Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: عبد,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.

Who was the ruler in Morocco?

Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur

When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?

from 1578 to 1608

What ethnicity was his mother?

Fulani

What Arabic term is still used for black people?

(Arabic: عبد,) (meaning "slave")

Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?

sub-Saharan peoples


In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

When did the Arab apartheid intensify?

early 1991

Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?

non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe

Where did these people live?

Sudan

Who controlled the government?

Sudanese Arabs

What was the government being accused of?

deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.


American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?

George Ayittey

Who executed the apartheid?

the Arab government

Who was excluded?

blacks

Where were they?

Sudan

What is George Ayittey's profession?

economist


Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.

Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?

Irwin Cotler

How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?

an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid."

Who argeed with Dershowitz?

Irwin Cotler

Where did Irwin Cotler live?

Canadian


In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.

What did the colonization of South Africa result in?

many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes

What was a result of these marriages?

mixed-race children

What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?

second-class

Who was included in the Coloured group?

Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent

What does apartheid mean?

a system of legal racial segregation


The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.

What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?

the Population Registration Act of 1945

What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?

pencil test

How did the pencil test work?

A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil

Who administered the "Pencil Test"?

Minor officials


Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?

Sandra Laing

What year was the movie "Skin" made?

At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?

age 10

What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity?

South African

How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?

three


During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.

Who was oppressed and discriminated against?

those classed as "Coloured"

What era did this discrimination take place?

During the apartheid era

Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?

those classed as "Black"

Where were the "black" areas?

large townships located away from the cities


In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?

a "Non-racial democracy"

What laws did they introduce to support blacks?

affirmative action policies

Who does the term "black" people include?

"Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"

Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?

ANC (African National Congress)

Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies?

"Africans


In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits.

Who declared Chinese South Africans as "Black People"?

the High Court in South Africa

What year did this ruling happen?

Why was this classification made?

solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits

What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?

Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid

Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits?

they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination.


Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.

What is another way "Coloureds" can be distinguished from "Blacks"?

language

What languages are most common?

Afrikaans or English

What are less common languages spoken?

Zulu or Xhosa

What types of names do "coloureds" have?

European-sounding names

What type of names do "blacks" have?

Bantu names


Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?

10 to 18 million

In what time frame were these people enslaved?

between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century

Who enslaved these people?

Arab slave traders

Why were women slaves more popular?

for them to serve as concubines

Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?

The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners


Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

How many people in Yemen have African lineage?

average of 38%

How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?

How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?

Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?

African female-mediated gene


Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.

Who is seeking minority status from the government?

African-Iraquis

Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?

Parliament

How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?

as Arab

What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?

Distinctive and self-identified black communities

Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?

Alamin M. Mazrui et al.


About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

How many East African and black people live in Israel?

About 150,000

What percent of Israel's population is black?

just over 2%

When did they migrate to Israel?

during the 1980s and 1990s

Where did they migrate from?

Ethiopia.

Where are most of the black converts from?

the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.


Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.

How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?

around 60,000

What have these immigrants sought?

asylum

Where are most of them from?

Sudan and Eritrea

What languages do they speak?

Niger-Congo

Where are the non jewish immigrants from?

southern Nuba Mountains


Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

When did the slave trade begin?

during the period of the Ottoman Empire

Where were the slaves brought?

Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey

Where did former slaves go for work once freed?

İzmir area

What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?


The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

Who are the Siddi?

an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan

Who did the Siddi descend from?

Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa

What does the word "Siddi" derive from?

"Sayyid"

Where does the term Sayyid come from?

the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area

When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?


The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means "frizzy hair".

Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?

The Negritos

Where do the Negritos reside currently?

Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

What does Negrito mean?

"little black people"

What language does the term Negrito come from?

Spanish

What term is interchangable with Negrito?

Semang


The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

What does the term "Moors" refer to?

Muslims

What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?

Arab or Berber descent

In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?

Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans

Where did "Moors" migrate from?

North Africa or Iberia

What kind of term is "Moors"?

derogatory


Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore’s day, Moors were black by definition…"

Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?

Isidore of Seville

When was this claim made?

7th century,

What does mauron mean?

black

What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?

Etymologies

What was "Black by definition"?

