothed the filament

What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?

helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage

What were the first failed light bulb filaments made from?

I'm not sure.

What had a positive temperature coefficient of resistence?

I'm not sure.

What was not a problem for early carbon filaments?

I'm not sure.

What were negative effects of the flashing process?

I'm not sure.

What did not further strengthen and did not smooth the filament?

I'm not sure.


In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. The metal filament had the property of gradually shortening in use; the filaments were installed with large loops that tightened in use. This made lamps in use for several hundred hours quite fragile. Metal filaments had the property of breaking and re-welding, though this would usually decrease resistance and shorten the life of the filament. General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913.

What company invented the tantalum light filament?

Siemens

In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?

What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?

These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures.

Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?

General Electric

When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?

Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905?

I'm not sure.

What lamps were less efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments?

I'm not sure.

What had a higher resistivity than carbon?

I'm not sure.

Who bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produce then in Canada in 1913?

I'm not sure.

What were the minor advantages of the tantalum light filament from Siemens?

I'm not sure.


In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten. The process required pressing tungsten powder into bars, then several steps of sintering, swaging, and then wire drawing. It was found that very pure tungsten formed filaments that sagged in use, and that a very small "doping" treatment with potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides at the level of a few hundred parts per million greatly improved the life and durability of the tungsten filaments.

When was the tungsten filament introduced?

What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?

Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires.

Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?

William D. Coolidge

When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?

What other materials were combined with tungsten?

potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides

What was introduced in 1900?

I'm not sure.

What was initially available in a form that allowed it to drawn into fine wires?

I'm not sure.

What made filaments quite strong?

I'm not sure.

Who did not develop the ductile form of tungsten?

I'm not sure.

Where was William D. Coolidge employed in 1902?

I'm not sure.


To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches (580 mm), and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches (0.046 mm). The advantage of the coiled coil is that evaporation of the tungsten filament is at the rate of a tungsten cylinder having a diameter equal to that of the coiled coil. The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly than a straight filament of the same surface area and light-emitting power. As a result, the filament can then run hotter, which results in a more efficient light source, while reducing the evaporation so that the filament will last longer than a straight filament at the same temperature.

How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?

22.8 inches

What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament?

The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly

What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable?

more efficient light source

What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?

0.0018 inches

What did not improve efficiency of the lamp?

I'm not sure.

How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 40-watt bulb?

I'm not sure.

What are the disadvantage of the coiled coil vs a straight filament?

I'm not sure.

What negative effects does a slower evaporating filament cause?

I'm not sure.


One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life. These hot spots evaporate faster than the rest of the filament, which increases the resistance at that point—this creates a positive feedback that ends in the familiar tiny gap in an otherwise healthy-looking filament. Irving Langmuir found that an inert gas, instead of vacuum, would retard evaporation. General service incandescent light bulbs over about 25 watts in rating are now filled with a mixture of mostly argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton. Lamps operated on direct current develop random stairstep irregularities on the filament surface which may cut lifespan in half compared to AC operation; different alloys of tungsten and rhenium can be used to counteract the effect.

What is the negative effect of "hot spots" forming on the filament?

a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life

Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?

Irving Langmuir

Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?

argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton

Which type of alloys can decrease "stairstep" irregularities in light bulb filaments?

alloys of tungsten and rhenium

What is an advantage of the standard electric light bulb?

I'm not sure.

What do large variations in resistivity along the filament cause?

I'm not sure.

What evaporates slower than the rest of the filament?

I'm not sure.

What did Irving Langmuir find that would increase evaporation?

I'm not sure.

Which gases are not typically used in a light bulb?

I'm not sure.


While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity, because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher. Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight, but is also more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps.

Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?

conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament

What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?

molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules

How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?

Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity

Why is xenon gas not more widely used?

more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps

What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?

reduces filament evaporation

What does not reduce filament evaporation?

I'm not sure.

What conducts heat and heats the filament?

I'm not sure.

What does not affect the thermal conductivity of a gas?

I'm not sure.

Why is xenon gas widely used?

I'm not sure.

What is a disadvantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?

I'm not sure.


