In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of the majority, but changes did reduce injuries.

Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?

the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton

What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?

Intercollegiate Athletic Association

Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?

Arthur Hadley

Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?

A. Lawrence Lowell

Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?

Woodrow Wilson

Who attempted to enact measures of soccer reform?

I'm not sure.

What did the rebellion to the old football measures start?

I'm not sure.

Who was vice president of Yale during the rebellion?

I'm not sure.

Who represented Harvard after the rule changing debates?

I'm not sure.

Who represented Princeton before the rule changing discussions?

I'm not sure.


Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1900), the Yale School of Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Drama (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

When was the Yale School of Medicine established?

When was Yale Divinity School established?

When was Yale Law School created?

When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?

When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?

When was the Yale School of Medicine closed?

I'm not sure.

When was Yale Divinity School closed?

I'm not sure.

When was Yale Law School closed?

I'm not sure.

When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences closed?

I'm not sure.

When was the Sheffield Scientific School closed?

I'm not sure.


Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.

When was Noah Porter president of Yale?

1871 to 1886

What idea did Noah Porter strike down?

new research university

What did many historians think of Noah Porter?

simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition

What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?

an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education

What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?

Expansion

When was Noah Porter vice president of Yale?

I'm not sure.

What idea did Noah Porter approve?

I'm not sure.

What did no historians think of Noah Porter?

I'm not sure.

What was Porter's reason for approving the research university?

I'm not sure.

What caused agreement about Yale's new position?

I'm not sure.


Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.

How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?

about $7 million

What was the $7 million used for?

behavioral science research

What was the goal of the behavioral research?

improve mankind

Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?

President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes

What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?

chimpanzee

How much did philanthropic foundations donate between 1935 and 1940?

I'm not sure.

What was the $6 million used for?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the goal of the behavioral research?

I'm not sure.

Who were the behavioral students in charge of the research?

I'm not sure.

What animals eating behavior did Yerkes study?

I'm not sure.


Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.

Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?

Harrison's group

Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?

Pickford's and Hutchinson's

What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?

departmental or institutional position or power

What did Hutchinson's group research?

diverse areas of ecology

What information did Hutchinson's model provide?

new models for research groups are needed

Which group of researchers provided a nonstandard research school environment?

I'm not sure.

Which groups of researchers provided orthodox structure for a research group?

I'm not sure.

What was Pickford's group lacking to make it less like other research schools?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Hutchinson's group research?

I'm not sure.

What information didn't Hutchinson's model provide?

I'm not sure.


Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.

Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?

Milton Winternitz

What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?

social medicine

What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?

Yale System

What is the Yale System?

few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system

What programs did Milton Winternitz create?

graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department

Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1925 to 1935?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?

I'm not sure.

What teaching style did Milton Winternitz reject?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the Yale System?

I'm not sure.

What programs did Milton Winternitz end?

I'm not sure.


The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."

Who was the first professor for the American studies program?

Norman Holmes Pearson

Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?

Office of Strategic Studies in London

What did the American studies program hope to instruct?

fundamentals of American civilization

Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?

William Robertson Coe

Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?

to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States

Who was the last professor for the American studies program?

I'm not sure.

Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work after Yale?

I'm not sure.

What did the American studies program hope to destruct?

I'm not sure.

Who contributed to the Canadian studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?

I'm not sure.

Why did Coe not donate to American studies programs?

I'm not sure.


In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters—elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when the Ivy League still only admitted men—tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.[citation needed]

What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?

Vassar College

Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?

Amy Solomon

What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?

St. Anthony Hall

What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?

Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?

Vanderbilt Hall

What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1996?

I'm not sure.

Who was the last undergraduate woman at Yale?

I'm not sure.

What society did Amy Solomon drop out at Yale?

I'm not sure.

What year did the last undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?

I'm not sure.

Where did undergraduate women live during the last few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?

I'm not sure.


A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.

What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?

Alexander v. Yale

When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?

March 2011

What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?

Broad Recognition

What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?

the university had a hostile sexual climate

What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?

formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct

What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Men's Center?

I'm not sure.

When was a Title X complaint filed against Yale?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title X complaint?

I'm not sure.

What was the complaint of the writers of Broad Recognition?

I'm not sure.

What did Yale do about the Title X complaint?

I'm not sure.


Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.

Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?

exemption from local property taxes

Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?

