The majority of Sicilians preferred independence to the Savoia kingdom; in 1866, Palermo became the seat of a week-long popular rebellion, which was finally crushed after Martial law was declared. The Italian government blamed anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo, for the rebellion and began enacting anti-Sicilian and anti-clerical policies. A new cultural, economic and industrial growth was spurred by several families, like the Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio, and others. In the early twentieth century Palermo expanded outside the old city walls, mostly to the north along the new boulevards Via Roma, Via Dante, Via Notarbartolo, and Viale della Libertà. These roads would soon boast a huge number of villas in the Art Nouveau style. Many of these were designed by the famous architect Ernesto Basile. The Grand Hotel Villa Igiea, designed by Ernesto Basile for the Florio family, is a good example of Palermitan Art Nouveau. The huge Teatro Massimo was designed in the same period by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile, and built by the Rutelli & Machì building firm of the industrial and old Rutelli Italian family in Palermo, and was opened in 1897.

Who was blamed for the week long rebellion of 1866?

anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo

Which families help to start cultural, industrial, and economic growth in Palermo?

Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio

In what style were the villas in the new expanded Palermo?

Art Nouveau

Which theatre was designed by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile ans opened in 1897?

Teatro Massimo

Who prefered the Savoia kingdom to independence?

I'm not sure.

What was the seat of a rebellion in the 18th century?

I'm not sure.

What crushed the 18th century rebellion in Palermo?

I'm not sure.

What government enacted pro-sicilian policies?

I'm not sure.

Where did Palermo expand to in the early 2000's?

I'm not sure.


The so-called "Sack of Palermo" is one of the major visible faces of the problem. The term is used to indicate the speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings. The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo, which swelled in size, leading to rapid expansion towards the north. The regulatory plans for expansion was largely ignored in the boom. New parts of town appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city.

To what does the term "Sack of Palermo" refer?

speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings

Why did Palermo substancially grow in size?

reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities

What did Palermo expansion lack?

t parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city

What is the term for the building boom erected many fine buildings?

I'm not sure.

What has led to migration away from the cities?

I'm not sure.

What caused Palermo to expand to the south?

I'm not sure.

What was carefully followed during the boom?

I'm not sure.


Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Winters are cool and wet, while summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in autumn and spring are usually mild. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night. Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred: In 1949, in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C (32 °F) and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow. Snow also occurred in 1999, 2009 and 2015. The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 °C (66 °F); from 14 °C (57 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the period from May to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (64 °F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F).

What is Palermo's climate classification?

hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).

How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?

one of the warmest cities in Europe

How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?

eleven

How much sun does Palermo see each year?

2,530 hours

What city has a moderate Mediterranean climate with very cold winters?

I'm not sure.

What is one of the warmest cities in the world?

I'm not sure.

What weather never occurs in Palermo?

I'm not sure.

What is too far away to protect the island from the heat?

I'm not sure.


Palermo has at least 2 circuits of City Walls - many pieces of which still survive. The first circuit surrounded the ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis. Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east-west through this early walled city. The eastern edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of Piazza Marina. The wall circuit was approximately Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti, Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni, Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione, Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porto Nuovo.

Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?

ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis

What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis?

Via Vittorio Emanuele

On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city?

Via Roma

What surrounds Palermo in a single circut?

I'm not sure.

On what road was the western edge of the walled city?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the secondary east-west road within the walls of Palaepolis?

I'm not sure.


In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.

What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?

to protect the port at La Cala

What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?

A huge chain

During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded?

medieval

What was reduced in the medieval period?

I'm not sure.

What was nolonger the main east-west road?

I'm not sure.

What used to block the West gate?

I'm not sure.

What wall turns east along the western side?

I'm not sure.


The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.

What is a heliometer?

solar "observatory"

What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?

la Meridiana

Which direction does la Meridiana run?

precisely N/S

What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?

the sun

What has lunar observatory built in 1690?

I'm not sure.

was built in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the gold line on the floor of a helimeter?

I'm not sure.

What image is projected onto the dome of the heliometer?

I'm not sure.

What signs are a tribute to pagean customs?

I'm not sure.


In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.

How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?

1.2 million

What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?

What is the average age of a Palermo resident?

Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?

population flight to the suburbs

In what year were there 1.2 million homes in the Palermo area?

I'm not sure.

What is 47.4% female?

I'm not sure.

Who's average age is 42.8 in Palermo?

I'm not sure.

What has increased in Palermo from 2001 to 2010?

I'm not sure.

Who has a slightly higher birth rate than Palermo?