During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typically set to provide a lifetime of several hundred to 2,000 hours for lamps used for general illumination. Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps may have a useful life of only a few hours, trading life expectancy for high output in a compact form. Long-life general service lamps have lower efficiency but are used where the cost of changing the lamp is high compared to the value of energy used.

What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?

hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster

What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb?

several hundred to 2,000 hours

Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives?

Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps

What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design?

efficiency and longevity

What does not determine how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?

I'm not sure.

What is not a trade-off between efficiency and longevity?

I'm not sure.

What type of bulb typically has a life of 3000 hours?

I'm not sure.

What type of lamp has higher efficiency but are used where the cost is high compared to the value of energy used?

I'm not sure.

What type of lamp has a useful life of a few days?

I'm not sure.


In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of inert gas is used, the evaporated tungsten is carried in the thermal convection currents of the gas, depositing preferentially on the uppermost part of the envelope and blackening just that portion of the envelope. An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory, when tested according to IEC Publication 60064. Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening. Study of the problem of bulb blackening led to the discovery of the Edison effect, thermionic emission and invention of the vacuum tube.

What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?

the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope

What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?

An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory

What are the primary causes of light loss?

Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening

Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?

on the uppermost part of the envelope

Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?

across the entire surface of the envelope

What lightens a conventional bulb?

I'm not sure.

What happens when bulbs do not contain a vacuum?

I'm not sure.

What is the IEC guidelines for acceptable level of light loss?

I'm not sure.

What does not cause light loss or bulb blackening?

I'm not sure.


A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide, reforming water vapor and continuing this water cycle. The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening. Small amounts of substances such as zirconium are placed within the lamp as a getter to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation.

How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening?

significantly increase darkening

Why does water increase lamp darkening?

The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp.

What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect?

zirconium

How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect?

The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps

What can insignificantly affect lamp darkening?

I'm not sure.

What is broken into hydrogen and oxygen at the cool filament?

I'm not sure.

Why does water decrease lamp darkening?

I'm not sure.

What is added to light bulbs to increase darkening?

I'm not sure.

How much water will significantly decrease darkening?

I'm not sure.


The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament. The halogen lamp can operate its filament at a higher temperature than a standard gas filled lamp of similar power without loss of operating life. Such bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs, and are widely used where intense illumination is needed in a limited space. Fiber-optic lamps for optical microscopy is one typical application.

Does the halogen bulp increase, reduce, or have no effect on filament evaporation?

reduces

How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time?

by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament

Does a halogen bulb operate at a higher or lower temperature than an incandescent?

higher

How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent?

bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs

What is the most common situation when a halogen bulb is used?

where intense illumination is needed in a limited space

What type of bulb increases uneven evaporation?

I'm not sure.

How does the halogen bulb increase darkening over time?

I'm not sure.

What type of light can operate at a lower temperature than a standard gas filled lamp?

I'm not sure.

What type of bulbs are much larger than normal incandescent bulbs?

I'm not sure.

Where are halogen bulbs not widely used?

I'm not sure.


A variation of the incandescent lamp did not use a hot wire filament, but instead used an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode to produce heat. The electrode then became incandescent, with the arc contributing little to the light produced. Such lamps were used for projection or illumination for scientific instruments such as microscopes. These arc lamps ran on relatively low voltages and incorporated tungsten filaments to start ionization within the envelope. They provided the intense concentrated light of an arc lamp but were easier to operate. Developed around 1915, these lamps were displaced by mercury and xenon arc lamps.

What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament?

an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode

What was a common application for this type of bulb?

scientific instruments such as microscopes

When was this style of lamp developed?

What displaced this style of lamp?

mercury and xenon arc lamps

What type of lamp used a hot wire filament?

I'm not sure.

What type of lamp did not use an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode?

I'm not sure.

What was not a common use for this type of bulb?

I'm not sure.

What type of lamp typically ran on relatively high voltages?

I'm not sure.

What type of lamp provided a low concentrated light that was harder to operate?

I'm not sure.


Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of 1. This means the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal. Incandescent light bulbs are usually marketed according to the electrical power consumed. This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament, which in turn depends mainly on the filament's length, thickness, and material. For two bulbs of the same voltage, type, color, and clarity, the higher-powered bulb gives more light.

