Web-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergence of translation crowdsourcing, translation-memory techniques, and internet applications, translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to businesses, individuals, and enterprises.

What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations?

Web-based human translation

What reputation does machine translations have?

frequent inaccuracy

What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable?

human

Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?

on-demand human-translation services

Who purchases the services of translation agencies?

businesses, individuals, and enterprises

What type of translation is disliked by those wanting more accurate translations?

I'm not sure.

What reputation does machine translations lose?

I'm not sure.

What type of translation is still never accurate and reliable?

I'm not sure.

What type of translation are agencies unable to provide?

I'm not sure.

Who hides the services of translation agencies?

I'm not sure.


Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error; therefore, to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved, such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human.

Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?

context-embedded

What does it take a person to be able to do?

comprehend the context of the original text

What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?

error

How must machine translations be transformed by a human?

reviewed and edited

What crucial aspect of human language will be missed from edited alien translation?

I'm not sure.

What does it take an animal to be able to do?

I'm not sure.

What can translations completely done by a human not be prone to?

I'm not sure.

How must machine translations be transformed by a robot?

I'm not sure.


In Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describe the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation effort, alongside sages of various nationalities), the Tanguts took mere decades to translate volumes that had taken the Chinese centuries to render.[citation needed]

Where did Buddhism spread?

Asia

Buddhism's spread led to what large-scale effort?

translation

How long did the translation effort take?

well over a thousand years

What Empire was especially good at translation?

The Tangut Empire

What were the Tanguts able to do in only decades that took the Chinese centuries?

translate volumes

Where did Buddhism end?

I'm not sure.

What small-scale effort was led to by the spread of Buddhism?

I'm not sure.

How long did the translation effort stop?

I'm not sure.

What Empire was not good at translation?

I'm not sure.

What were the Tanguts not able to do that took the Chinese centuries?

I'm not sure.


The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wise) of Castille in the 13th century promoted this effort by founding a Schola Traductorum (School of Translation) in Toledo. There Arabic texts, Hebrew texts, and Latin texts were translated into the other tongues by Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars, who also argued the merits of their respective religions. Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance European Scholasticism, and thus European science and culture.

Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?

Arabs

What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?

philosophical and scientific works

When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin?

Middle Ages

What is Schola Traductorum in English?

School of Translation

Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture?

European

Who attempted no effort at translation?

I'm not sure.

What did the Arabs destroy Arabic versions of?

I'm not sure.

When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences removed from Latin?

I'm not sure.

What is Schola Traductorum not considered in English?

I'm not sure.

Whose science and culture did Latin translations indirectly harm?

I'm not sure.


The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners' version of Jean Froissart's Chronicles (1523–25).

What was the first great English translation?

Wycliffe Bible

When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?

When did the age of great English prose translation begin?

end of the 15th century

What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?

Le Morte Darthur

The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?

Tudor

What was the last great German translation?

I'm not sure.

When was the Wycliffe Bible burned?

I'm not sure.

When did the age of great English prose translation stop?

I'm not sure.

What adaptation of Arthurian romances took no liberties with the source material?

I'm not sure.


Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus.

Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?

Cosimo de' Medici

What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?

Byzantine scholar

When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?

Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?

Marsilio Ficino

What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?

the exact words

Whose court did Pletho buy and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?

I'm not sure.

What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho lose status as?

I'm not sure.

When did Constantinople defeat the Turks?

I'm not sure.

Who couldn't translate Plato's works to Latin?

I'm not sure.

What did scientific beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?

I'm not sure.


Throughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translation. For scholarship they cared no more than had their predecessors, and they did not shrink from making translations from translations in third languages, or from languages that they hardly knew, or—as in the case of James Macpherson's "translations" of Ossian—from texts that were actually of the "translator's" own composition.

What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 18th century?

ease of reading

If a translator didn't understand something in a text or thought it too boring to present to readers, what did they do with it?

omitted

What did translators of this time assume was better than the actual text they were translating?

their own style of expression

How much did the translators care about scholarship?

no more than had their predecessors

What did James Macpherson "translate" from?

own composition

What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 14th century?

I'm not sure.

What did translators of this time assume was worse than the actual text they were translating?

I'm not sure.

How much did the translators avoid scholarship?

I'm not sure.

What did James Macpherson never "translate" from?

I'm not sure.


The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or pseudo-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original.

What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?

accuracy and style

Who observed that the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text"?

J.M. Cohen

What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed "whole" text?

bawdy

What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations?

that they were reading a foreign classic

How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor?

by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes

What banned standards of translation came with the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

Who ignored that the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text"?

I'm not sure.

What sort of passages were left in the supposed "whole" text?

I'm not sure.

What did the Victorians aim to remind the writer of in their translations?

I'm not sure.

How did the translation of Rubaiyat disregard an Oriental flavor?

I'm not sure.


Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called "singing translation"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth.

What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?

poetry

What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?

verse

What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?

stanzaic

What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?

church hymns

Who translated German chorales into English?