Moors


Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.

What are Afro-Spaniards?

Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent

Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?

Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal

Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?

Equatorial Guinea

How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?

an estimated 683,000


According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".

In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?

over a million black

What percentage of the population was "Black Caribbean"?

What percentage of the population was "Black African"?

What percentage of the population was "Black other"?

When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?

after World War II


As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

When did African states become independent?

Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?

Soviet Union

How many students moved from Africa to Russia?

about 400,000

Why did students move to Russia?

to pursue higher studies

Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?

Eastern bloc.


Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.

Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?

in the Balkans

What town had it's own black community?

Ulcinj

What country is Ulcinj in?

Montenegro

How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?

How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?

an estimated 30,000


Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

Who has been referred to as "black people"?

Indigenous Australians

What was the original term related to?

skin colour

Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?

since the early days of European settlement

What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians?

to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry


Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:

What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?

Aboriginal Protection Boards

What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?

where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.

Were Aborigines allowed to vote?

Aborigines were not allowed to vote

Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?

Sir Baldwin Spencer

What year was his report from?


After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

Which race was growing faster after the First World War?

mixed-race people

What did people fear in 1930?

"half-caste menace"

What did this menace undermine?

the White Australia ideal

Who noted this particular fear?

Dr. Cecil Cook

Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?

the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,


The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

Who did the government want raised as white?

"half-caste" individuals

What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?

Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"

What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?

speaking their native language and practising traditional customs

What was this process referred to?

the Stolen Generation


The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people. In a 1967 referendum over 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census. During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride. Activist Bob Maza said:

When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?

The second half of the 20th century

What year was constitutional discrimination ended?

What else was included in the 1967 referendum?

to include Aborigines in the national census.

What term was embraced during this period?

"black"

Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?

Activist Bob Maza


In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography. In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, in 1990 the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal to include any:

Who wrote "Living Black?

Kevin Gilbert

What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?

What was Living Black about?

a collection of Aboriginal people's stories

What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?

the Human Rights Award for Literature

What was the award in 1998 for?

Inside Black Australia


This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

What did the improvements in quality of life increase?

people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?

resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,

In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?

What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?

Anthony Mundine

Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?

Andrew Bolt


In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

Who described slaves as negars?

John Rolfe

Where was John Rolfe?

Colonial America

Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?

Virginia colony

What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?

"Begraafplaats van de Neger"

What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?

Cemetery of the Negro


By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?

By the 1900s

What term replaced negro as mainstream?

colored

What term followed "negro" and "colored"?

"black"

What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric?

the African-American Civil rights movement

Who led the Civil Rights movement?

Reverend Martin Luther King


In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.

How did black people identify in early America?

by their specific ethnic group

What was not acknowledged by English colonists?

individual ethnic affiliations

How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?

West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast

How was the new African American identity defined?

This new identity was based on provenance and slave status

Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?

French and Spanish colonists


The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.

What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?

the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors

In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?

socially based racial classification related to being African American,

Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?

a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.

How are people defined as "black" or "white"?

they fulfill the social criteria


By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

Why did the use of "African" become an issue?

the majority of black people in the United States were native-born

Why did blacks fear to identify as African?

would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.

What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?

What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?

the African Methodist Episcopal Church

What terms did African Americans use instead?

"Negro" or "colored"


In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status. However, controversy continues over which if any of the two terms is more appropriate. Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin.[citation needed] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although Black Americans helped found the United States. Still others believe that the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones. Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings.

Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?

Jesse Jackson

What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?

Why did Jackson want this term to be used?

it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants

Who also argued for the term "African American"?

African-American

Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?

because "African" suggests foreignness


The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?

having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa

What classification are given?

socio-political constructs

What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?

What is the Census definition not based on?

scientific or anthropological


From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

What did the "one-drop" rule do?

classify as black a person of any known African ancestry

When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?

early 20th century.

When was racial definition more flexible?

18th and 19th centuries

What war changed the way the United States looked at race?

the American Civil War

When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?


The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

How is blackness described in the US?

the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.

What defines "blackness"?

political orientation, culture and behavior

What is the opposite of "blackness"?

"acting white"

How does one "act white"?

black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans

In what regards can one "act white"?

with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,


Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, "Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same." Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.

Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?

Toni Morrison

Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?

Christopher Hitchens

Who is Toni Morrison?

Nobel Prize-winning novelist

Why were people offended by this comment?

Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain

What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?

Rwandan Genocide


In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to escape. The story of him and his descendants is that of multi-racial America since it appeared he and his sons married or had unions with white women, likely indentured servants and working-class like them. Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women. Over time, Obama's line of the Bunch family (as they became known) were property owners and continued to "marry white"; they became part of white society, likely by the early to mid-18th century.

Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?

John Punch

Who is John Punch?

the first African slave in the Virginia colony

When was Punch indentured?

Why was he indentured for life?

trying to escape

Why were his children free?

they were born to free English women


Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean. In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean. In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts.

How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?

12 million

How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?

11.5 million

How many slaves were imported by Brazil?

5.5 million

How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?

2.76 million

How is black identified in South America?

closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,


The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.

How are people in Brazil classified?

by appearance

What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?

Brazil

How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?

based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color

How are people evaluated in Brazil?

like the colors of the spectrum


Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.

What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?

lighter skin

What are poor whites considered in Brazil?

black

What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?

white

What does Preto mean?

(black)


From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws. As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown) — a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons.

How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?

estimated 3.5 million

How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?

more than half

Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?

Afro-descendants

What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?

segregation laws

What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?

intermarriage


By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.

How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?

How much identified as mixed race?

How much identified as white?

How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?


Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38.5%. In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.

What has Brazil avoided?

the binary polarization of society into black and white

What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?

civil war

How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?

violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil.

Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality?

Elio Ferreira de Araujo

Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?

black and indigenous communities.


In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry. The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color. Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color. Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle. They suggest that the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African descent, between those with more or less ancestry. As a result, they have not united for a stronger civil rights movement.[citation needed]

In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?

In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?

What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?

one-drop rule

What does the one drop rule do?

discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.

What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?

illiteracy and education levels


Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?

blacks

How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?

When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?

When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?

What large hurricane hit New Orleans?

Hurricane Katrina


Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status).

What do critics claim people of color have?

limited media visibility

What has the Brazilian media been accused of?

hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.

What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?

northern Europeans

What is another word for "Light Skinned"

mulatto


These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse.

What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include?

all African-descended people

What does this aim to stimulate?

a "black" consciousness and identity.

What does the term "pardo" include?

a wide range of multiracial people

What does caboclos mean?

mestizos


The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by the News Corp group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.

The Times is based in what major British city?

London

What year did the initial incarnation of The Times start?

What was the original name of The Times before changing its name?

The Daily Universal Register

The Times, owned by News UK, is itself owned by what major corporation?

News Corp group

The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?

Times Newspapers

What year did The Times change its name from The Daily Universal Register?

What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start?


The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (founded in 1838), The Straits Times (Singapore) (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), Le Temps (France) (1861-1942), the Cape Times (South Africa) (1872), the Los Angeles Times (1881), The Seattle Times (1891), The Manila Times (1898), The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900), El Tiempo (Colombia) (1911), The Canberra Times (1926), and The Times (Malta) (1935). In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London.

What year did The Times of India start?

What year did The Strait Times (Singapore) start?

What year did The New York Times start?

What year did the Irish Times start?

What year did the Cape Times (South Africa) start?


The Times is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing. In November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.

What major typeface font was started by The Times?

Times Roman

Who was the creator of typeface font used by The Times?

Stanley Morison

In November 2006, The Times changed its font to what new font typeface?

Times Modern

How long was The Times printed in broadsheet format?

219 years

In what year did The Times change its broadsheet format to a compact size?


Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservative Party, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour. The Times had an average daily circulation of 394,448 in March 2014; in the same period, The Sunday Times had an average daily circulation of 839,077. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006. It has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitized paper is online from Gage Cengage publisher.

Traditionally, what political spectrum did The Times support?

moderate

What party did The Times support in 2001 and 2005 general elections?

Labour Party

In March 2014, The Times had an average daily circulation of how many people?

The complete historical file of the digitized paper of The Times is online and published by what publisher?

Gage Cengage

What political party has the highest readership of The Times?