What does a power factor of 1 mean?

the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal

What principally determines the wattage of an incandescent bulb?

the resistance of the filament

What determines the resistance of the filament?

the filament's length, thickness, and material

How close do incandescent lamps come to pure resistive loads?

Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads

All other things being equal, how does wattage affect light emitted?

the higher-powered bulb gives more light

What type of lamp has a power factor of 2?

I'm not sure.

What does the power factor of 2 mean?

I'm not sure.

How are incandescent light typically not marketed?

I'm not sure.

What does not principally determine the wattage of an incandescent bulb?

I'm not sure.

How does wattage not affect light emitted?

I'm not sure.


The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since incandescent lamps are resistive loads, simple phase-control TRIAC dimmers can be used to control brightness. Electrical contacts may carry a "T" rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps. For a 100-watt, 120-volt general-service lamp, the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds, and the lamp reaches 90% of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds.

What determines the resistance of a filament?

temperature

What does a "T" rating symbol on an electrical contact mean?

they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps

How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?

0.13 seconds

How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance?

The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance

What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb?

144 ohms

What does not determine the actual resistance of a filament?

I'm not sure.

What does a "T' rating symbol on an electrical contact not mean?

I'm not sure.

How long does it take a typical 60-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?

I'm not sure.

What is the resistance of a typical lit 60 watt bulb?

I'm not sure.


Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38. The letters represent the shape of the bulb. The numbers represent the maximum diameter, either in 1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region. For example, 63 mm reflectors are designated R63, but in the US, they are known as R20 (2.5 in). However, in both regions, a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38.

What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation?

the shape of the bulb

What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation?

the maximum diameter

Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary?

The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions

What units are the bulb sizes measured in?

1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters

What does not come in a range of shapes and sizes?

I'm not sure.

What is not different in some regions?

I'm not sure.

How are incandescent light bulbs not designated?

I'm not sure.

What must the letters not represent on a bulb?

I'm not sure.

What does the number not represent on a bulb?

I'm not sure.


Very small lamps may have the filament support wires extended through the base of the lamp, and can be directly soldered to a printed circuit board for connections. Some reflector-type lamps include screw terminals for connection of wires. Most lamps have metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires. In the late 19th century, manufacturers introduced a multitude of incompatible lamp bases. General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909. This standard was soon adopted across the US, and the Mazda name was used by many manufacturers under license through 1945. Today most incandescent lamps for general lighting service use an Edison screw in candelabra, intermediate, or standard or mogul sizes, or double contact bayonet base. Technical standards for lamp bases include ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1 for common commercial lamp sizes, to ensure interchangeablitity between different manufacturer's products. Bayonet base lamps are frequently used in automotive lamps to resist loosening due to vibration. A bipin base is often used for halogen or reflector lamps.

Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps?

General Electric

In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps?

What are some common technical standards for lamp bases?

ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1

What is the typical base type for automotive lamps?

Bayonet base lamps

What is the typical base type for halogen lamps?

bipin base

What cannot be directly soldered to a printed circuit board in many very small lamps?

I'm not sure.

What do some reflector-type lamps not include for connection of wires?

I'm not sure.

What was introduces in the late 18th century by manufacturers?

I'm not sure.

Who was not the first to introduce standard sizes for incandescent lamps?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Mazda trademark rejected?

I'm not sure.


This means that a 5% reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of the bulb, at the expense of reducing its light output by about 16%. This may be a very acceptable trade off for a light bulb that is in a difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings). Long-life bulbs take advantage of this trade-off. Since the value of the electric power they consume is much more than the value of the lamp, general service lamps emphasize efficiency over long operating life. The objective is to minimize the cost of light, not the cost of lamps. Early bulbs had a life of up to 2500 hours, but in 1924 a cartel agreed to limit life to 1000 hours. When this was exposed in 1953, General Electric and other leading American manufacturers were banned from limiting the life.

What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb?

a 5% reduction in operating voltage

When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life?

When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?

What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel?

1000 hours

What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb?

difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)

What level f voltage reduction is required to triple the life of an incandescent bulb?