Catherine Winkworth

What is the translation of text that is sung never linked to?

I'm not sure.

What is all vocal music set to in Western tradition?

I'm not sure.

What forms does popular music tend to refrain from?

I'm not sure.

What type of example can not be found of translating poetry for singing?

I'm not sure.

Who translated Chinese chorales into English?

I'm not sure.


Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.

How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?

more restrictive

Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?

little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation

What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?

assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical

How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?

by subdividing or combining notes

How is translation of sung texts the exact same as translations of poetry?

I'm not sure.

Why is the translation of sung texts not restrictive?

I'm not sure.

What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate writing from one language to another?

I'm not sure.

How can a syllable be forbidden from prose sung texts?

I'm not sure.


Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Who can translations of a sung text aid?

audiences, singers and conductors

What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?

subtitles or surtitles

What do professional and amateur singers often sing?

works in languages they do not know

Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?

understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Who can translations of a sung text harm?

I'm not sure.

What type of familiar translation is restricted during an opera?

I'm not sure.

What do professional and amateur singers never sing?

I'm not sure.

What do translations help singers familiar with a language do?

I'm not sure.

What kind of text is not allowed to have a translation?

I'm not sure.


One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the "Septuagint", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.

What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?

rendering of the Old Testament into Greek

When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?

3rd century BCE

Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?

seventy translators

How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?

in solitary confinement

According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?

identical

What is one of the worst unknown instances of translation in the West?

I'm not sure.

When was the Old Testament illegal in Greek?

I'm not sure.

Why is the translation of the New Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?

I'm not sure.

How did each translator of the Bible die in Alexandria?

I'm not sure.

What property did all seventy versions of the bible lack being?

I'm not sure.


The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement.

During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?

European

Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?

Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?

religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries

Who translated the Bible to German?

Martin Luther

What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?

religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day

What local languages was the bible translated into during the Contestant Reformation?

I'm not sure.

What union did similarities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contribute to?

I'm not sure.

What have biblical translations had no lasting effects on?

I'm not sure.

Who banned the Bible in German?

I'm not sure.

What does the fact of the King James Only movement ignore?

I'm not sure.


An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars  and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, airport aprons, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?

airport

What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?

landing area

What is an airport?

aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land

What is the definition of a control tower?

I'm not sure.

What do larger control towers have?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of the area around a utility building?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of an airport apron?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of a helipad?

I'm not sure.


The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog. In the U.S. and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, a human observer or a combination of the two. Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and airports often have their own safety services.

What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?

traffic pattern

What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?

Air safety

What describes most automated weather stations at an airport?

I'm not sure.

What do all pilots use?

I'm not sure.

What is available to help air traffic control with flights?

I'm not sure.

What does an air traffic control system also use?

I'm not sure.

What is an important concern for pilots?

I'm not sure.


Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports - it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just five. Germany's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport. While in India GMR Group operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. Bengaluru International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the Airports Authority of India.

How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?

eight

What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?

Spanish Ferrovial consortium

What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?

Fraport

Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?

GMR Group

When was the Airports Authority of India privatized?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Airports Authority of India taken over by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium?

I'm not sure.

How many commercial airports does Fraport in the UK manage?

I'm not sure.

How many airports did Fraport manage originally in the UK?

I'm not sure.

What happened to Fraport when it was taken over by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium?

I'm not sure.


Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security check, or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.

Airports are divided into what two areas?

landside and airside

What do landside areas include?

parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads

What do airside areas include?

all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons

Where can passengers purchase tickets?

terminals

What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?

concourses

What are two areas that luggage claim is divided into?

I'm not sure.

How is access between parking lots and access roads treated?

I'm not sure.

Where do passengers on access roads access public transportation?

I'm not sure.

Where can you board a train through gates?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for taxiways?

I'm not sure.


Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.[citation needed]

Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?

products and services

Where are most of these companies located in an airport?

within the departure areas

Some of these companies include what type of businesses?

clothing boutiques and restaurants

Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?

higher

What do most restaurants provide?

I'm not sure.

What do restaurants do to keep prices low?

I'm not sure.

What does boutique management do to make sure their prices aren't too high?

I'm not sure.

How much are items outside of the aiport compared to discounted prices at boutiques inside the airport?

I'm not sure.

Where are companies with discounted prices located in an airport?

I'm not sure.


Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.

What are some services that are offered by VIP services?

express check-in and dedicated check-in counters

These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?

First and Business class

What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?

Premium services

What do rival airlines offer to customers?

I'm not sure.

What are First and Business class services?

I'm not sure.

What are two groups that are usually in the frequent flyer program?

I'm not sure.

What services are always available to passengers who fly with more than one airline?

I'm not sure.

Where does an airline want to attract regular passengers from?

I'm not sure.


Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.

For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?

near railway trunk routes

What does MBTA stand for?

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?

rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems

What are many cities located close to?

I'm not sure.

What commonly connects a city with a departure loop?

I'm not sure.

What is an example of an arrival loop?

I'm not sure.

What does a departure loop help do?

