Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocadéro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the "lack of freedom of speech" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to "remain calm, non-violent, peaceful".

Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?

the Trocadéro

Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?

Jane Birkin

Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?

Thupten Gyatso

Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?

Trocadéro

The Trocadéro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?

peaceful

Who, of the Trocadéro protest, spoke to the media?

Jane Birkin

What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocadéro say China lacked?

freedom of speech


French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties in Parliament—UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens—jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read "Respect for Human Rights in China". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted "Freedom for Tibet!" several times as it passed.

What did the political parties request a brief stop in?

the National Assembly's session

What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?

Respect for Human Rights in China

What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?

Freedom for Tibet!

Various French politicians started protests including members of what?

Parliament

All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?

National Assembly's session

Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?

Respect for Human Rights in China

What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?

Freedom for Tibet!


French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Libération commented: "The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro." Minister of the Interior Michèle Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.

What did French police take from demonstrators?

Tibetan flags

Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?

Libération

Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?

the Trocadéro

Who was the Minister of the Interior?

Michèle Alliot-Marie

What did French law enforcement take from protesters?

Tibetan flags

Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?

the Trocadéro.

Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?

Michèle Alliot-Marie

Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?

a police officer


 United States of America: The torch relay's North American leg occurred in San Francisco, California on April 9. On the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route. The start was at McCovey Cove, where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li. The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead, a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport, where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires. The route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China. As people found out there would be no closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza, there were angry reactions. One demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to "thwart any organized protest that had been planned." San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, a critic of Mayor Gavin Newsom, said that it was a "cynical plan to please the Bush State Department and the Chinese government because of the incredible influence of money." Newsom, on the other hand, said he felt it was in "everyone's best interest" and that he believed people had been "afforded the right to protest and support the torch" despite the route changes. Peter Ueberroth, head of the U.S. Olympic Committee, praised the route changes, saying, "The city of San Francisco, from a global perspective, will be applauded." People who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of CBS and NBC. The cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be USD $726,400, nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising. Mayor Gavin Newsom said that "exponential" costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief Heather Fong.

Where did the torch start it's North American route?

San Francisco

What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?

April 9

What is the name of the first North American torchbearer?

Lin Li

The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?

San Francisco International Airport

Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee?

Peter Ueberroth

What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?

San Francisco

What was the date of the relay in the United States?

April 9.

What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?

Norman Bellingham

What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?

Justin Herman Plaza


On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with "alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet." On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.

Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1, 2008?

San Francisco Board of Supervisors

The concern was over what in China and Tibet?

human rights abuses

What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?

April 8

When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?

April 1, 2008

Who approved the resolution?

San Francisco Board of Supervisors

Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?

United Nations Plaza

What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?

Richard Gere


Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream. Free Tibet", and the other, "Free Tibet '08". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. "Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent." The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.

Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?

Golden Gate Bridge

Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?

Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?

China

What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?

Golden Gate Bridge

Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?

Laurel Sutherlin

How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?

five

How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?

three


The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. San Jose Mercury News described the "deceiving" event as "a game of Where's Waldo, played against the landscape of a lovely city." International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had "fortunately" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but "was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be."

Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??

a warehouse

Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?

Andrew Michael

What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?

Andrew Michael

Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?

Marina district

Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?

San Francisco International Airport

After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?

Van Ness Avenue


 Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Espínola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading "Free Tibet", and an alternative "human rights torch" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey.

When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?

April 11

Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?

the Lola Mora amphitheatre

Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?

Mauricio Macri

Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?

Buenos Aires

What place held an opening show for the relay?

Lola Mora amphitheatre

What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?

Mauricio Macri

Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?

Carlos Espínola.

What was showered along the route in some places?

confetti


Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London. "I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch," said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. "We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful." Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own "Human Rights Torch." A giant banner reading "Free Tibet" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to "show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in China"

What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?

Jorge Carcavallo

What route was planned for an alternative march?

from the Obelisk to the city hall

What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?