I'm not sure.

What is an unacceptable trade off foe a light bulb in a difficult to access location?

I'm not sure.

What do general service lamps not emphasize over long operating life?

I'm not sure.

What happened to light companies and American manufactures in 1964?

I'm not sure.


The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The "Centennial Light" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977.

When did the "Centennial Light" begin burning?

How much light does the bulb emit?

the equivalent light of a four watt bulb

When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination?

21 September 1908

Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?

an opera house

What was not accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records?

I'm not sure.

What started burning in 1801?

I'm not sure.

What was burning almost continuously at a fire station in Claremont, California?

I'm not sure.

What year did the long-lasting bulb in New York begin continuing illumination?

I'm not sure.

What was moved to an area art gallery in 1977?

I'm not sure.


In flood lamps used for photographic lighting, the tradeoff is made in the other direction. Compared to general-service bulbs, for the same power, these bulbs produce far more light, and (more importantly) light at a higher color temperature, at the expense of greatly reduced life (which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp). The upper temperature limit for the filament is the melting point of the metal. Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point, 3,695 K (6,191 °F). A 50-hour-life projection bulb, for instance, is designed to operate only 50 °C (122 °F) below that melting point. Such a lamp may achieve up to 22 lumens per watt, compared with 17.5 for a 750-hour general service lamp.

At what temperature does a typical 50-hour-life projection bulb operate?

50 °C (122 °F)

Which metal has the highest melting point?

Tungsten

What is the typical life of a P1 lamp?

as short as two hours

How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting?

higher color temperature

What temperature does a typical 60-hour-life projection bulb operate?

I'm not sure.

What lamp can achieve up to 23 lumens per watt?

I'm not sure.

What metal is used with the lowest melting point?

I'm not sure.

What is the atypical life of a P1 lamp?

I'm not sure.


Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt. Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament, for the same power rating. They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.

How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce?

17.1 lumens per watt

How does filament size relate to voltage level?

Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament

What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?

They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.

How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce?

as much as 19.8 lumens per watt

What watt lamp can produce 17.3 lumens per watt?

I'm not sure.

How does a filament size not relate to voltage level?

I'm not sure.

What is not effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?

I'm not sure.

How many lumens per watt does an atypical train light produce?

I'm not sure.


In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable.

What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp?

high resistance

How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison?

How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors?

by use of the Sprengel pump

Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison's lamp over other early versions?

Robert Friedel and Paul Israel

How many inventors do historians list that did not invent the incandescent lamp?

I'm not sure.

What made power distribution economically non-viable in Edison's lamp?

I'm not sure.

What four factors made Edison's version economically viable?

I'm not sure.

Which three historians wrote the conclusion that Edison's version was more viable than other early versions?

I'm not sure.


Arsenal was the first club from the south of England to join The Football League, in 1893. They entered the First Division in 1904, and have since accumulated the second most points. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war. In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double. Between 1988 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles. They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position.

What was the first football club from southern England to join The Football League?

Arsenal

When did Arsenal join the Football League?

In what year did Arsenal qualify to be in the First Division?

How many league championships did Arsenal win in the 1930s?

five

What was Arsenal's league position ranking at the end of the last century?

highest average

Who was the second club from the south of England to join The Football League?

I'm not sure.

Who has accumulated the most points?

I'm not sure.

In what division was Arsenal in 1893?

I'm not sure.

How many League Championships has Arsenal won in all?

I'm not sure.

How many FA Cup Doubles has Arsenal won since 2005?

I'm not sure.


In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned €435.5m in 2014–15, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014–15, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015.

What was the original name of the Arsenal team?

Dial Square

When was Arsenal originally formed?

When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?

In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?

How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?

$1.3 billion

Where did Arsenal play in 1886?

I'm not sure.

What team has the biggest fanbase in the world?

I'm not sure.

How much are the Tottenham Hotspurs worth as of 2015?

I'm not sure.

In what stadium do the Tottenham Hotspur play?

I'm not sure.

Who founded the Tottenham Hotspur?

I'm not sure.


Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, north London; they dropped "Woolwich" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914–15, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919–20, at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Some books have reported that this election to division 1 was achieved by dubious means.