Conservative Party


The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, with Walter in the role of editor. Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up. It was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise (three years later, it was proved that it was not as efficient as had been said). Walter bought the logography's patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house, where he would daily produce an advertising sheet. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785. Unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. Walter Sr had spent sixteen months in Newgate Prison for libel printed in The Times, but his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.

The Times was founded by what publisher who also was the editor?

John Walter

The Times was known as what name before it became The Times?

The Daily Universal Register

What year was the very first publication of The Times?

The first publisher and editor of The Times when to prison for what crime when printed in his newspaper?

libel

Before the newspaper changed its name to The Times, how many editions were printed?


The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of The Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig. In 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000.

In 1815, The Times had a circulation of how many people?

Beginning in 1814, The Times was printed using what new kind of press?

steam-driven cylinder press

The Times used contributions from significant figures to build what?

reputation

Who developed the new press type in 1814 for The Times?

Friedrich Koenig


Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson(1802–1852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform."). The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.

Who was appointed general editor for The Times in 1817?

Thomas Barnes

In 1817, The Times paper's printer James Lawson passed his business to which family member?

his son

Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling, two noted The Times journalists, gained what nickname for themselves?

The Thunderer

What kind of printing press helped increase the circulation and influence of The Times back in 1817?

steam-driven rotary printing press

Who succeeded Thomas Barnes as editor of The Times in 1841?

John Thadeus Delane


The Times was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England.

The Times was the first newspaper to send correspondents to what kind of event?

war

Who was The Times first correspondent with an army?

W. H. Russell

Which war did The Times first cover using correspondents?

Crimean War


In other events of the nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed?

Irish Potato Famine

The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate?

Great Reform Bill of 1832

Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws?

Corn Laws

During the American Civil War, what classes of people did The Times support?

wealthy classes

The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War?

the secessionists


The third John Walter, the founder's grandson, succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent, but from the 1850s The Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press, notably The Daily Telegraph and The Morning Post.

What year did the founder's grandson succeed his father as editor of The Times?

What is the name of the The Times founder's grandson who succeeded his father as editor?

John Walter

In the 1850s, the Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from what kind of press?

the penny press


During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.[citation needed]

Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence?

the Foreign Office

Which century was The Times first often relied upon for continental intelligence?

19th century

Continental intelligence conveyed by The Times was often superior to what?

official sources


The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.

Which editor nearly ruined The Times in 1890?

Arthur Fraser Walter

Which energetic editor rescued The Times from financial collapse in 1890?

Charles Frederic Moberly Bell

Which encyclopedia was The Times aggressively selling to American markets?

Britannica

Who was the creator of the encyclopedia that The Times was known for selling to America?

Horace Everett Hooper

Who later bought the well-known encyclopedia from The Times in 1908?

Alfred Harmsworth


In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914, Wickham Steed, the Times's Chief Editor, argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920, also under the editorship of Steed, The Times in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic fabrication The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry", Steed wrote about The Protocols of the Elders of Zion:

Who was The Times' Chief Editor in 1914?

Wickham Steed

The Chief Editor of The Times in 1914 argued that the British Empire should enter what war?

World War I

What anti-Semitic fabrication did The Times endorse in 1920?

The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion

After publishing anti-Semitic editorials in 1920, what did The Times refer to Jews as being?

the world's greatest danger

What was the name of the anti-Semitic article that The Time's Chief Editor published in 1914?

The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry


The following year, when Philip Graves, the Constantinople (modern Istanbul) correspondent of The Times, exposed The Protocols as a forgery, The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year.

A Constantinople correspondent of The Times exposed what anti-Semitic document as a forgery?

The Protocols

Who was the name of the The Times Constantinople correspondent who exposed the anti-Semitic document as a forgery?

Philip Graves

How did The Times respond to the exposing of anti-Semitic documents as forgery?

retracted the editorial


In 1922, John Jacob Astor, son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notably Neville Chamberlain.

In 1922, who bought The Times?

John Jacob Astor

In 1922, which estate sold The Times?

Northcliffe estate

The Times gained much notoriety in the 1930s because of its advocacy of what?