Free Tibet

What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?

Jorge Carcavallo.

Where did the other march travel form and to?

Obelisk to the city hall

What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?

Human Rights Torch.

What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?

Free Tibet

What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?

Human Rights Torch Relay


The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of "Friends of Falun Gong", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities.

Who was the outreach director of HRTR?

Susan Prager

What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?

Friends of Falun Gong

Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?

Diego Maradona

How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?

What was thrown to try and put out the flame?

water balloons

What is Susan Prager communication director of?

Friends of Falun Gong

What football star backed out due to relay controversy?

Diego Maradona

How many police officers were part of the security operative?

What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?

water balloons

The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?

peaceful


 Tanzania: Dar es Salaam was the torch's only stop in Africa, on April 13. The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway, which was China's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s, and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke, which was built with Chinese aid in 2005. The torch was lit by Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein. About a thousand people followed the relay, waving the Olympic flag. The only noted instance of protest was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's withdrawal from the list of torchbearers, in protest against human rights abuses in Tibet.

Where was the only African destination for the torch?

Dar es Salaam

When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?

April 13

Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?

the TAZARA Railway

Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?

Dar es Salaam

What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?

TAZARA

Where did the relay terminate in Africa?

Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium

What country paid for the stadium through aid money?

China

Who it the torch in Africa?

Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein.


 Sultanate of Oman: Muscat was the torch's only stop in the Middle East, on April 14. The relay covered 20 km. No protests or incidents were reported. One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji.

Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?

Muscat

When did the torch arrive in Muscat?

April 14

Which actress carried the torch for part of the route?

Sulaf Fawakherji

Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?

Muscat

How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?

What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch?

Sulaf Fawakherji.


 Pakistan: The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay. Security was high, for what one newspaper called the "most sensitive leg" of the torch's Olympic journey. The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad, but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding "militant threats or anti-China protests", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose.

When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?

April 16

Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?

Jinnah Stadium

Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?

Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani

Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?

Islamabad

Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?

Jinnah Stadium.


 India: Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests, the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km (less than 1.5 miles), which was shared amongst 70 runners. It concluded at the India Gate. The event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay. A total of five intended torchbearers -Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar, Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Gavaskar- withdrew from the event, citing "personal reasons", or, in Bhutia's case, explicitly wishing to "stand by the people of Tibet and their struggle" and protest against the PRC "crackdown" in Tibet. Indian national football captain, Baichung Bhutia refused to take part in the Indian leg of the torch relay, citing concerns over Tibet. Bhutia, who is Sikkimese, is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch. Indian film star Aamir Khan states on his personal blog that the "Olympic Games do not belong to China" and confirms taking part in the torch relay "with a prayer in his heart for the people of Tibet, and ... for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations". Rahul Gandhi, son of the Congress President Sonia Gandhi and scion of the Nehru-Gandhi family, also refused to carry the torch.

When did the torch visit New Delhi?

April 17

How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?

Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet?

Baichung Bhutia

How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?

five

Where did the torch relay happen in India?

New Delhi

How long was the route in India in miles?

How many bearers of the torch were used in India?

How many bearers decided not to participate?

five

What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay?

Baichung Bhutia


Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it.

The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?

Republic Day celebrations

The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?

Nirupama Sen.

Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?

India's Commerce Minister

Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?

Kamal Nath

At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?

2 am

The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?

Republic Day

What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?

terrorist targets.


India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and "a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the "Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit". The combined effect is a "rapid deterioration" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay.

How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?

India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?

a democracy

Where is the exiled Tibetan government?

India

How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?

A wholesale ban on what was denied?

protests

What Olympic group was denied by India?

Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit

What deteriorated between India and China?

relations

Who said they did not support relay interruptions?

the Tibetan government in exile


The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying "she doesn’t want to run in the event as ‘caged woman’." On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing “very strong personal reasons”. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi "against Chinese repression in Tibet", and was broken up by the police.

Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?