President Levin

What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?

economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success

What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?

decline in the local economy

Why do New Haven city officials like Yale?

I'm not sure.

Which Yale president rejected the New Haven's revitalization efforts?

I'm not sure.

What hasn't been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?

I'm not sure.

Why don't New Haven city officials dislike Yale?

I'm not sure.

What hasn't been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?

I'm not sure.


The Boston Globe wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale." Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, and major-party nominees during this period include John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).

What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?

"if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."

Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?

Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush

What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?

Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).

What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?

John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)

How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004

every

What didn't the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?

I'm not sure.

What unknown presidential candidates also studied at Yale?

I'm not sure.

Which US presidents since before the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?

I'm not sure.

What non winning minor party nominees studied at Yale?

I'm not sure.

How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1927 and 2004

I'm not sure.


Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale." Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family." New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.

Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?

Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"

Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?

very strong tradition of volunteerism

Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?

an ethos of organized activity

Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?

"son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."

What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?

the culture of community and cooperation

Why did President Levin believe there were so few Yale alumni presidential candidates?

I'm not sure.

Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so few Yale alumni presidential candidates?

I'm not sure.

Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry never led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?

I'm not sure.

Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was rejected from Yale?

I'm not sure.

What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the lack of political Yale alumni is?

I'm not sure.


During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation".

In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?

Harvard Yard's boutique

How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?

so diffuse, there isn't a symbol

How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?

liberalism and elitism

Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?

first class to have women in it

In the 1968 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?

I'm not sure.

How did George W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?

I'm not sure.

How did George W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?

I'm not sure.

Why was Howard Dean not proud of his graduating class?

I'm not sure.

Why was Howard Dean proud of his non-graduating class?

I'm not sure.


In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location – the others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara – for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative. As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization". As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, "Understanding Politics and Politicians." Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, University College London, and both schools’ affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a growing field known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL".

Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?

Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara

As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?

former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo

What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?

Howard Dean

What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?

Understanding Politics and Politicians

What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?

University College London

Besides Yale, what other three locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?

I'm not sure.

As of 2008, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?

I'm not sure.

What current presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?

I'm not sure.

What college didn't Yale's medical facility team up with?

I'm not sure.


The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university presidencies. In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago, the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Provost Kim Bottomly was named President of Wellesley College. In 2003, the Dean of the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate University and now heads Swarthmore College.

Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?

Hanna Holborn Gray

Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?

University of Chicago

In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?

In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?

Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?

Alison Richard

Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1979?

I'm not sure.

Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go before Yale?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Judith Rodin become the first male president of an Ivy League school?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of IMT?

I'm not sure.

Who became Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?

I'm not sure.


Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall employees, and administrative staff, are unionized. Clerical and technical employees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance workers by Local 35 of the same international. Together with the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Locals 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees. Also included in FHUE are the dietary workers at Yale-New Haven Hospital, who are members of 1199 SEIU. In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale University Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees. Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the National Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME; the Yale administration contested the election.

What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?

Yale Police Benevolent Association

What union do Yale security guards belong to?

International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America

What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?

Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)

What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?

Local 34 of UNITE HERE

What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?

Local 35 of the same international

What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department not a part of?

I'm not sure.

What union don't Yale security guards belong to?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the recognized union of graduate employees?

I'm not sure.

What union aren't Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?

I'm not sure.

What union aren't Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?

I'm not sure.


Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?

at least eight

What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?

the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.

What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?

Professor David Graeber

Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?

he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?

Yale's unusually large endowment

How many strikes has Yale had since 1986?

I'm not sure.

What are The New Jersey Times' views on Yale's labor tension?

I'm not sure.

What professor was retired in a 2013 labor strike?

I'm not sure.

Why was Professor David Graeber hired during the strike?

I'm not sure.

What eases the tensions during wage considerations?

I'm not sure.


Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner—and nature preserves including Horse Island.

Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?

western New Haven

What campus did Yale buy in 2008?

former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus

What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?

laboratory and research space

How many forests does Yale own?

seven

How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?

Where does Yale own 5000 acres of athletic facilities?

I'm not sure.

What campus did Yale buy in 2009?

I'm not sure.

What is the current Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?

I'm not sure.

How many forests doesn't Yale own?

I'm not sure.

How big is the smallest forest in Yale's possession?

I'm not sure.


Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?

Charles Dickens

Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?