German appeasement

Which The Times editor was closely allied with the government who practised German appeasement?

Geoffrey Dawson

Which notable government official did The Times ally with in the 1930s whom practised German appeasement?

Neville Chamberlain


Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined MI6 during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.

Who was the name of the Soviet double agent who was the correspondent for The Times in Spain in the late 1930s?

Kim Philby

A Soviet double agent working for The Times in Spain was a war correspondent during what war in the late 1930s?

Spanish Civil War

During World War II, the Soviet double agent who was corresponding for The Times in Spain in the 1930s later joined what agency?

In 1963, a notable double agent providing valuable and high-quality reporting for The Times during a war in the late 1930s eventually defected to which country?

Soviet Union


Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E.H. Carr was Assistant Editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times editorial sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as the threepenny Daily Worker (the price of the Daily Worker being one penny).

Between 1941 and 1946, which left-wing British historian was Assistant Editor for The Times?

E.H. Carr

The Assistant Editor of The Times in 1941-1946 strongly supported what stance?

pro-Soviet

Which side did The Times support in the fighting that broke out in Athens in 1944?

Communists

Which major political figure condemned The Times in 1944 for not supporting the British Army?

Winston Churchill

During World War II, The Times was nicknamed what in 1944?

the threepenny Daily Worker


On 3 May 1966 it resumed printing news on the front page - previously the front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society. In 1967, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson. His Thomson Corporation brought it under the same ownership as The Sunday Times to form Times Newspapers Limited.

In what year did The Times resume printing news on the front page instead of small advertisements?

In 1967, what well-known family sold The Times to a Canadian publishing magnate?

Astor family

In 1967, which Canadian publishing magnate bought The Times?

Roy Thomson

What is the name of the corporation that bought The Times in 1967?

Thomson Corporation

Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited?

The Sunday Times


The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands. Management were left with no choice but to find a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and also one who had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.

In 1979, which corporation was struggling to run The Times?

Thomson Corporation

What crisis in 1979 caused near ruin to The Times?

1979 Energy Crisis

What kind of demands were causing ruin to The Times in 1979?

union demands


Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit, Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch. Robert Holmes à Court, another Australian magnate had previously tried to buy The Times in 1980.

A media magnate from which country bought The Times in the 1980s?

Australian

What is the name of the media magnate that bought The Times in the 1980s?

Rupert Murdoch

Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from?

Thomson


In 1981, The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators, John Collier and Bill O'Neill.

What corporation bought The Times in 1981?

News International

Who owned the major corporation that bought The Times in 1981?

Rupert Murdoch

During the acquisition of The Times in 1981, John Collier and Bill O'Neill were part of what group that did three weeks of intensive bargaining?

the unions


After 14 years as editor, William Rees-Mogg resigned the post upon completion of the change of ownership. Murdoch began to make his mark on the paper by appointing Harold Evans as his replacement. One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. In March–May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print The Times since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists ("single stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when The Times moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.

When The Times was bought in 1982, who resigned as editor?

William Rees-Mogg

How many years as an editor was editor who resigned from The Times in 1982?

14 years

In 1982, what is the name of the editor who replaced the previous editor of The Times?

Harold Evans

What printing process for The Times was replaced by computers in 1982?

hot-metal Linotype printing process

In 1982, the allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times was reduced by how much?

half


Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.

Which major journalist resigned as foreign correspondent of the Times in 1988?

Robert Fisk

The foreign correspondent who resigned from The Times in 1988 won how many major journalism awards?

seven

The foreign correspondent for The Times who resigned in 1988, resigned for what reason?

political censorship

What stance did The Times take that cause a famous foreign correspondent to resign in 1988?

pro-Israel stance

What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation?

Iran Air Flight 655


In June 1990, The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes) for living persons before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page, though "Ms" is now acceptable in that section, as well as before surnames in news sections.

In what year did The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles for living persons before full names on first reference?

What kind of style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page of The Times when referring to the use of courtesy titles?

formal style

When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles, it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first?

surnames


In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. On 13 September 2004, the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale in Northern Ireland. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.

In what year did News International begin producing The Times in both broadsheet in tabloid sizes?

When The Times began producing its newpaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes, which region did The Times withdraw its broadsheet from sale?