I'm not sure.


Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.

On what does Palermo's economy rely?

tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture

Palermo is the home of what mafia?

the Sicilian Mafia

Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?

gone down dramatically

What negative qualities does Palermo carry?

high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire

What is Italy's administrative capital?

I'm not sure.

What mostly depends shipbuilding and agriculture?

I'm not sure.

Why has the black market declined in Palermo?

I'm not sure.

What has caused crime to go up in Palermo?

I'm not sure.

What has made the city more dangerouse to live in?

I'm not sure.


The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.

Which port is Sicily's primary port?

The port of Palermo

How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?

2 million

How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?

2 million

For what is the "tourist marina" dedicated?

sailing yachts and catamarans

What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?

Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis

What is the main port of Italy?

I'm not sure.

What cities are linked by roads?

I'm not sure.

Where does traffic include 80tons of cargo?

I'm not sure.

What section of the port is for the mafia?

I'm not sure.


The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.

Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?

Santa Rosalia

When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?

14 July

Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?

Santa Rosalia

What is The Festino?

procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia

Who is the patron saint of Italy?

I'm not sure.

Who ended the Black Death in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

When is Palermo's most important secular celebration?

I'm not sure.

Who banished the plague from the city before dying themselves?

I'm not sure.


The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words "grass" and "grow". It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content.

What, in nature, is most likely to make things green?

chlorophyll

For what do some animals use the color green?

camouflage

What chemical causes emeralds to be green?

chromium

From which Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word is green derived?

grene

What is the Germanic root word meaning grass?

I'm not sure.

What chemical for converting sunlight is found in emeralds?

I'm not sure.

What word came from the English word "green"?

I'm not sure.

What do plants convert chlorophyll into?

I'm not sure.

What process does chromium allow plants to do?

I'm not sure.


In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy. In Europe and the U.S. green is sometimes associated with death (green has several seemingly contrary associations), sickness, or the devil, but in China its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the owner's social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers and the gentry, while red was the color of the nobility. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family; the benches in the British House of Commons are green, while those in the House of Lords are red. Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in Islam. It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise. It is also often associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland, and is a color of the flag of Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement. Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products.

What is green a symbol of in China?

fertility and happiness

In the Middle Ages, which color was associated with merchants, bankers, and the gentry?

green

What does the Mona Lisa wearing green symbolize?

she is not from a noble family

What does the color green represent in the flags of Islamic countries?

lush vegetation of Paradise

Why is green the color of the environmental movement?

its association with nature

Red is associated with what religion?

I'm not sure.

What color did the nobility in China wear?

I'm not sure.

What color shows that Mona Lisa is a noble?

I'm not sure.

What does a red light indicate?

I'm not sure.

Besides happiness, what contradictory meaning does China ascribe to green?

I'm not sure.


Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green". For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit hari "yellow, ochre, golden". The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow".

Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for "green" which are derived from words for what?

fresh, sprouting vegetation

How were the terms for "green" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek languages?

independently

Which language has a word for "green" that is comparable to a Mongolian word for "meadow"?

Turkic

What is the Mongolian word for meadow?

I'm not sure.

What languages have a single root word for green?

I'm not sure.

"Hari" is Turkish for what?

I'm not sure.

What is the Germanic word for green?

I'm not sure.

What Sanskrit word means green?

I'm not sure.


In some languages, including old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese, the same word can mean either blue or green. The Chinese character 青 (pronounced qīng in Mandarin, ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "青". In more contemporary terms, they are 藍 (lán, in Mandarin) and 綠 (lǜ, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, 緑 (midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru "to be in leaf, to flourish" in reference to trees) and グリーン (guriin, which is derived from the English word "green"). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors that other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, "aoi", because green is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word "aoi". Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh, with variants such as xanh da trời (azure, lit. "sky blue"), lam (blue), and lục (green; also xanh lá cây, lit. "leaf green").

How many terms does Japanese have for the color green?

two

What is the Vietnamese word for both blue and green?

xanh

What are the colors of traffic lights in Japan?

the same colors that other countries have

How is 藍 pronounced in Japanese?

I'm not sure.

How is 綠 pronounced in Sino-Vietnamese?

I'm not sure.

What Chinese word for green is derived from English?

I'm not sure.

How many words for green does Thai have?

I'm not sure.

What does Ian mean in reference to trees?

I'm not sure.


"Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca. 530–590 nm ("green/yellow").[citation needed] In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue). (See distinction of green from blue) These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote "green", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit). Thus, the Thai word เขียว besides meaning "green" also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations.