Travel+Leisure

What is Yale largely known for?

Collegiate Gothic campus

When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?

Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1940's?

I'm not sure.

Who listed Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses in the United States?

I'm not sure.

What is Yale largely unknown for?

I'm not sure.

What is Yale lesser known for?

I'm not sure.

When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses?

I'm not sure.


Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931

Edward S. Harkness

What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?

a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading

What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?

contemporary scenes

How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?

splashing the walls with acid

How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?

breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages

Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1817 to 1931

I'm not sure.

What don't the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?

I'm not sure.

What don't the decorative friezes on the buildings show?

I'm not sure.

How didn't James Gamble Rogers really age the buildings?

I'm not sure.

How didn't James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?

I'm not sure.


Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.

What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?

Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis

What is the largest residential college?

Silliman College

Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?

Sheffield Scientific School

What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?

neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic

What architects have buildings in the Yale New Campus?

I'm not sure.

What is the smallest residential college?

I'm not sure.

What is the largest industrial college?

I'm not sure.

Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1965?

I'm not sure.

What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the New Campus at Yale?

I'm not sure.


Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?

Alumnus Eero Saarinen

What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal

What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?

the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano

What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?

fortress-like stone towers

Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

Finnish-American

Who destroyed the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?

I'm not sure.

What airport wasn't designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

I'm not sure.

What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen not use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?

I'm not sure.

What counterpoints Yale's hectic towers?

I'm not sure.

Of what nationality isn't Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

I'm not sure.


Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall.

Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?

Yale's Office of Sustainability

By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?

How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?

Eleven

What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?

Yale Sustainable Food Project

What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?

B+

Who rejects sustainability practices at Yale?

I'm not sure.

By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2030?

I'm not sure.

How many campus buildings are candidates for ELED design and certification?

I'm not sure.

What project is bringing inorganic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?

I'm not sure.

What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2018?

I'm not sure.


Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).

What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?

tombs

Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?

Benedict Arnold

Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?

Dan Kniley

Who was the architect for St. Elmo?

Kenneth M. Murchison

Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?

King Lui-Wu

What is another term for some of Yale's public society buildings?

I'm not sure.

Who is the exterior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?

I'm not sure.

Who was unresponsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't the architect for St. Elmo?

I'm not sure.

Who wasn't the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?

I'm not sure.


Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

When were the first campus police formed at Yale?

Who were the the first campus police composed of?

city police officers

Why was the campus police established?

quell unrest between students and city residents

What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?

blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

When were the last campus police formed at Yale?

I'm not sure.

When were the first campus police fired at Yale?

I'm not sure.

Who were the the last campus police composed of?

I'm not sure.

Why was the campus police disbanded?

I'm not sure.

What other safety measures are unavailable at Yale besides campus police?

I'm not sure.


Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.

What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?

need-based

How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?

grants and scholarships

What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?

What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?

What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?

What kind of system isn't Yale's financial aid?

I'm not sure.

How is least financial aid obtained at Yale?

I'm not sure.

What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2007?

I'm not sure.

What percent of students at Yale are thought to have all parental help?

I'm not sure.

What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2003?

I'm not sure.


Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?

The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library

What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?

The Lewis Walpole Library

Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios?

The Elizabethan Club

What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?

The Beinecke Rare Book Library

Where would no one find a collection of historical medical equipment?

I'm not sure.

What library contains the smallest assortment of 18th century British literary works?

I'm not sure.

Where can unqualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios?

I'm not sure.

Where can qualified researchers lose Elizabethan folios?

I'm not sure.

What library has a tiny assortment of rare books and manuscripts?

I'm not sure.


Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?

The Yale University Art Gallery

How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?

more than 180,000

Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?

The Yale Center for British Art

Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?

Paul Mellon

Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?

Louis Kahn

What is the name of the country's last university partnered art museum?

I'm not sure.

How many items aren't in The Yale University Art Gallery?

I'm not sure.

Where is the smallest center for British art, UK not included?

I'm not sure.

Who re-designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?

I'm not sure.

Whose contributions ended The Yale Center for British Art?

I'm not sure.


Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?

Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks

Who is known as the father of deconstruction?

Jacques Derrida

Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?

Department of Comparative Literature

Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?

David Montgomery

When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?

Which of the Old Critics were staffed at Yale?

I'm not sure.

Who is known as the mother of deconstruction?