What group from the munitions plant in Woolwich formed the Arsenal club?

workers

By what year had Arsenal become a limited company?

When did Arsenal move to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury?

In which division was Arsenal ranked by the start of WWI?

second division

By 1920 where was Arsenal ranked in division?

First Division

What was the average attendance of an Arsenal's game in 1913?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Henry Norris born?

I'm not sure.

In what year were the Tottenham Hotspur formed?

I'm not sure.

Who owned the Tottenham Hotspur in 1913?

I'm not sure.


Arsenal appointed Herbert Chapman as manager in 1925. Having already won the league twice with Huddersfield Town in 1923–24 and 1924–25 (see Seasons in English football), Chapman brought Arsenal their first period of major success. His revolutionary tactics and training, along with the signings of star players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin, laid the foundations of the club's domination of English football in the 1930s. Under his guidance Arsenal won their first major trophies – victory in the 1930 FA Cup Final preceded two League Championships, in 1930–31 and 1932–33. In addition, Chapman was behind the 1932 renaming of the local London Underground station from "Gillespie Road" to "Arsenal", making it the only Tube station to be named specifically after a football club.

What manager was appointed to lead Arsenal in 1925?

Herbert Chapman

What was Chapman's style of tactics that provided the basis for the Arsenal club's success?

revolutionary

In what decade did Arsenal dominate in English football?

What football club manager got an underground station renamed for Arsenal?

Chapman

What was one of Arsenal's first major wins?

1930 FA Cup Final

What was the name of one of Arsenal's coaches prior to 1925?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Huddersfield Town formed?

I'm not sure.

What was Herbert Chapman's last year as Arsenal's coach?

I'm not sure.

Who named the team Arsenal?

I'm not sure.


Arsenal began winning silverware again with the surprise appointment of club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager in 1966. After losing two League Cup finals, they won their first European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. This was followed by an even greater triumph: their first League and FA Cup double in 1970–71. This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses, starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972–73.

When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal?

What position did Mee hold in the Arsenal club prior to becoming manager?

physiotherapist

In which season did Arsenal win its first European trophy?

For how long after Arsenal's first trophy win the team do poorly competitions?

decade

In what season did Arsenal win their first League and FA Cup double?

Who was Arsenal's manager in 1965?

I'm not sure.

Who won the first European trophy?

I'm not sure.

Who won the FA Cup in 1972?

I'm not sure.

Who owned the Arsenal's in 1966?

I'm not sure.

How long was Arsenal's losing streak prior to 1966?

I'm not sure.


Terry Neill was recruited by the Arsenal board to replace Bertie Mee on 9 July 1976 and at the age of 34 he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date. With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club enjoyed their best form since the 1971 double, reaching a trio of FA Cup finals (1978, 1979 and 1980), and losing the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties. The club's only success during this time was a last-minute 3–2 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final, widely regarded as a classic.

On what date was Bertie Mee replaced by Arsenal?

9 July 1976

What Arsenal manager replaced Mee?

Terry Neill

What action brought prosperity to Arsenal?

new signings

What number of cup finals did Arsenal reach in

trio

In what years did Arsenal get into the FA Cup finals?

1978, 1979 and 1980

How old was Bertie Mee in 1976?

I'm not sure.

Who has been the oldest manager of Arsenal?

I'm not sure.

Who was the manager of Manchester United in 1979?

I'm not sure.

Who did Arsenal lose to at the 1980 European Cup?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Manchester United formed?

I'm not sure.


The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory. Arsenal won the League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge. This was followed by a League title win in 1988–89, won with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool. Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and a second European trophy, the European Cup Winners' Cup, in 1994. Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995. His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors.

What former Arsenal player became manager in 1986?

George Graham

Under the direction of Graham, what trophy did Arsenal win in 1987?

League Cup

What competitor did Arsenal defeat to win a league title in the 1988-89 season?

Liverpool

In what year did Arsenal win their second European cup?

What action did Graham get caught doing to get fired by Arsenal?

kickbacks

In what year did George Graham first play for Arsenal?

I'm not sure.

Where was the League Cup played in 1987?