Kiran Bedi

Where was Bedi retired from?

Indian Police Service

Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?

Soha Ali Khan

When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?

April 16

What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?

Kiran Bedi

What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?

Soha Ali Khan

Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?

Delhi

Who disbanded the protest in Delhi?

police.

The retired police officer said she would not run as what?

caged woman


 Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a "small demonstration" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear.

When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok?

April 18

Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?

M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse

The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?

students

When did the torch go through Bankok?

April 18

The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?

Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?

foreign protesters

What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?

Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse


 Malaysia: The event was held in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, on April 21. The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square, passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers. Among the landmarks the Olympic flame passed next to were the Parliament House, National Mosque, KL Tower and Merdeka Stadium. A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers. The last time an Olympic torch relay was held in Malaysia was the 1964 Tokyo edition.

When did the torch visit Malaysia?

April 21

What is the capital city of Malaysia?

Kuala Lumpur

Where did the route begin in Malaysia?

Independence Square

Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?

What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?

Independence Square

Where did the relay end in Malaysia?

Petronas Twin Towers.

What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?

How many Special Police protected the relay event?


Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China." Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head.

Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?

Falun Gong

Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?

Falun Gong

What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?

plastic air-filled batons

What did the Chinese group yell?

Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.

What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?

placards


 Indonesia: The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22. The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to "security worries", at the request of the Chinese embassy, and the torch was instead carried round the city main's stadium, as it had been in Islamabad. Several dozen pro-Tibet protesters gathered near the stadium, and were dispersed by the police. The event was held in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium.

When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?

April 22

Who requested that the original route be cancelled?

the Chinese embassy

Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?

journalists

Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?

Jakarta

How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?

Why was the first route not taken?

security worries

What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.

stadium.

Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?

outside the stadium.


 Australia: The event was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on April 24, and covered around 16 km of Canberra's central areas, from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park. Upon its arrival in Canberra, the Olympic flame was presented by Chinese officials to local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea, of the Ngunnawal people. She, in turn, offered them a message stick, as a gift of peace and welcome. Hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters and thousands of Chinese students reportedly attended. Demonstrators and counter-demonstrators were kept apart by the Australian Federal Police. Preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference.

When did the torch arrive in Canberra?

April 24

Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra?

Agnes Shea

What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return?

a message stick

Who publicly argued at a press conference?

Australian and Chinese officials

Where was the relay held in Australia?

Canberra

How many kilometers was the route in Australia?

What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia?

Reconciliation Place

Who kept the demonstrators separated?

Australian Federal Police.

What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials?

Agnes Shea


Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to "go defend our sacred torch" against "ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking "thousands" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a "peaceful show of strength". Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to "turn up and put a point of view", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful.

Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?

People's Liberation Army personnel

Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?

sacred torch

Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?

Tony Goh

Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?

Stephen Smith

What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?

People's Liberation Army

Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?

Australian police

Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?

Tony Goh

Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a "peaceful show of strength"?

Zhang Rongan

Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?

Stephen Smith


Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was "a very good example of peacefully making a point".

Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?

Lin Hatfield Dodds

Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?

Foreign Minister Stephen Smith

Who withdrew from the torch event?

Lin Hatfield Dodds

Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?

Stephen Smith


Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: "We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that "pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists." Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests. People demonstrated both for China and for Tibet. At least five people were arrested during the torch relay. Police said "the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against Chinese policy toward Tibet." At one point, groups of Chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro-Tibet protesters. One person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro-Chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake.

Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?

Ted Quinlan

How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?

ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?

the Chinese embassy

Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?

Ian Thorpe

How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?

Up to 600

It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?

between 2,000 and 10,000

Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?