I'm not sure.

What does Seattle allow access to the AirTrain through?

I'm not sure.


The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.

It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?

buses

What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport

Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.

Mexico City International Airport

How far is the distance passengers need to move between buses?

I'm not sure.

What airport has a bus that takes people through concourses and baggage claim?

I'm not sure.

What is it common for airports with a tram to offer?

I'm not sure.

How is the domestic building of Terminal 1 connected at the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International airport?

I'm not sure.

What airport offers a moving walkway to baggage claim?

I'm not sure.


The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington had a dirigible land in 1905 and planes in 1911 and is still in use. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender, as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok,Thailand, which opened in 1914. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope.

What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?

College Park Airport

In what year was the College Park Airport established?

Who established the College Park Airport?

Wilbur Wright

How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?

In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?

When was Bisbee-Douglas International Airport founded by Wilbur Wright?

I'm not sure.

Who declared College Park Airport the first international airport of the Americas?

I'm not sure.

In what year was College Park Airport declared the first international airport of the Americas?

I'm not sure.

During what period did Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver serve as an American military field?

I'm not sure.

How many passengers does the College Park Airport serve each year?

I'm not sure.


Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at Flughafen Devau near what was then Königsberg, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft.

Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?

for handling passenger traffic

Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?

Le Bourget Airport

What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?

Hounslow Heath Aerodrome

When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?

August 1919

What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?

a paved "apron"

When was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport first opened?

I'm not sure.

What was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport replaced by?

I'm not sure.

When did Houndlow Heath Aerodrome replace Croydon Airport?

I'm not sure.

When was Croydon Airport opened in Flughafen Devau?

I'm not sure.

What was used at military airfields in 1919?

I'm not sure.


The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.

When was the first lighting used on an airport?

latter part of the 1920s

When did approach lighting come into use?

What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?

approach lighting

When was the slope-line approach system introduced?

What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?

slope-line approach system

When was the first  lighting with flash intervals used on an airplane?

I'm not sure.

What was standardized by airports in the 1920's?

I'm not sure.

What did the flash interval system consist of?

I'm not sure.

What do light colors indicate on an aircraft?

I'm not sure.

What group standardized additional indication lights?

I'm not sure.


Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.

Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?

increase in jet aircraft traffic

How far were runways extended out?

9,800 ft

What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?

The fields

When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?

early 1960s

In what year was there a boom in jet bridge systems?

I'm not sure.

How far were jet bridge systems extended to?

I'm not sure.

When was using reinforced concrete a common practice in the US?

I'm not sure.

What did airport construction eliminate in the 1970's?

I'm not sure.

What were jet bridge systems made of?

I'm not sure.


The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. However, at particularly busy airports, or airports with other special requirements, there is an air traffic control (ATC) system whereby controllers (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via radio or other communications links. This coordinated oversight facilitates safety and speed in complex operations where traffic moves in all three dimensions. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports also have clearance delivery, apron control, and other specialized ATC stations.

What does ATC stand for?

air traffic control

ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?

two

What describes most clearance delivery systems?

I'm not sure.

What does a clearance delivery system do at an airport?

I'm not sure.

What does apron control offer in busy airports?

I'm not sure.

How are clearance delivery responsibilities divided?

I'm not sure.

How does apron control direct aircraft?

I'm not sure.


Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control.

What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?

Ground Control

Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?

Ground Control

When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?

Tower Control

When is control turned back over to ground control?

After a plane has landed

What are stair trucks responsible for?

I'm not sure.

What are two things Ground Control instructs Tower Control to do?

I'm not sure.

When a plane is ready to take off what does it do before being turned over to Ground Control?

I'm not sure.

When a plane lands what does it do before returning to Tower Control?

I'm not sure.

What are some examples of ground traffic Tower Control directs in designated areas?

I'm not sure.


Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.

Who controls aircraft on the runway?

Tower Control

Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?

Tower Control

Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?

radar

Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?

in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic

What is controlled by the pilot?

I'm not sure.

What does the airport use to locate an aircraft?

I'm not sure.

What does the pilot coordinate in the traffic pattern?

I'm not sure.

Who must contact the other pilot when passing through airspace?

I'm not sure.

What does a pilot do when there is more than one plane in the air?

I'm not sure.


At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though.

What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?

traffic pattern

What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?

traffic pattern

Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.

so-called SLOT-times

What is a traffic pattern called at smaller airfields?

I'm not sure.

What does a traffic circuit do at smaller airfields?

I'm not sure.

What is there no need for when following the glidepath?

I'm not sure.

Due to what does traffic planning assure that following the glidepath is avoided?

I'm not sure.

What is it like for aircraft landing at small airfields as fast as possible while following the glidepath?

I'm not sure.


Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?

800 or 1,000 ft

What does AGL stand for?

above ground level

Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?

left-handed

What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?

Standard traffic patterns are left-handed

At what altitude are ATC patterns flown to avoid mountains?

I'm not sure.

Why are runway designs left-handed?

I'm not sure.

What does the runway consist of?