I'm not sure.

What was one of the player Rune Hauge gave money to George Graham to sign?

I'm not sure.

Who did Arsenal beat for their 1990-91 title?

I'm not sure.

Who did Arsenal beat for their 1994 European Cup match?

I'm not sure.


The club's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager. Wenger brought new tactics, a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent. Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup (losing on penalties to Galatasaray), were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles". The feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record.

What manager in the late 1990s brought success to Arsenal?

Arsène Wenger

Besides improved tactics and training, what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team?

foreign players

In what season did Arsenal win their second League and Cup double?

What caused Arsenal's loss to Galatasarey in the 1999-2000 season?

penalties

What trophy did Arsenal win in the 2003-2004 season without losing a match?

Premier League

Who was the manager of Arsenal in 1995?

I'm not sure.

When was Arsenal's first League and Cup double?

I'm not sure.

Who did Arsenal win its FA Cup over in 2003?

I'm not sure.

Who did Arsenal win its FA Cup over in 2005?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Galatasaray reach its first UEFA Cup?

I'm not sure.


Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first eleven seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title. As of July 2013, they were one of only five teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, and Manchester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992. Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury.

Including Arsenal, how many  teams  had won the Premier League up to 2013?

five

In what year was the Premier League created?

What team defeated Arsenal in the finals of the Champions League in 2005-2006 season?

Barcelona

To what stadium did Arsenal FC move in 2006?

Emirates Stadium

For how many years did Arsenal play at Highbury?

Who did Arsenal compete against in the 2005-06 Championship League?

I'm not sure.

Who won the 2012-2013 Championship League?

I'm not sure.

In what stadium does Manchester City play?

I'm not sure.

Manchester United plays in what stadium?

I'm not sure.

What was the first United Kingdom team to reach the Champion League final?

I'm not sure.


Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2. This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City. They recorded a resounding 3–0 win in the game, winning their second trophy in three months. Nine months after their Community Shield triumph, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row, thrashing Aston Villa 4–0 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles. On 2 August 2015, Arsenal beat Chelsea 1–0 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title.

What famous team defeated Arsenal for the League Cup in 2007?

Chelsea

Who beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup>

Birmingham City

How many wins did Arsenal have to make the team the most successful in FA Cup history?

What team did Arsenal defeat at Wembley in 2015?

Chelsea

How Community Shield titles does Arsenal have?

Who did Arsenal win the 2005 FA Cup over?

I'm not sure.

Who did Arsenal beat to win their first trophy in three months?

I'm not sure.

In what stadium does Hull City play?

I'm not sure.

In what stadium was the 2014 FA Cup Final played?

I'm not sure.

How many tournament titles does Aston Villa have?

I'm not sure.


Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich). These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannon. This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down.

In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team?

What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys?

three cannon

After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest?

Highbury

What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest?

The Gunners

In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest?

In what year did the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich develop its coat of arms?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich transfer to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwhich?

I'm not sure.

What was the Arsenal crest from 1913 to 1921?

I'm not sure.

What has been the Arsenal crest since 1925?

I'm not sure.

Where did Arsenal play prior to 1913?

I'm not sure.


In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit "victory comes from harmony", coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer. For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green. Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it. Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise, Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable. The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue.

What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?

Victoria Concordia Crescit

In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?

rendered in colour

What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?

trademark

In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?

Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?

fans

What was Arsenal's motto prior to 1949?

I'm not sure.

In what year did programme editor Harry Homer join Arsenal?

I'm not sure.

What was the crest's initial colors in 1949?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Arsenal finally win its trademark lawsuit against a street vendor?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association formed?

I'm not sure.


The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border. This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors. From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname "The Gunners", in the 1990s.

What style of logo did Chapman introduce in the 1930s?

Art Deco

Of what is the early logo of Arsenal an example?

corporate logo

Where is the Art Deco style badge design used prominently?

Highbury Stadium

What Arsenal club nickname sometimes appeared on club shirts?

The Gunners

When was the white canon logo replaced with the club crest?

In what decade did Herbert Chapman join Arsenal?

I'm not sure.

In what decade was Arsenal nicknamed as "The Gunners"?

I'm not sure.