Ted Quinlan

Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?

the Chinese embassy


 Japan: The event was held in Nagano, which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics, on April 26. Japanese Buddhist temple Zenkō-ji, which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the Olympic torch relay in Nagano, refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans, amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti-Chinese government protesters. as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests. Parts of Zenkō-ji temple's main building (Zenkō-ji Hondō), reconstructed in 1707 and one of the National Treasures of Japan, was then vandalized with spraypaint. A new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot, was chosen by the city. An event the city had planned to hold at the Minami Nagano Sports Park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against China's recent crackdown in Tibet. Thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route. The show of force kept most protesters in check, but slogans shouted by pro-China or pro-Tibet demonstrators, Japanese nationalists, and human rights organizations flooded the air. Five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence. The torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators. The public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started. After the Zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in Tibet. More than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above. Only two Chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of Japan's concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays. A man with a Tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police. Some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd.

Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics?

Nagano

When did the torch arrive in Nagano?

April 26

Where was the torch relay held in Japan?

Nagano

Which Olympics did Nagano host?

1998 Winter Olympics

What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano?

Japanese Buddhist temple Zenkō-ji

When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?

a municipal building

How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch?

two


 South Korea: The event was held in Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, on April 27. Intended torchbearers Choi Seung-kook and Park Won-sun boycotted the event to protest against the Chinese government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: "Free North Korean refugees in China." The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, "Go China, go Olympics!" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were "lynching" everyone who was disagreeing with them. One police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by Chinese students. On Apr 29, the Secretary of Justice, Kim Kyung Han, told the prime minister that he will find "every single Chinese who was involved and bring them to justice." Later in the day, South Korea's Prosecutor's Office, National Police Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Intelligence Service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every Chinese student that was involved in the incident. China defended the conduct of the students.

Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?

Seoul

When did Seoul host the Olympics?

1988 Summer Olympics

Where was the start point for the relay?

Olympic Park

Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?

Chinese students

Where was the relay event held in South Korea?

Seoul

Which Olympics did Seoul host?

1988 Summer Olympics


 North Korea: The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28. It was the first time that the Olympic torch has traveled to North Korea. A crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in Pyongyang, some waving Chinese flags. The event was presided over by the head of the country's parliament, Kim Yong Nam. The North, an ally of China, has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported Beijing in its actions against protests in Tibet. Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang. The relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower, which commemorates the national ideology of Juche, or "self-reliance", created by the country's late founding President Kim Il Sung, father of leader Kim Jong Il, who did not attend.

When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang?

April 28

Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?

Kim Yong Nam

Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?

Pak Du Ik

Where did the relay start?

the Juche Tower

Where was the relay event held in North Korea?

Pyongyang.

What date did the torch relay event take place?

April 28.

What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay?

pink paper flowers and small flags

Who was the first runner with the torch?

Pak Du Ik


The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. "It was unconscionable," said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world’s worst offenders against human rights.

The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?

a propaganda stunt.

North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?

against human rights.

What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?

UNICEF

Both organizations withdrew what?

their staff

What is the mission of the organizations?

raising awareness of conditions for children

Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?

North Korea


 Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29. Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route. Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands; tensions have risen recently[when?] following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay, with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng warning government agencies that "hostile forces" may try to disrupt the torch relay.

When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?

April 29

Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh City

How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?

Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?

the downtown Opera House

Where did the torch event end?

the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium

Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh City.

What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?

the Spratly and Paracel Islands

The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?

Sansha

As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?

Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?

Nguyễn Tấn Dũng


Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting "Boycott the Beijing Olympics" through a loudhailer at a market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, Điếu Cày (real name Nguyễn Văn Hải), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. Lê Minh Phiếu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's "politicisation of the Olympics", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.

How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?

seven

Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?

Điếu Cày

Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?

Lê Minh Phiếu

How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?

seven

What is blogger Điếu Cày's real name?

Nguyễn Văn Hải

Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguyễn Văn Hải was charged with what crime?

tax evasion.

What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?

Lê Minh Phiếu

What was removed from the website that Lê Minh Phiếu had written about?

disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims


 Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay. Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order.

When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?

May 2

Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?

Lee Lai Shan

Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?

Hong Kong Cultural Centre

Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?

Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai

How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?

