Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.

What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?

Marine Biological Association

What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences

What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?

Marine Institute

What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?

Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership

What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?

National Marine Aquarium


From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.

What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?

What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?

How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?

What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?

What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?


Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was £19,943 and compared to the national average of £23,755, was £3,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).

What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?

What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?

What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?

What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?

What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?


A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.

What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?

As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?

78.3 years

As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?

Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?

lowest


Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.

How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?

About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?

When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?

What company produces Plymouth Gin?

Plymouth Gin Distillery

During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?

the 1930s


Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth, including Hemsley Fraser.

About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?

What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth?

Devonport Dockyard

How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?

How many people work in Tamar Science Park?

What is a notable company based in Plymouth?

Hemsley Fraser


Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning "basket" from French, so it translates as "basket market". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3.4 million.

What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?

Pannier Market

In what year was Pannier Market finished?

What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?

What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?

Tinside Pool

What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?

£3.4 million


Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the "Vision for Plymouth" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.

What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?

"Vision for Plymouth"

What architect is in charge of the ""Vision for Plymouth"?

David Mackay

Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the "Vision for Plymouth"?

the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce

What is the population goal of the "Vision for Plymouth"?

How many residences does the "Vision for Plymouth" seek to build?


In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already "ten years out of date". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.

When was the Charles Cross car park removed?

In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?

October 2006

Where was TR2 built?

Cattedown

What prize did TR2 almost win?

the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003

Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?

David Mackay


There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal "boulevard" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.

What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?

the Bretonside bus station

To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?

the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena

What city region is located near a ferry terminal?

Millbay


The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by First South West.

What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?

The Parkway

In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?

What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?

Tamar Bridge

What park and ride service is located at George Junction?

Plymouth City Airport

Who operates Milehouse park and ride?

First South West


A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven. There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar.

Who operates the ferry to Spain?

Brittany Ferries

Where does the ferry to France terminate?

Roscoff

Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?

MV Armorique

A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location?

Stonehouse

When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?


The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest, which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland. In June 2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. However, FlyPlymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, which will provide daily services to various destinations including London.

What local airport closed in 2011?

Plymouth City Airport

In kilometers, how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport?

By what year is the city airport planned to reopen?

Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport?

FlyPlymouth


Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.

When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?

Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?

Great Western Railway

Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?

Cornish Main Line

How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?

three

Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?

CrossCountry


The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work  and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route.

On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?

4 February 2014

In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?

After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?

4 April 2014

In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?

February 2014


Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is St Andrew's (Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade—it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800. The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches. In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.

How many churches are present in Plymouth?

In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?

What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?

St Andrew's

What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?

Anglican

How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?

over twenty


Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bahá'í, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.

What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?

Moses

In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?

What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?

Grade II*

What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?

Ashkenazi


58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.

What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?

What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?

What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?

What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?

What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?


Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours.

In what year was Union Street constructed?

Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?

Charlie Chaplin

How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?

What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?

sailors from the Royal Navy


Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities.

What notable event occurs each August?

British Firework Championships

In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken?

August 2006

Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks?

Roy Lowry

What institution did Roy Lowry work for?

University of Plymouth

In what year did the Music of the Night begin?


The city's main theatres are the Theatre Royal (1,315 capacity), its Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and its production and creative learning centre, The TR2. The Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy. There are also three cinemas: Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross, Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission – it has six galleries. The Plymouth Athenaeum, which includes a local interest library, is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. From 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre.

How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?

What is the capacity of Drum Theatre?

What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?

free

How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?

six

When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close?


Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations.

What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?

BBC South West

What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?

ITV West Country

On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?

16 February 2009

With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?

ITV West

What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?

BBC Radio Devon


Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.

What football league team is located in Plymouth?

Plymouth Argyle F.C.

What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?

Football League Two

What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?

Home Park

What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?

The Pilgrims

What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?

Vospers Oak Villa F.C.


Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby . They play at the Brickfields. Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League – the top tier of British basketball. They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British Premier League. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season.

What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?

Plymouth Albion R.F.C.

What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home?

Plymouth Raiders

When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?

Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?

Plymouth Pavilions

When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?


Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days.

When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?

In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?

September 2011

For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?

nine


Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.

When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?

Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?

Plymouth County Borough Corporation

When did Drake's Leat open?

24 April 1591

From where did Drake's Leat draw water?

River Meavy

When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?


Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.

What body handles waste management in Plymouth?

Plymouth City Council

Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?

South West Water

Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?

Western Power Distribution

In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?

What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?

Plympton


Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks.

When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?

Where is the police divisional headquarters located?

Crownhill

How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?

five

Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?

Millbay Docks

What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?

Devon and Cornwall Constabulary


Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.

What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?

Derriford Hospital

In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?

What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?

Royal Eye Infirmary

What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?

South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust

Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?

Exeter


The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.

When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?

Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?

Weston Mill

What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?

Drake Memorial Park

In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?

a brass plaque

When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?

mid-19th century


After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?

In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?

English Civil War

When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?

In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?

What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?

Armada Memorial


The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.

What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?

Sutton

When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?

What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?

Mayflower Steps

How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?

How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?


On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a "Palmerston's Folly". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.

What structure was referred to as a "Palmerston's Folly"?

Crownhill Fort

In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?

north

Who runs Crownhill Fort?

the Landmark Trust


To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.

In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?

west

How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?

over 70


Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.

Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?

south-east Cornwall

Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?

Kingsand

Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?

Tamar Valley


The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.

Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?

Henning Larsen

When did the Roland Levinsky building open?

Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?

University of Plymouth

What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?

Arts

What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?

the city's central quarter


People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.

What are Plymouth residents commonly called?

Plymothians

What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?

Janners

After what figure are Janners named?

Cousin Jan

In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?

John


The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.

What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?

Tavistock

What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?

El Draco

In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?

What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?

dysentery

What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?

Sir Joshua Reynolds


Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.

What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?

Robert Lenkiewicz

Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?

Plymouth College of Art

What genre of music does John Surman play?

Jazz

What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?

Keith Rowe

Where do the family of Michael Foot live?

Trematon Castle


Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.

What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?

footballer

What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?

Canadian

What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?

Lyndon B. Johnson

In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?

Clear and Present Danger

What is Dawn French's job?

comedian


Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.

What is heresy mainly at odds with?

established beliefs or customs

What is a person called is practicing heresy?

A heretic

What is belief in a strongly held custom?

I'm not sure.

Who is a person who believes in a strongly held custom?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for embracing ones religion?

I'm not sure.

What is an utterance or action concerning God?

I'm not sure.


The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.

What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?

Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism

Blasphemy is the acceptance of what teachings?

I'm not sure.

What religions no longer recognize blasphamy?

I'm not sure.


In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.

What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?

Christian, Islamic and Jewish

What religions believe new ideas is punishable?

I'm not sure.

What is the punishment for disagreeing with the church?

I'm not sure.

What punishment is nolonger used for heretics?

I'm not sure.


The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.

What language does the term heresy find its roots in?

Greek

What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?

slightly different

What is the head person of a heretical movement called?

heresiarch

What is the study of heresy?

Heresiology

What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?

"choice" or "thing chosen"

What does heresey mean in Latin?

I'm not sure.

What is the term for the process by wich a person learns to live a religious life?

I'm not sure.

What three religions have the same meaning for heresy?

I'm not sure.

Whhat is the sudy of how to live?

I'm not sure.


According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.

How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?

two times

What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?

divisive person

What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?

sound

How many times should you punish a divisive person before seperating from them?

I'm not sure.

What was another name for a diversive person in the Greek church?

I'm not sure.

What do all diversive people promote?

I'm not sure.

What word describes orthodox teaching?

I'm not sure.


The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".

What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?

Jews and Judaism

What religion were these Fathers of the Church?

Orthodox Christianity

Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?

Tertullian

Who identified Christians with heresey?

I'm not sure.

Who dit Saint Peter refer to as Jews?

I'm not sure.

Who did Tertullian say were the most heretical people?

I'm not sure.

Who offered guidence to early Christians?

I'm not sure.


The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.

Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?

Irenaeus

What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?

orthodox

What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?

apostolic succession

Who was the first person to use the word heresy?

I'm not sure.

What did Irenaeus write in the 200's?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote about their opponents in the 200's

I'm not sure.

Who used the word Orthodox to describe Gnostic teachings?

I'm not sure.

What succession was first pointed out by Irenaeus?

I'm not sure.


Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.

Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?

Constantine the Great

What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?

Edict of Milan

What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?

Pontifex Maximus

What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?

the ecumenical councils

Who was the first Roman babtized?

I'm not sure.