What was worn on Arsenal shirts prior to 1967?

I'm not sure.

In what art style is the white cannon drawn?

I'm not sure.


In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub. The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club. The laurel leaves also represent strength. To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto "Forward" at the bottom of the crest.

What celebration did Arsenal have in the 2011-12 season?

125th year anniversary

What do the 15 oak leaves on the anniversary crest indicate?

founding members

What dates are depicted on the Arsenal anniversary crest?

1886 and 2011

What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest?

Forward

Where did the Arsenal team wear the anniversary crest?

on their jerseys

How many founding fathers were there of Arsenal?

I'm not sure.

What is on top of the crest?

I'm not sure.

What color are the letters of "Forward"?

I'm not sure.

What color are the laurel leaves on the crest?

I'm not sure.

What color are the oak leaves?

I'm not sure.


For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball. The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops.

What has the color of the Arsenal  home shirts been?

bright red

In recognition of what event was the color red adopted for Arsenal shirts?

charitable donation

Which founding members were responsible for the red shirts?

Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates

What was the early name for the Arsenal FC?

Dial Square

What was the color  of the early uniforms' shorts and socks?

white

What color are Arsenal players shoes?

I'm not sure.

What color were Forest players shirts?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Nottingham Forest's football team founded?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Fred Beardsley first play for Forest?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Morris Bates stop playing for Forest?

I'm not sure.


In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red. Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves. One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf. Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons. The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season. The second was 2005–06, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season. In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe.

What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933?

Herbert Chapman

What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt?

pillar box red

What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts?

white sleeves

For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?

red and white

What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury?

first season

What color was Arsenal's sleeves before 1933?

I'm not sure.

In what stadium did Arsenal play after the 2005-06 season?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Herbert Chapman become manager of Arsenal?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Arsenal founded?

I'm not sure.

Who founded Arsenal?

I'm not sure.


Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip. In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas. These teams still wear those designs to this day.

What early team copied the Arsenal's red current color in 1909?

Sparta Prague

What team in 1938 used the same style of kit, but in green?

Hibernian

By coping the Arsenal team kit exactly, what nickname was given to Sporting Clube de Braga?

Os Arsenalistas

For how long have the Arsenal inspired copy-cat clubs worn their uniforms?

to this day

What was Sporting Clube de Braga's original color?

green

In what stadium does Sparta Prague play?

I'm not sure.

What's the nickname of Sparta Prague?

I'm not sure.

What color kit did Sparta Prague wear in 1908?

I'm not sure.

What color are Sparta Prague's sleeves?

I'm not sure.

Who won the 1920 game between Arsenal and Sporting Clube de Braga that took place at Highbury?

I'm not sure.


For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their "lucky" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982–83. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before.

During what season were Arsenal's away colors white shirts and white or black shorts?

1969–70 season

When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts?

1969–70 season

For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit?

1971 FA Cup Final

What did Arsenal consider the yellow and blue colors to be after losing a FA Cup final wearing red and white?

lucky

What is the difference in the Arsenal color of blue in the away kit after 1983?

darker shade

What away color socks did Arsenal wear for many years?

I'm not sure.

What color socks did Arsenal players wear during the 1969-70 season?

I'm not sure.

What color sleeves did Arsenal have in the 1969-70 season?

I'm not sure.

What was Arsenal's home shirt colours during the 1969-70 season?

I'm not sure.

What color shirts were worn by Liverpool players in 1971?

I'm not sure.


When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994, Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts. Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits. During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001–02 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013. As of 2009, the away kit is changed every season, and the outgoing away kit becomes the third-choice kit if a new home kit is being introduced in the same year.

What manufacturer became Arsenal's uniform provider in 1994?

Nike

Which brand was the kit provider prior to 1994?

Adidas

To appeal to what are the kits changed regularly?

replica kit market

What traditional Arsenal colors have frequently been employed for away kits?

yellow and blue

Since what year has the away kit been changed every year?

In what year was Arsenal's home colours kits last changed?

I'm not sure.

What color was Arsenal's away colours when Adidas was the kit provider?

I'm not sure.

What color away kit did Arsenal wear during the 2002-03 season?