When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?

May 2.

Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?

Donald Tsang

What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?

a dragon boat

How many torchbearers carried the torch?

The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?

pro-Beijing camp politicians.


There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying "I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out." Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like "running dog," "traitor," "get out!," and "I love the Communist Party." At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying "Aren't you Chinese?" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, "Olympic flame for democracy", while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan "One world, two dreams". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting "What kind of Chinese are you?" and "What a shame!" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle "for their own protection." Chan is currently[when?] suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08)

What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?

plastic Olympic flames

This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?

Tiananmen Square protests

Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?

Christina Chan

Who removed Chan from the protest?

police

Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?

her human rights were breached.

Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?

democracy.

Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?

Leung Kwok-hung

What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?

Tibetan snow lion flag


The Color Orange democracy group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the "Pillar of Shame", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to "immigration reasons" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, "It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay." Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy.

Which group did Jens Galschiøt lead?

The Color Orange democracy group

What did Galschiøt construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?

Pillar of Shame

Galschiøt and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?

immigration reasons

Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?

Mia Farrow

A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?

one country, two systems

What group did Jens Galschiøt lead?

The Color Orange

What structure did Jens Galschiøt build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?

Pillar of Shame

Why was Jens Galschiøt made to leave Hong Kong?

immigration reasons

Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?

Mia Farrow


 Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)

When did the torch visit Macao?

May 3

Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?

Macau Fisherman's Wharf

How many torchbearers participated in Macao?

Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?

Leong Hong Man

A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?

athletes

When was the torch relay event held in Macao?

May 3

How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?

Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?

Leong Hong Man

Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?

Stanley Ho.

Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?

Macao Daily News


A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions.

A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?

cyberctm.com

In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?

orchidbbs.com

Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?

A Macau resident

Where was the message posted?

cyberctm.com

Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?

The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation


 China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way.

After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?

May 4

What actor attended a torch celebration in China?

Jackie Chan

When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?

May 4

When was the last time the torch had been in China?

April.

Who attended the celebrations?

IOC

Which actor also attended the celebrations?

Jackie Chan.


The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame" and "supported a handful of saboteurs".

The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?

partial and censored

In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?

biased.

Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?

Libération

What was under scrutiny?

media coverage

Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?

censored

What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?

Reporters Without Borders

Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?

Libération

The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?

saboteurs


In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to "a very small number of 'Tibet independence' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists" intent on "disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games". However, the Chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay.

What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?

the more disruptive protesters


Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-José Pérec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the "smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were "radicals" who "trampled human rights" and whose activities were condemned by "the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit".

Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?

condemned the protests

Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?

Marie-José Pérec

What did Xinhua call protesters?

radicals

Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?

Marie-José Pérec

Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?

Xinhua


Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed.

Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?

spirit of Olympics

What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?

sports and politics

Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?

run for spirit of Olympics

Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?

sports and politics


Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of "demonising" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question "Is the West demonising China?" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians "voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read "Shame on some Western media", "BBC CNN lies too" and "Stop media distortion!". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: "I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying." Libération also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media.

Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?

The Daily Telegraph

What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?

Libération

Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?

Western media bias.

Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?

Fu Ying

Which newspaper published these accusations?

The Daily Telegraph

What other newspaper was accused of bias?

Libération


On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called "biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to "apologise" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for "attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty.

 Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?

CNN

Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?

CNN

Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?

the Chinese government


On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled "The challenges of reporting in China", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now "able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship", and that "many were critical of our coverage". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: "People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there." He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment.

What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?

The challenges of reporting in China

Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?

Paul Danahar

How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?

Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?

Paul Danahar

Where is BBC banned from reporting?

Tibet


On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled "Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the "BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage."

Who published "Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage" on April 20?

People's Daily

Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?

People's Daily


On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network’s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage.

What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?

an anti-CNN website

Who supposedly created the site?

a Beijing citizen.

Who takes credit for creating the site?

a Beijing citizen.