What was Licinius intolerant of?

I'm not sure.

What Edict established freedom of religion in Rome?

I'm not sure.

Who was high priest according to Christian tradition?

I'm not sure.

What council was first held by Arius?

I'm not sure.


The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?

AD 380

Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?

Thessalonica of Theodosius I

What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?

state-sponsored support

What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?

state powers of legal enforcement

What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?

death sentence

In what context was the word hersey first ussed in the 3rd century?

I'm not sure.

What edict was passed in the 3rd century?

I'm not sure.

What was made the official State religion in the 3rd century?

I'm not sure.

What did the edict give the state authority over?

I'm not sure.

What did the edict give the state the authority to do?

I'm not sure.


Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".

Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?

Priscillian

What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?

excommunicated

What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?

Catholics

Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?

Cayetano Ripoll

From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?

Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter

For how many years was heresy an official crime?

I'm not sure.

Who was put to death for socery in the 3rd century?

I'm not sure.

Who excommunicated Priscillian?

I'm not sure.

Who was executed for heresey in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

Who said Peter was the first to use the word heretical?

I'm not sure.


In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?

obstinate and willful manifest heresy

What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?

The Codex Justinianus

What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?

Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism

What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?

Paulicians

What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?

Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars

What is considered a reason to cut someone off from the church?

I'm not sure.

When did the Church stop dealing harshly with heritics?

I'm not sure.

What sect was spreading west from the 1100's-1200's?

I'm not sure.

What happened in northern Italy during the 1100's?

I'm not sure.


In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.

In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?

France

What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?

The Cathar Crusade

What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?

Heresy

What happened in Spain that led to more heresey?

I'm not sure.

What heresey spread to France?

I'm not sure.

What fight did the Cathar lead against the Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

What wars helped spread hereseies?

I'm not sure.


Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.

Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?

Galileo Galilei

What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?

the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe

Who refused to change their views before the Inquisistion?

I'm not sure.

Who found Galileo guilty of heresy?

I'm not sure.

Who was required to renounce that the earth was the center of the universe?

I'm not sure.

What did the church say could be probale if declare contrary to Holy Scripture??

I'm not sure.


Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,

Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?

Pope St. Gregory

What were the Jews described as enemies of?

Christ

According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?

Jewish

In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?

Roman-Christian law

What pope defended Judaism and the Jewish people?

I'm not sure.

Who described Christ as the enemy of the Jews?

I'm not sure.

What did Pope St. Gregory call all Jewish teachings?

I'm not sure.

Who did Roman law indentify as heretics?

I'm not sure.


In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.

What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?

Eastern Christianity

After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?

Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation

What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?

Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm

Who decides if a belief is heretical in the Eastern Church?

I'm not sure.

What reformation was caused by various heretical groups?

I'm not sure.

What early Christian beliefs does the Orthodox church not see as heresies?

I'm not sure.

What caused the Great Schism?

I'm not sure.


In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.

What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?

"On the Jews and Their Lies"

What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?

blasphemous

What is said to be a special spiritual problem?

Jewish circumcision

What did Martin Luther write in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.

What did Luther call Orthodox prayer?

I'm not sure.

Who called the popes heratics?

I'm not sure.

Who felt Jewish circumcision was spiritual?

I'm not sure.


In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?

European Reformation

During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?

Henry VIII

What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?

Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher

Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?

Edward VI

In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?

What rformation took place in the 1600's

I'm not sure.

During who's reign were Catholics executed as heretics?

I'm not sure.

Who executed Protestants on political grounds?

I'm not sure.

What protestants were executed for not recognizing the kings supremecy?

I'm not sure.

Who repealed the heresey laws in the 15th century?

I'm not sure.


Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.

During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?

1659, 1660, and 1661

Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?

Anglican Puritans

What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?

purer absolute theocracy

What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?

Quaker sect

Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?

Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox

Who was executed in the 16th entury?

I'm not sure.

Who held political and religious control of the American colonies?

I'm not sure.

What where the Quakers trying to achieve in the colonies?

I'm not sure.

What communions also considered the Quakers heretical?

I'm not sure.


The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.

What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?

Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?

Cayetano Ripoll

What ended in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last Catholic executed?

I'm not sure.


Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".

Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?

Christian

Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?

Protestant

What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

What charge is just as common in modern times?

I'm not sure.

What churches have issues with modern bibles>

I'm not sure.