I'm not sure.

What does improving visibilitiy by using a right handed pattern do for the ATC?

I'm not sure.

What does usually using a right-handed pattern as standard help pilots do?

I'm not sure.


At extremely large airports, a circuit is in place but not usually used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport, often before they even take off from their departure point. Large airports have a frequency called Clearance Delivery which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose. This then allows aircraft to take the most direct approach path to the runway and land without worrying about interference from other aircraft. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.

At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?

a circuit

What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?

Clearance Delivery

Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?

commercial with long routes

What do aircraft use instead of requesting approach clearance at very large airports?

I'm not sure.

When do large aircraft request to use a circuit?

I'm not sure.

What does a circuit allow an aircraft to do without having to worry about other aircraft?

I'm not sure.

How has the advanced circuit system helped pilots?

I'm not sure.

What kind of aircraft request to use a circuit when they are still hours from the airport?

I'm not sure.


There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument landings.

What helps pilots fly the approach for landing?

visual approach slope indicator

What does VASI stand for?

visual approach slope indicator

What does VOR stand for?

VHF omnidirectional range

What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?

VHF omnidirectional range

What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?

instrument landing system

How does distance measuring equipment (DME) help a pilot land?

I'm not sure.

What also goes along with the VASI?

I'm not sure.

What determines the distance to the VASI?

I'm not sure.

Where are DME's also located to help aircraft naviagte?

I'm not sure.

What is increasing based on the use of VOR?

I'm not sure.


On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.

On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?

green lights

On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?

red lights

What indicates the edge of a runway?

white lights

What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?

pilot controlled lighting

What does ALS stand for?

approach lighting system

What does runway edge lighting indicate for landing?

I'm not sure.

What marks the end of the ALS at low-traffic airports?

I'm not sure.

What does using an ALS help save?

I'm not sure.

What does pilot controlled lighting consist of?

I'm not sure.

What do red lights down the the center of the runway indicate?

I'm not sure.


Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings.

What includes debris and nesting birds?

Hazards to aircraft

What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?

airfield rubber removal

In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?

ice and snow clearing equipment

What is one hazard to nesting birds?

I'm not sure.

What helps maintain environmental conditions?

I'm not sure.

Why must the field be kept clear of nesting birds?

I'm not sure.

What helps improve traction on airfield rubber?

I'm not sure.

For what kind of aircraft is deicing fluid sprayed on the airfield?

I'm not sure.


Many ground crew at the airport work at the aircraft. A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges, The ground power unit is plugged in. It keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal. The engines are not working, therefore they do not generate the electricity, as they do in flight. The passengers disembark using the airbridge. Mobile stairs can give the ground crew more access to the aircraft's cabin. There is a cleaning service to clean the aircraft after the aircraft lands. Flight catering provides the food and drinks on flights. A toilet waste truck removes the human waste from the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck fills the water tanks of the aircraft. A fuel transfer vehicle transfers aviation fuel from fuel tanks underground, to the aircraft tanks. A tractor and its dollies bring in luggage from the terminal to the aircraft. They also carry luggage to the terminal if the aircraft has landed, and is being unloaded. Hi-loaders lift the heavy luggage containers to the gate of the cargo hold. The ground crew push the luggage containers into the hold. If it has landed, they rise, the ground crew push the luggage container on the hi-loader, which carries it down. The luggage container is then pushed on one of the tractors dollies. The conveyor, which is a conveyor belt on a truck, brings in the awkwardly shaped, or late luggage. The airbridge is used again by the new passengers to embark the aircraft. The tow tractor pushes the aircraft away from the terminal to a taxi area. The aircraft should be off of the airport and in the air in 90 minutes. The airport charges the airline for the time the aircraft spends at the airport.

What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?

tow tractor

What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?

ground power unit

The passengers disembark using what?

airbridge

What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?

Mobile stairs

How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?

90 minutes

What do engines generate when planes are standing at the terminal?

I'm not sure.

Where do the ground crew disembark from?

I'm not sure.

What does the ground crew use the skybridge to bring in after its pushed on one of the tractor dollies?

I'm not sure.

What pulls an airbridge to the aircraft?

I'm not sure.

When should the ground crew be done removing luggage?

I'm not sure.


An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.

An airfield is also referred to as what?

airbase

What provides basing and support of military aircraft?

airbase

Where is RAF Brize Norton located?

the UK

Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?

Norway

Where is Pune Airport located?

India

What is a terminal also referred to as?

I'm not sure.

What does a terminal provide?

I'm not sure.

What kind of passengers do the Pune Airport in the UK cater to?

I'm not sure.

What does the RAF Brize Norton in India share with a civilian airport?

I'm not sure.

Where do Prune Airport's TriStar flights go to?

I'm not sure.


Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, Passenger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting.

What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal?

The Terminal

When was the movie Airport made?

When was the movie Final Destination released?

In what year was the Langoliers made?

I'm not sure.

What movie is about a man who is trapped in a race to an airport terminal from 1970?