Who felt that the government was involved in the website?

foreign correspondents


The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the "Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed "Second Right Brother," has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens.

How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?

When were the 30 team members sworn in?

August 2007

What were their official team outfits?

matching blue tracksuits

Which team member has his own fan following?

Second Right Brother

How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?

When were these 30 sworn in?

August 2007

What did these 30 attendants wear?

blue tracksuits

What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?

Second Right Brother


In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words "Beijing 2008" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright.

Which French company was boycotted?

Carrefour

Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?

LVMH Group

Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?

the Dalai Lama

What was burned during these boycotts?

the French flag

Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?

LVMH Group

Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?

anti-Chinese racism.


In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to "express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.

The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?

anti-Japanese protests

Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?

People's Daily

Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?

Sohu.com

When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?

May 1

The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?

the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.

Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?

People's Daily

Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?

the Chinese government

What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?

May 1.


In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a "great nuisance" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.　A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said "They are doing something foolish", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was "Such violent protests were not easy to accept". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,

Who was the mayor of Nagano?

Shoichi Washizawa

How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?

great nuisance

What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?

a major Buddhist temple

Who was the mayor of Nagano?

Shoichi Washizawa

What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?

great nuisance

Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?

a major Buddhist temple


The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]

In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?

lanterns.

The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?

during protests


A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau.

Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?

Hong Kong legislator


Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as "heroic" and an "angel", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention – despite a Chinese claim that "Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media".

Which athlete did the official website call an angel?

Jin Jing

Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?

Western media


Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies.

How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?

Two

How many members are on each of these two teams?


In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

In what fields of science is the genome studied?

molecular biology and genetics

What is the content of the human genome?

DNA

What constitutes the viral genome?

RNA

How do scientists classify RNA as?

I'm not sure.

What does a molecule contain?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing that genes have?

I'm not sure.

What is included in virus RNA?

I'm not sure.

What fields study molecule formation?

I'm not sure.


The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.

Who coined the word genome?

Hans Winkler

In what year was the word genome first created?

At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?

University of Hamburg

Which two similar words share etymology with genome?

biome, rhizome

What word was created to be used in the study of botany in 1920?

I'm not sure.

In what year was Hans Winkler hired in Oxford as professor of botany?

I'm not sure.

How did the University of Hamburg in Germany suggest genome came about?

I'm not sure.

What two other words were used as botany terms frequently at the University of Hamburg?

I'm not sure.

What discussion about botany terms was taking place in 1920?

I'm not sure.


Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the "mitochondrial genome" or the "chloroplast genome". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.

A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?

half

What process splits the chromosome between gametes?

meiosis

What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

What are examples of terms used to describe a virus type?

I'm not sure.

How many chromosomes do the organelles have compared to the chloroplasts?

I'm not sure.

How is halving genetic material in linear chains of DNA accomplished?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing the term transposable elements can be applied to mean?

I'm not sure.

What three non-chromosomal genetic elements can bacteria comprise?

I'm not sure.


When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.

What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?

genomics

In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?

single genes or groups of genes

What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?

sequenced

In both sexes of a species what may a properties of genes be?

I'm not sure.

What term is used to show how the sex chromosomes of a species are found?

I'm not sure.

What is known as the study of autosomes of related organisms?

I'm not sure.

What is known as the study of the properties of single or groups of sex chromosomes?

I'm not sure.

What are people referring to when they say species exist in one sex?

I'm not sure.


Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.

What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?

C-value paradox

Which organism has the most genes?

trichomoniasis

How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?

Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?

three times

What is the highest known number of species?

I'm not sure.

How many genes are in the human genome?

I'm not sure.

What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis?

I'm not sure.

What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis?

I'm not sure.

What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called?

I'm not sure.


In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.

Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?

Walter Fiers

Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?

Bacteriophage MS2

Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?

Fred Sanger

What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?

Institute for Genomic Research

In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?

In what year did Fred Sanger first establish the complete nucleotide sequence of  a viral RNA genome?

I'm not sure.