Who criticizes writing for being heretical?

I'm not sure.


Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.

What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?

Spanish inquisition

Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?

Jorge Luis Borges

What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?

Christian heresy

What event has made the word heresy common?

I'm not sure.

What do Christian heretics question?

I'm not sure.

Who wrote about heresey in the Christian church?

I'm not sure.

What word has many modern meanings?

I'm not sure.


Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."

What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?

Shia Qizilbash

What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?

Who considered Christians more heretical than Shiite?

I'm not sure.

Who killed 70 Christians?

I'm not sure.

How many Christians needed to be killed to get an otherworldly reward?

I'm not sure.


In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.

What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?

Sharia law

What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?

Salman Rushdie

What did Salman Rushdie say was heretical?

I'm not sure.

What is only punisable by death where Sharia law is practiced?

I'm not sure.

What country declare Sharia law in 1989?

I'm not sure.


Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?

heretical

What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?

right-wing groups

Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?

The liberal wing

Who denounces the teachings of Maimonides?

I'm not sure.

Who considers traditional jewish principles heretical?

I'm not sure.

Who doeas Conservative Judaism concider heretical?

I'm not sure.

What overlaps in Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism?

I'm not sure.


The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.

What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?

squirreling

What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?

The Religious Technology Center

Who reformed Scientology making splinter groups heretical?

I'm not sure.

Who accuses the Curch of Scientology of squirrelling?

I'm not sure.

What organization has started several breakaway groups?

I'm not sure.


In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?

innovation

What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?

an abstraction

Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?

endoheretics

What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?

orthodoxy

What term always has negatie overtones?

I'm not sure.

Who did not believe in heresy?

I'm not sure.

Who is not well equipped to deal with endoherectics?

I'm not sure.

Who is powerless against endoheretics?

I'm not sure.


The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic.

What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?

The Dinosaur Heresies

What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?

the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough

What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?

Jurassic Park

What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?

active poses

What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?

endoheretic

Who is a modern example of an exoheretic?

I'm not sure.

What film did Bakker base his book off of?

I'm not sure.

What did Bakker criticize the paleontology community for spenting fifty years testing?

I'm not sure.

What did Bakker see as destabalizing?

I'm not sure.


Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.

What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?

exoheretic

What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?

scientific journals

What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?

extinction event and punctuated equilibrium

Who is a recent scientific endoheretic?

I'm not sure.

What did Velikovsky publish in?

I'm not sure.

What ideas of Velvovsky are in disrepute?

I'm not sure.

Who's work is widely excepted among scientest today?

I'm not sure.


The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?

an established orthodoxy

What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?

metaphors

What does orthodoxy depend on?

I'm not sure.

What term expands the definition of religion?

I'm not sure.

What points out the similarities between an individuals beliefs and mainstream beliefs?

I'm not sure.


The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.

In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?

Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?

Soviet Union

Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?

the Cold War

How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?

seven

The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?

West Germany

What was formally known as the Pact of Friendship?

I'm not sure.

Which treaty included the Soviet Union and eight Soviet satellite states?

I'm not sure.

The Paris Pacts of 1955 integrated whom into NATO?

I'm not sure.

East Germany was integrated in NATO in what year?

I'm not sure.


While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.

Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?

NATO

Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment?

Czechoslovakia

What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?

Solidarity

Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment?

Czechoslovakia

In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively?

What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?

Solidarity

There was direct confrontation between the Warsaw Pact and which organization?

I'm not sure.

Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact economic deployment?

I'm not sure.

Who functioned successfully when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Easter Europe?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the Albanian revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?

I'm not sure.


On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.

In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?

Hungary

Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?

Václav Havel

Which country was dissolved in February 1991?

I'm not sure.

Who was the president of Hungary during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?

I'm not sure.

The Pact ended at a 1 July 1991 meeting in which country?

I'm not sure.

Which country held the 1 July 1991 meeting to dissolve the Warsaw Pact?

I'm not sure.


The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.

Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?

the USSR

Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?

the USSR

Who was also a Second Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR?

I'm not sure.

Who was also a Second Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR?

I'm not sure.

Who did not dominate the Warsaw Treaty armed forces?

I'm not sure.

What committee handled the assigned multi-national forces?

I'm not sure.


The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.

Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?

socialism and communism

Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?

Brezhnev

The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?

Western Europe

Who wanted to dominate Western and Eastern Europe?