Northern Ireland

The Times is printed solely in what format since 2004?

tabloid format


On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any other known contributor – 158 by 31 January 2008. According to its leading article, "From Our Own Correspondents", removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page.

On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned what page of its newspaper?

Letters page

In 2005, The Times dropped the practice of printing what kind of feature of its correspondents?

full postal addresses

Which author and solicitor has had more letters published on the main letters page of The Times than any other known contributor?

David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire

The leading author and solicitor of the letters page in The Times had how many articles published?

What is the name of the leading article that referenced the removal of a major feature in The Times in 2005?

From Our Own Correspondents


In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.

In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news?

In the 2007 meeting with the government, Rupert Murdoch, owner of The Times, stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what?

exercising editorial control

What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007?

House of Lords Select Committee on Communications


In May 2008 printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.

In May 2008, The Times switched from what plant to new plants in Broxbourne, Merseyside, and Glasgow?

Wapping

In 2008, The Times switched to a new plant in Broxbourne, which is on the outskirts of what city?

London

In May 2008, The Times switched to new plants which allowed for what kind of feature to be printed on every page for the first time?

full colour


On 26 July 2012, to coincide with the official start of the London 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers, The Times added the suffix "of London" to its masthead.

What major event took place in London in 2012?

London 2012 Olympics

What kind of front cover did The Times issue on 26 July 2012?

souvenir

In 2012, The Times added what suffix to its masthead?

of London


The Times features news for the first half of the paper, the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper. The Times current prices are £1.20 for the daily edition and £1.50 for the Saturday edition.

The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper?

news

What section begins after the first half of The Times newspaper?

Opinion/Comment section

What is The Times current price for the daily edition?

What feature begins on the centre spread of The Times?

business pages

What section is featured at the end of the main paper of The Times?

sport section


The Times's main supplement, every day, is the times2, featuring various lifestyle columns. It was discontinued on 1 March 2010 but reintroduced on 11 October 2010 after negative feedback. Its regular features include a puzzles section called Mind Games. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called T2 and previously Times 2. Regular features include columns by a different columnist each weekday. There was a column by Marcus du Sautoy each Wednesday, for example. The back pages are devoted to puzzles and contain sudoku, "Killer Sudoku", "KenKen", word polygon puzzles, and a crossword simpler and more concise than the main "Times Crossword".

What is the name of the lifestyle column of The Times?

The Times features a puzzles section called what?

Mind Games

What is the name of the sudoku game in The Times?

Killer Sudoku


The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of The Game also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games.

What sports activity is featured in The Times on Mondays?

football

What kind of football game is featured in the Scottish edition of The Times?

Scottish Premier League

What is the name of the section that features football on Mondays in The Times?

The Game


The Saturday edition of The Times contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: Sport, Weekend (including travel and lifestyle features), Saturday Review (arts, books, and ideas), The Times Magazine (columns on various topics), and Playlist (an entertainment listings guide).

What is the name of the section of the Saturday edition of The Times that features travel and lifestyle?

Weekend

Arts, books, and ideas are featured in what section in the Saturday edition of The Times?

Saturday Review

An entertainment listings guide in the Saturday edition of The Times is called what?

Playlist


The Times Magazine features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain, winner of BBC's The Great British Bake Off.

What is the name of the notable contributor to The Times Magazine columns that became the Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005?

Giles Coren

What is the name of the winner of BBC's The Great British Bake Off who is also a column writer in The Times Magazine section?

Nadiya Hussain

In what year did notable Times Magazine contributor, Gile Coren, become Food and Drink Writer of the Year?

Nadiya Hussain, a Times Magazine column writer, is known for being the winner of what BBC contest?

The Great British Bake Off

What is the name of the section that features columns touching on subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and garden or simply writers' anecdotes?

The Times Magazine


The Times and The Sunday Times have had an online presence since March 1999, originally at the-times.co.uk and sunday-times.co.uk, and later at timesonline.co.uk. There are now two websites: thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers, and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content. There are also iPad and Android editions of both newspapers. Since July 2010, News UK has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay £2 per week to read The Times and The Sunday Times online.