When was The Institute for Genome Research founded?

I'm not sure.

What did Walter Fiers complete in 1996?

I'm not sure.

What did Fred Sanger complete when part of a team in 1995?

I'm not sure.

What was the name of the first bacterial genome sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1995?

I'm not sure.


The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.

Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?

US National Institutes of Health

What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?

mouse

What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?

puffer fish

When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?

December 2013

How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?

What has extracting genes from a Neanderthal made it easier for scientists to do?

I'm not sure.

What is happening with the knowledge gained from sequencing a mouse?

I'm not sure.

What have scientists been maintaining since 2013?

I'm not sure.

Where has the bacteria E. coli been found to be sequenced?

I'm not sure.

How old was the material used to sequence the Arabidopsis thaliana genome?

I'm not sure.


New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.

What is a recent development in sequencing methods?

massive parallel sequencing

Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?

Manteia Predictive Medicine

Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?

James D. Watson

What is Watson famous for helping discover?

the structure of DNA

What is Manteia Predictive Medicine famous for discovering?

I'm not sure.

What technology did James D. Watson develop to sequence individual DNA?

I'm not sure.

What has James D. Watson recently develop that may lead to personal genome sequencing?

I'm not sure.

What did Manteia Predictive Medicine help discover the structure of in 2007?

I'm not sure.

Who pioneered using the DNA structure as a diagnostic tool?

I'm not sure.


Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.

What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?

genome map

Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?

The Human Genome Project

Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?

Jean Weissenbach

Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?

Genoscope

What does a genome map list the order of?

I'm not sure.

What does a genome sequence identify?

I'm not sure.

What is a Genoscope less detailed than?

I'm not sure.

What does a Genoscope help a scientist do?

I'm not sure.

Why was the Genoscope created?

I'm not sure.


Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.

What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?

Genome composition

What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?

evolutionary history

What is the history of a genome used for?

I'm not sure.

What should be included in the history of a genome?

I'm not sure.

What can scientists learn by comparing repetitive DNA and genome size?

I'm not sure.

What term is used to describe the history of DNA?

I'm not sure.

By comparing repetitive DNA, what can scientists understand the history of?

I'm not sure.


When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.

What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?

exon-intron

In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?

mammals and plants

What should you distinguish between when talking about gene coding?

I'm not sure.

How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes?

I'm not sure.

What is a major part of contents structure made of in non-coding regions?

I'm not sure.

What organization feature do prokaryotes have?

I'm not sure.

What area do mammals and plants have differences in?

I'm not sure.


Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.

What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?

pathogenic microbe

What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?

virus

Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?

plasmids

What do viruses always carry within their structure?

I'm not sure.

Where is additional genetic material found in a virus?

I'm not sure.

What is another word used for genome?

I'm not sure.

What organism has part of its genetic material inside a virus?

I'm not sure.

What do most viruses more complex than plasmids carry?

I'm not sure.


In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".

What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?

plants, protozoa and animals

What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?

plastome

What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?

mitochondrial genome

What are the eukaryotes found in the mitochondria called?

I'm not sure.

What are examples of chloroplasts?

I'm not sure.

What does genome mean when referring to eukaryotes such as mitochondria?

I'm not sure.

What is not considered as part of the plastome?

I'm not sure.

What do chloroplasts have that is referred to as the mitochondrial genome?

I'm not sure.


Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.

What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?

Genome size

What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?

morphological complexity

What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?

repetitive DNA

What is the term for the total DNA base pairs in one lower eukaryote?

I'm not sure.

What kind of relationship do copies of a haploid genome have with mollusks that isn't effective?

I'm not sure.

What has a strong influence on DNA base pairs?

I'm not sure.

What does a haploid genome have strong influence on?

I'm not sure.

How many base pairs are in mollusks?

I'm not sure.


Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.

What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?

minimal genomes

In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?

in vivo and in silico

What is a research strategy to understand silico?

I'm not sure.

What is being done on single cell silico?

I'm not sure.