In which language does the word for "green" also mean "rank" and "smelly"?

Thai

In what range does the color green fall in modern European languages?

520–570 nm

What is the origin of the word "orange"?

the name of a fruit

What does the Thai word for green correspond to in nm?

I'm not sure.

How many colors are in Thai's color system?

I'm not sure.

How many languages have green as a separate color?

I'm not sure.

The English word for Green was originally not a color term but a what?

I'm not sure.

What is the color range of yellow in European languages?

I'm not sure.


In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. On the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red.

In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue?

subtractive

In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors?

RGB

What is the complement of green on the HSV color wheel?

magenta

What is the complement of green on the traditional color wheel?

red

In color printing, blue is created by combining green and what?

I'm not sure.

What color model is used in a subtractive system?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for the color wheel using the subtractive system?

I'm not sure.

And equal mixture of green and magenta creates what?

I'm not sure.

What is the complementary color to blue?

I'm not sure.


In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – the RGB color model. A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary.

What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary?

A unique green

At what wavelength is green on computer displays?

~550 nm

What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions?

additive

What is the wavelength of red?

I'm not sure.

How is a unique blue made?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of devices that do not use additive systems?

I'm not sure.

What is unique green's wavelength?

I'm not sure.

~550nm green is a combination of which two primary colours?

I'm not sure.


Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.

Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?

green

What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?

532 nm

What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?

diode pumped solid state

What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?

501 nm to 543 nm

What is the range of the Argon-ion laser?

I'm not sure.

What is the nm of liquid dye lasers?

I'm not sure.

What color laser is the hardest for the public to gain access to?

I'm not sure.

What is the THz of the helium-neon laser?

I'm not sure.

What has linear properties?

I'm not sure.


Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment. For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.

What do pigments do with the color green?

reflect

What are green paints and dyes usually made of?

minerals

What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?

chromium

What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments?

Copper

What is the source of amazonite's color?

small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar

What is the name of minerals that emit green through their luminescence?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for amazonite?

I'm not sure.

What is the symbol for Copper?

I'm not sure.

What does Chromium oxide have trace amounts of?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of amazonite-based pigments?

I'm not sure.


Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green. Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night.

What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?

Verdigris

Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times?

Pliny

In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals?

Pompeii

What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with?

ruin

Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris?

Leonardo da Vinci

What century did Pliny describe the process of making Verdigris?

I'm not sure.

What city did Pliny live in?

I'm not sure.

What paint did Leonardo da Vinci recommend?

I'm not sure.

Where was chrome green popular in the 16th century?

I'm not sure.

When was Prussian blue patented?

I'm not sure.


There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States. Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia.

Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?

Green S (E142)

What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?

Quinoline Yellow

What is the most common green chemical found in nature?

Chlorophyll

Which two E numbers have been approved by the FDA?

I'm not sure.

Green S is used in what country but not the US?

I'm not sure.

What are the side effects of Quinoline Yellow?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the green chemical the UK allows?

I'm not sure.

What administration approved the use of E140 as a food dye?

I'm not sure.


To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate. Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.

How do fireworks create green sparks?

barium salts

Which copper salt can produce green glames?

cupric chloride

What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?

What is the ratio of yellow to green in green smoke?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for copper salts?

I'm not sure.

What type of copper salts are used in fireworks?

I'm not sure.

What else are copper salts used for?

I'm not sure.

Which two solvents are used in green pyrotechnic flares?

I'm not sure.


Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin. The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.

Why are many plants green?

chlorophyll

What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?

absorbs

Where did chlorophyll first arise?

organisms living in oceans

What chemical is found in the human eye that makes plants green?

I'm not sure.

Chlorophyll reflects the long wavelengths of what?

I'm not sure.

What type of wavelength does purple have?

I'm not sure.

Why does Chlorophyll absorb green light so effectively?

I'm not sure.

What extracts the energy from the purple portion of the spectrum?

I'm not sure.


Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.

How do animals typically use the color green?

camouflage

Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?

reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment

What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?

Turacoverdin

What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?

ceruloplasmin

What is the green pigment in bile called?

biliverdin

Why do most fish appear blue?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the chemical in reptiles that causes them to appear green?

I'm not sure.

Birds eat what pigment that causes them to look green?

I'm not sure.

What chemicals have humans used in their camouflage?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for hemanovadin?

I'm not sure.


There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.

What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?

an optical illusion

Where are green eyes most common?

Northern and Central Europe

Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?

women

Where is the green pigment in eyes located?

I'm not sure.