Since what year has The Times and The Sunday Times had an online presense?

What is the URL of online website for The Times?

timesonline.co.uk

The website, thetimes.co.uk, is aimed at what kind of reader?

daily readers

The website, thesundaytimes.co.uk, provides what kind of content?

weekly magazine-like content

How much does a non-subscriber of The Times need to pay to read the online versions?

£2 per week


The Times Digital Archive (1785–2008) is freely accessible via Gale databases to readers affiliated with subscribing academic, public, and school libraries.

What is the name of the digital archive that holds The Times historical archive?

The Times Digital Archive

The Times historical archive is freely accessible online from what database?

Gale databases

What kind of reader can subscribe to the digital archive of The Times?

academic


Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million. In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day. As of October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times' digital products.

Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011?

What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website?

paywall

In April 2009, how many readers did the timesonline website have per day?

As of October 2011, how many subscribers does The Times' digital product currently have?


At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981, The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph. By November 2005 The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British "quality" newspaper (after The Daily Telegraph, which had a circulation of 903,405 copies in the period), and the highest in terms of full-rate sales. By March 2014, average daily circulation of The Times had fallen to 394,448 copies, compared to The Daily Telegraph's 523,048, with the two retaining respectively the second-highest and highest circulations among British "quality" newspapers. In contrast The Sun, the highest-selling "tabloid" daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014, and the Daily Mail, the highest-selling "middle market" British daily newspaper, sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period.

What year was Harold Evans appointed to editor of The Times?

The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper?

The Daily Telegraph

What is the name of the highest-selling tabloid daily newspaper in the United Kingdom?

The Sun

What is the name of the highest-selling middle market British daily newspaper?

Daily Mail


The Sunday Times has a significantly higher circulation than The Times, and sometimes outsells The Sunday Telegraph. As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of 399,339 and The Sunday Times of 885,612.

Which newspaper has a significantly higher circulation, The Sunday Times or The Times?

The Sunday Times

As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of how many people?

As of January 2013, The Sunday Times has a circulation of how many people?


In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers.

In a 2009 national readership survey, what newspaper has the highest number of ABC1 25-44 readers?

The Times

What newspaper has the highest number of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers?

The Times

The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group?


The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Times New Roman made its debut in the issue of 3 October 1932. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:

The Times commissioned what serif typeface in 1931?

Times New Roman

Who is the creator of the serif typeface created in 1931 for The Times newspaper?

Victor Lardent

Who commissioned the change of the typeface of The Times in 1931?

Stanley Morison

What is the name of the typeface that Times New Roman is based on?

Plantin

How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman?


Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory or Whig, but has been a long time bastion of the English Establishment and empire. The Times adopted a stance described as "peculiarly detached" at the 1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997, when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual (primarily Eurosceptic) candidates.

At the 1945 general election, The Times adopted a stance that was referred to by what name?

peculiarly detached

After 1945, The Times supported what party for 5 years afterwards?

Tory

What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974?

Con-Lib coalition

From the 1970s until 1997, The Times supported what political party?

Conservatives

After 1997, The Times declined from making any party endorsements however, they supported individual candidates known by what name?

Eurosceptic


For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority. For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.

In the 2001 general election, The Times declared support for what political party?

Labour

What is the name of the political party's leader that The Times supported in the 2001 general election?

Tony Blair

For the 2010 general election, which political party did The Times support?

Tories

What political party did the Tories have to form a coalition with in 2010?

Liberal Democrats

What political party was re-elected by a landslide in 2001?

Labour


This makes it the most varied newspaper in terms of political support in British history. Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein, Tim Montgomerie, Matthew Parris and Matt Ridley, but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch, Phil Collins, Oliver Kamm and Jenni Russell.

What is the name of the newspaper with the most varied political support in British history?

The Times

Which political party is The Times columnist, Daniel Finkelstein, associated with?

Conservative Party

Which political party is The Times columnist, David Aaronovitch, associated with?

Labour Party


The Times occasionally makes endorsements for foreign elections. In November 2012, it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy.

In what year did The Times make an endorsement for Barack Obama?

Who did The Times support in 2012 for the election of the U.S. president?