In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive?

I'm not sure.

What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment?

I'm not sure.

What are scientists studying to understand how they survive a reduction in silico?

I'm not sure.


The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.

What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?

Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes

In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?

proportion of non-repetitive DNA

What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?

genome size

How is protein coding calculated?

I'm not sure.

What are two examples of higher eukaryotes?

I'm not sure.

What does having more protein coding genes not mean?

I'm not sure.

What decreases if RNA coding genes are increased?

I'm not sure.

What is the number of protein-coding genes divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?

I'm not sure.


It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.

What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?

E. coli

What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?

C. elegans and fruit fly

What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?

What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in E. coli?

I'm not sure.

What one kind of DNA do fruit flies only have?

I'm not sure.

What does E. coli tend to have more of than non-repetitive DNA?

I'm not sure.

What is a minority component in E. coli?

I'm not sure.

What do some plants and amphibians only have?

I'm not sure.


The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.

What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?

tandem repeats and interspersed repeats

What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?

proportion of repetitive DNA

What are two examples of genome size?

I'm not sure.

What do you use to calculate genome size?

I'm not sure.

How do you calculate tandem repeats?

I'm not sure.

What are interspersed repeats divided by to get the proportion of repetitive DNA?

I'm not sure.

What do you get when dividing tandem repeats by interspersed repeats?

I'm not sure.


Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.

Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?

Tandem repeats

What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?

satellite DNA and microsatellites

What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?

interspersed repeats.

In what group are tandem repeats in the largest number?

I'm not sure.

What causes interspersed repeats?

I'm not sure.

What are two examples of interspersed repeats?

I'm not sure.

How much satellite DNA is found in the genome?

I'm not sure.

What is gene conversion caused by?

I'm not sure.


Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).

What is the main source of interspersed repeats?

Transposable elements

What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?

genome evolution

What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?

retrotransposons

What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?

DNA transposons

How are pseudogenes classified?

I'm not sure.

What two categories are pseudogenes classified into?

I'm not sure.

Where do cells mainly come from?

I'm not sure.

What do cells also include?

I'm not sure.

What are pseudogenes able to do within the cell?

I'm not sure.


Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).

What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?

RNA

What can long terminal repeats produce?

I'm not sure.

What happens when long terminal repeats are transcribed into RNA?

I'm not sure.

What is one thing RNA can be divided into?

I'm not sure.

What can the genome also be divided into?

I'm not sure.

Where are Long terminal repeats duplicated?

I'm not sure.


DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.

What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?

cut and paste

DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?

RNA

What term describes how duplication happens in the genome?

I'm not sure.

What do genome not use as intermediate?

I'm not sure.

What helps metozoan move?

I'm not sure.

In what organism is duplication popular?

I'm not sure.

What does cut and paste help metazoan do?

I'm not sure.


Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).

What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?

karyotype

Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?

genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content

What were other traits besides karyotype studied by Brown in 2002?

I'm not sure.

What is another word for gene order?

I'm not sure.

What does GC-content have that can be measured?

I'm not sure.

Why do researchers calculate the sum of an organisms genes?

I'm not sure.

What are two things that Reese studied about karyotype in 2004?

I'm not sure.


Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.

What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?

Duplications

What is a possible product of duplications?

genetic novelty

What role does genetic novelty play in the genome?

I'm not sure.

What is the first range of genetic novelty?

I'm not sure.

What are gene clusters a large part of?

I'm not sure.

How far can genetic novelty go?

I'm not sure.

What is the first example of genetic novelty?

I'm not sure.


Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.

What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?

Horizontal gene transfer

In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?

microbes

Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?

chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes

What helps explain why different parts of chloroplasts are similar?

I'm not sure.

In what organism are eukaryotic cells common?

I'm not sure.

What does horizontal gene transfer explain about nuclear chromosomes?

I'm not sure.

Where do microbes transfer material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes?

I'm not sure.

What do microbes transfer to chloroplasts?

I'm not sure.