I'm not sure.

Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1990's?

I'm not sure.

Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other older labor historians?

I'm not sure.

When wasn't The Journal of Music Theory founded?

I'm not sure.


Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

When was Yale's residential college system established?

Who established Yale's residential college system?

Edward S. Harkness

Who runs Yale's residential colleges?

The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean

Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?

do not contain programs of study or academic departments

Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?

Faculty of Arts and Sciences

When was Yale's residential college system unestablished?

I'm not sure.

Who established Yale's commercial college system?

I'm not sure.

Who runs Yale's industrial colleges?

I'm not sure.

Are there unacademic programs in Yale's residential colleges?

I'm not sure.

Who teaches Yale's residential college's graduate classes?

I'm not sure.


While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.

In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?

Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic

Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?

Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges

What are Yale's colleges encircling?

a courtyard

Who are the Yale colleges named after?

important alumni or significant places in university history

In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?

In what architectural styles weren't Harkness' original colleges?

I'm not sure.

Which three residential colleges are of modernist style?

I'm not sure.

What are Yale's colleges encircled by?

I'm not sure.

Who aren't the Yale colleges named after?

I'm not sure.

In what year does the university expect to close two more colleges?

I'm not sure.


In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery.

Who was Calhoun college named for?

John C. Calhoun

Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?

a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century

What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?

the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”

What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?

it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."

Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?

Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika

Who was Calhoun college not named for?

I'm not sure.

Why did people like the college being named after John C. Calhoun?

I'm not sure.

What title change will be happening to increase racial tensions?

I'm not sure.

What did President Salovey believe wouldn't happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?

I'm not sure.

Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2016?

I'm not sure.


The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?

The Yale Record

What year was The Yale Record first published?

In what year was the Yale Daily News established?

When was the Yale Herald established?

What is the name of the campus radio station?

WYBC Yale Radio

What is the name of the world's newest humor magazine?

I'm not sure.

What year was The Yale Record last published?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Yale Daily News closed?

I'm not sure.

When was the Yale Herald closed?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the campus tv station?

I'm not sure.


Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?

clay pipes

What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?

bubble pipes

What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?

Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus

What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?

the toe

What game was created, to later be banned by administration?

Bladderball

What do juniors crush to celebrate graduation?

I'm not sure.

What do they destroy now with clay pipes?

I'm not sure.

What statue is it rumored to be bad luck to rub?

I'm not sure.

What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be bad luck to rub?

I'm not sure.

What game was created, to later be joined by administration?

I'm not sure.


Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?

Yale Bowl

What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl

What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?

Payne Whitney Gymnasium

On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?

October 21, 2000

How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?

$7.5 million

What is the name of the United States' last bowl stadium?

I'm not sure.

What landmarks didn't the Yale Bowl influence?

I'm not sure.

What is the name of the world's second smallest indoor athletic building?

I'm not sure.

On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse closed?

I'm not sure.

How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to destroy?

I'm not sure.


Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?

$250 million

How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?

$70 million

Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?

Richard Gilder

How much didn't Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?

I'm not sure.

How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2003?

I'm not sure.

How much did the 1945 class donate for their 50th reunion?

I'm not sure.

How much did the 1954 class donate for their 40th reunion?

I'm not sure.

Who led the 1945 class in their large donation?

I'm not sure.


Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, James Franco, "The perfect oarsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.

What royalty has attended Yale?

Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo

What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?

Mario Monti

What Mexican president attended Yale?

Ernesto Zedillo

Who was the father of American football?

Walter Camp

What Time magazine founder attended Yale?

Henry Luce

What royalty hasn't attended Yale?

I'm not sure.

What Italian Prime Minister never attended Yale?

I'm not sure.

What Mexican president never attended Yale?

I'm not sure.

Who was the mother of American football?

I'm not sure.

What Time magazine founder never attended Yale?

I'm not sure.


Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.

Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?

Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?

The Great Gatsby

What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?

Nick Carraway

What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?

Tom Buchanan

Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?

Owen Johnson

Who were the side characters in Stover at Yale?

I'm not sure.

What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale not a part of?

I'm not sure.

What character in The Great Gatsby read editorials for the Yale News?

I'm not sure.

What baseball playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?

I'm not sure.

Who read the novel Stover at Yale?

I'm not sure.


Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.

What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?

the Western Schism

What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?

the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

In what years was the Great Famine?

Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?

France and England

What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?

Hundred Years' War

What saved the unity of the Catholic Church?

I'm not sure.

What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1400, known as?

I'm not sure.

In what years wasn't the Great Famine?

I'm not sure.

Which two countries never experienced peasant uprisings?

I'm not sure.

What minor conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.


Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.

An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?

Greek and Roman

Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?

the Crusades

Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?

Constantinople

Who captured Constantinople?

Ottoman Turks

What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?

Greek

An interest in texts from which two modern civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?

I'm not sure.

Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 11th century?

I'm not sure.

Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Eastern Europe?

I'm not sure.

Who released Constantinople?

I'm not sure.

What kind of texts didn't Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?

I'm not sure.


Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?

printing

In what year did Constantinople fall?

In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?

In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?

The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?

dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning

Which invention resulted in less widespread use of the printed word?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Constantinople rise?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Vasco da Gama sail through India and Africa?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Africas?

I'm not sure.

The Protestant Reformation isn't attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?

I'm not sure.


The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?

Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?

What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?

tripartite periodization

Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

Flavio Biondo

What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?

Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period

Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other three period of the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" unpublished?

I'm not sure.

What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?

I'm not sure.

Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

I'm not sure.

What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?

I'm not sure.


As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?

economic and demographic

Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?

Johan Huizinga

What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?

The Autumn of the Middle Ages

Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?

France and the Low Countries

What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?

Belgian

What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?

I'm not sure.

Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book?

I'm not sure.

What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?

I'm not sure.


Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.

What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?

the nation state

Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?

the Alps

The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?

intellectual, cultural, or artistic

Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?

early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century

What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?

the end of western religious unity

What geopolitical entity faded from the Late Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

Which mountain range isn't seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

The Renaissance is never used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

Which centuries are considered not to be part of the Late Middle Ages?

I'm not sure.

What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on science?

I'm not sure.


After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.

When was the Kalmar Union formed?

Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?

King Christian II

In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?

Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?

In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?

When wasn't the Kalmar Union formed?

I'm not sure.

Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Finland break away from the Kalmar Union?

I'm not sure.

Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?

I'm not sure.


Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.

In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?

In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?

The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?

financial

In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?

the Habsburgs

In what year was the Holy Roman Empire saved?

I'm not sure.

In what year did a Silver Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?

I'm not sure.

In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia last among the imperial electors?

I'm not sure.

The Hanseatic League wasn't what type of institution?

I'm not sure.

In 1483, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?

I'm not sure.


Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.

In what year did Louis die?

Who did Louis name as his heir?

Sigismund of Luxemburg

How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?

Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?

Buda and Visegrád

What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?

internal war

In what year did Louis live?

I'm not sure.

Who didn't Louis name as his heir?

I'm not sure.

How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he wasn't named heir?

I'm not sure.

Upon taking the throne of Hungary where didn't Sigismund establish his court?

I'm not sure.

What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?

I'm not sure.


The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans.

In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?

Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?

Lazar Hrebljevanovic

In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?

What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?

Battle of Velbazhd

Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?

Albania

In what year didn't Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?

I'm not sure.

Who never led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?

I'm not sure.

In what year wasn't the Battle of Kosovo?

I'm not sure.

What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1303?

I'm not sure.

Which country wasn't conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?

I'm not sure.


Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control.

What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?

Avignon

In what year did the papacy return to Rome?

What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?

The War of the Sicilian Vespers

What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?

Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples

In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?

What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 13th century?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't the papacy return to Rome?

I'm not sure.

What 13th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?

I'm not sure.

What were the names of the two kingdoms into which northern Italy was divided?

I'm not sure.

In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms separated?

I'm not sure.


The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?

When was modern-day Spain created?

The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?

Granada

Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?

Vasco da Gama

In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?

In what year were Isabel II and Ferdinand II married?

I'm not sure.

When was ancient-day Spain created?

I'm not sure.

The release of which city finalized the Reconquista?

I'm not sure.

Which explorer ignored a sea-route to India?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Christopher Columbus miss the Americas?

I'm not sure.


Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War.

Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?

the Little Ice Age

What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?

sixty percent

What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?

Hundred Years' War

When did the Medieval Warm Period end?

Around 1300–1350

What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?

agricultural crises

Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Cold Period?

I'm not sure.

What was the low end of the known death rate of the Black Plague?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the effect of the Little Ice Age?