I'm not sure.

What tv shows have surviving on food and shelter provided by an airport a main theme?

I'm not sure.

Why did Good Will Hunting use a certain airport as an image of survival in 2000?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Get Shorty released?

I'm not sure.


Most airports welcome filming on site, although it must be agreed in advance and may be subject to a fee. Landside, filming can take place in all public areas. However airside, filming is heavily restricted, the only airside locations where filming is permitted are the Departure Lounge and some outside areas. To film in an airside location, all visitors must go through security, the same as passengers, and be accompanied by a full airside pass holder and have their passport with them at all times. Filming can not be undertaken in Security, at Immigration/Customs, or in Baggage Reclaim.

Landside, where can filming take place?

all public areas

What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed?

Departure Lounge and some outside areas

What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?

Filming

How do most passengers feel about filming?

I'm not sure.

What must you pay to film in Baggage Reclaim?

I'm not sure.

What visitor locations permit filming with a fee?

I'm not sure.

What must all visitors do when there is filming in landside areas?

I'm not sure.

What must you do to film in Security, at Immigration/Customs and Baggage Reclaim?

I'm not sure.


Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.

What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?

Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?

Prince Oleg

Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?

Kiev. Sviatoslav I

Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?

Vladimir the Great

What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?

issued its first written legal code

What years did Prince Oleg reign?

I'm not sure.

Which way did Prince Oleg extend his rule?

I'm not sure.

Who achieved the first minor expansion of Kievan?

I'm not sure.

Which ruler introduced Islam in Kievan Rus?

I'm not sure.

What did Yaroslav daughters achieve during his time Keivan Rus?

I'm not sure.


The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.

When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?

19th century

When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?

Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?

Vasily Klyuchevsky

What was invented in the 19th century?

I'm not sure.

When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in Russia?

I'm not sure.

Who first wrote the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?

I'm not sure.

What type of cities were also known as Rus?

I'm not sure.


Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins, the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.

Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?

Slavic tribes

Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?

Novgorod

Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?

Ladoga and Karelia regions

Which tribe resided in the south?

Poliane

Which lands were primarily populated by western Slavic tribes?

I'm not sure.

Where were the Limen Slavs located after Kievan Rus?

I'm not sure.

Who occupied the headwaters of the East Dvina?

I'm not sure.

Which tribe resided in the northwest?

I'm not sure.

Which tribe resided in the southeast?

I'm not sure.


Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?

whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs

What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?

Scandinavians

What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?

Slavs

Which controversy surrounded the Rus in the past?

I'm not sure.

What certainty was largely to contemporary sources/

I'm not sure.

What did the Russian believe the Rus were not?

I'm not sure.

What account was written in the 1200's?

I'm not sure.

Who formed a majority of the elite ruling class?

I'm not sure.


Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free." Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court (949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the Norse ("the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name") but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin."). Leo the Deacon, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as "Scythians" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs.

Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?

Ahmad ibn Fadlan

What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?

garments that only cover half of his body

Which historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians"?

Leo the Deacon

Which late traveler provided a description of the Rus?

I'm not sure.

What covered the majority of the Rus's body?

I'm not sure.

Which scientist is refered to the Rus as "Scythians'?

I'm not sure.

What Arab historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians'?

I'm not sure.

What did the Rus adopt that was Roman?

I'm not sure.


According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars. The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians, driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves." The tribes had no laws, however, and soon began to make war with one another, prompting them to invite the Varangians back to rule them and bring peace to the region:

Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?

Varangians and the Khazars

In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?

In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?

Which two groups were divided between the territories of the West Slavs?

I'm not sure.

What was written in the 9th century?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes join the Varagians?

I'm not sure.

Who did the Finnic and Slavic tribes offer tribute to in 862?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Varangians begin to rule the innic and Slavic tribes?

I'm not sure.


The three brothers—Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor—established themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk, respectively. Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty. A short time later, two of Rurik’s men, Askold and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople). On their way south, they discovered "a small city on a hill," Kiev, captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated the region with more Varangians, and "established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians."

What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?

Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor

Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?

Rurik

What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?

Kiev

What were the names of the three sisters that ruled Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?

I'm not sure.

Which of the three sisters became the sole ruler over all three of the territories?

I'm not sure.

Which two sisters died?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the large city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?

I'm not sure.

What two women asked for permission to go to Tsargrad?

I'm not sure.


The Chronicle reports that Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople with a navy to attack the city in 863–66, catching the Byzantines by surprise and ravaging the surrounding area, though other accounts date the attack in 860. Patriarch Photius vividly describes the "universal" devastation of the suburbs and nearby islands, and another account further details the destruction and slaughter of the invasion. The Rus' turned back before attacking the city itself, due either to a storm dispersing their boats, the return of the Emperor, or in a later account, due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch and the Emperor to the Virgin. The attack was the first encounter between the Rus' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.

Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev?

What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to?

Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage

Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north?

to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.

What was written in 863?

I'm not sure.

What years did Askold and Dir make peace with Kiev?