Blue and green eyes are caused by a high concentration of what?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of women in South Asia have blue or green eyes?

I'm not sure.

Which two ancestries have the least amount of green eyes?

I'm not sure.

What is the name for the scattering of light that results in the green coloring?

I'm not sure.


In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.

Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?

green

What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?

malachite

How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?

saffron

Where was the Nile located in Egypt?

I'm not sure.

Where was blue azurite found?

I'm not sure.

The roots of what plant were turned into green dye?

I'm not sure.

Dye made from saffron was found in a box in whose tomb?

I'm not sure.

What was blue a symbol of in ancient Egypt?

I'm not sure.


For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green."

What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?

a growing papyrus sprout

Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?

Osiris

Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?

to protect them from evil

What was the underworld called?

I'm not sure.

Who ruled the ancient Egyptians?

I'm not sure.

What held live scarab beetles?

I'm not sure.

Where were scarab beetles worn to protect Egyptians from evil?

I'm not sure.


In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting; red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.

Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?

Aristotle

Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?

Democritus

Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?

white

How many blues did Democritus describe?

I'm not sure.

What did Democritus say green was located between?

I'm not sure.

What two greens did Aristotle reference?

I'm not sure.

Who was a famous Greek painter?

I'm not sure.

Yellow and what color were considered to be the same?

I'm not sure.


The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.

What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?

green

What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?

verdigris

How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?

ten

Glass was soaked in what to make green?

I'm not sure.

When did Romans begin making the pigment verdigris?

I'm not sure.

What Roman cities hosted Venus' gardens?

I'm not sure.

How many words does Latin have for painting?

I'm not sure.

What did the Romans stop using green for in 2nd century AD?

I'm not sure.


Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.

Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?

they rapidly faded or changed color

When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?

16th century

What was known as yellow-weed?

reseda luteola

Vegetal dyes were good at resisting what?

I'm not sure.

What is another name for woad?

I'm not sure.

When did people begin using the leaves of the fraxinus for green dyes?

I'm not sure.

What color did green-dyed clothes often change to?

I'm not sure.

Which part of the digitalis plant was used to create green dye?

I'm not sure.


In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.

When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?

18th and 19th century

Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?

Goethe

Where was John Constable from?

I'm not sure.

What philosopher began the industrial Revolution?

I'm not sure.

What did Goethe call the color gray?

I'm not sure.

Who painted scenes depicting the Industrial Revolution?

I'm not sure.

Who decorated bedrooms?

I'm not sure.


The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

When did the systematic study of color theory begin?

late nineteenth century

Who painted The Night Cafe?

Vincent van Gogh

What type of colors are red and green?

complementary

What artist created color theory?

I'm not sure.

What did Theo van Gogh paint?

I'm not sure.

How many rays of orange were there in The Night Cafe?

I'm not sure.

Van Gogh said The Night Cafe was about the contrast between yellow and what color?

I'm not sure.

What year did color theory first appear?

I'm not sure.


Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red.

When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?

19th century

When was the first traffic light erected?

Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?

Salt Lake City, Utah

Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?

high visibility

What exploded in 1912?

I'm not sure.

Who was injured by a traffic light in Salt Lake City?

I'm not sure.

When was the first modern traffic light put up in London?

I'm not sure.

Who standardized the green and red colors?

I'm not sure.

What do red lights signal in regards to a system?

I'm not sure.


Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy".

What was absinthe known as?

the green fairy

Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?

copper or arsenic

What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?

green

Why do Europeans associate green with health?

I'm not sure.

What was another name for Schweinfurt?

I'm not sure.

What toxins did absinthe contain?

I'm not sure.

The Green Fairy was the name for what notable pigment?

I'm not sure.


Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.

Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?

Libya

What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?

country's lush vegetation

What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?

steadiness and tolerance

Which color is considered sacred in Islam?

green

When was the flag of Hamas created?

I'm not sure.

Iran is the only flag in the world with just what?

I'm not sure.

How many colors does the flag of Iran have?

I'm not sure.

The Jamaican flag represents hope using what color?

I'm not sure.

What religion does Lebanon's flag represent?

I'm not sure.


In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.

What is the largest green party in Europe?

Alliance '90/The Greens

Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?

environmentalism

When was the German green party founded in West Germany?

What party merged with the German Green Party in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the votes did The Greens win in 1993?

I'm not sure.

How many seats did Alliance 90 win in 1980?

I'm not sure.

When was the West Germany revolution?

I'm not sure.

How many members does the Alliance 90 have?

I'm not sure.


Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.

What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?

green

What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?

Pentecost

What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?

evergreens

What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?

green holly and evergreen

What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?