I'm not sure.

Which country wanted to define socialism and liberalism?

I'm not sure.

Who feared invasion from Eastern Europe?

I'm not sure.

Which doctrine aimed against keeping socialist satellite nations in line?

I'm not sure.


Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.

The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?

West Germany

Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?

the USSR

Which leadership had no fear of Germany?

I'm not sure.

What states protested for the re-militarization of West Germany?

I'm not sure.

Who feared Poland becoming once again a military power?

I'm not sure.

What officials said the Pact was a "superfluous castle"?

I'm not sure.


The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.

Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?

Molotov

When was reunification first proposed as an idea?

Who wanted to join NATO after the Berlin Conference of January-June 1954?

I'm not sure.

Who made proposals to have Germany dismantled?

I'm not sure.

In 1942, what was first proposed as an idea?

I'm not sure.

Which countries believed Germany should not be free to rearm?

I'm not sure.


One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as "directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation", the Soviets decided to declare their "readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc", specifying that "the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact".

The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?

the USA

The European Treaty was accepted by which group?

I'm not sure.

Supporters of the European Defense Community were in favor of what treaty?

I'm not sure.

The UK was initially excluded from participating in which agreement?

I'm not sure.

One of the leaders who supported the European Defense Community was whom?

I'm not sure.


Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that "the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force".

Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?

Hastings Ismay

To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?

burglar

The USSR's request to join NATO was accepted by which governments?

I'm not sure.

French General Hastings Ismay was a supporter of what?

I'm not sure.

Who supported the USSR's 1954 request to join NATO?

I'm not sure.

French General Hastings Ismay compared the USSR joining NATO to what?

I'm not sure.


In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.

In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?

Who made his second visit to the US in April 1954?

I'm not sure.

Who met Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles in May 1954?

I'm not sure.

Who made it clear to Adenauer that NATO would have to become part of the EDC?

I'm not sure.

What had no delays?

I'm not sure.


Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.

Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?

France

Memories of what occupation were fading by 1954?

I'm not sure.

France had no fear of what country?

I'm not sure.

Which parliament rejected the EDC on 30 April 1954?

I'm not sure.

Which country wanted to keep Germany militarily against the West?

I'm not sure.


On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.

In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?

Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?

Norway

Who ended WWII in Europe by defeating the Allies?

I'm not sure.

What was decided on 13 October 1954?

I'm not sure.

East Germany was accepted to the North Atlantic Pact on what date?

I'm not sure.

Who was Foreign Affairs Minister of Germany in 1955?

I'm not sure.

Who requested a new European Security Treaty in April 1954?

I'm not sure.


On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: "a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security".

In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?

May

The USSR and eight other European countries formed the Warsaw Pact on what date?

I'm not sure.

What pact was declared in May 1956?

I'm not sure.

Which pact was formed in response to the separation of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO?

I'm not sure.

Which country was separated from NATO?

I'm not sure.


One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.

Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?

East Germany

What was the name of the East German armed forces?

the National People's Army

Which country was banned from rearming?

I'm not sure.

Who allowed West Germany to re-arm?

I'm not sure.

West Germany's army was know as what?

I'm not sure.

West Germany formed what army to counter to rearmament of East Germany?

I'm not sure.


The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.

How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?

eight

The nine countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged what defense?

I'm not sure.

Whose relations were based on mutual intervention?

I'm not sure.

All governments in the the Warsaw Pact were controlled by whom?

I'm not sure.

Nine member countries formed what pact?

I'm not sure.


In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966.

In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?

In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia?

Who asked to join the Warsaw Pact in January 1963?

I'm not sure.

Who asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 10?

I'm not sure.

Which group was removed from observer status?

I'm not sure.

Whose troops agrees to stay in Mongolia from 1956?

I'm not sure.


For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.

What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?

containment

Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?

Europe

Who waged war against each other for 36 years?

I'm not sure.

NATO and the US never waged what against each other?

I'm not sure.

Who created strategic policies aimed at containment?

I'm not sure.

Who fought for influence during WWII?

I'm not sure.


In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.

In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?

Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?

Imre Nagy

Which country withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1966?

I'm not sure.

Whose troops entered Hungary and supported thier government?

I'm not sure.

Whose forces supported the nationwide revolt?

I'm not sure.

250,000 of whose citizens dies after withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact?

I'm not sure.


The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.

In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?