I'm not sure.

What was was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent south?

I'm not sure.

What did type of devastation did Patriarch Photius write about the suburbs?

I'm not sure.

Who immediately attacked the city?

I'm not sure.


Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son, Igor. In 880-82, Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir, proclaimed himself prince, and declared Kiev the "mother of Rus' cities." Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod, imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes. In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.

When did Ruik past away?

When Rurik past away, who took over?

Prince Oleg

Who declared Kiev "The mother of Rus citis'?

Prince Oleg

What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?

Who died in the 800's?

I'm not sure.

Who killed Rrik and claimed his kingdom?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote that Kiev was "The mother of Rus cities"?

I'm not sure.

Who did Oleg conquer in the 800's?

I'm not sure.

Who peaceably asked the Drevlians for a fur tribute?

I'm not sure.


The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

Why did the Kievan state prosper?

abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export

How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?

three

Which route was a central post in Kiev?

Dnieper route

What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?

money-lending system

What made the Kievan state deteriorate?

I'm not sure.

How many minor trade routes did the Kievan state control?

I'm not sure.

What was moved north on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper?

I'm not sure.

What was the hub in the north-south overland trade route?

I'm not sure.


The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe. The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes.

What led to constant problems with the Khazars?

rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south

Which area did the Khazars rule over?

Black Sea steppe

Who were allies with the Khazars?

Byzantine Empire

Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?

Persians and Arabs

What led to intermittent problems for the Khazars?

I'm not sure.

Who had rapid expand to the north?

I'm not sure.

Which area did the Khazars relinquish?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled the Black Sea steppe during the 800's?

I'm not sure.

Who were the common allies to both the Khazarsand the Byzantine Empire?

I'm not sure.


The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?

turmoil

What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs?

Khazars

What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?

build a fortress at Sarkel

What was established in the 800's?

I'm not sure.

What was written in 830?

I'm not sure.

What was being protected in the 800's?

I'm not sure.

What did the Byzantines refuse to help the Khazars with?

I'm not sure.

What served as a minor diplomatic link with the Khazars and others?

I'm not sure.


The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries, and trade. In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea. In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear. Boxed in, the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus'. The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus' access to the Black Sea, and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864, with the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.

What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?

expansion of the Rus

Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?

Oleg

What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?

What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?

What led to Khazar having to put less strain on its military?

I'm not sure.

Who waged a decisive war in 890?

I'm not sure.

Who had a peaceful alliance with the Byzantines and Bulgarian Empires?

I'm not sure.

Who arranged for Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory to the south?

I'm not sure.

Who was forced to migrate further east?

I'm not sure.


As the 10th century progressed, the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them. The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and Don rivers, allowing them to expand to the west. Rus' relations with the Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another. The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus' for agricultural goods and other products. The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.

Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?

10th century

Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?

Pechenegs

What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?

livestock

Who was able to command tribute in the 10th century?

I'm not sure.

Whose relationship with Khazars improved?

I'm not sure.

What was written in 915?

I'm not sure.

What did the Pechenges refuse to trade with the Rus?

I'm not sure.

Who was making peace with the Rus in 920?

I'm not sure.


After the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 860, the Byzantine Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus' and the Slavs. Prince Rastislav of Moravia had requested the Emperor to provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures, so in 863 the brothers Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries, due to their knowledge of the Slavonic language. The Slavs had no written language, so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet, later developed into Cyrillic, and standardized the language of the Slavs, later known as Old Church Slavonic. They translated portions of the Bible and drafted the first Slavic civil code and other documents, and the language and texts spread throughout Slavic territories, including Kievan Rus’. The mission of Cyril and Methodius served both evangelical and diplomatic purposes, spreading Byzantine cultural influence in support of imperial foreign policy. In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in 874 he speaks of an "Archbishop of the Rus'."

In what year did the Rus attack Constantinople?

What had Prince Rastislav requested?

provide teachers

What did Cyril and Mehodius come up with to help with the issue of the Slaves not having a written language?

devised the Glagolitic alphabet

In what year did the Rus accept a bishop?

Who sent missionaries south?

I'm not sure.

Who had a written language?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote the Glagolitic alphabet in 863?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Byzantine cultural influence spread?

I'm not sure.

What year did Rus accept a pope?

I'm not sure.


Relations between the Rus' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev, reflecting commercial, cultural, and military concerns. The wealth and income of the Rus' depended heavily upon trade with Byzantium. Constantine Porphyrogenitus described the annual course of the princes of Kiev, collecting tribute from client tribes, assembling the product into a flotilla of hundreds of boats, conducting them down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester, the Danube delta, and on to Constantinople. On their return trip they would carry silk fabrics, spices, wine, and fruit. The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when disputes arose. The Primary Chronicle reports that the Rus' attacked Constantinople again in 907, probably to secure trade access. The Chronicle glorifies the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg, an account imbued with legendary detail. Byzantine sources do not mention the attack, but a pair of treaties in 907 and 911 set forth a trade agreement with the Rus', the terms suggesting pressure on the Byzantines, who granted the Rus' quarters and supplies for their merchants and tax-free trading privileges in Constantinople.