Catholics

When do clergymen wear orange vestments?

I'm not sure.

What does the Eastern Catholic Church use orange to represent?

I'm not sure.

Pentecost was originally what holiday celebrated by the Romans?

I'm not sure.

Green and what color are represented on the flag of Scotland?

I'm not sure.

What color is used to represent Romans?

I'm not sure.


Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).

What is the symbol for Zinc?

Zn

What is the atomic number for Zinc?

What is zinc chemically close to?

magnesium

What is the oxidation state for zinc?

How many stable isotopes does zinc have?

five

What is the symbol for zinc?

Zn

What is zinc's atomic number?

What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?

magnesium

What is the most common zinc ore?

sphalerite

What is used to extract zinc during the production process?

electricity

What is no longer the symbol for Zinc?

I'm not sure.

What is the automatic number for Zinc?

I'm not sure.

What is zinc chemically identical to?

I'm not sure.

What is the only zinc ore?

I'm not sure.

What is used to explode zinc during the production process?

I'm not sure.


Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow".

What two metals are mixed to create Brass?

copper and zinc

When was brass first used?

Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?

India

When was zinc introduced to Europe?

end of the 16th century

Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?

Zawar

Brass is an alloy of what two elements?

copper and zinc

The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?

Judea

We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?

Rajasthan

What early process was used to make zinc?

distillation process

What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?

"philosopher's wool" or "white snow"

What three metals are mixed to create brass?

I'm not sure.

When was brass forbidden from use?

I'm not sure.

When was zinc outlawed in Europe?

I'm not sure.

Where is the only evidence of pure zinc?

I'm not sure.

What early process was used to dissolve zinc?

I'm not sure.


The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

Who named the element zinc?

Paracelsus

What was zinc named after?

Zinke

Who is credited with discovering zinc?

Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?

Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta

Where can you find zinc chloride?

deodorants

Who is credited as giving zinc its name?

Paracelsus

What does the name zinc or zinke mean?

(prong, tooth)

Who discovered pure metallic zinc?

Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

What is the most common use for zinc?

(hot-dip galvanizing

What is a common use for zinc chloride?

deodorants

Who ruined the element zinc?

I'm not sure.

Who is credited with hiding zinc?

I'm not sure.

What single person discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?

I'm not sure.

Where can you lose zinc chloride?

I'm not sure.

What is the most rare use for zinc?

I'm not sure.


Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.

How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?

two billion

What can consumption of excess zinc cause?

ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency

Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?

biochemistry,

What can a lack of zinc cause in children?

growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea

What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?

Zinc

What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?

Zinc deficiency

In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?

alcohol dehydrogenase

What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?

excess zinc

How many people are affected by zinc immunity?

I'm not sure.

What can consumption of normal zinc cause?

I'm not sure.

What can cause symptoms in plants ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?

I'm not sure.

What substance can you find a zinc atom without a center?

I'm not sure.

What causes symptoms such as leprosy and copper deficiency?

I'm not sure.


Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling points (907 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.

What color is zinc?

bluish-white

Is iron more dense than zinc?

It is somewhat less dense than iron

At what temperature does the metal become malleable?

100 and 150 °C

At what temperature to zinc become brittle?

210 °C

What is the boiling point of zinc?

907 °C

In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?

bluish-white

What is the crystalline structure of sync?

hexagonal

What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?

becomes malleable

At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?

210 °C

What color is rotten zinc?

I'm not sure.

What temperature does the metal become liquid?

I'm not sure.

What temperature does zinc become unbreakable?

I'm not sure.

What is the cooking temperature of zinc?

I'm not sure.

What is the impossible structure of zinc?

I'm not sure.


Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray. 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two. The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.

How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?

Several dozen

What is the longest half life of the isotopes?

What does the superscript m represent?

metastable isotope

How many excited states does 61Zn have?

three

How many excited states does 73Zn have?

two

What is the most long lived radio isotope?

What is the half life of 72Zn?

46.5 hours

How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?

What does the superscript "m" indicate?

metastable isotope

What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?

emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray

How many radioisotopes of zinc have been hidden?

I'm not sure.

What is the only half life of the isotopes?

I'm not sure.

How many boring states does 61Zn have?

I'm not sure.

How many nuclear isomers does zinc avoid?

I'm not sure.


The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H
2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C indicates the formation of Zn
2Cl
2, a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state. No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known. Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.

What oxidation state dominates zinc?

What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?

The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C

what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc?

+1 or +2

What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc?

What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds?

+1 or +2

What oxidation state repels zinc?