Which country did the Pact conquer?

Czechoslovakia

What country was invaded in August 1998?

I'm not sure.

Which two countries supported the invasion in Czechoslovakia?

I'm not sure.

Czechoslovakia invaded Albania in what year?

I'm not sure.

The Socialist Republic of Romania supported the invasion of what country?

I'm not sure.


On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.

In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?

Hungary

In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?

For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?

What pact was disbanded on 15 February 1991?

I'm not sure.

In which country was the Warsaw Pact disbanded in 1981?

I'm not sure.

Which treaty was ended on 1 January 1991?

I'm not sure.

Which treaty was de facto disbanded during the 1989 violent revolution in Russia?

I'm not sure.


On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.

Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?

Albania

In which year did Poland join NATO?

In which year did Slovakia join NATO?

Which countries joined NATO on 12 May 1999?

I'm not sure.

Which countries joined NATO in May 2004?

I'm not sure.

Which country joined NATO on 11 April 2009?

I'm not sure.

Hungary joined which organization in March 2004?

I'm not sure.

Poland joined which organization in March 2004?

I'm not sure.


In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]

In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?

How many documents remain classified?

What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?

Seven Days to the River Rhine

How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?

In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?

Who published classified documents in January 2006?

I'm not sure.

Who reserved publication of 1000 documents?

I'm not sure.

What originated as a 1989 field training exercise war game?

I'm not sure.

What plan gave commanders many defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO?

I'm not sure.


Consequently, Molotov, fearing that EDC would be directed in the future against the USSR therefore "seeking to prevent the formation of groups of European States directed against other European States", made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe "open to all European States without regard as to their social systems" which would have included the unified Germany (thus making the EDC – perceived by the USSR as a threat – unusable). But Eden, Dulles and Bidault opposed the proposal.

Who made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Identity in Europe?

I'm not sure.

What treaty would make the EDC usable?

I'm not sure.

Which treaty would be open to only some European states?

I'm not sure.

Who feared the EDC would work with the USSR?

I'm not sure.


Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

What is materialism?

a form of philosophical monism

In nature, this is an essential substance?

matter

What is not a fundamental substance in nature?

I'm not sure.

Mental phenomena and what else are not identical with material interactions?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of philosophical monism?

I'm not sure.


Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.

What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?

spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter

Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?

Materialism

What is the definition of non-physicalism?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of non-materialism?

I'm not sure.

What has devolved from materialism?

I'm not sure.

What term is not preferred over materialism?

I'm not sure.


Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

What class does materialism belong to?

monist ontology

Why does materialism belong in monist ontology?

I'm not sure.

Monist ontology is the same as dualism and what else?

I'm not sure.

Materialism is the same as idealism, neutral monism, and what else?

I'm not sure.

What is the definition of neutral monism?

I'm not sure.

What is synonymous with dualism?

I'm not sure.


Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.

What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?

"what does reality consist of?"

What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?

"how does it originate?"

An idealist considers what as the most important?

spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)

A materialist considers what as the most important?

matter

What is the last question to ask in order to define the two classes?

I'm not sure.

A materialist considers what as the least important?

I'm not sure.

A materialist considers what as the second to least important?

I'm not sure.

An idealist considers what as the least important?

I'm not sure.

An idealist considers what as the second to least important?

I'm not sure.


The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another.

Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist?

materialist

Materialism does not define what?

how material substance should be characterized.

Why was René Descartes declared a materialist?

I'm not sure.

What does materialism say about how substance should be characterized?

I'm not sure.

Materialism defines what?

I'm not sure.

Materialism is not frequently assimilated to what?

I'm not sure.


During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method.

What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?

dialectical materialism

When was Karl Marx born?

I'm not sure.

When was Friedrich Engels born?

I'm not sure.

Which era of Marxists rejected the notion of dialectical materialism?

I'm not sure.

Who was Karl Marx's enemy?

I'm not sure.

What type of materialism did not define the Marxist philosophy?

I'm not sure.


Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).

Who coined the Axial Age?

Karl Jaspers

In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?

Eurasia

Who coined the non-Axial Age?

I'm not sure.

In what part of the world did materialism develop during the non-Axial Age?

I'm not sure.

When was Karl Jaspers born?

I'm not sure.

When did Karl Jaspers die?

I'm not sure.

What did not develop in Eurasia?

I'm not sure.