When did the relations between the Rus and Byzantines start to become more complicated?

after Oleg took control over Kiev

What were the primary concerns the Rus and Byzantines had with oleg?

commercial, cultural, and military concerns

When did the Rus attack the Constantinole once again?

What was not depended upon for the wealth and income of Rus?

I'm not sure.

What did Constantine Porphyrogentus write about concerning the princes of Kiev?

I'm not sure.

What was written about Rus in 907?

I'm not sure.

What years was the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg glorified?

I'm not sure.


The Chronicle provides a mythic tale of Oleg's death. A sorcerer prophesies that the death of the Grand Prince would be associated with a certain horse. Oleg has the horse sequestered, and it later dies. Oleg goes to visit the horse and stands over the carcass, gloating that he had outlived the threat, when a snake strikes him from among the bones, and he soon becomes ill and dies. The Chronicle reports that Prince Igor succeeded Oleg in 913, and after some brief conflicts with the Drevlians and the Pechenegs, a period of peace ensued for over twenty years.

What known document tells of the death of Oleg?

The Chronicle

What was prophesised by a sorcerer involving Oleg's death?

certain horse

What does Oleg do to his horse?

has the horse sequestered

WHo succeeded Oleg in 913?

Prince Igor

What known document tells the birth of Oleg?

I'm not sure.

What year did Oleg die?

I'm not sure.

Who conquered and killed Oleg?

I'm not sure.

Who dies in the 913?

I'm not sure.


In 941, Igor led another major Rus' attack on Constantinople, probably over trading rights again. A navy of 10,000 vessels, including Pecheneg allies, landed on the Bithynian coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. The attack was well-timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east. The Rus’ burned towns, churches, and monasteries, butchering the people and amassing booty. The emperor arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with Greek fire throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus’, luring them into surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek fire. Liutprand of Cremona wrote that "the Rus', seeing the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank, weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others caught fire." Those captured were beheaded. The ploy dispelled the Rus’ fleet, but their attacks continued into the hinterland as far as Nicomedia, with many atrocities reported as victims were crucified and set up for use as targets. At last a Byzantine army arrived from the Balkans to drive the Rus' back, and a naval contingent reportedly destroyed much of the Rus' fleet on its return voyage (possibly an exaggeration since the Rus' soon mounted another attack). The outcome indicates increased military might by Byzantium since 911, suggesting a shift in the balance of power.

What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople?

How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies?

10,000 vessels

Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start?

Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs

What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus?

outfitted with Greek fire throwers

What year did Oleg make peace with Constantinople?

I'm not sure.

How many sailing ships attacked the Bithyian coast?

I'm not sure.

Why id the attack by the Rus go so poorly on the coast at the start?

I'm not sure.

How was the large group of retired ships outfitted?

I'm not sure.

What year was the Rus fleet defeated?

I'm not sure.


Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from “beyond the sea.” In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus’, the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus’, including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus’ merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law. The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them, though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power.

Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?

Slavs and Pecheneg allies

When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?

IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus,  Byzantine and the Bulgarians.

What was Igor not keen on?

I'm not sure.

Who dismantled a large force of warriors among the Slav and Pecheneg?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Rus force retreat again?

I'm not sure.

What did the Rus reject from the Emperor?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Rus defeat the Byzantines the the Bulgarians?

I'm not sure.


Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav, like his druzhina, remained a staunch pagan. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.

When did Prince Igor past away?

Who ruled in Prince Oleg's place following his death?

his wife Olga

In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader?

Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to?

Pereyaslavets

When was Rus marked by rapid expansion?

I'm not sure.

What year did Sviatoslav's mother convert?

I'm not sure.

What was consolidated in functioning empire?

I'm not sure.

What year was Sviatoslav's empire consolidated?

I'm not sure.


It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two centuries. The Grand Prince ("velikiy kniaz'") of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his formally subordinate relatives ruled the other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and Prince Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054). Both rulers continued the steady expansion of Kievan Rus' that had begun under Oleg.

What year did Sviatoslav pass away?

How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?

two centuries

What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader?

When was the title of Grand Duke introduced?

I'm not sure.

What was not recognized after the death of Sviatoslav?

I'm not sure.

What year was the struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I?

I'm not sure.

What region was not dominated by the state of Kievan Rus?

I'm not sure.

Where did the Grand King if Kiev control?

I'm not sure.


Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk. As Prince of Kiev, Vladimir's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. The Primary Chronicle states that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the traditional idol-worship (paganism) of the Slavs, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe. They visited the Christians of the Latin Rite, the Jews, and the Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople. They rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country. They found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull. But at Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.

What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?

Novgorod

In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?

Scandinavia

When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?

Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?

Princess Anna

Where did Vladimir live in the 900s?

I'm not sure.

What year did Yaropolk take control of Scandinavia?

I'm not sure.

What year did Vladimir reconquer Novgorod?