I'm not sure.

What indicates the destruction of ZN2Cl?

I'm not sure.

What is the only oxidation state known for zinc compounds?

I'm not sure.


Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.

Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?

diamagnetic and mostly colorless.

The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?

zinc and magnesium

What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?

ionic radius

Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?

N- and S-

What two elements have ionic radii that are exactly identical?

I'm not sure.

What donors does zinc disrupt stable complexes?

I'm not sure.

What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very different chemically?

I'm not sure.

Why are the compounds of zinc very colorful?

I'm not sure.


Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn—Zn bond, (η5-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.

What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?

bulky ligands

What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?

What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?

diamagnetic nature of the ion

When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?

yellow glass

What is necessary to stabilize the high oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?

I'm not sure.

What core do all zinc(l) compounds contain?

I'm not sure.

What ruins the dimeric structure of the compound?

I'm not sure.

When a solution of metallic zinc is heated in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?

I'm not sure.


Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. Pnictogenides (Zn
3N
2, Zn
3P
2, Zn
3As
2 and Zn
3Sb
2), the peroxide (ZnO
2), the hydride (ZnH
2), and the carbide (ZnC
2) are also known. Of the four halides, ZnF
2 has the most ionic character, whereas the others (ZnCl
2, ZnBr
2, and ZnI
2) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.

What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?

noble gases

ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?

strong basic and acidic solutions

What applications do chalcogenides have?

electronics and optics.

What is unknowable for binary compounds of zinc?

I'm not sure.

What applications do chalcogenides lack?

I'm not sure.


In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)
2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2−). The nitrate Zn(NO3)
2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)
2, sulfate ZnSO
4, phosphate Zn
3(PO4)
2, molybdate ZnMoO
4, cyanide Zn(CN)
2, arsenite Zn(AsO2)
2, arsenate Zn(AsO4)
2·8H
2O and the chromate ZnCrO
4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O
2CCH3)
2).

Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?

zincates

What is heated in strong alkaline solutions?

I'm not sure.


The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around the 12th century AD. One estimate is that this location produced an estimated million tonnes of metallic zinc and zinc oxide from the 12th to 16th centuries. Another estimate gives a total production of 60,000 tonnes of metallic zinc over this period. The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.

Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?

The Charaka Samhita

Active zinc mines in India date back to what period?

Mauryan period

What process occurred around the 12th century?

smelting of metallic zinc

When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?

13th century AD,

What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?

metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes

What ancient text forbids the use of Zinc oxide?

I'm not sure.

What period do active zinc mines in China date back to?

I'm not sure.

What process occurred around the 6th century?

I'm not sure.

When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya destroyed?

I'm not sure.

What is the only use of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?

I'm not sure.


The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as "zincum" or "zinken" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant "tooth-like, pointed or jagged" (metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance). Zink could also imply "tin-like" because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin. Yet another possibility is that the word is derived from the Persian word سنگ seng meaning stone. The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?

Paracelsus

Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke?

metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance

Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?

imply "tin-like"

What are some of the other terms for zinc?

Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

Who is attributed as the only person to document zinc?

I'm not sure.

Why would zinc possibly be derived from the imaginary word zinke?

I'm not sure.

What are some of the other outlawed words for zinc?

I'm not sure.

What alchemist that first documented zinc was born in India?

I'm not sure.


William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc. Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch. He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect "animal electricity". The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?

William Champion's brother, John,

Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?

calamine

Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?

Johann Christian Ruberg

What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?

animal electricity

The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?

electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

Who first banned the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?

I'm not sure.

What is still the only element used to produce zinc?

I'm not sure.

Who built the only vertical retort smelter?

I'm not sure.

What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to fly?

I'm not sure.

What harmful things did the discoveries made by Galvani lead to?

I'm not sure.


Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron (13%), and SiO
2 (5%). The composition of this is normally zinc sulfide (80% to 85%), iron sulfide (7.0% to 12%), lead sulfide (3.0% to 5.0%) silica (2.5% to 3.5%), and cadmium sulfide (0.35% to 0.41%).

What is used to produce the metal zinc?

extractive metallurgy.

What is froth flotation used for?

get an ore concentrate

What is the first step in zinc metal production?

grinding the ore

What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc?

What is used to eliminate the metal zinc?

I'm not sure.

What is froth flotation no longer used for?

I'm not sure.

What is the only step in zinc metal production?

I'm not sure.

What percentage of the s'more concentrate is zinc?

I'm not sure.


The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombières between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.

Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?

The production for sulfidic zinc ores

Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?

heavy metals

Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?

mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium

What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?