I'm not sure.

What major conflict rocked France during the 12th and 13th centuries?

I'm not sure.

When did the Medieval Warm Period start?

I'm not sure.


As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.

When did the French Jacquerie take place?

What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?

Statute of Laborers

In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?

In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?

Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?

serfdom

When didn't the French Jacquerie take place?

I'm not sure.

What English law was scrapped in order to forcibly reduce wages?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Statute of Laborers rejected?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur?

I'm not sure.

Which economic system was ultimately started by the upheavals of the 14th century?

I'm not sure.


Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England.

Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?

Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople

How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?

Twenty-two

What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?

the Black Death

Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?

London

Which European cities likely had populations greater than 1,000,000 in 1500?

I'm not sure.

Which European cities likely had populations less than 100,000 in 1500?

I'm not sure.

How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1600?

I'm not sure.

What event decimated urban populations in the 13th century?

I'm not sure.

Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1600?

I'm not sure.


Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.

Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?

Hundred Years' War

The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?

national or feudal levy

Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?

Swiss

Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?

Edward III

Which conflict in France resulted in the abolishment of permanent armies?

I'm not sure.

The use of paid mercenaries and international retinues replaced which method of raising troops?

I'm not sure.

Which soldiers were in low demand under the mercenary system?

I'm not sure.

Which soldiers were in high demand under the judicial system?

I'm not sure.

Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 13th century?

I'm not sure.


Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.

What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?

Order of the Garter

Who founded the Order of St. George?

Charles I of Hungary

In what year was the Order of St. George founded?

What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?

chivalry

In what year was the Order of the Garter established?

What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1438?

I'm not sure.

Who co-founded the Order of St. George?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Order of St. George disbanded?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the code of conduct of the military orders called?

I'm not sure.

In what year was the Order of the Garter destroyed?

I'm not sure.


The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes.

What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?

Papal Schism

Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?

Avignon

In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?

What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?

Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?

France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms

What was the result of the election of three popes at the same time?

I'm not sure.

Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1039?

I'm not sure.

In what year didn't the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the time frame of the Papal Schism?

I'm not sure.

Who were the rejecters of the Avignon Papacy?

I'm not sure.


Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England.

Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?

John Wycliffe

What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?

the Lollards

What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?

the Protestant Reformation

Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?

transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences

Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?

John of Gaunt

Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible shouldn't be the sole authority in religious questions?

I'm not sure.

What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters not called?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?

I'm not sure.

Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out for?

I'm not sure.

Who was one of the English aristocrats who never supported the Lollard movement?

I'm not sure.


The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened.

In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?

Who did Richard II of England marry?

Anne of Bohemia

Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?

John Wycliffe

What were the followers of Jan Hus called?

Hussites

What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?

Hussite Wars

In what year was Jan Hus saved at the stake?

I'm not sure.

Who did Richard I of England marry?

I'm not sure.

Whose teachings did Jan Hus not base his own on?

I'm not sure.

What weren't the followers of Jan Hus called?

I'm not sure.

What conflict resulted from birth of Jan Hus?

I'm not sure.


Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.

Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?

German

What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?

95 theses

In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?

What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?

he refused

Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?

Frederick the Wise

Into what language didn't Martin Luther translate the Bible?

I'm not sure.

What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?

I'm not sure.

In what year did Martin Luther post his 59 theses?

I'm not sure.

What wasn't Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?

I'm not sure.

Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he wasn't under the ban of the Empire?

I'm not sure.


In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy.

What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?

double-entry bookkeeping

In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?

Italy

What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?

reducing the risk of commercial ventures

Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?

usury

What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?

better oversight and accuracy

What old form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?

I'm not sure.

In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' never take place?

I'm not sure.

What was the main benefit of the creation of old forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?

I'm not sure.

Laws against what lending practice weren't addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?

I'm not sure.

What were the benefits of the new system of single-entry bookkeeping?

I'm not sure.


With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.

What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?

monopolies

Which families financed the wars of kings?

the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England

Which economic associations gained power in the towns?

guilds

Where was Jacques Couer from?

France

What privilege wasn't granted to companies on a national level?

I'm not sure.

What privilege was granted to companies on a international level?

I'm not sure.

Which families never financed the wars of kings?

I'm not sure.

Which economic associations lost power in the towns?

I'm not sure.

Where wasn't Jacques Couer from?

I'm not sure.