I'm not sure.

Who accepted Islam because it prohibited consumption of alcohol?

I'm not sure.

What year did Vladimir marry Princess Anna?

I'm not sure.


Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). In contrast, educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.

What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?

Dnieper River

What language did the church write  the liturgy in?

Cyrillic

What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?

facilitated the conversion to Christianity

Why did Vladimir chose Western Christianity?

I'm not sure.

What was considered the least important route for trade?

I'm not sure.

What language were the corpus of translations translated into?

I'm not sure.

What did the literature that was written in Cyrillic not help with?

I'm not sure.

What did the West Slavs develop?

I'm not sure.


Yaroslav, known as "the Wise", struggled for power with his brothers. A son of Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Viking mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019. Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary and Norway. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Russkaya Pravda; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy.

What was Yaroslav also known as?

the Wise

Who was Yaroslav's father?

Vladimir the Great

In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev?

What was Yaroslav nor known as?

I'm not sure.

Who did not struggle for power with his brothers?

I'm not sure.

Who was the daughter of Vladimir the Great?

I'm not sure.

What was Yaroslav not eager to improve?

I'm not sure.

What year did Yaroslav's sons develop the Kiev Pechersk Lavra?

I'm not sure.


An unconventional power succession system was established (rota system) whereby power was transferred to the eldest member of the ruling dynasty rather than from father to son, i.e. in most cases to the eldest brother of the ruler, fomenting constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family.[citation needed] Familicide was frequently deployed in obtaining power and can be traced particularly during the time of the Yaroslavichi rule (sons of Yaroslav) when the established system was skipped in the establishment of Vladimir II Monomakh as the Grand Prince of Kiev,[clarification needed] in turn creating major squabbles between Olegovichi from Chernihiv, Monomakhs from Pereyaslav, Izyaslavichi from Turov/Volhynia, and Polotsk Princes.[citation needed]

What was the name of the UN-conventional system that was implemented?

rota system

What did the rota system do?

power was transferred to the eldest member

What was often deployed when trying to gain power?

Familicide

What was the name of the conventional system that was implemented?

I'm not sure.

What did the rota system not do?

I'm not sure.

What was not deployed when trying to gain power?

I'm not sure.

Who developed familicide?

I'm not sure.

Who improved relations between the Olegovichi and Monomakhs?

I'm not sure.


The most prominent struggle for power was the conflict that erupted after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The rivaling Principality of Polotsk was contesting the power of the Grand Prince by occupying Novgorod, while Rostislav Vladimirovich was fighting for the Black Sea port of Tmutarakan belonging to Chernihiv.[citation needed] Three of Yaroslav's sons that first allied together found themselves fighting each other especially after their defeat to the Cuman forces in 1068 at the Battle of the Alta River. At the same time an uprising took place in Kiev, bringing to power Vseslav of Polotsk who supported the traditional Slavic paganism.[citation needed] The ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav fled to Poland asking for support and in couple of years returned to establish the order.[citation needed] The affairs became even more complicated by the end of the 11th century driving the state into chaos and constant warfare. On the initiative of Vladimir II Monomakh in 1097 the first federal council of Kievan Rus took place near Chernihiv]in the city of Liubech with the main intention to find an understanding among the fighting sides. However even though that did not really stop the fighting, it certainly cooled things off.[citation needed]

What immediately occurred after Yarsolav the Wise past away?

conflict

Who was fighting for Tmutarakan following Yarsolav's death?

Rostislav Vladimirovich

What country did the fleeing Grand Prince run off to?

Poland

Where did the first federal council of Rus take place in 1097?

city of Liubech

What did not cause a conflict of power?

I'm not sure.

Who did not contest the power of the Grand Prince?

I'm not sure.

What country did the Grand Prince avoid?

I'm not sure.

What year did the Grand Prince return to establish order?

I'm not sure.


The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity. Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship, once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic, profits dried out, and Kiev lost its appeal.[citation needed]

What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?

decline of Constantinople

What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?

Byzantine

Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?

Kiev

What played a minor rule in the decline of the Rus?

I'm not sure.

Who was not a major trading partner of Kievan Rus?

I'm not sure.

What territory did the trade fro Varagians to the Greeks mainly avoid?

I'm not sure.

What was not a major cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity?

I'm not sure.

Who was a minor power and minor initiator?

I'm not sure.


The last ruler to maintain united state was Mstislav the Great. After his death in 1132 the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev instead of focussing on the external threat of the Cumans was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic. In 1169, as the Kievan Rus' state was full of internal conflict, Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev. The sack of the city fundamentally changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'. By the end of the 12th century, the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been divided into roughly twelve different principalities.

Who was the last ruller to keep the region united?

Mstislav the Great

When did Mstislav die?

When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities?

12th century,

Who was the first ruler to keep the region united?

I'm not sure.

What year did Mstislav the Great unit the region?

I'm not sure.

When did the Kievan state unit?

I'm not sure.

What became less fragmented?

I'm not sure.