Barack Obama

What kind of policy did The Times express reservation for when concerning the political stances of Barack Obama?

foreign policy


The Times, along with the British Film Institute, sponsors the "The Times" bfi London Film Festival. It also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.

What film festival does The Times support that is also supported alongside the British Film Institute?

London Film Festival

What festival is featured at Asia House, London?

Asia House Festival of Asian Literature

The Cheltenham Literature Festival is supported by what major newspaper?

The Times


The Times Literary Supplement (TLS) first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times, becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914. The Times and the TLS have continued to be co-owned, and as of 2012 the TLS is also published by News International and cooperates closely with The Times, with its online version hosted on The Times website, and its editorial offices based in Times House, Pennington Street, London.

What is the name of the supplement that first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times?

Times Literary Supplement

In 1914, a separately paid-for supplement for The Times was a magazine that featured what kind of content?

weekly literature

The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London?

Times House, Pennington Street

In what year did The Times Literary Supplement begin publishing online?


Times Atlases have been produced since 1895. They are currently produced by the Collins Bartholomew imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. The flagship product is The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World.

The Times began producing what kind of non-newspaper product in 1895?

Atlases

What publisher prints The Times atlas?

HarperCollins Publishers

What is the name of The Times' atlas?

The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World


This 164-page monthly magazine is sold separately from the newspaper of record and is Britain's best-selling travel magazine. The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003, and it includes news, features and insider guides.

What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times?

Sunday Times Travel Magazine

In what year was The Times' travel magazine first sold?

How many pages is The Times' travel magazine?

What is the name of Britain's best-selling travel magazine?

Sunday Times Travel Magazine


In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.

In what novel was The Times featured as an organ of a totalitarian ruling party?

Nineteen Eighty-Four

What is the name of the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four?

George Orwell

What kind of future world did George Orwell create in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four?

dystopian


Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.

The author, Rex Stout, created a fictional detection that is fond of solving London Times' crossword puzzles that goes by what name?

Nero Wolfe

In what part of the world did the fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, live in?

New York

The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, preferred what newspaper to American newspapers?

London Times

The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, is described as fond of solving what kind of puzzle in the London Times newspaper?

crossword


In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."

The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?

The Times

What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?

James Bond

In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?

From Russia, with Love


In The Wombles, Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter. The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times (Series 2, Episode 12).

In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?

The Wombles

What is the name of the episode where the newspaper, The Times, is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles?

Very Behind the Times

In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?

Uncle Bulgaria


New Delhi (i/ˌnjuː ˈdɛli/) is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India. In addition, it also serves as the seat of Government of Delhi.

In what territory is New Delhi located?

Delhi

What municipality serves as the capital of India?

New Delhi

For what territory does New Delhi serve as the seat of Government?

Delhi

What municipality serves as the seat of Government for India?

New Delhi

What municipality serves as the seat of government of Delhi?

New Delhi


The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin.

In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?

Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi?

Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker

On what date was New Delhi inaugurated?

13 February 1931

Who inaugurated the city of New Delhi?

Viceroy Lord Irwin


Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi, these are two distinct entities, and the latter is a small part of the former.

What are the two terms colloquially used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?

Delhi and New Delhi

New Delhi is a small part of what larger territory?

Delhi

Delhi and New Delhi are colloquially used to refer to what jurisdiction?

NCT of Delhi

What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?

Delhi


New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.

How many Indian cities have been selected to be developed as a smart city?

hundred

What is the name of the mission to develop Indian smart cities?

Smart Cities Mission

Who is responsible for India's smart city initiative?

PM Narendra Modi

What is one Indian city that has been selected to be developed as a smart city?

New Delhi


Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911. However, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire (as it was officially called) from Calcutta to Delhi. Unlike Calcutta, which was located on the eastern coast of India, Delhi was at the centre of northern India and the Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from the latter rather than the former.

What city was the capital of India until December 1911?

Calcutta

What is the name of the city formerly known as Calcutta?

Kolkata

What is the name of the empire for which Delhi served as the political and financial capital from 1649 to 1857?

Mughal Empire

In the early 1900s, the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to what city?

Delhi

In what part of India is Delhi located?

the centre of northern India