20 to 1

What produces tiny amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor?

I'm not sure.

What does smelter slag contain a trivial amount of?

I'm not sure.

Why does the Geul River contain no heavy metals?

I'm not sure.

What is the ratio that anthropogenic and unnatural emissions occur at?

I'm not sure.


Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn
5(OH)
6(CO
3)
2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.

What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?

iron or steel

What forms as zinc corrodes?

protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate

How is zinc applied?

electrochemically or as molten zinc

What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?

Galvanization

What is the only compound zinc is more reactive than?

I'm not sure.

What explodes as zinc corrodes?

I'm not sure.

How is zinc applied to wounds?

I'm not sure.

What is used on many rare items, such as chain link fences?

I'm not sure.


The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[note 2] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked. Other similar uses include a plug of zinc attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship.

What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?

relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation

Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?

cathodic protection

What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?

protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion

Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?

will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked

What makes zinc an inefficient sacrificial anode?

I'm not sure.

What does attaching a zinc sphere to a ship's iron rudder not help with?

I'm not sure.

Why is zinc not able to ever corrode?

I'm not sure.

Why does zinc harm metals exposed to sea water?

I'm not sure.


Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982. The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States.

What has zinc replaced in pipe organs?

lead/tin alloy

Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?

machine bearings

Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency?

one cent coins

What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies?

thin layer of copper

What has zinc been replaced with in pipe organs?

I'm not sure.

What is zinc coated with to influence the look of dimes?

I'm not sure.

What is the only metal used in American currency?

I'm not sure.

What is the only metal used in pipe organs?

I'm not sure.


Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point together with the low viscosity of the alloy makes the production of small and intricate shapes possible. The low working temperature leads to rapid cooling of the cast products and therefore fast assembly is possible. Another alloy, marketed under the brand name Prestal, contains 78% zinc and 22% aluminium and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic. This superplasticity of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement.

Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?

spin casting

Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?

Zamak

What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?

small and intricate shapes

What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic?

Prestal

What is used to mold Prestal?

die casts made of ceramics and cement.

What are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and plastic used for?

I'm not sure.

What is possible to produce thanks to the high melting point and high viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?

I'm not sure.

What is used to remove Prestal?

I'm not sure.

What are alloys of zinc mixed with steel and copper marketed as?

I'm not sure.

What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as silk while still being malleable as butter?

I'm not sure.


Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which zinc is used as sheet metal and for methods such as deep drawing, roll forming or bending, zinc alloys with titanium and copper are used. Unalloyed zinc is too brittle for these kinds of manufacturing processes.

What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys?

cold-rolled into sheets

What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc?

stamping dies

Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal?

too expensive

Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?

too brittle

What can be done when large amounts of lead are added to alloys?

I'm not sure.

What is made with an alloy of 4% magic mixed with 96% zinc?

I'm not sure.

Why are alloys used to make metal rather than stamping dies?

I'm not sure.

Why is unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?

I'm not sure.


Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.

In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?

zinc compounds

What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?

Zinc oxide

What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?

Zinc oxide

Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?

semiconductor

What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?

thermochemical

What form is 1/4 of zinc used in the Ukraine?

I'm not sure.

What kind of zinc compound is used in melting rubber?

I'm not sure.

What protects the polymers in rubber from nuclear radiation?

I'm not sure.

Why is zinc oxide unhelpful in photocopying products?

I'm not sure.

What kind of process is the zinc zinc-dioxide cycle?

I'm not sure.


Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)
2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.

What is added to wood in order to preserve it?

Zinc chloride

What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?

luminescent pigments

What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in?

mid-infrared

Where is zinc pyrithion used?

antifouling paints.

What is removed from wood in order to preserve it?

I'm not sure.

What is the feature of zinc sulfide that makes it dangerous in television screens?

I'm not sure.

What kind of robots are crystals of zinc sulfide used in?

I'm not sure.

What is Zinc pyrithione illegal in?

I'm not sure.


64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use, this is called depleted zinc oxide. For the same reason, zinc has been proposed as a salting material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn would be irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, forming a large amount of 65Zn significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. 65Zn is also used as a tracer to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out, or the path and the role of zinc in organisms.

What is the most abundant zinc isotope?

What does 65Zn produce?

intense gamma radiation

Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?

anti-corrosion agent

What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out?

What is the only zinc isotope?

I'm not sure.

What does 65Zn reduce?

I'm not sure.

Why is zinc oxide used in atomic reactors?

I'm not sure.

What is used to study how alloys containing zinc melt?