I'm not sure.

What color away kit did Arsenal wear during the 2004-05 season?

I'm not sure.

In what year did the replica kit market start to become lucrative?

I'm not sure.


Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006. The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing. The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954.

When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium?

May 2006

When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club's home?

September 1913

What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury?

Archibald Leitch

In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled?

When was the Arsenal stadium bombed?

Second World War

In which stadium has Arsenal played since 2006?

I'm not sure.

Who designed Arsenal's new stadium, built in 2006?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Highbury bombed?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 1913 did Highbury open?

I'm not sure.

In what month in 1936 did the Art Deco East stands finish being constructed?

I'm not sure.


Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak, and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s. The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993–94 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators. This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards, so much so that for two seasons, from 1998 to 2000, Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley, which could house more than 70,000 spectators.

What was the most people that Highbury stadium could host?

When did League regulations make Arsenal reduce the seating in Highbury?

1993–94 season

Where did Arsenal play matches because of increased seating capacity?

Wembley

During what time did Arsenal play at Wembley?

1998 to 2000

What seating capacity did Wembley offer that have to lure Arsenal to play there?

What was the maximum occupancy of Highbury at its peak?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Wembley built?

I'm not sure.

What's the maximum occupancy of Wembley?

I'm not sure.

How many advertising board does Wembley have?

I'm not sure.

What was built first, Highbury or Wembley?

I'm not sure.


Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties. These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time. After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury. The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season. The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names. The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018–19 season. From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end.

When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?

By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?

Emirates Stadium

What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?

£100 million

Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?

corporate sponsorship

What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?

sponsorship deal

What was the East Stand of Highbury close to?

I'm not sure.

How many people could fit into Highbury?

I'm not sure.

How much is the largest sponsorship deal in global football history worth?

I'm not sure.

What is Clock End close to?

I'm not sure.

What is Northbank close to?

I'm not sure.


Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as "Gooners", the name derived from the team's nickname, "The Gunners". The fanbase is large and generally loyal, and virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007–08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99.5% of available capacity), and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance. Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke. The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes.

What is the common nickname of Arsenal supporters?

Gooners

From what name does Gooners come?

The Gunners

From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come?

variety of social classes

Where did the attendance at Arsenal games rank in relation to other English clubs?

second-highest average

What aspect of the fan base is one of the  reasons for large game attendance?

location

In what year did Arsenal fans start calling themselves, "Gooners"?

I'm not sure.

Which English club had the highest average league attendance for 2007-08?

I'm not sure.

Which team had the highest attendance in 2015?

I'm not sure.

What do fans of Real Madrid call themselves?

I'm not sure.

How many people on average attend a Schalke home game?

I'm not sure.


Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing "One-Nil to the Arsenal" (to the tune of "Go West").

What type of clubs does Arsenal have?

domestic supporters' clubs

Which fan club is closely allied to the Arsenal club?

Arsenal Football Supporters' Club

What supporters club is more loosely tied to Arsenal?

Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association

What fan group wants more ownership rights in the Arsenal club?

Arsenal Supporters' Trust

What is a common chant of Arsenal supporters?

One-Nil to the Arsenal

Which Arsenal domestic supporters' club was the first to be created?

I'm not sure.

Which Arsenal fanzine was the first to be published?

I'm not sure.

Which was the last Arsenal domestic supporter club to be established?

I'm not sure.

What was the latest Arsenal Fanzine to start publishing?

I'm not sure.


There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography. Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club. A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million. The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014–15 season.

What medium has added to the fan base of Arsenal?

satellite television

How many supporter clubs outside Britain  were there in 2007 affiliated with Arsenal?

In 2011 what was Arsenal's estimated fan base?

113 million

What was the world ranking of Arsenal's social media in 2015-15 season?

fifth highest

In this era of satelites and social media,on what are fans now less dependent ?

geography

What club had the highest social media activity during the 2014-15 season?

I'm not sure.

Who won the 2014-15 season?

I'm not sure.

How many American Arsenal supporter clubs are there?

I'm not sure.

How many people follow Arsenal's social media accounts?

I'm not sure.

In what year did SPORT+MARKT start printing?

I'm not sure.