I'm not sure.


Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system.

What consumable product is zinc included in?

vitamin and mineral supplements

What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?

antioxidant

What is the benefit of zinc after injury?

speed up the healing

What consumable product is zinc forbidden in?

I'm not sure.

What property of zinc is believed to reverse aging?

I'm not sure.

What is the danger of zinc after injury?

I'm not sure.

What is the only preparation form that zinc is available in?

I'm not sure.


Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this type of cancer has shown promise. However, other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer, also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate.

What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?

prostate

What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?

chemotherapeutic

What could overuse of zinc possibly cause?

prostate cancer

Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body?

prostate.

What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to heal?

I'm not sure.

What type of agent is zinc useless as against prostate cancer?

I'm not sure.

What could normal use of zinc possibly cause?

I'm not sure.

Where does zinc mysteriously buildup in the body?

I'm not sure.


There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the α-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts α-halo-esters and aldehydes to β-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons–Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:

What does organozinc chemisty describe?

physical properties, synthesis and reactions.

What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?

The Barbier reaction

When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?

presence of just about any water

What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?

Commercially available diorganozinc compounds

What does organozinc chemistry conceal?

I'm not sure.

What is the glass equivalent of the Grinard reaction?

I'm not sure.

When will organomagnesium halide formation become permanent?

I'm not sure.

What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc no longer allowed as?

I'm not sure.


Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.

What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?

structural

What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?

transcription factors,

How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?

four

What does the transcription factor wrap around?

DNA helix

What role does zinc play in fingers, hands and clusters?

I'm not sure.

What proteins during replication and transcription of DNA forget base DNA?

I'm not sure.

How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions repel from?

I'm not sure.

What does the transcription factor remain vertical with?

I'm not sure.


Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.

What is the most common supplement in the US?

zinc oxide

Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?

nearly insoluble

What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?

20 mg/day

What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?

40 mg/day

What is the only common supplement in the US?

I'm not sure.

Why is zinc carbonate perfectly absorbed in the body?

I'm not sure.

What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in unhealthy adults?

I'm not sure.

What is the Intolerable Upper Intake of zinc?

I'm not sure.


For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas. A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate. However, a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available.

Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?

cereals

In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?

maize tortillas

What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?

zinc picolinate

What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?

zinc glycinate

What product is zinc oxide used to taint?

I'm not sure.

What product did various compounds of zinc show massive differences in absorption?

I'm not sure.

What compound is the same as zinc gluconate in being absorbed?

I'm not sure.

What is the only absorbed dietary zinc compound?

I'm not sure.

What year had the only study regarding zinc compounds?

I'm not sure.


Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?

mild zinc deficiency

What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?

depresses immunity

What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?

twice as much food

What prevents symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions?

I'm not sure.

What is not required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?

I'm not sure.

What is no longer a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?

I'm not sure.

Why do animals not consume zinc in their diet?

I'm not sure.


Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption. There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA (15 mg) of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. These considerations must be balanced against the fact that there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.

What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?

plant sources

What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?

phytates

Where is zinc chelator phytate found?

seeds and cereal bran,

What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?

diet is high in phytates,

What is the only way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?

I'm not sure.

What is found in whole grains that can help with zinc absorption?

I'm not sure.

Where is zinc chelator phytate forbidden?

I'm not sure.

What kind of diet may require more than 150mg of zinc daily?

I'm not sure.


Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

What are two billion people in the world deficient in?

zinc

800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?

deficient in zinc

What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?

zinc supplementation

Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?

zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

What are five billion people in the world deficient in?

I'm not sure.

How many children are born each year due to zinc?

I'm not sure.

What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and fever?

I'm not sure.

Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with no deficiencies?

I'm not sure.


Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.

In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?

high-pH soils

Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?

disease.

Excess zinc has what effect on plants?

toxic

How is zinc primarily added to soil?

weathering of rocks

What is the only type of soil with zinc deficiency?

I'm not sure.

What does any level of zinc cause to plants?

I'm not sure.

How is zinc primarily removed from soil?

I'm not sure.

What are plants immune to when in zinc deficient soil?

I'm not sure.


There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.

What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?

copper

What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?

urinary

Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?

ability of plants to absorb other essential metals

What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?

zinc shakes or "zinc chills"

People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?

denture cream

What kind of deficiency is common from taking 1000-3000mg of zinc daily?

I'm not sure.

What kind of superpowers were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?

I'm not sure.

Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil helps with what?

I'm not sure.

What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc hydroxide?

I'm not sure.

What have people claimed excessive use of caused psychic powers?

I'm not sure.